Treaty of Constantinople (1700)
Encyclopedia
The Treaty of Constantinople or Istanbul was signed on 13 July 1700 between the Tsardom of Russia
and the Ottoman Empire
. It ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700. Russian tsar Peter the Great secured possession of the Azov
region and freed his forces to participate in the Great Northern War
. The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of the Pruth
in 1711, after the Ottoman Empire became involved in this war.
As a member of the anti-Ottoman
alliance ("Holy League
"), the Tsardom of Russia
had fought against the Ottoman Empire in the eastern theater of the Great Turkish War
(Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)). When the other members of the league - the Holy Roman Empire
, the Republic of Venice
and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- had reached their war aims, they concluded a peace with the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II
at Karlowitz (1699)
, which completely ignored Russian interests. The respective negotiations had begun in 1698, when Russia was still campaigning in the lower Dnjepr area and the Strait of Kerch
, connecting the Sea of Azov
to the Black Sea
. Russian tsar Peter the Great joined the negotiations in person and concluded a two-years truce with the Ottoman Empire in Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci)
on 25 December 1698 (O.S.
) / 26 January 1699. At this stage, a final Russo-Ottoman settlement was prevented by the discrepancy between Peter's demands, which included protection of the Christians
in the Ottoman Balkan provinces, and the military position of Russia, as well as the lack of support by the other Holy League members.
In the fall, the tsar sent Yemelyan Ignatievich Ukraintsev to the sultan's court, the Porte at Constantinople
(Istanbul
), to negotiate a peace. Ukraintsev arrived on a Russian war ship (Fortress) in the early fall of 1699. The primary Russian objectives were Ottoman recognition of the Russian war gains
around Azov
and a free access to the Black Sea
for Russia's commercial vessels. When the negotiations progressed slowly and Peter the Great came under time pressure to attack the Swedish Empire
in the Great Northern War
(see below), he urged Ukraintsev to come to a peace soon, and the Russian condition of Black Sea access was dropped.
) / 13 July 1700 in Constantinople. The Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire agreed on a truce set to expire in thirty years. The sultan recognized Russia's possession of the Azov
area, including Asov and the newly built fortresses of Taganrog
, Pavlovsk, and Mius. Russia dropped her claims to the Kerch Strait, but was relieved from paying the annual tribute to the Crimean Khanate
paid since the occupation of Muscovy by the Golden Horde
. The fortresses along the Dnjepr river, razed by Russian forces, were returned to the Ottoman Empire. The lower Dnjepr area, south of the Zaporozhian Sich, and the area between Perekop
and Miuskiy Gorodok was declared a demilitarized zone. The sultan asserted that his subordinates, the Crimean Tartars, would not attack Russia; in turn, the tsar promised that his subordinates, the Don Cossacks
and Zaporozhian Cossacks, would not attack the Ottoman Empire.
Both parties promised not to build any fortifications along the border. The Ottoman Empire also promised to free Russian prisoners of war. The sultan further allowed free passage for Russian pilgrims to the Holy Land
and a Russian diplomatic representation in Constantinople.
, which had started shortly before its conclusion. Peter the Great had negotiated a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire
with his allies August the Strong of Saxony
and Poland-Lithuania
and Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway: Peter was to attack Swedish Ingria
, August was to attack Swedish Livonia
, and Frederik was to attack Sweden's ally Holstein-Gottorp
. Peter's attack however was conditional, it was agreed that it would only start after the Russo-Ottoman peace was concluded. As a consequence, the Russian attack was delayed to a point where Denmark was already defeated
when Peter the Great marched his army out of Moscow
, enabling Sweden to face the Russian attack on Ingria and successfully repulse it
.
The Ottoman Empire became involved in the war nine years later, when Charles XII of Sweden
was defeated by Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava
and subsequently encamped the remnants of his army in Ottoman Bender
. This led to another confrontation between the sultan and the tsar, culminating in an Ottoman declaration of war and the unsuccessful Russian Pruth Campaign. As a consequence, the treaty of Constantinople was superseded by the Treaty of the Pruth
(1711), by which Azov
was returned to the sultan and subsequently razed, and the Peace of Adrianople (1713), which restored peace between the Russian and Ottoman empires scheduled to last twenty-five years. Though the sultan declared war on Peter three times in the time between Pruth and Adrianople, no actual fighting occurred, thus the Pruth treaty effectively ended the Ottoman intervention in the Great Northern War.
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 a year...
and the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
. It ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700. Russian tsar Peter the Great secured possession of the Azov
Azov
-External links:** *...
region and freed his forces to participate in the Great Northern War
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of...
. The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of the Pruth
Treaty of the Pruth
The Treaty of the Pruth was signed on the banks of the river Pruth between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia on 21 July 1711, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711...
in 1711, after the Ottoman Empire became involved in this war.
Background
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
alliance ("Holy League
Holy League (1684)
Holy League of 1684 was initiated in by Pope Innocent XI, and composed of the Holy Roman Empire, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Venetian Republic. Tsardom of Russia joined the League in 1686. This alliance opposed the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War and lasted until the Treaty...
"), the Tsardom of Russia
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 a year...
had fought against the Ottoman Empire in the eastern theater of the Great Turkish War
Great Turkish War
The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers, then joined into a Holy League, during the second half of the 17th century.-1667–1683:...
(Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)). When the other members of the league - the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
, the Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
- had reached their war aims, they concluded a peace with the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II
Mustafa II
Mustafa II Ghazi was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703.-Life:...
at Karlowitz (1699)
Treaty of Karlowitz
The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed on 26 January 1699 in Sremski Karlovci , concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman side had been defeated at the Battle of Zenta...
, which completely ignored Russian interests. The respective negotiations had begun in 1698, when Russia was still campaigning in the lower Dnjepr area and the Strait of Kerch
Strait of Kerch
The Kerch Strait connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, separating the Kerch Peninsula in the west from the Taman Peninsula in the east. The strait is to wide and up to deep....
, connecting the Sea of Azov
Sea of Azov
The Sea of Azov , known in Classical Antiquity as Lake Maeotis, is a sea on the south of Eastern Europe. It is linked by the narrow Strait of Kerch to the Black Sea to the south and is bounded on the north by Ukraine mainland, on the east by Russia, and on the west by the Ukraine's Crimean...
to the Black Sea
Black Sea
The Black Sea is bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas and various straits. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean...
. Russian tsar Peter the Great joined the negotiations in person and concluded a two-years truce with the Ottoman Empire in Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci)
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski Karlovci is a town and municipality in Serbia, in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, situated on the bank of the river Danube, 8 km from Novi Sad...
on 25 December 1698 (O.S.
Old Style and New Style dates
Old Style and New Style are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January even though documents written at the time use a different start of year ; or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian...
) / 26 January 1699. At this stage, a final Russo-Ottoman settlement was prevented by the discrepancy between Peter's demands, which included protection of the Christians
Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
in the Ottoman Balkan provinces, and the military position of Russia, as well as the lack of support by the other Holy League members.
In the fall, the tsar sent Yemelyan Ignatievich Ukraintsev to the sultan's court, the Porte at Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
(Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
), to negotiate a peace. Ukraintsev arrived on a Russian war ship (Fortress) in the early fall of 1699. The primary Russian objectives were Ottoman recognition of the Russian war gains
Azov campaigns
Azov campaigns of 1695–96 , two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov , which had been blocking Russia's access to the Azov Sea and the Black Sea...
around Azov
Azov
-External links:** *...
and a free access to the Black Sea
Black Sea
The Black Sea is bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas and various straits. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean...
for Russia's commercial vessels. When the negotiations progressed slowly and Peter the Great came under time pressure to attack the Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
in the Great Northern War
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of...
(see below), he urged Ukraintsev to come to a peace soon, and the Russian condition of Black Sea access was dropped.
Terms
The treaty was concluded on 3 July (O.S.Old Style and New Style dates
Old Style and New Style are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January even though documents written at the time use a different start of year ; or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian...
) / 13 July 1700 in Constantinople. The Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire agreed on a truce set to expire in thirty years. The sultan recognized Russia's possession of the Azov
Azov
-External links:** *...
area, including Asov and the newly built fortresses of Taganrog
Taganrog
Taganrog is a seaport city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of Taganrog Bay , several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River. Population: -History of Taganrog:...
, Pavlovsk, and Mius. Russia dropped her claims to the Kerch Strait, but was relieved from paying the annual tribute to the Crimean Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Crimean Khanate, or Khanate of Crimea , was a state ruled by Crimean Tatars from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
paid since the occupation of Muscovy by the Golden Horde
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
. The fortresses along the Dnjepr river, razed by Russian forces, were returned to the Ottoman Empire. The lower Dnjepr area, south of the Zaporozhian Sich, and the area between Perekop
Perekop
Perekop is a village located at the Perekop Isthmus connecting Crimean peninsula to the Ukrainian mainland. It is known for the Fortress Or Qapi that served as the gateway to Crimea...
and Miuskiy Gorodok was declared a demilitarized zone. The sultan asserted that his subordinates, the Crimean Tartars, would not attack Russia; in turn, the tsar promised that his subordinates, the Don Cossacks
Don Cossacks
Don Cossacks were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don.- Etymology and origins :The Don Cossack Host was a frontier military organization from the end of the 16th until the early 20th century....
and Zaporozhian Cossacks, would not attack the Ottoman Empire.
Both parties promised not to build any fortifications along the border. The Ottoman Empire also promised to free Russian prisoners of war. The sultan further allowed free passage for Russian pilgrims to the Holy Land
Holy Land
The Holy Land is a term which in Judaism refers to the Kingdom of Israel as defined in the Tanakh. For Jews, the Land's identifiction of being Holy is defined in Judaism by its differentiation from other lands by virtue of the practice of Judaism often possible only in the Land of Israel...
and a Russian diplomatic representation in Constantinople.
Impact of the Great Northern War
The treaty's conclusion and its supersession in 1710 was closely tied to the Great Northern WarGreat Northern War
The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of...
, which had started shortly before its conclusion. Peter the Great had negotiated a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
with his allies August the Strong of Saxony
Electorate of Saxony
The Electorate of Saxony , sometimes referred to as Upper Saxony, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire. It was established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356...
and Poland-Lithuania
Poland-Lithuania
Poland–Lithuania can refer to:* Polish–Lithuanian union from 1385 until 1569* Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 until 1795See also: Polish-Lithuanian...
and Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway: Peter was to attack Swedish Ingria
Swedish Ingria
Swedish Ingria was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1580 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1721, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Nystad....
, August was to attack Swedish Livonia
Swedish Livonia
- Swedish infantry and cavalry regiments:Infantry regiments:* Garnisonsregementet i Riga * Guvenörsregementet i Riga * Livländsk infanteribataljon I...
, and Frederik was to attack Sweden's ally Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein that were ruled by the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. Other parts of the duchies were ruled by the kings of Denmark. The...
. Peter's attack however was conditional, it was agreed that it would only start after the Russo-Ottoman peace was concluded. As a consequence, the Russian attack was delayed to a point where Denmark was already defeated
Peace of Travendal
The Peace of Travendal was a peace treaty concluded during the Great Northern War on 8 or 18 August 1700 between the Swedish Empire, Denmark-Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal....
when Peter the Great marched his army out of Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, enabling Sweden to face the Russian attack on Ingria and successfully repulse it
Battle of Narva (1700)
The Battle of Narva on 19 November 1700 was an early battle in the Great Northern War. A Swedish relief army under Charles XII of Sweden defeated a Russian siege force three times its size. Before, Charles XII had forced Denmark-Norway to sign the Treaty of Travendal...
.
The Ottoman Empire became involved in the war nine years later, when Charles XII of Sweden
Charles XII of Sweden
Charles XII also Carl of Sweden, , Latinized to Carolus Rex, Turkish: Demirbaş Şarl, also known as Charles the Habitué was the King of the Swedish Empire from 1697 to 1718...
was defeated by Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava
Battle of Poltava
The Battle of Poltava on 27 June 1709 was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia over the Swedish forces under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld in one of the battles of the Great Northern War. It is widely believed to have been the beginning of Sweden's decline as a Great Power; the...
and subsequently encamped the remnants of his army in Ottoman Bender
Bender
- Places:* Bender, Moldova, also known as Bendery or Tighina* Bender, California, a former settlement in Fresno County, California* Bender Bayla District, a district of Bari, Somalia- Fiction :...
. This led to another confrontation between the sultan and the tsar, culminating in an Ottoman declaration of war and the unsuccessful Russian Pruth Campaign. As a consequence, the treaty of Constantinople was superseded by the Treaty of the Pruth
Treaty of the Pruth
The Treaty of the Pruth was signed on the banks of the river Pruth between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia on 21 July 1711, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711...
(1711), by which Azov
Azov
-External links:** *...
was returned to the sultan and subsequently razed, and the Peace of Adrianople (1713), which restored peace between the Russian and Ottoman empires scheduled to last twenty-five years. Though the sultan declared war on Peter three times in the time between Pruth and Adrianople, no actual fighting occurred, thus the Pruth treaty effectively ended the Ottoman intervention in the Great Northern War.
External links
- http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=1261&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=%26is_fts%3D1%26filter_select%3D%26filter_wt%3D%26filter_id%3D%26filter_l%3D%26filter_p%3D%26searchlang%3Dde%26searchstring%3D1700%26date%3D%26year_from%3D%26year_till%3D%26location%3DScan of a copy of the treaty in Muahedat Mecmuasi, 3, 209-220, 1701 / 1113 (one page missing), hosted at IEG Mainz]