Thomas Franklin Fairfax Millard
Encyclopedia
Thomas Franklin Fairfax Millard (born 8 July 1868 in Missouri
; died 7 September 1942 in Seattle, Washington
) was an American journalist
, newspaper editor, founder of the China Weekly Review, author of seven influential books on the Far East
and first American political adviser to the Chinese Republic, serving for over fifteen years. Millard was "the founding father of American journalism in China", and "the dean of American newspapermen in the Orient"., who "probably has had a greater influence on contemporary newspaper journalism than any other American journalist in China.” Millard was a war correspondent
for the New York Herald
during the Spanish-American War
, the Boer War
, the Boxer Uprising, the Russo-Japanese War
and the Second Sino-Japanese War
; he also had articles appear in such publications as The New York Times
, New York World
, New York Herald
, New York Herald Tribune
, Scribner's Magazine
, The Nation
and The Cosmopolitan
, as well as in Britain's Daily Mail
and the English-language Kobe Weekly Chronicle of Japan. Millard was the Shanghai
correspondent for The New York Times
from 1925. Millard was involved in the Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy
, supporting the attacks of Mark Twain
on American missionary
William Scott Ament
.
on 8 July 1868, the son of Tennesseans
Alvin Marion Millard (born about 1830), a merchant, and his wife Elizabeth E. Smith (born about 1840). By 1870 Millard was living at Piney, Texas County, Missouri
with his parents; Samuel Millard (born about 1805), his grandfather; his uncles, George F. Millard (born about 1833), Cristie F. Millard (born about 1846), Patric H. Smith (born about 1850); and his mother's sister, Callie C. Smith (born about 1848).
and Metallurgy (now the Missouri University of Science and Technology
) at Rolla, Missouri
, from 1878 to 1882, and the University of Missouri
from 1884, during the presidency of The Rev. Dr. Samuel Spahr Laws (1824–1921). Millard was a member of the Beta Theta Pi
fraternity, and graduated in 1888.
. Millard received the Order of the Jade from the Chinese government.
, which carried the slogan "America's Foremost Democratic Newspaper" on its masthead
". Millard was eventually dismissed from this position due to "a characteristic fit of stubbornness" for refusing to cover a fire.
in 1897.
, which ended with a victory for Turkey
on 21 May 1897.
in Puerto Rico
, reporting on the capture of Cuomo in August 1898.
While covering the war in Cuba
, Millard's interview with American Major General
William Shafter after his deportation of fellow correspondent Henry Sylvester "Harry" Scovel (1869–1905) of the New York World
for disobeying a military order, resulted in Joseph Pulitzer
, publisher of the New York World, firing Scovel. During his time in Cuba, Millard helped feed the starving New York Herald sketch artist and realist painter William Glackens
.
for the New York Herald.
by accompanying the Boer forces for both "The New York Herald" and the London Daily Mail
. Millard was able to interview Boer commandant general Louis Botha
(born 27 September 1862; died 27 August 1919) in July 1900 after the fall of Pretoria
, in which Botha criticised State President
of the South African Republic
(Transvaal) Paul Kruger
and the War Office for their conduct of the war. Millard's writings on the Afrikaner
struggle, especially his dispatches criticizing British colonialists and glorifying their enemy, so enraged the British commander Lord Kitchener
, that Millard was deported from the country before the cessation of hostilities.
.
. "Seized with a vertigo
of indiscriminating vengeance
," in 1901 he wrote
In January 1901 Millard supported fellow anti-imperialist Mark Twain
in his controversy with American Congregationalist missionary
to China, William Scott Ament
over the collection of indemnities from Chinese subjects. In 1901, Millard toured the United States with American pioneer cinematographer
C. Fred Ackerman of the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
presenting an illustrated propagandist lecture "War in China", which included both lantern slides
and films shot during the Boxer Uprising by Ackerman.
reporting the Russo-Japanese War
. In his reports, Millard "provided some of the most accurate insights into the changing nature of modern war." While Millard spent most of the war with the Russian forces in Manchuria, and was allowed in the battle zone, "his initial sympathy for the Russians did not deter his recognition of the superior adaptation of modern techniques by the Japanese forces."
, where he reported on the Japanese occupation of Korea.
. In an article filed from Zamboanga
in December 1907, published in The New York Times on 15 March 1908, and subsequently reprinted in both the Mindanao Herald on 16 May 1908 and the Washington Post, Millard revealed allegedly pernicious features of Moro society (including slavery
, polygamy
, concubinage
, piracy
and despotism
) that were tolerated by the American administration in Manila
due to the agreement between Brigadier General
John C. Bates
and Jamalul Kiram II, the Sultan of Sulu, in August 1899 that promised to respect the religion and customs of the Moros and the authority of the sultan in his own territory in exchange for recognition of American authority over the Sulu archipelago
. Millard described the situation: "The laws were crude and their administration barbaric." Millard called for the abrogation of the Bates Treaty as it undermined American authority and was inconsistent with American laws and mores
. Millard also described the danger for American military in Moroland, especially from the juramentada, "a type of religious fanatic who occasionally gets it into his crazy head to draw his barong
and run amuck
."
following the war and was active in both journalism
and business
. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty
in 1911, as it was a time of political transition in China characterized by disorder and lack of authority, Millard and those associated with him were able to engage effectively in advocacy journalism
. According to Paul French, "Millard was reasonably academic and precise in his advocacy for China".
In the summer of 1911 Millard co-founded with Dr. Wu Tingfang
(born 1842 in Singapore
; died 23 June 1922), former Chinese envoy to the United States and later acting premier of China, and Y.C. Tong, The China Press, (Ta Lu Pao) a Shanghai daily, that was "the first US-owned newspaper in China, excluding missionary
publications." Its "American style" soon brought a rapid circulation increase, increasing to four to five thousand daily by the mid-1920s.
The editorial offices of The China Press were located originally at Lane 126, 11 Szechuan Road, Shanghai, a block from The Bund
, and later at 14 Kiukiang Road (Jiujiang Lu) in Shanghai. Among those journalists Millard recruited for The China Press were Carl Crow
, and Charles Herbert Webb. As originally conceived, The China Press "was to be a truly international newspaper with headlines dictated by world events and not dissimilar in layout to the New York Herald-Tribune." Benjamin Fleischer, founder of Yokohama
-based Japan Advertiser, and wealthy American industrialist Charles R. Crane supplied most of the finances for the purchase of equipment. Millard was often subsidized by Crane to the tune of $500 a month, and at times by various Chinese governments.
Millard intended "to make the enterprise "substantially Chinese in backing and sympathy," among other things breaking with the colonial convention of ignoring "native" news." According to Paul French,
, resulted in an exclusive weekly interview with prominent Chinese politician
Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional President of the Republic of China
and co-founder of the Kuomintang
. Even after Dr. Sun's "retirement" and replacement as President by Yuan Shikai
, "Millard decided that he would provide continued blanket coverage of Sun and his ideas despite his political sidelining."
Millard edited the paper for six years. While The China Press became "the widest-circulating English-language daily newspaper in Shanghai", competition from the rival British-owned North China Daily News
, and reduced advertising revenue due to Millard's perceived anti-British reporting on World War I
, forced Millard to resign as editor in 1917. In 1918 Millard sold The China Press to Edward Ezra, a British Jewish businessman. Ownership eventually passed to Hollington Kong Tong in the fall of 1930.
edited by Herbert Croly
and Walter Lippmann
, and anti-imperialistic Oswald Garrison Villard
's The Nation
. Its editorial offices were at what is now named the Union Building, Shanghai
, a six-storey
Neo-Renaissance
building opened in 1916, then considered No.4 The Bund
.
Acting on Millard's conviction that it should publish "Anything we damn please", it featured original reporting, reports on China-related subjects, and opinion. Coverage of the development of the May Fourth Movement
in Shanghai helped further its cause. In the Review, Millard criticised the policies of many of Shanghai's leading foreigners, and championed Sun Yat-sen
, Chiang Kai-shek
and the Kuomintang army.
As Millard was often absent overseas in Europe or the United States, he left the management of the Review to Powell. In 1922 Millard sold his share of the magazine to Powell, who had renamed it on 4 June 1921 The Weekly Review of the Far East: Devoted to the Economic, Political and Social Development of China and Its Intercourse with other Nations, and in June 1923, The China Weekly Review.
, the University of Missouri's School of Journalism, and was influenced by the recommendations of its dean Walter Williams
, with the result that there was from 1911 a "Missouri News Colony" which was "one of the recognized groups of foreign journalists alongside the large British contingent and a smaller caucus of Australians" in Shanghai. Known variously as the Missouri mafia, the Corn Cobbers, and the Cowboy Correspondents, the group included Millard, Charles Crow; Edgar Snow
; John Benjamin Powell; John W. Powell
; Morris J. Harris chief of the Associated Press
bureau in China; John Harris of UP
; H.S. Jewell; Victor Keene of the New York Herald Tribune
; Hollington Kong Tong
(董顯光 pinyin: Dong, Xian‘guang) (born 9 November 1887; died 10 January 1971 in New York city
), later Ambassador from Nationalist China to the U.S. (5 April 1956 to 1957); Henry Francis Misselwitz (born 24 July 1900 in Leavenworth, Kansas
), correspondent for The New York Times and the United Press in Japan and China from 1923 to 1936; and Joseph Glenn Babb, chief Associated Press
correspondent in China.
,.
and the shelling of Nanjing
by American and British forces in April 1927, The New York Times dismissed Millard, "far the ablest reporter of Far Eastern affairs" and replaced him with Frederick Moore (born 17 November 1877 in New Orleans, Louisiana
; died 1956), former foreign councilor to the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, because of Millard's sympathy for the Kuomintang. Confidential assessment by the British Foreign Office on Millard's dismissal indicated its favour with this development:
On 18 April 1927, Time magazine protested Millard's dismissal:
, and was high on the Japanese blacklist
because of his anti-Japanese sentiments.
, in December 1918, Millard left China and traveled to Europe to attend the 1919 Paris Peace Conference
as the personal secretary of Charles R. Crane, and as an unofficial adviser to the Chinese delegation in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles
. In May 1919 Millard attempted unsuccessfully to have Japan sign a declaration to resolve the Shandong Problem
, namely to restore to China the territory granted to Germany in Shandong
province in 1897 that was captured by Japan in 1914. The Japanese delegation objected to Millard's presence in the discussions. In response to the February 1919 proposal by Japan to insert a racial equality statement in the charter for the League of Nations
,
In July 1919 while in Washington D.C., Millard revealed publicly his belief that there was a secret tripartite entente between Britain
, France
and Japan
in regard to the Shantung Problem
and accepting "Japanese suzerainty
" over Manchuria, and portions of China thus destroying "the political autonomy
and territorial integrity of China as is guaranteed by the Hay Doctrine", and "would practically eliminate the United States from political influence and commercial equal opportunity in Asia." On 25 July 1919 Millard spoke to members of the US Congress at a dinner in his honour on the relations between China and Japan and on the Shantung Problem
. Millard also revealed that there were efforts to suppress his book on the Eastern question by Federal agents of the United States, but were terminated after support from US President Woodrow Wilson
.
in Geneva, Switzerland serving in this capacity until 1922.
in 1921, before returning to the Far East. This Conference resulted in the signing on 4 February 1922 of a treaty between China and Japan on the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Shandong
, and on 6 February 1922, the Washington Nine Powers Treaty on the Sovereignty of China, by representatives of the United States
, United Kingdom
, Japan
, France
, Italy
, Belgium
, Netherlands
, Portugal
, and China
, which embodied "the principle of recognizing China's sovereignty and territorial integrity". This treaty went into force on 31 December 1922.
.
,. In June 1929, the Chinese government sent Millard, to the United States to lobby for the abolition of extraterritoriality
in China which had been re-established in the Boxer Protocol
(Xinchou Treaty) of September 1901. Millard discussed problems in Sino-American Relations
at the White House and at the State Department. The three major points he attempted to communicate were:
MacMurray was dismissed 22 November 1929, and replaced by Nelson T. Johnson
on 16 December 1929. However, Millard but was unable to secure American support for the abolition of extraterritoriality. In August 1929 Millard blamed "the apparent collusion between Washington and London and tried to show Hornbeck that persistent refusal of treaty revision would inevitably drive China to unilateral action." During the subsequent discussions for the renegotiation of the Unequal Treaties
, Millard observed in his book Extraterritoriality in China (1931) that Britain and the United States would not give up unless China took unilateral action and forced the two powers to react: "Talk will not move them now in Washington or London. It requires action." Millard recommended suspending the negotiations, and then abolishing all treaty provisions.
."
to recover with relatives and never returned. After a period in a sanitarium
in Wheeler, Oregon
until the end of August 1942, Millard died of cancer
on 7 September 1942 in Seattle.
, and was renowned for his snappy dress and abilities on the dance floor, as well as his established liberal
views." By 1917, colleague John B. Powell described Millard as "a short, slender man weighing perhaps 125 pounds,", who was considered "suave and immaculately dressed" Powell's son, journalist John W. Powell
described Millard in later years:
According to Hamilton, Millard was "cocky and often rude, always dressed fashionably and lived comfortably. He was immaculate, even when covering a battle." As a war correspondent
for the New York Herald, Millard earned a disfiguring facial scar in the process. Historian
Mordechai Rozanski
described Millard as "an adventurer, a romantic
, a muckraker
, and a progressive
. He had a sense of mission that many who lived in the Midwest and Missouri
carried with them into the world.
As early as 1906, Millard was described as "one of the more critical and trustworthy students of the Orient and its problems". A reviewer of his 1928 book China: Where it is Today and Why, indicated that "Probably no journalist in the world is better prepared to write about Chinese affairs than Thomas F. Millard."Time magazine referred to Millard in 1925 as "the most eloquent American voice in the Far East," and in 1927 described him as "the meticulous and widely quoted correspondent of the New York Times," while elsewhere he was considered "the fairest American correspondent in China." By 1938, Millard was "considered the greatest American expert on Chinese affairs."
In an obituary
in Time magazine just after his death in 1942, Millard was eulogised
as: "More honest than discreet, he was a frequent critic of U.S. policy in China, a more strenuous critic of Japanese policy." In 1946, a four years after Millard's death, his contributions to journalism was described: "The articles of Thomas F. Millard, a veteran correspondent with a perspicacity which penetrated the Oriental mind and an amazing flair for prophecy."
, Millard was "anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, pro-independence, pro-equality of nations, pro-Republican, pro-self-determination
and very pro-American." In 1925 Time magazine described Millard as "a hard-headed imperialist thinking in terms of weltpolitik
for a "parochially-minded" Republic." Millard had read expansionists Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
, Albert J. Beveridge
, and Brooks Adams
.... [H]is experiences in the Boer
, Greco-Turkish
, Spanish-American
and Russo-Japanese war
s convinced him that America had a special role to play in the Far East."
of Britain. Covering the Second Boer War
in South Africa
he developed a lifelong case of Anglophobia
.
and was considered to be anti-Japanese as he saw the incompatibility of Japanese and American interests and because of his own observations of Korea under Japanese rule
and the Japanese treatment of Koreans after the occupation of Korea in 1905, arguing that the images of Japan in Europe and America were the propaganda
from the Japanese press bureau. The American Asiatic Association "made no secret of its disrespect for Mr. Millard, a man possessed of "a more or less acute form of Japophobia". Millard "feared that ... an anti-Western Japan would guide the Chinese masses". Millard claimed he had "positive evidence of the existence of a systematic and well-developed plan of Japan to control and manipulate" Chinese public opinion against westerners and to eliminate them from China. In his book Our Eastern Question (1916), Millard wrote
Millard opposed publicly Japan's Twenty-One Demands
made on China in January 1915, and with Stanley K. Hornbeck participated in seminars in Wisconsin
"to stir up anti-Japanese excitement". Millard contended that "Japan employed bludgeon
ing tactics all through the negotiations. She reinforced her military forces in Shantung and Manchuria and made strategical dispositions unmistakably directed against China." In response to the Japanese opposition to the California Alien Land Law of 1913
which prohibited the transfer of land rights to aliens ineligible for citizenship, including the Japanese, in March 1916 Millard wrote an article, "The Japanese Menace" in The Century
, arguing that status quo
be maintained as Japanese demands threatened American sovereignty
in its own land, and furthered the advancement of Japanese economic superiority over Korea, China, and Manchuria. In reviewing Millard's 1916 book The Eastern Question, The Missionary Review of the World indicated: "If one distrusts or dislikes Japan, he will read this volume." In late 1918, before he left China to attend the Paris Peace Conference
, Millard warned that close attention had to be paid to the fact that the Japanese delegation included Prince Konoe Fumimaro, later three-time Prime Minister of Japan
, who wrote the sensational and provocative anti-Anglo-American
and anti-establishment
essay "Reject the Anglo-American-Centered Peace". Millard not only had it translated and published in his journal, Millard's Review, but also wrote a rebuttal
. The Japanese delegation also included John Russell Kennedy, "Japan's propaganda manager" and Millard's bête noire
.
's policies of self-determination
for all nations, Korean nationalist Yuh Woon-Hyung (Yǒ Unhyǒng), then principal of a Korean School in Shanghai, and others drafted a petition calling for Korean independence from Japan, and requesting action at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference
, which he gave both to Crane and also to Millard for personal transmission to Woodrow Wilson. Manela indicates that
. In 1906 Millard "admitted to once holding an "adverse disposition" toward the Chinese but the more he became acquainted with them the more he developed "a sincere liking and admiration of the Chinese people." He recognized that one could not easily identify social characteristics with a race, but he considered the Chinese "industrious, reliable, law-abiding, good humored, capable, and tolerant."
Millard was an early supporter of the Chinese Nationalists and the Chinese revolution
, advocating through his writing a strong and independent China. Millard supported Sun Yat-sen
and Chiang Kai-shek
"in the belief that they would undertake policies that would cure China's ills."
Millard has been described as an Open Door Realist, advocating passionately the view that the Open Door Policy
in China, which upheld Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and advocated no interference with the free use of the treaty ports
within their spheres of influence in China, should be backed by American military force as necessary. For Millard, the Open Door Policy involved the establishment of an American economic protectorate
over China. Soon after the armistice of 1918 Millard strongly urged the United States to take an active and leading part in the reconstruction of China. Millard warned that "our Eastern policy will not be respected until the world is convinced that failure to consider and meet our reasonable wishes carries a probability of war".
, "Outside the American
government, one of the most vocal and persistent spokesmen for special ties between the United States and China was Thomas F. Millard". Millard professed to see "a genuine community of interests with China and the United States" and believed his views on China were "analogous to the views of a considerable portion of the American people." Millard influenced strongly and then supported the China policies of US President William Howard Taft
(President 1909-1913), who indicated in a speech to the American Association at the Astor House, Shanghai
on 8 October 1907, a year before his election as President of the United States
, that he favoured the economic and political development of China:
Millard sought to influence the foreign policy elite, and in this task he was helped by friends with influence and money, such as Willard Dickerman Straight (born 31 January 1880; died 1 December 1918), an American
journalist who later served as a diplomat
in China
, Korea
and Manchuria
; and Charles R. Crane, a wealthy confidante
of American President Woodrow Wilson
(President 1913-1921), who devoted his life to pushing the concept of a special US relationship with China and Asia. According to John Maxwell Hamilton,
where he wrote several articles for The New York Herald Tribune, where he opposed Philippine independence, and advocated the United States keep the Philippines permanently. Millard's reasons included:
Amplifying the fifth point, Millard argued that the increasing population of the United States would eventually necessitate the importation of food and raw materials from the Philippines:
Millard also added that the iron ore deposits were among the largest in Asia, and that the uncertain political future prevented capital investment in the Philippines.
and Americanization
of Native Americans in the United States
into the white race and lamented the seeming inevitability of their extinction.
of war correspondent
s, including both Japan
and Russia
in the Russo-Japanese War
.In his 1906 book, The New Far East, which included sections from a 1905 article, Millard wrote
Japanese restrictions prevented foreign journalists from getting closer than 3 miles (5 kilometres) from the battles. "In the end Japanese censorship prevented the hordes of correspondents from witnessing most of the decisive battles. Censorship was strict because the Japanese suspected that many of foreign journalists were spies", with the result that "Many chafed under the censorship and departed for home." When the war shifted to Manchuria
, Millard complained: "Screened by a military censorship which prevented as far as possible publicity concerning events in the country, except such as was given out at Tokyo." Millard indicated that even after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War
, "the Japanese continued to maintain a strict censorship upon communications leaving or entering Korea."
Again in 1905, Millard reported on censorship by American military authorities in the Philippines
. Millard reported in Scribner's Magazine that military censorship in the Philippines was among the most strict anywhere. Millard rehearsed previous accusations against American General Elwell Stephen Otis
(1838–1909) who provided misleading information to foreign correspondents and forced them to modify their reports of war crimes by American troops, resulting in the replacement of Otis in 1900.
When Millard started his The China Press in Shanghai in 1911, it was "registered in Delaware
, to avoid censorship" by the Empire of China
. As an American newspaper operating within the International Settlement, The China News was thus subject to American laws which protected the freedom of the press.
Missouri
Missouri is a US state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2010 population of 5,988,927, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It...
; died 7 September 1942 in Seattle, Washington
Seattle, Washington
Seattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
) was an American journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
, newspaper editor, founder of the China Weekly Review, author of seven influential books on the Far East
Far East
The Far East is an English term mostly describing East Asia and Southeast Asia, with South Asia sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.The term came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 19th century,...
and first American political adviser to the Chinese Republic, serving for over fifteen years. Millard was "the founding father of American journalism in China", and "the dean of American newspapermen in the Orient"., who "probably has had a greater influence on contemporary newspaper journalism than any other American journalist in China.” Millard was a war correspondent
War correspondent
A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. In the 19th century they were also called Special Correspondents.-Methods:...
for the New York Herald
New York Herald
The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835, and 1924.-History:The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr., on May 6, 1835. By 1845 it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the UnitedStates...
during the Spanish-American War
Spanish-American War
The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence...
, the Boer War
Boer War
The Boer Wars were two wars fought between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics, the Oranje Vrijstaat and the Republiek van Transvaal ....
, the Boxer Uprising, the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
and the Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
; he also had articles appear in such publications as The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
, New York World
New York World
The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers...
, New York Herald
New York Herald
The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835, and 1924.-History:The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr., on May 6, 1835. By 1845 it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the UnitedStates...
, New York Herald Tribune
New York Herald Tribune
The New York Herald Tribune was a daily newspaper created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald.Other predecessors, which had earlier merged into the New York Tribune, included the original The New Yorker newsweekly , and the Whig Party's Log Cabin.The paper was home to...
, Scribner's Magazine
Scribner's Magazine
Scribner's Magazine was an American periodical published by the publishing house of Charles Scribner's Sons from January 1887 to May 1939. Scribner's Magazine was the second magazine out of the "Scribner's" firm, after the publication of Scribner's Monthly...
, The Nation
The Nation
The Nation is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. The periodical, devoted to politics and culture, is self-described as "the flagship of the left." Founded on July 6, 1865, It is published by The Nation Company, L.P., at 33 Irving Place, New York City.The Nation...
and The Cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan (magazine)
Cosmopolitan is an international magazine for women. It was first published in 1886 in the United States as a family magazine, was later transformed into a literary magazine and eventually became a women's magazine in the late 1960s...
, as well as in Britain's Daily Mail
Daily Mail
The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust. First published in 1896 by Lord Northcliffe, it is the United Kingdom's second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun. Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982...
and the English-language Kobe Weekly Chronicle of Japan. Millard was the Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
correspondent for The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
from 1925. Millard was involved in the Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy
Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy
The Twain–Ament indemnities controversy was a major cause célèbre in the United States of America in 1901 as a consequence of the published reactions of American humorist Mark Twain to reports of Rev...
, supporting the attacks of Mark Twain
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist...
on American missionary
Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do evangelism or ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development. The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin...
William Scott Ament
William Scott Ament
William Scott Ament was a missionary to China for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from 1877, and was known as the "Father of Christian Endeavor in China." Ament became prominent as a result of his heroism during the Boxer Uprising and controversial...
.
Biographical details
Thomas Franklin Fairfax Millard was born in Rolla, MissouriRolla, Missouri
Rolla is a city in Phelps County, Missouri, United States, midway between the larger cities of St. Louis and Springfield along I-44. The population in the 2010 United States Census was 19,559.It is the county seat of Phelps County...
on 8 July 1868, the son of Tennesseans
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
Alvin Marion Millard (born about 1830), a merchant, and his wife Elizabeth E. Smith (born about 1840). By 1870 Millard was living at Piney, Texas County, Missouri
Texas County, Missouri
Texas County is a county located in South Central Missouri in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the county's population was 26,008. It's county seat is Houston. The county was organized in 1843 as Ashley County, changing its name in 1845 to Texas, after the Republic of Texas. The 2010 U.S...
with his parents; Samuel Millard (born about 1805), his grandfather; his uncles, George F. Millard (born about 1833), Cristie F. Millard (born about 1846), Patric H. Smith (born about 1850); and his mother's sister, Callie C. Smith (born about 1848).
Education
Millard attended the Missouri School of MinesSchool of Mines
A school of mines is a term used for many engineering schools established in the 18th and 19th centuries that originally focused on mining engineering and applied science...
and Metallurgy (now the Missouri University of Science and Technology
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Missouri University of Science and Technology is an institution of higher learning located in Rolla, Missouri, United States, and part of the University of Missouri System...
) at Rolla, Missouri
Rolla, Missouri
Rolla is a city in Phelps County, Missouri, United States, midway between the larger cities of St. Louis and Springfield along I-44. The population in the 2010 United States Census was 19,559.It is the county seat of Phelps County...
, from 1878 to 1882, and the University of Missouri
University of Missouri
The University of Missouri System is a state university system providing centralized administration for four universities, a health care system, an extension program, five research and technology parks, and a publishing press. More than 64,000 students are currently enrolled at its four campuses...
from 1884, during the presidency of The Rev. Dr. Samuel Spahr Laws (1824–1921). Millard was a member of the Beta Theta Pi
Beta Theta Pi
Beta Theta Pi , often just called Beta, is a social collegiate fraternity that was founded in 1839 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, USA, where it is part of the Miami Triad which includes Phi Delta Theta and Sigma Chi. It has over 138 active chapters and colonies in the United States and Canada...
fraternity, and graduated in 1888.
Honors
In June 1929 Millard received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of MissouriUniversity of Missouri
The University of Missouri System is a state university system providing centralized administration for four universities, a health care system, an extension program, five research and technology parks, and a publishing press. More than 64,000 students are currently enrolled at its four campuses...
. Millard received the Order of the Jade from the Chinese government.
St Louis Republic (1895-1898)
In 1895 Millard began his career in journalism at the St. Louis Republic, "the oldest newspaper west of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River
The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...
, which carried the slogan "America's Foremost Democratic Newspaper" on its masthead
Masthead (publishing)
The masthead is a list, published in a newspaper or magazine, of its staff. In some publications it names only the most senior individuals; in others, it may name many or all...
". Millard was eventually dismissed from this position due to "a characteristic fit of stubbornness" for refusing to cover a fire.
The New York Herald (1897-1911)
After his termination at the St. Louis Republic, Millard became as a drama critic for the New York HeraldNew York Herald
The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835, and 1924.-History:The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr., on May 6, 1835. By 1845 it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the UnitedStates...
in 1897.
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
Millard was war correspondent for The New York Herald during the five-week Greco-Turkish WarGreco-Turkish War (1897)
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the Black '97 in Greece, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union...
, which ended with a victory for Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
on 21 May 1897.
Spanish-American War (1898)
Millard covered the Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War
The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence...
in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...
, reporting on the capture of Cuomo in August 1898.
While covering the war in Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
, Millard's interview with American Major General
Major General
Major general or major-general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. A major general is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the ranks of brigadier and brigadier general...
William Shafter after his deportation of fellow correspondent Henry Sylvester "Harry" Scovel (1869–1905) of the New York World
New York World
The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers...
for disobeying a military order, resulted in Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911), born Politzer József, was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and became a leading...
, publisher of the New York World, firing Scovel. During his time in Cuba, Millard helped feed the starving New York Herald sketch artist and realist painter William Glackens
William Glackens
William James Glackens was an American realist painter.Glackens studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and later moved to New York City, where he co-founded what came to be called the Ashcan School art movement...
.
Central America
Millard reported on hostilities in Central AmericaCentral America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
for the New York Herald.
Second Boer War (1898-1900)
Millard covered the Second Boer WarSecond Boer War
The Second Boer War was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State...
by accompanying the Boer forces for both "The New York Herald" and the London Daily Mail
Daily Mail
The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust. First published in 1896 by Lord Northcliffe, it is the United Kingdom's second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun. Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982...
. Millard was able to interview Boer commandant general Louis Botha
Louis Botha
Louis Botha was an Afrikaner and first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa—the forerunner of the modern South African state...
(born 27 September 1862; died 27 August 1919) in July 1900 after the fall of Pretoria
Pretoria
Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities, serving as the executive and de facto national capital; the others are Cape Town, the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein, the judicial capital.Pretoria is...
, in which Botha criticised State President
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
of the South African Republic
South African Republic
The South African Republic , often informally known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer-ruled country in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century. Not to be confused with the present-day Republic of South Africa, it occupied the area later known as the South African...
(Transvaal) Paul Kruger
Paul Kruger
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger , better known as Paul Kruger and affectionately known as Uncle Paul was State President of the South African Republic...
and the War Office for their conduct of the war. Millard's writings on the Afrikaner
Afrikaner
Afrikaners are an ethnic group in Southern Africa descended from almost equal numbers of Dutch, French and German settlers whose native tongue is Afrikaans: a Germanic language which derives primarily from 17th century Dutch, and a variety of other languages.-Related ethno-linguistic groups:The...
struggle, especially his dispatches criticizing British colonialists and glorifying their enemy, so enraged the British commander Lord Kitchener
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC , was an Irish-born British Field Marshal and proconsul who won fame for his imperial campaigns and later played a central role in the early part of the First World War, although he died halfway...
, that Millard was deported from the country before the cessation of hostilities.
Philippine-American War (1900)
Millard was among the war correspondents who covered the Philippine insurrectionPhilippine-American War
The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection , was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following...
.
Boxer Uprising (1900)
Millard covered the Boxer Uprising in 1900 for the New York Herald. In the aftermath of the Uprising, Millard denounced the Allied Powers and their insistence on punitive indemnitiesIndemnity
An indemnity is a sum paid by A to B by way of compensation for a particular loss suffered by B. The indemnitor may or may not be responsible for the loss suffered by the indemnitee...
. "Seized with a vertigo
Vertigo (medical)
Vertigo is a type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary. The symptoms are due to a dysfunction of the vestibular system in the inner ear...
of indiscriminating vengeance
Revenge
Revenge is a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. It is also called payback, retribution, retaliation or vengeance; it may be characterized, justly or unjustly, as a form of justice.-Function in society:Some societies believe that the...
," in 1901 he wrote
the powers are trifling with the peace of the world. Events such as the months of September, October and November [1900] brought to China have carried war back to the Dark Ages, and will leave a taint in the moral atmosphere of the world for a generation to come.
In January 1901 Millard supported fellow anti-imperialist Mark Twain
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist...
in his controversy with American Congregationalist missionary
Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do evangelism or ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development. The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin...
to China, William Scott Ament
William Scott Ament
William Scott Ament was a missionary to China for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from 1877, and was known as the "Father of Christian Endeavor in China." Ament became prominent as a result of his heroism during the Boxer Uprising and controversial...
over the collection of indemnities from Chinese subjects. In 1901, Millard toured the United States with American pioneer cinematographer
Cinematographer
A cinematographer is one photographing with a motion picture camera . The title is generally equivalent to director of photography , used to designate a chief over the camera and lighting crews working on a film, responsible for achieving artistic and technical decisions related to the image...
C. Fred Ackerman of the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1928. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over three thousand short...
presenting an illustrated propagandist lecture "War in China", which included both lantern slides
Magic lantern
The magic lantern or Laterna Magica is an early type of image projector developed in the 17th century.-Operation:The magic lantern has a concave mirror in front of a light source that gathers light and projects it through a slide with an image scanned onto it. The light rays cross an aperture , and...
and films shot during the Boxer Uprising by Ackerman.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
In 1904 Millard was in ManchuriaManchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
reporting the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
. In his reports, Millard "provided some of the most accurate insights into the changing nature of modern war." While Millard spent most of the war with the Russian forces in Manchuria, and was allowed in the battle zone, "his initial sympathy for the Russians did not deter his recognition of the superior adaptation of modern techniques by the Japanese forces."
Korea (1905)
After the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War, Millard was able to travel to KoreaKorea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
, where he reported on the Japanese occupation of Korea.
Moro Rebellion (1907-1908)
In 1907 Millard visited the Philippine Islands. One of the issues Millard reported on was the Moro RebellionMoro Rebellion
The Moro Rebellion was an armed military conflict between Moro revolutionary groups in the Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan and the United States military which took place in the Philippines as early as between 1899 to 1913, following the Spanish-American War in 1898...
. In an article filed from Zamboanga
Zamboanga City
The City of Zamboanga : is a highly urbanized, independent and a chartered city located in Mindanao, Philippines....
in December 1907, published in The New York Times on 15 March 1908, and subsequently reprinted in both the Mindanao Herald on 16 May 1908 and the Washington Post, Millard revealed allegedly pernicious features of Moro society (including slavery
Slavery
Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
, polygamy
Polygamy
Polygamy is a marriage which includes more than two partners...
, concubinage
Concubinage
Concubinage is the state of a woman or man in an ongoing, usually matrimonially oriented, relationship with somebody to whom they cannot be married, often because of a difference in social status or economic condition.-Concubinage:...
, piracy
Piracy
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator...
and despotism
Despotism
Despotism is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy...
) that were tolerated by the American administration in Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...
due to the agreement between Brigadier General
Brigadier General
Brigadier general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general. When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000...
John C. Bates
John C. Bates
John Coalter Bates was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from January to April 1906. He was the last American Civil War veteran still on active duty in the United States military at the time of his retirement....
and Jamalul Kiram II, the Sultan of Sulu, in August 1899 that promised to respect the religion and customs of the Moros and the authority of the sultan in his own territory in exchange for recognition of American authority over the Sulu archipelago
Sulu Archipelago
The Sulu Archipelago is a chain of islands in the southwestern Philippines. This archipelago is considered to be part of the Moroland by the local rebel independence movement. This island group forms the northern limit of the Celebes Sea....
. Millard described the situation: "The laws were crude and their administration barbaric." Millard called for the abrogation of the Bates Treaty as it undermined American authority and was inconsistent with American laws and mores
Mores
Mores, in sociology, are any given society's particular norms, virtues, or values. The word mores is a plurale tantum term borrowed from Latin, which has been used in the English language since the 1890s....
. Millard also described the danger for American military in Moroland, especially from the juramentada, "a type of religious fanatic who occasionally gets it into his crazy head to draw his barong
Barong (knife)
The barong is a thick, leaf-shaped, single-edged blade sword. It is a weapon used by Islamic tribes in the Southern Philippines.- Description :-Blade:...
and run amuck
Running amok
Running amok, sometimes referred to as simply amok is a term for a killing spree perpetrated by an individual out of rage or resentment over perceived mistreatment....
."
The China Press (1911-1917)
Millard remained in the Far EastFar East
The Far East is an English term mostly describing East Asia and Southeast Asia, with South Asia sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.The term came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 19th century,...
following the war and was active in both journalism
Journalism
Journalism is the practice of investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience in a timely fashion. Though there are many variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience. Along with covering organizations and institutions such as government and...
and business
Business
A business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
in 1911, as it was a time of political transition in China characterized by disorder and lack of authority, Millard and those associated with him were able to engage effectively in advocacy journalism
Advocacy journalism
Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that intentionally and transparently adopts a non-objective viewpoint, usually for some social or political purpose. Because it is intended to be factual, it is distinguished from propaganda...
. According to Paul French, "Millard was reasonably academic and precise in his advocacy for China".
In the summer of 1911 Millard co-founded with Dr. Wu Tingfang
Wu Tingfang
Wu Tingfang was a Chinese diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and briefly as Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China. He is also known under his Cantonese name Ng Choy -Biography:...
(born 1842 in Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
; died 23 June 1922), former Chinese envoy to the United States and later acting premier of China, and Y.C. Tong, The China Press, (Ta Lu Pao) a Shanghai daily, that was "the first US-owned newspaper in China, excluding missionary
Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do evangelism or ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development. The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin...
publications." Its "American style" soon brought a rapid circulation increase, increasing to four to five thousand daily by the mid-1920s.
The editorial offices of The China Press were located originally at Lane 126, 11 Szechuan Road, Shanghai, a block from The Bund
The Bund
The Bund is a waterfront area in central Shanghai, People's Republic of China. The area centres on a section of Zhongshan Road within the former Shanghai International Settlement, which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River, facing Pudong, in the eastern part of Huangpu District...
, and later at 14 Kiukiang Road (Jiujiang Lu) in Shanghai. Among those journalists Millard recruited for The China Press were Carl Crow
Carl Crow
Carl Crow was a Missouri-born newspaperman, businessman, and author who managed several newspapers and then opened the first Western advertising agency in Shanghai, China, which he ran for 19 years, creating much of what is thought of today as the sexy China Girl poster and calendar ads...
, and Charles Herbert Webb. As originally conceived, The China Press "was to be a truly international newspaper with headlines dictated by world events and not dissimilar in layout to the New York Herald-Tribune." Benjamin Fleischer, founder of Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...
-based Japan Advertiser, and wealthy American industrialist Charles R. Crane supplied most of the finances for the purchase of equipment. Millard was often subsidized by Crane to the tune of $500 a month, and at times by various Chinese governments.
Millard intended "to make the enterprise "substantially Chinese in backing and sympathy," among other things breaking with the colonial convention of ignoring "native" news." According to Paul French,
The China Presss support for the government of the nascent Republic of China
Millard had started The China Press partly with the vision that the paper should promote contact between the foreign community and the Chinese. He went so far as to install several prominent Chinese on the paper's board of directorsBoard of directorsA board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. Other names include board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees, and board of visitors...
and actively sought to promote China stories to the front pages using the adage that news about China should be treated in the same way as the big New York papers covered US news.
Government of the Republic of China
The Republic of China was formally established by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1912 in Nanjing under the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China but this government was moved to Beijing in the same year and continued as the internationally recognized government of China until 1928. In the history...
, resulted in an exclusive weekly interview with prominent Chinese politician
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional President of the Republic of China
President of the Republic of China
The President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
and co-founder of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
. Even after Dr. Sun's "retirement" and replacement as President by Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China , and his short-lived...
, "Millard decided that he would provide continued blanket coverage of Sun and his ideas despite his political sidelining."
Millard edited the paper for six years. While The China Press became "the widest-circulating English-language daily newspaper in Shanghai", competition from the rival British-owned North China Daily News
North China Daily News
North China Daily News was an English-language newspaper in Shanghai, China, called the most influential foreign newspaper of its time.The paper was founded as the weekly North-China Herald and was first published on 3 August 1850. Its founder, British auctioneer Henry Shearman , died in 1856...
, and reduced advertising revenue due to Millard's perceived anti-British reporting on World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, forced Millard to resign as editor in 1917. In 1918 Millard sold The China Press to Edward Ezra, a British Jewish businessman. Ownership eventually passed to Hollington Kong Tong in the fall of 1930.
Millard's Review of the Far East (1917-1922)
On Saturday 9 June 1917 Millard co-founded with John Benjamin Powell (1886–1947), a new journal, "Millard's Review of the Far East" (Mileshi pinglun bao), a weekly Shanghai English-language publication. "Honest direct reporting from Shanghai covering news of the Far East and relations with the United States became a goal" for Millard when he founded the Review, which was modeled after the influential American political journal The New RepublicThe New Republic
The magazine has also published two articles concerning income inequality, largely criticizing conservative economists for their attempts to deny the existence or negative effect increasing income inequality is having on the United States...
edited by Herbert Croly
Herbert Croly
Herbert David Croly was an intellectual leader of the Progressive Movement as an editor, and political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic in early twentieth-century America...
and Walter Lippmann
Walter Lippmann
Walter Lippmann was an American intellectual, writer, reporter, and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War...
, and anti-imperialistic Oswald Garrison Villard
Oswald Garrison Villard
Oswald Garrison Villard was an American journalist. He provided a rare direct link between the anti-imperialism of the late 19th century and the conservative Old Right of the 1930s and 1940s.-Biography:...
's The Nation
The Nation
The Nation is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. The periodical, devoted to politics and culture, is self-described as "the flagship of the left." Founded on July 6, 1865, It is published by The Nation Company, L.P., at 33 Irving Place, New York City.The Nation...
. Its editorial offices were at what is now named the Union Building, Shanghai
Union Building, Shanghai
The Union Building is a building on the Bund in Shanghai, China. It is located at No. 3, the Bund .Completed in 1916, the building was used by a number of insurance companies. The six-storey building was the first work in Shanghai of P&T Architects and Surveyors , and was the first building in...
, a six-storey
Storey
A storey or story is any level part of a building that could be used by people...
Neo-Renaissance
Neo-Renaissance
Renaissance Revival is an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian nor Gothic but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes...
building opened in 1916, then considered No.4 The Bund
The Bund
The Bund is a waterfront area in central Shanghai, People's Republic of China. The area centres on a section of Zhongshan Road within the former Shanghai International Settlement, which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River, facing Pudong, in the eastern part of Huangpu District...
.
Acting on Millard's conviction that it should publish "Anything we damn please", it featured original reporting, reports on China-related subjects, and opinion. Coverage of the development of the May Fourth Movement
May Fourth Movement
The May Fourth Movement was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem...
in Shanghai helped further its cause. In the Review, Millard criticised the policies of many of Shanghai's leading foreigners, and championed Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the "Father of the Nation" , a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China...
, Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
and the Kuomintang army.
As Millard was often absent overseas in Europe or the United States, he left the management of the Review to Powell. In 1922 Millard sold his share of the magazine to Powell, who had renamed it on 4 June 1921 The Weekly Review of the Far East: Devoted to the Economic, Political and Social Development of China and Its Intercourse with other Nations, and in June 1923, The China Weekly Review.
The Missouri News Colony in China
Millard recruited often from his alma materAlma mater
Alma mater , pronounced ), was used in ancient Rome as a title for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele, and in Christianity for the Virgin Mary.-General term:...
, the University of Missouri's School of Journalism, and was influenced by the recommendations of its dean Walter Williams
Walter Williams (journalist)
Walter Williams was the founder of the Missouri School of Journalism and a former president of the University of Missouri. An internationalist, he promoted the value of journalism globally.-Biography:...
, with the result that there was from 1911 a "Missouri News Colony" which was "one of the recognized groups of foreign journalists alongside the large British contingent and a smaller caucus of Australians" in Shanghai. Known variously as the Missouri mafia, the Corn Cobbers, and the Cowboy Correspondents, the group included Millard, Charles Crow; Edgar Snow
Edgar Snow
Edgar P. Snow was an American journalist known for his books and articles on Communism in China and the Chinese Communist revolution...
; John Benjamin Powell; John W. Powell
John W. Powell
John William Powell was a journalist and small business proprietor who was most well known for being tried for sedition after publishing an article in 1952 that reported on allegations made by Mainland Chinese officials that the United States and Japan were carrying out germ warfare in the Korean...
; Morris J. Harris chief of the Associated Press
Associated Press
The Associated Press is an American news agency. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States, which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists...
bureau in China; John Harris of UP
United Press International
United Press International is a once-major international news agency, whose newswires, photo, news film and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines and radio and television stations for most of the twentieth century...
; H.S. Jewell; Victor Keene of the New York Herald Tribune
New York Herald Tribune
The New York Herald Tribune was a daily newspaper created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald.Other predecessors, which had earlier merged into the New York Tribune, included the original The New Yorker newsweekly , and the Whig Party's Log Cabin.The paper was home to...
; Hollington Kong Tong
(董顯光 pinyin: Dong, Xian‘guang) (born 9 November 1887; died 10 January 1971 in New York city
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
), later Ambassador from Nationalist China to the U.S. (5 April 1956 to 1957); Henry Francis Misselwitz (born 24 July 1900 in Leavenworth, Kansas
Leavenworth, Kansas
Leavenworth is the largest city and county seat of Leavenworth County, in the U.S. state of Kansas and within the Kansas City, Missouri Metropolitan Area. Located in the northeast portion of the state, it is on the west bank of the Missouri River. As of the 2010 census, the city population was...
), correspondent for The New York Times and the United Press in Japan and China from 1923 to 1936; and Joseph Glenn Babb, chief Associated Press
Associated Press
The Associated Press is an American news agency. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States, which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists...
correspondent in China.
The New York Times (1925-1927)
In 1925 Millard became the first China correspondent for The New York TimesThe New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
,.
Dismissal
In the immediate aftermath of the Shanghai massacre of 1927Shanghai massacre of 1927
The April 12 Incident of 1927 refers to the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party organizations in Shanghai by the military forces of Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang...
and the shelling of Nanjing
Nanjing
' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
by American and British forces in April 1927, The New York Times dismissed Millard, "far the ablest reporter of Far Eastern affairs" and replaced him with Frederick Moore (born 17 November 1877 in New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The New Orleans metropolitan area has a population of 1,235,650 as of 2009, the 46th largest in the USA. The New Orleans – Metairie – Bogalusa combined statistical area has a population...
; died 1956), former foreign councilor to the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, because of Millard's sympathy for the Kuomintang. Confidential assessment by the British Foreign Office on Millard's dismissal indicated its favour with this development:
Mr. Millard, who until this week has " covered " Shanghai, did not give the impression of being too friendlily disposed towards Great Britain, and was, in addition, inclined to wax a trifle sentimental over the struggles of China to overthrow foreign aggression.
On 18 April 1927, Time magazine protested Millard's dismissal:
In Manhattan, the fact that the meticulously accurate Times has ceased to employ Mr. Thomas F. Millard as its correspondent in China aroused comment. His work has been of such high, impartial character that contemporary historians writing upon China have nearly all referred to his despatches. Replacing Mr. Millard, the Times has sent to China, Correspondent Frederick Moore. Of him the American Committee for Justice to China, in Manhattan, said, last week, is a circular news despatch: "Many letters of protest have been and are being sent to the Editor of the New York Times asking for the dismissal of Mr. Frederick Moore, whose strong-prejudices and interests make him incompetent as an impartial gatherer of news."
The New York Times (1929-1942)
However, when Moore resigned to become an adviser to the Japanese government in 1929, Millard was rehired by The New York Times, a position he held until his death in 1942.Second Sino-Japanese War (1937)
Millard covered part of the Second Sino-Japanese WarSecond Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
, and was high on the Japanese blacklist
Blacklist
A blacklist is a list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition. As a verb, to blacklist can mean to deny someone work in a particular field, or to ostracize a person from a certain social circle...
because of his anti-Japanese sentiments.
Millard as Adviser to the Chinese Government
Between 1919 and 1935, Millard shuttled between advising the Chinese government and journalism. He was adviser to the Chinese at the Paris Peace Conference, the League of Nations sessions from 1920 to 1922, the Far East conference in Washington in 1921.Paris Peace Conference (1919)
After the conclusion of World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, in December 1918, Millard left China and traveled to Europe to attend the 1919 Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
as the personal secretary of Charles R. Crane, and as an unofficial adviser to the Chinese delegation in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of...
. In May 1919 Millard attempted unsuccessfully to have Japan sign a declaration to resolve the Shandong Problem
Shandong Problem
The Shantung Problem refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the Shandong peninsula....
, namely to restore to China the territory granted to Germany in Shandong
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
province in 1897 that was captured by Japan in 1914. The Japanese delegation objected to Millard's presence in the discussions. In response to the February 1919 proposal by Japan to insert a racial equality statement in the charter for the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
,
Millard saw the proposal principally as having a propaganda value for the Japanese and believed that the United States had nothing to fear from it as it was merely 'a placation of Japan and Asiatic peoples', [and] "considered the Japanese proposal as being too vaguely worded to have any effective threat value."
US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (1919)
After the signing of the Versailles Treaty on 28 June 1919, Millard subsequently testified on behalf of the Chinese government before the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, which ultimately rejected ratification of the Treaty,In July 1919 while in Washington D.C., Millard revealed publicly his belief that there was a secret tripartite entente between Britain
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
in regard to the Shantung Problem
Shandong Problem
The Shantung Problem refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the Shandong peninsula....
and accepting "Japanese suzerainty
Suzerainty
Suzerainty occurs where a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which controls its foreign affairs while allowing the tributary vassal state some limited domestic autonomy. The dominant entity in the suzerainty relationship, or the more powerful entity itself, is called a...
" over Manchuria, and portions of China thus destroying "the political autonomy
Autonomy
Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political and bioethical philosophy. Within these contexts, it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision...
and territorial integrity of China as is guaranteed by the Hay Doctrine", and "would practically eliminate the United States from political influence and commercial equal opportunity in Asia." On 25 July 1919 Millard spoke to members of the US Congress at a dinner in his honour on the relations between China and Japan and on the Shantung Problem
Shandong Problem
The Shantung Problem refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the Shandong peninsula....
. Millard also revealed that there were efforts to suppress his book on the Eastern question by Federal agents of the United States, but were terminated after support from US President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
.
League of Nations (1920-1922)
Millard was appointed an adviser to the Chinese delegation to the League of NationsLeague of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
in Geneva, Switzerland serving in this capacity until 1922.
Conference on Limitation of Armament and Pacific Problems (1921)
Millard advised the Chinese government at the Conference on Limitation of Armament and Pacific Problems held in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
in 1921, before returning to the Far East. This Conference resulted in the signing on 4 February 1922 of a treaty between China and Japan on the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Shandong
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
, and on 6 February 1922, the Washington Nine Powers Treaty on the Sovereignty of China, by representatives of the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, and China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, which embodied "the principle of recognizing China's sovereignty and territorial integrity". This treaty went into force on 31 December 1922.
Presidential adviser (1922)
In 1922 moved to Peking, then capital of the Republic of China, after being named adviser to Li Yuan-hung (pinyin: Li Yuanhong), president of the Chinese RepublicRepublic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
.
Extraterritoriality Treaty Revisions (1929-1930)
In 1929 began working for the Chinese Nationalists, the KuomintangKuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
,. In June 1929, the Chinese government sent Millard, to the United States to lobby for the abolition of extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations...
in China which had been re-established in the Boxer Protocol
Boxer Protocol
The Boxer Protocol was signed on September 7, 1901 between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces plus Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands after China's defeat in the intervention to put down the Boxer Rebellion at the hands of the...
(Xinchou Treaty) of September 1901. Millard discussed problems in Sino-American Relations
Sino-American relations
For the article on U.S.-Taiwan relations, see Republic of China – United States relations.Sino-American or People's Republic of China–United States relations refers to international relations between the United States of America and the government of People's Republic of China...
at the White House and at the State Department. The three major points he attempted to communicate were:
1. the isolation of the American legationLegationA legation was the term used in diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy. Where an embassy was headed by an Ambassador, a legation was headed by a Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary....
at BeijingBeijingBeijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
and the advantages of moving it to China's new capital at NanjingNanjing' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
;
2. the replacement of the American envoy to ChinaUnited States Ambassador to ChinaThe United States Ambassador to China is the chief American diplomat to People's Republic of China . The United States has sent diplomatic representatives to China since 1844, when Caleb Cushing, as Commissioner, negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia. Commissioners represented the United States in...
, John Van Antwerp MacMurray (1881-1960) (served 9 April 1925 to 22 November 1929), because of the apparent hostility between him and the Chinese Foreign Minister, Wang Zhengting;
3. the Americans should support China in their attempts to abolish extraterritoriality by 1 January 1930.
MacMurray was dismissed 22 November 1929, and replaced by Nelson T. Johnson
Nelson T. Johnson
Nelson Trusler Johnson was the United States ambassador to the Republic of China prior to World War II, and to Australia during World War II.-Early life and career:...
on 16 December 1929. However, Millard but was unable to secure American support for the abolition of extraterritoriality. In August 1929 Millard blamed "the apparent collusion between Washington and London and tried to show Hornbeck that persistent refusal of treaty revision would inevitably drive China to unilateral action." During the subsequent discussions for the renegotiation of the Unequal Treaties
Unequal Treaties
“Unequal treaty” is a term used in specific reference to a number of treaties imposed by Western powers, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, on Qing Dynasty China and late Tokugawa Japan...
, Millard observed in his book Extraterritoriality in China (1931) that Britain and the United States would not give up unless China took unilateral action and forced the two powers to react: "Talk will not move them now in Washington or London. It requires action." Millard recommended suspending the negotiations, and then abolishing all treaty provisions.
Dismissal (1935)
In the 7 September 1935 edition of the China Weekly Review founded by Millard, it was announced that Millard intended to return to his work as a writer. In October 1935, just after his return to Shanghai on 25 September from several years in the United States, Millard was dismissed as a government adviser to the Nationalist government, as "[h]is inflammatory anti-Japanese feelings ran counter to Chiang's policy of appeasementAppeasement
The term appeasement is commonly understood to refer to a diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to another power. Historian Paul Kennedy defines it as "the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and...
."
Later years and death
Unmarried, in his late sixties, and feeling he belonged in China as much as any place, Millard stayed in Shanghai until he broke his shoulder in a fall in front of the American Club. On 23 June 1941 Millard sailed from Manila, the Philippines, on the Titania, and arrived in Los Angeles on 11 July 1941. Sometime afterward, Millard went to SeattleSeattle, Washington
Seattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
to recover with relatives and never returned. After a period in a sanitarium
Sanatorium
A sanatorium is a medical facility for long-term illness, most typically associated with treatment of tuberculosis before antibiotics...
in Wheeler, Oregon
Wheeler, Oregon
Wheeler is a city in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. The population was 391 at the 2000 census.-Geography:According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.-Demographics:...
until the end of August 1942, Millard died of cancer
Cancer
Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
on 7 September 1942 in Seattle.
Personal description
Millard was "a well known man-about-town in Shanghai in 1911. He lived in the smart Astor House HotelAstor House, Shanghai
The Astor House Hotel , known as the Pujiang Hotel in Chinese since 1959, which has been described as once "one of the famous hotels of the world", "the pride of Shanghai", "a landmark of modern Shanghai", and perhaps hyperbolically as "once the most luxurious hotel in the world", was the first...
, and was renowned for his snappy dress and abilities on the dance floor, as well as his established liberal
Liberalism
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...
views." By 1917, colleague John B. Powell described Millard as "a short, slender man weighing perhaps 125 pounds,", who was considered "suave and immaculately dressed" Powell's son, journalist John W. Powell
John W. Powell
John William Powell was a journalist and small business proprietor who was most well known for being tried for sedition after publishing an article in 1952 that reported on allegations made by Mainland Chinese officials that the United States and Japan were carrying out germ warfare in the Korean...
described Millard in later years:
About Millard, I only knew him in his later years, but he was still very much of a personality, elegant, white haired, charismatic, belting down martinis, and chasing and being chased. He was always charming and considerate to me. Dad was very fond of him and always said he learned a lot from Tommy, but also discovered early that he was difficult to work with.
According to Hamilton, Millard was "cocky and often rude, always dressed fashionably and lived comfortably. He was immaculate, even when covering a battle." As a war correspondent
War correspondent
A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. In the 19th century they were also called Special Correspondents.-Methods:...
for the New York Herald, Millard earned a disfiguring facial scar in the process. Historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
Mordechai Rozanski
Mordechai Rozanski
Mordechai Rozanski became Rider University’s sixth president on August 1, 2003. In his first year, he has built upon both the foundation of his predecessors and Rider’s rich history...
described Millard as "an adventurer, a romantic
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
, a muckraker
Muckraker
The term muckraker is closely associated with reform-oriented journalists who wrote largely for popular magazines, continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting, and emerged in the United States after 1900 and continued to be influential until World War I, when through a combination...
, and a progressive
Progressivism
Progressivism is an umbrella term for a political ideology advocating or favoring social, political, and economic reform or changes. Progressivism is often viewed by some conservatives, constitutionalists, and libertarians to be in opposition to conservative or reactionary ideologies.The...
. He had a sense of mission that many who lived in the Midwest and Missouri
Missouri
Missouri is a US state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2010 population of 5,988,927, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It...
carried with them into the world.
Professional evaluation
According to Peter Rand, Millard's writing was at times "brilliant" and "inspiring". Referring specifically to Millard's career in China:Millard was the patriarchPatriarchOriginally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family. The system of such rule of families by senior males is called patriarchy. This is a Greek word, a compound of πατριά , "lineage, descent", esp...
of the China HandChina HandsThe term China Hand originally referred to 19th-century merchants in the treaty ports of China, but evolved to reflect anyone with expert knowledge of the language, culture, and people of China...
journalists. Millard was the misfitMisfitMisfit may refer to:* "Misfit" , a short story by Robert A. Heinlein* Misfit , a fictional male supervillain* Misfit , a fictional female vigilante* Misfit , a rapper in the hip hop group Rascalz...
par excellence, who established the rules of the game. He was a bantamBantamweightBantamweight is usually a class in boxing for boxers who weigh above 115 pounds and up to 118 pounds . However, in Mixed Martial Arts it is 134-136 pounds . Wrestling also has similar weight classes including bantamweight...
-sized man and all else may have stemmed from that fact.... Millard flourished as a war correspondent.
As early as 1906, Millard was described as "one of the more critical and trustworthy students of the Orient and its problems". A reviewer of his 1928 book China: Where it is Today and Why, indicated that "Probably no journalist in the world is better prepared to write about Chinese affairs than Thomas F. Millard."Time magazine referred to Millard in 1925 as "the most eloquent American voice in the Far East," and in 1927 described him as "the meticulous and widely quoted correspondent of the New York Times," while elsewhere he was considered "the fairest American correspondent in China." By 1938, Millard was "considered the greatest American expert on Chinese affairs."
In an obituary
Obituary
An obituary is a news article that reports the recent death of a person, typically along with an account of the person's life and information about the upcoming funeral. In large cities and larger newspapers, obituaries are written only for people considered significant...
in Time magazine just after his death in 1942, Millard was eulogised
Eulogy
A eulogy is a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing, especially one recently deceased or retired. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services. However, some denominations either discourage or do not permit eulogies at services to maintain respect for traditions...
as: "More honest than discreet, he was a frequent critic of U.S. policy in China, a more strenuous critic of Japanese policy." In 1946, a four years after Millard's death, his contributions to journalism was described: "The articles of Thomas F. Millard, a veteran correspondent with a perspicacity which penetrated the Oriental mind and an amazing flair for prophecy."
Beliefs
According to his protege Edgar SnowEdgar Snow
Edgar P. Snow was an American journalist known for his books and articles on Communism in China and the Chinese Communist revolution...
, Millard was "anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, pro-independence, pro-equality of nations, pro-Republican, pro-self-determination
Self-determination
Self-determination is the principle in international law that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or external interference...
and very pro-American." In 1925 Time magazine described Millard as "a hard-headed imperialist thinking in terms of weltpolitik
Weltpolitik
The "Weltpolitik" strategy was adopted by Germany in the late 19th century, replacing the earlier "Realpolitik" approach.The start of this policy was signaled in 1897 with then Foreign Minister Bernhard von Bülow stating that Germany now pursued such a policy...
for a "parochially-minded" Republic." Millard had read expansionists Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide...
, Albert J. Beveridge
Albert J. Beveridge
Albert Jeremiah Beveridge was an American historian and United States Senator from Indiana.-Early years:Albert J. Beveridge was born October 6, 1862 in Highland County, Ohio and his parents moved to Indiana soon after his birth, and his boyhood was one of hard work...
, and Brooks Adams
Brooks Adams
Peter Chardon Brooks Adams , was an American historian and a critic of capitalism. He graduated from Harvard University in 1870 and studied at Harvard Law School in 1870 and 1871....
.... [H]is experiences in the Boer
Boer War
The Boer Wars were two wars fought between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics, the Oranje Vrijstaat and the Republiek van Transvaal ....
, Greco-Turkish
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the Black '97 in Greece, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union...
, Spanish-American
Spanish-American War
The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence...
and Russo-Japanese war
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
s convinced him that America had a special role to play in the Far East."
Millard and Britain
Millard hated imperialism, especially the colonialismColonialism
Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by...
of Britain. Covering the Second Boer War
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State...
in South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
he developed a lifelong case of Anglophobia
Anglophobia
Anglophobia means hatred or fear of England or the English people. The term is sometimes used more loosely for general Anti-British sentiment...
.
Millard and Japan
Millard opposed the expansion of the Empire of JapanEmpire of Japan
The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of...
and was considered to be anti-Japanese as he saw the incompatibility of Japanese and American interests and because of his own observations of Korea under Japanese rule
Korea under Japanese rule
Korea was under Japanese rule as part of Japan's 35-year imperialist expansion . Japanese rule ended in 1945 shortly after the Japanese defeat in World War II....
and the Japanese treatment of Koreans after the occupation of Korea in 1905, arguing that the images of Japan in Europe and America were the propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
from the Japanese press bureau. The American Asiatic Association "made no secret of its disrespect for Mr. Millard, a man possessed of "a more or less acute form of Japophobia". Millard "feared that ... an anti-Western Japan would guide the Chinese masses". Millard claimed he had "positive evidence of the existence of a systematic and well-developed plan of Japan to control and manipulate" Chinese public opinion against westerners and to eliminate them from China. In his book Our Eastern Question (1916), Millard wrote
From what I know of Japan, inside and outside, I am convinced that Western knowledge of darkest Russia is as the noonday sun to the moon compared to general Western understanding of internal forces which sway the policy of NipponNipponNippon is a native name for Japan, more formal than Nihon.Nippon can also refer to:-Company names:All of the following companies are based in Japan.*Nikon *Nippon Telegraph and Telephone...
.
Millard opposed publicly Japan's Twenty-One Demands
Twenty-One Demands
The ' were a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of China on January 18, 1915, resulting in two treaties with Japan on May 25, 1915.- Background :...
made on China in January 1915, and with Stanley K. Hornbeck participated in seminars in Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is...
"to stir up anti-Japanese excitement". Millard contended that "Japan employed bludgeon
Bludgeon
Bludgeon may refer to:* Bludgeon , a fictional character* Bludgeon , a club-like weapon* Crabtree's Bludgeon, a foil to Occam's Razor...
ing tactics all through the negotiations. She reinforced her military forces in Shantung and Manchuria and made strategical dispositions unmistakably directed against China." In response to the Japanese opposition to the California Alien Land Law of 1913
California Alien Land Law of 1913
The California Alien Land Law of 1913 prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning land or property, but permitted three-year leases. It affected the Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean immigrant farmers in California. It passed thirty-five to two in the Senate and seventy-two to...
which prohibited the transfer of land rights to aliens ineligible for citizenship, including the Japanese, in March 1916 Millard wrote an article, "The Japanese Menace" in The Century
The Century Magazine
The Century Magazine was first published in the United States in 1881 by The Century Company of New York City as a successor to Scribner's Monthly Magazine...
, arguing that status quo
Status quo
Statu quo, a commonly used form of the original Latin "statu quo" – literally "the state in which" – is a Latin term meaning the current or existing state of affairs. To maintain the status quo is to keep the things the way they presently are...
be maintained as Japanese demands threatened American sovereignty
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
in its own land, and furthered the advancement of Japanese economic superiority over Korea, China, and Manchuria. In reviewing Millard's 1916 book The Eastern Question, The Missionary Review of the World indicated: "If one distrusts or dislikes Japan, he will read this volume." In late 1918, before he left China to attend the Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
, Millard warned that close attention had to be paid to the fact that the Japanese delegation included Prince Konoe Fumimaro, later three-time Prime Minister of Japan
Prime Minister of Japan
The is the head of government of Japan. He is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office...
, who wrote the sensational and provocative anti-Anglo-American
Anglosphere
Anglosphere is a neologism which refers to those nations with English as the most common language. The term can be used more specifically to refer to those nations which share certain characteristics within their cultures based on a linguistic heritage, through being former British colonies...
and anti-establishment
Anti-establishment
An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society. The term was first used in the modern sense in 1958, by the British magazine New Statesman to refer to its political and social agenda...
essay "Reject the Anglo-American-Centered Peace". Millard not only had it translated and published in his journal, Millard's Review, but also wrote a rebuttal
Rebuttal
In law, rebuttal is a form of evidence that is presented to contradict or nullify other evidence that has been presented by an adverse party. By analogy the same term is used in politics and public affairs to refer to the informal process by which statements, designed to refute or negate specific...
. The Japanese delegation also included John Russell Kennedy, "Japan's propaganda manager" and Millard's bête noire
Bête noire
Bête noire may refer to:* Bête Noire , an album by British singer Bryan Ferry, released on Virgin Records in November 1987* Bête Noire , a comic anthology* La Bête Noire , a comic book...
.
Millard and Korea
In November 1918, after a speech by Charles R. Crane in Shanghai advocating Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
's policies of self-determination
Self-determination
Self-determination is the principle in international law that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or external interference...
for all nations, Korean nationalist Yuh Woon-Hyung (Yǒ Unhyǒng), then principal of a Korean School in Shanghai, and others drafted a petition calling for Korean independence from Japan, and requesting action at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
, which he gave both to Crane and also to Millard for personal transmission to Woodrow Wilson. Manela indicates that
Although Millard was sympathetic to the Korean cause and conceded that in principle Koreans were as entitled to self- determination as anyone, he thought there was little chance that the Korean case would actually come before the conference.
Millard and China
Millard was a SinophileSinophile
A Sinophile is a person who demonstrates a strong interest in aspects of Chinese culture or its people...
. In 1906 Millard "admitted to once holding an "adverse disposition" toward the Chinese but the more he became acquainted with them the more he developed "a sincere liking and admiration of the Chinese people." He recognized that one could not easily identify social characteristics with a race, but he considered the Chinese "industrious, reliable, law-abiding, good humored, capable, and tolerant."
Millard was an early supporter of the Chinese Nationalists and the Chinese revolution
Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, also known as Revolution of 1911 or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing , and established the Republic of China...
, advocating through his writing a strong and independent China. Millard supported Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the "Father of the Nation" , a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China...
and Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
"in the belief that they would undertake policies that would cure China's ills."
Millard has been described as an Open Door Realist, advocating passionately the view that the Open Door Policy
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy in 1899 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in...
in China, which upheld Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and advocated no interference with the free use of the treaty ports
Treaty ports
The treaty ports was the name given to the port cities in China, Japan, and Korea that were opened to foreign trade by the Unequal Treaties.-Chinese treaty ports:...
within their spheres of influence in China, should be backed by American military force as necessary. For Millard, the Open Door Policy involved the establishment of an American economic protectorate
Protectorate
In history, the term protectorate has two different meanings. In its earliest inception, which has been adopted by modern international law, it is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity...
over China. Soon after the armistice of 1918 Millard strongly urged the United States to take an active and leading part in the reconstruction of China. Millard warned that "our Eastern policy will not be respected until the world is convinced that failure to consider and meet our reasonable wishes carries a probability of war".
Millard on the relationship between China and the United States of America
According to Japanese historian Akira IriyeAkira Iriye
is an historian of American diplomatic history especially United States-East Asian relations, and international issues. He is the only Japanese citizen ever to serve as President of the American Historical Association, and has also served as president for the Society for Historians of American...
, "Outside the American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
government, one of the most vocal and persistent spokesmen for special ties between the United States and China was Thomas F. Millard". Millard professed to see "a genuine community of interests with China and the United States" and believed his views on China were "analogous to the views of a considerable portion of the American people." Millard influenced strongly and then supported the China policies of US President William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...
(President 1909-1913), who indicated in a speech to the American Association at the Astor House, Shanghai
Astor House, Shanghai
The Astor House Hotel , known as the Pujiang Hotel in Chinese since 1959, which has been described as once "one of the famous hotels of the world", "the pride of Shanghai", "a landmark of modern Shanghai", and perhaps hyperbolically as "once the most luxurious hotel in the world", was the first...
on 8 October 1907, a year before his election as President of the United States
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
, that he favoured the economic and political development of China:
The American Chinese trade is sufficiently great to require the Government of the United States to take every legitimate means to protect it against discrimination or injury by the political preference of any of its competitors.After the speech, Millard followed Taft to the rostrum and declared,
We have a hopeful interest, through commerce, in the enormous, the almost incalculable material development which the application of modern western influence and methods to the teeming resources of China is sure to bring about...Am I going too far to declare that China and America need each other, that in some important matters their futures are inseparably linked?
Millard sought to influence the foreign policy elite, and in this task he was helped by friends with influence and money, such as Willard Dickerman Straight (born 31 January 1880; died 1 December 1918), an American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
journalist who later served as a diplomat
Diplomat
A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with another state or international organization. The main functions of diplomats revolve around the representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state, as well as the promotion of information and...
in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
and Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
; and Charles R. Crane, a wealthy confidante
Confidante
A confidante is a type of sofa, originally characterized by a triangular seat at each end, so that people could sit at either end of the sofa and be close to the person sitting in the middle...
of American President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
(President 1913-1921), who devoted his life to pushing the concept of a special US relationship with China and Asia. According to John Maxwell Hamilton,
Millard was not opposed to enlarging American commerce in China, so long as that commerce helped the Chinese. He stridently criticized the [Shanghai American] Chamber of Commerce, bankers, and other Americans who resisted change in order to preserve United States business interests and imperialEmpireThe term empire derives from the Latin imperium . Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a monarch or an oligarchy....
life styles in the foreign concessionsConcessions in ChinaConcessions in China were a group of concession territories within China that were governed and occupied by foreign powers. They are frequently associated with colonialism. Most had extraterritoriality and were enclaves inside key cities that were treaty ports. Other than other minor...
. He called on the United States government, whose views he tried to shape, to adopt a policy of "felicitous aggressiveness," meaning it should become the prime force for helping China even if the effort required economic warfareEconomic warfareEconomic warfare is the term for economic policies followed as a part of military operations during wartime.The purpose of economic warfare is to capture critical economic resources so that the military can operate at full efficiency and/or deprive the enemy forces of those resources so that they...
against other powers.
Millard and Philippine independence
After an absence of many years, in 1925 Millard visited the PhilippinesPhilippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
where he wrote several articles for The New York Herald Tribune, where he opposed Philippine independence, and advocated the United States keep the Philippines permanently. Millard's reasons included:
1. the corruptionPolitical corruptionPolitical corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by...
of Filipino politicians from 1916-1921 under the Jones ActJones Law (Philippines)The Jones Law or the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916, also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 that earlier served as a constitution for the Philippine Islands. The Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898 and a civil...
;
2. even if they should acquire self-governing capacity, "it is fallacious to presume that the right of self-government and the right of independence are identical."
3. the inability of an independent Philippines to maintain it against foreign aggression;
4. independence is advocated primarily by the political and industrial bosses who hoped to profit by the disposal of government land;
5. the immense value to the USA of the government lands in the Philippines.
Amplifying the fifth point, Millard argued that the increasing population of the United States would eventually necessitate the importation of food and raw materials from the Philippines:
"Great uncultivated and unused regions in the Philippines which are ideal for the production of rubberRubberNatural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, is an elastomer that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some plants. The plants would be ‘tapped’, that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the sticky, milk colored latex sap collected and refined...
, hempHempHemp is mostly used as a name for low tetrahydrocannabinol strains of the plant Cannabis sativa, of fiber and/or oilseed varieties. In modern times, hemp has been used for industrial purposes including paper, textiles, biodegradable plastics, construction, health food and fuel with modest...
, juteJuteJute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, which has been classified in the family Tiliaceae, or more recently in Malvaceae....
, coffeeCoffeeCoffee is a brewed beverage with a dark,init brooo acidic flavor prepared from the roasted seeds of the coffee plant, colloquially called coffee beans. The beans are found in coffee cherries, which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorial Latin America, Southeast Asia,...
, vegetable oils and fats, camphorCamphorCamphor is a waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O. It is found in wood of the camphor laurel , a large evergreen tree found in Asia and also of Dryobalanops aromatica, a giant of the Bornean forests...
and quinineQuinineQuinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic , antimalarial, analgesic , anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an anti-arrhythmic...
, now are a part of the public domainPublic domainWorks are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights have expired, if the intellectual property rights are forfeited, or if they are not covered by intellectual property rights at all...
of the United States and are owned by the American people."
Millard also added that the iron ore deposits were among the largest in Asia, and that the uncertain political future prevented capital investment in the Philippines.
Millard and Native Americans in the United States
In a 1903 article published in The Forum, Millard perceived the cultural assimilationCultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is a socio-political response to demographic multi-ethnicity that supports or promotes the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture. The term assimilation is often used with regard to immigrants and various ethnic groups who have settled in a new land. New...
and Americanization
Americanization (of Native Americans)
The Americanization of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European-American culture between the years of 1790–1920. George Washington and Henry Knox were first to propose, in an American context, the cultural transformation of...
of Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples in North America within the boundaries of the present-day continental United States, parts of Alaska, and the island state of Hawaii. They are composed of numerous, distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of which survive as...
into the white race and lamented the seeming inevitability of their extinction.
Censorship of the Press
Millard frequently highlighted and decried censorshipCensorship
thumb|[[Book burning]] following the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 coup]] that installed the [[Military government of Chile |Pinochet regime]] in Chile...
of war correspondent
War correspondent
A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. In the 19th century they were also called Special Correspondents.-Methods:...
s, including both Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
and Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
in the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
.In his 1906 book, The New Far East, which included sections from a 1905 article, Millard wrote
Although the scene of hostilities was far away from Japan, a strict censorship was maintained during and even after the war on press despatches sent out of the country, and this censorship was by no means confined to purely military matters. Yet so prejudiced is a very large section of the English press that it was not uncommon to see the Russian censorship bitterly condemned and the Japanese praised in the same column. It should be clear to even commonplace intelligence that both censorships were maintained for the same purpose, and with the same justification (or lack of it), and my knowledge of both leads me to believe the Russian was the more liberal, notwithstanding strong reasons why the opposite should be true."
Japanese restrictions prevented foreign journalists from getting closer than 3 miles (5 kilometres) from the battles. "In the end Japanese censorship prevented the hordes of correspondents from witnessing most of the decisive battles. Censorship was strict because the Japanese suspected that many of foreign journalists were spies", with the result that "Many chafed under the censorship and departed for home." When the war shifted to Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
, Millard complained: "Screened by a military censorship which prevented as far as possible publicity concerning events in the country, except such as was given out at Tokyo." Millard indicated that even after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
, "the Japanese continued to maintain a strict censorship upon communications leaving or entering Korea."
Again in 1905, Millard reported on censorship by American military authorities in the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
. Millard reported in Scribner's Magazine that military censorship in the Philippines was among the most strict anywhere. Millard rehearsed previous accusations against American General Elwell Stephen Otis
Elwell Stephen Otis
Elwell Stephen Otis was a United States of America General who served in the Philippines late in the Spanish-American War and during the Philippine-American War.-Biography:...
(1838–1909) who provided misleading information to foreign correspondents and forced them to modify their reports of war crimes by American troops, resulting in the replacement of Otis in 1900.
When Millard started his The China Press in Shanghai in 1911, it was "registered in Delaware
Delaware
Delaware is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, and to the north by Pennsylvania...
, to avoid censorship" by the Empire of China
Late Imperial China
Late Imperial China refers to the period between the end of Mongol rule in 1368 and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 and includes the Ming and Qing Dynasties...
. As an American newspaper operating within the International Settlement, The China News was thus subject to American laws which protected the freedom of the press.
Articles and pamphlets by Millard
- 1900 "With the Boer Army: Their Methods of Attack and Defence". Scribner's Magazine 27, pp. 677ff.
- 1901 "Punishment and Revenge in China." Scribner's Magazine 29, pp. 187–94.
- 1901 A Comparison of the Armies in China. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- 1901 "The Settlement in China." Scribner's Magazine 29 (March):872ff.
- 1901 The Settlement in China. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- 1902 "General Christian de WetChristiaan De WetChristiaan Rudolf de Wet was a Boer general, rebel leader and politician.He was born on the Leeuwkop farm, in the district of Smithfield in the Boer Republic of the Orange Free State...
". Scribner's Magazine 29 (May):547ff. - 1903 "The Passing of the American Indian" The Forum 34 (January):466-80.
- 1904 "The Camera on the Firing-Line," Everybody's Magazine 10. pp 463ff.
- 1904 "The Story of the Eastern Crisis." Harper's Weekly 48, pp. 295–302.
- 1905 "New Features of War: As Illustrated in the East." Scribner's Magazine 37 (January):60-69.
- 1905 "A War Correspondent and His Future." Scribner's Magazine 37 (February):242-248.
- 1906 "The New China," Scribner's Magazine 39 (February):240-50.
- 1908 "Fighting Moros not Assimilated," Chicago Daily Tribune (5 March 1908):A-2.
- 1909 The Barbarians: A Play in Four Acts.
- 1909 "Japanese Immigration Into Korea". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 34:2 (September):183-189.
- 1910 "The Need of a Distinctive American Policy in China," pp. 92–94. In George H. Blakeslee, ed., China and the Far East. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
- 1915 The Great War in the Far East: With Special Consideration of the Rights and Interests of China and the United States of America. Mercantile Printing Co.
- 1916 "The Japanese Menace," The Century 91 (March):673—682.
- 1919 "China's Case at the Peace Conference," The Century p. 797
- 1921 The ABC's of the Hay Doctrine. (also published as The ABC`s of the Twenty-One Demands.) Shanghai: The Weekly Review of the Far East.
- 1921 The ABC's of the Manchuria Question. The Weekly Review of the Far East.
- 1921 China, America and International Financial Readjustment. Shanghai: The Weekly Review of the Far East.
- 1921 Japan and the "Irrepressible Expansion" Doctrine. The Weekly Review of the Far East. 14pp.
- 1921 The Shantung Case at the Conference. The Weekly Review of the Far East. 76pp.
- 1926 "Indian Police in China". The Hindusthanee Student [Hindustan Association of America] 2:5 (1926):6.
- 1928 "Pros and Cons of Intervention: What the Powers Must Face If Disorder in China Suggests a Coercive Policy". Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association 28, pp. 110–115.
- 1932 America, Europe and the Manchuria Question. Geneva: Sonor. 17pp.
Books by Millard
- 1905 The New Far East: An Examination into the New Position of Japan and Her Influence upon the Solution of the Far Eastern Question. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: Hodder & Stoughton (1906). Online: http://www.archive.org/download/newfareastexamin00mill/newfareastexamin00mill.pdf
- 1909 America and the Far Eastern Question: An Examination of Modern Phases of the Far Eastern Question, New Activities and Policy of Japan, the United States of America to the Problems Involved. Moffat, Yard and Co.
- 1916 Our Eastern Question: America's Contact with the Orient and the Trend of Relations with China and Japan. The Century Company. Online: http://www.archive.org/download/oureasternquesti00milliala/oureasternquesti00milliala_bw.pdf
- 1919 Democracy and the Eastern Question: The Problem of the Far East as Demonstrated By the Great War, and Its Relation to the United States of America. The Century Company. Online: http://www.archive.org/stream/democracyandeas02millgoog
- 1924 Conflict of Policies in Asia. The Century Company.
- 1928 China: Where it is Today and Why. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
- 1931 The End of Exterritoriality in China. Shanghai: A.B.C. Press.
- 1973 Thomas F. Millard Correspondence [1906-22] with Charles Scribner's Sons". Princeton University Library, 1973. Unpublished work containing 61 letters.
Book edited by Millard
- 1911 Millard, Thomas F., ed. Two Years in the Forbidden City by Princess Der Ling.
Further reading
- American University Club of Shanghai; and Richard Porter Butrick. American University Men in China. The Comacrib press, 1936
- Cavanaugh, Jerome, ed. Who's Who in China, 1918-1950: With an Index. Vol. 1. Chinese Materials Center, 1982.
- Chao, Thomas Ming-heng. The Foreign Press in China (Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations, 1931).
- Crow, Carl. China Takes Her Place. Harper & Brothers, 1944.
- Desmond, Robert William. Crisis and Conflict: World News Reporting Between Two Wars, 1920-1940. University of Iowa Press, 1982.
- Desmond, Robert William. The Information Process: World News Reporting to the Twentieth Century. University of Iowa Press, 1978.
- Desmond, Robert William. Windows on the World: The Information Process in a Changing Society, 1900-1920. University of Iowa Press, 1980.
- Dillon, Nara and Jean Chun Oi. At the Crossroads of Empires: Middlemen, Social Networks, and State-building in Republican Shanghai. Stanford University Press, 2008.
- Farrar, Ronald T. A Creed for My Profession: Walter Williams, Journalist to the World. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998.
- French, Paul. Carl Crow: A Tough Old China Hand: The Life, Times, and Adventures of an American in Shanghai. Hong Kong University Press, 2007.
- French, Paul. Through the Looking Glass: Foreign Journalists in China, from the Opium Wars to Mao. Hong Kong University Press, 2009.
- Giles, Robert H., Robert W. Snyder, and Lisa DeLisle, eds. Covering China. Transaction Publishers, 2001.
- Hirobe, Izumi. Japanese Pride, American Prejudice: Modifying the Exclusion Clause of the 1924 Immigration Act. Stanford University Press, 2001.
- Iriye, Akira. Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American expansion, 1897-1911. Harvard University Press, 1972.
- Jackson, Bennett L. The Army and the Press: From the American Revolution Through World War I. University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1963.
- Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Propagandist from the Crimea to Kosovo. 2nd ed. Prion Books, 2001.
- McKee, Delber L. Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 1900-1906: Clashes over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era. Wayne State University Press, 1977.
- Ma, John T. American Ideas in the Chinese Press. University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1948.
- MacKinnon, Stephen R., and Oris Friesen, eds. China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s Berkeley: University of California Press, c1987. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1s2004h3/
- Minger, Ralph Eldin. William Howard Taft and United States Foreign Policy: The Apprenticeship Years, 1900-1908. University of Illinois Press. 1975.
- O'Brien, Neil L. An American Editor in Early Revolutionary China: John William Powell and the China Weekly/Monthly Review. Routledge, New York, 2003. ISBN 0-415-94424-4
- Player, Cyril Arthur. Arms—and the Men: Intimate Personal Glimpses of Delegates, Attachés, and Unofficial Personages at the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armament and Pacific and Far Eastern Problems. Detroit: MI: The Detroit News, 1922.
- Powell, John B. My Twenty Five Years In China. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1945. Online: http://www.archive.org/download/mytwentyfiveyear009218mbp/mytwentyfiveyear009218mbp.pdf
- Tong, Hollington Kong. Dateline: China: The Beginning of China's Press Relations with the World. Rockport Press, 1950.
- Varg, Paul A. The Making of a Myth: The United States and China, 1897-1912. Michigan State University Press, 1968.
- Weinberg, Steve. A Journalism of Humanity: A Candid History of the World's First Journalism School. University of Missouri Press, 2008.
- Who Was Who in America. Vol. 2. (Marquis Who's Who., 1950):372ff.
- Williams, Sara Lawrence Lockwood. Twenty Years of Education for Journalism: A History of the School of Journalism of the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. The E.W. Stephens Publishing Company, 1929.
- Willoughby, Westel Woodbury. China at the Conference: A Report. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1922.
- Xu, Guoqi. China and the Great War: China's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization. Cambridge University Press, 2005.