Roman
Encyclopedia
Roman or Romans may refer to:
- A thing or person of or from the city of RomeRomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
History
- Ancient RomeAncient RomeAncient Rome was a thriving civilization that grew on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to one of the largest empires in the ancient world....
(9th century BC – 5th century AD)- Roman KingdomRoman KingdomThe Roman Kingdom was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories....
(753 BC to 509 BC) - Roman RepublicRoman RepublicThe Roman Republic was the period of the ancient Roman civilization where the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 508 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and...
(509 BC to 44 BC) - Roman EmpireRoman EmpireThe Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
(27 BC to 476/1453 AD) - Roman BritainRoman BritainRoman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire from AD 43 until ca. AD 410.The Romans referred to the imperial province as Britannia, which eventually comprised all of the island of Great Britain south of the fluid frontier with Caledonia...
, part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410 - Roman citizenshipRoman citizenshipCitizenship in ancient Rome was a privileged political and legal status afforded to certain free-born individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance....
- Roman alphabet or Latin alphabetLatin alphabetThe Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...
, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, Indonesia, Malay, and other areas once settled by European colonial empires- RomanizationRomanizationIn linguistics, romanization or latinization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Roman script, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system . Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written...
- Romanization
- Roman architectureRoman architectureAncient Roman architecture adopted certain aspects of Ancient Greek architecture, creating a new architectural style. The Romans were indebted to their Etruscan neighbors and forefathers who supplied them with a wealth of knowledge essential for future architectural solutions, such as hydraulics...
- Roman armyRoman armyThe Roman army is the generic term for the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the kingdom of Rome , the Roman Republic , the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine empire...
- Roman calendarRoman calendarThe Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the founding of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. This article generally discusses the early Roman or pre-Julian calendars...
- Roman lawRoman lawRoman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments which occurred before the 7th century AD — when the Roman–Byzantine state adopted Greek as the language of government. The development of Roman law comprises more than a thousand years of jurisprudence — from the Twelve...
, the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire - Roman numeralsRoman numeralsThe numeral system of ancient Rome, or Roman numerals, uses combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet to signify values. The numbers 1 to 10 can be expressed in Roman numerals as:...
, numeral system where certain letters are given a numeral value - Imperial cult (ancient Rome)Imperial cult (ancient Rome)The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority of the Roman State...
, Roman religion
- Roman Kingdom
- Byzantine EmpireByzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
(330/476/629 to 1453), a Late Antiquity and medieval continuation of the Greek-speaking portion of the Roman Empire- Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity (the term translates literally to "Roman")
- Romioi (Ρωμιοί), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today (the term translates literally to "Roman")
- Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
- Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
(c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe
Geography
- Roman, BulgariaRoman, BulgariaRoman is a town in northwestern Bulgaria near the city of Pravets and about 90 km northeast of the capital of Bulgaria, Sofia. It is located in Vratsa Province and is known for the big steel factory, producing 100,000 tons of steel a year. The raw materials come from the Kremikovtsi factory...
, a town and a municipality in Vratsa ProvinceVratsa ProvinceVratsa Province , former name Vratsa okrug) is a Bulgarian province located in the northwestern part of the country, between Danube river in the north and Stara Planina mountain in the south. It is named after its main town - Vratsa... - Romans-sur-IsèreRomans-sur-IsèreRomans-sur-Isère or Romans is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.-Geography:...
, in the Drôme département of France - Roman, RomaniaRoman, RomaniaRoman is a mid-sized city, having the title of municipality, located in the central part of Moldavia, a traditional region of Romania. It is located 46 km east of Piatra Neamţ, in the Neamţ County at the confluence of Siret and Moldova rivers....
, a city in Neamţ county - Romans, AinRomans, AinRomans is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.-Population:-External links:*...
, a town in France - Roman, EureRoman, EureRoman is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.-Population:...
, France - Romans, Deux-SèvresRomans, Deux-SèvresRomans is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.-References:*...
, France - Romans d'IsonzoRomans d'IsonzoRomans d'Isonzo is a comune in the Province of Gorizia in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 40 km northwest of Trieste and about 15 km southwest of Gorizia...
, a town in Italy - Roman roads
- Roman Valley, Nova ScotiaRoman Valley, Nova ScotiaRoman Valley is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Guysborough County .-References:*...
- Saint Roman, Monaco
Christianity
- Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
, a Christian church that professes the Catholic faith - Roman MissalRoman MissalThe Roman Missal is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.-Situation before the Council of Trent:...
, a book containing prayers and readings for a Roman Catholic Mass - Epistle to the RomansEpistle to the RomansThe Epistle of Paul to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by the Apostle Paul to explain that Salvation is offered through the Gospel of Jesus Christ...
, a letter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
Typography
- Roman typeRoman typeIn typography, roman is one of the three main kinds of historical type, alongside blackletter and italic. Roman type was modelled from a European scribal manuscript style of the 1400s, based on the pairing of inscriptional capitals used in ancient Rome with Carolingian minuscules developed in the...
, an upright typeface style, contrasted to italic or a synonym for serif or antiqua fonts - Times RomanTimes RomanTimes New Roman is a serif typeface commissioned by the British newspaper The Times in 1931, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated...
, a font - Roman (typeface)Roman (typeface)Roman is a scalable font designed for pen plotters, available on Microsoft Windows 1.x through 3.11 and all versions of Windows NT through Windows Vista....
, a raster font packaged with Windows XP
Literature
- The word for NovelNovelA novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....
in many European languages. - Romance (genre)Romance (genre)As a literary genre of high culture, romance or chivalric romance is a style of heroic prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a knight errant portrayed as...
, a genre of Medieval French literature - Nouveau romanNouveau romanThe nouveau roman is a type of 1950s French novel that diverged from classical literary genres. Émile Henriot coined the title in an article in the popular French newspaper Le Monde on May 22, 1957 to describe certain writers who experimented with style in each novel, creating an essentially new...
, a type of French novel - Ar-RumAr-RumSurat Ar-Rum is the 30th sura of the Qur'an with 60 ayat.The surah begins by noting the recent defeat of the Romans by the Persians. It in turn calls Muslims to look forward to the victory it prophesies of the Emperor Heraclius' Christians over the Persian Zoroastrians...
, the 30th book in the Qu'ran, is sometimes translated as The Romans
Music
- Roman MadrolleRoman MadrolleRoman Madrolle was born in France on 16 April 1980. He released his debut album in 2009. Any Place But Home mirrors Roman’s life experiences: his family and early age expatriation are strong influences in his work.-Career:...
, music artist and producer - Roman (album)Roman (album)Roman is the fifth story CD, released by the fantasy symphonic rock band Sound Horizon on November 22, 2006 through King Records.- Track listing:All tracks composed and arranged and lyrics written by Revo....
, by the Japanese musical group Sound Horizon - Roman YakubRoman YakubRoman Yakub is a composer who received his early musical training in Lviv, Ukraine. He graduated from Lviv Conservatory in 1982 with a diploma in Music Composition. In 1991 he moved to the United States, where he earned a Master's Degree in Music Composition at the University of Massachusetts...
, composer
People
- Roman (name)Roman (name)Roman is a male first name. It has distant origins dating back to the Roman Empire and the Latin language.It comes from the Latin word "romanus", which means "of Rome". In this initial sense, the title "Roman" means "a citizen of the Roman Empire", a man of Roman culture, Latin or Greek...
, a male given name derived from Latin Romanus - Bernard RomansBernard RomansBernard Romans was a Dutch-born American navigator, surveyor, cartographer, naturalist, engineer, soldier, promoter and writer. His best known work, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, published in 1775, is a valuable source of information about the Floridas during the period of...
, a Dutch-born navigator, surveyor, cartographer, naturalist, engineer, soldier, promoter and writer - Valter RomanValter RomanValter or Walter Roman , born Ernst or Ernő Neuländer, was a Romanian communist activist and soldier. During his lifetime, Roman was active inside the Romanian, Czechoslovakian, French, and Spanish Communist parties as well as being a Comintern cadre...
, Romanian politicians - Petre RomanPetre RomanPetre Roman is a Romanian politician and a former Prime Minister of Romania. He served from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. Roman is a member of the Club of Madrid, grouping 66 democratic former heads of state and government...
, Romanian politicians - Johan Helmich RomanJohan Helmich RomanJohan Helmich Roman was a Swedish Baroque composer. He has been called "the father of Swedish music" or "the Swedish Handel."-Life:...
, a Swedish composer
Science
- Roman potRoman potThe Roman pot is the name of a technique used in accelerator physics. Named after its implementation by the CERN Rome group in the early 1970s, it is an important tool to measure the total cross section of the collisions....
, a device used in accelerator physics - Roman surfaceRoman surfaceThe Roman surface is a self-intersecting mapping of the real projective plane into three-dimensional space, with an unusually high degree of symmetry...
, self-intersecting immersion of the real projective plane into three-dimensional geometrical space - Roman chamomile, a plant
- Roman bean, also known as "Borlotti bean"
Other uses
- Roman (bidding system), a contract bridge bidding systemBidding systemA bidding system in contract bridge is the set of agreements and understandings assigned to calls and sequences of calls used by a partnership, and includes a full description of the meaning of each treatment and convention...
- Roman (film)Roman (film)Roman is a 2006 suspense-horror film starring Lucky McKee and Kristen Bell with Angela Bettis directing. The movie is a spin-off of 2002 cult hit May. In May, Angela Bettis played the title role and Lucky McKee directed, roles which have been switched for Roman...
- Roman candle (firework)
- Roman chairRoman chairThe Roman chair is a piece of exercise equipment. The equipment is mainly used for the lower back, but can also target the gluteal muscles and the abdominals. How the equipment is defined, and what the 'Roman chair exercise' is specifically, is an issue that is not clear.-Exercises:Various...
, the exercise equipment - Romans, a race in the HeroscapeHeroscapeHeroscape is an expandable turn-based miniature wargaming system originally manufactured by Milton Bradley Company, then shifted to Wizards of the Coast, both subsidiaries of Hasbro, Inc., and discontinued by Hasbro in November 2010...
Universe - The Romans (Doctor Who)The Romans (Doctor Who)The Romans is a serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from January 16 to February 6, 1965. The story is set during the era of the Roman Empire in the reign of Nero.-Plot:...
, an episode of the BBC production, Doctor Who - Roman (vehicle manufacturer)Roman (vehicle manufacturer)ROMAN is a truck and bus manufacturer from Brasov, Romania. The company was established after World War II on the foundation of the old ROMLOC automotive factory built in 1921. In the spirit of the communist days, the industrial plant was named Steagul Roşu...
, a Romanian truck manufacturer - Roman Bellic, a fictional character that appears in the game Grand Theft Auto IV