2-8-4
Encyclopedia
Whyte notation
The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte and came into use in the early twentieth century encouraged by an editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal...
, a 2-8-4 is a railroad
Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they run on...
steam locomotive
Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine...
that has one unpowered leading axle
Leading wheel
The leading wheel or leading axle of a steam locomotive is an unpowered wheel or axle located in front of the driving wheels. The axle or axles of the leading wheels are normally located in a truck...
followed by four powered driving axle
Driving wheel
On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons...
s and two unpowered trailing axle
Trailing wheel
On a steam locomotive, a trailing wheel or trailing axle is generally an unpowered wheel or axle located behind the driving wheels. The axle of the trailing wheels was usually located on a trailing truck...
s. This locomotive type is most often referred to as a Berkshire, though the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from several smaller Virginia railroads begun in the 19th century. Led by industrialist Collis P...
used the name Kanawha for their 2-8-4s. In Europe, the wheel arrangement was mostly seen in main line passenger express locomotives and in certain countries, in tank locomotive
Tank locomotive
A tank locomotive or tank engine is a steam locomotive that carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. It will most likely also have some kind of bunker to hold the fuel. There are several different types of tank locomotive dependent upon...
s.
Other equivalent classifications are:
- UIC classificationUIC classification of locomotive axle arrangementsThe UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements describes the wheel arrangement of locomotives, multiple units and trams. It is set out in the International Union of Railways "Leaflet 650 - Standard designation of axle arrangement on locomotives and multiple-unit sets". It is used in much...
: 1D2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification) - French classification: 142
- Turkish classification: 47
- Swiss classification: 4/7
- Russian classification: 1-4-2
History in United States
Circa 1918 the United States Railroad AdministrationUnited States Railroad Administration
The United States Railroad Administration was the name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States between 1917 and 1920. It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency.- Background :On April 6, 1917, the...
(USRA) was formed to manage American railroads during World War I. The USRA was a short-lived and expensive experiment in nationalization, but out of it came many standard steam locomotive designs that proved enormously successful long after the end of the war. The most successful of these types was the 2-8-2
2-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle...
, but American railroads soon found that a locomotive with even greater steam heating capacity was necessary.
To produce more steam, one of the first experiments was to increase the size of the locomotive's firebox, but the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement
Wheel arrangement
In rail transport, a wheel arrangement is a system of classifying the way in which wheels are distributed beneath a locomotive.. Several notations exist to describe the wheel assemblies of a locomotive by type, position, and connections, with the adopted notations varying by country...
left locomotive designers with a limitation. The single axle trailing truck could only support so much weight from the firebox and cab of the locomotive. It was only natural to add a second trailing axle to spread the increased weight of a larger firebox.
Six years after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. The company was first chartered in February 1859...
experimented with the first 2-10-4
2-10-4
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 2-10-4 locomotive has two leading wheels, ten driving wheels , and four trailing wheels...
, the first 2-8-4s were built in 1925 by Lima
Lima Locomotive Works
Lima Locomotive Works was an American firm that manufactured railroad locomotives from the 1870s through the 1950s. The company took the most distinctive part of its name from its main shops location in Lima, Ohio. The shops were located between the Baltimore & Ohio's Cincinnati-Toledo main line...
for the Boston & Albany
Boston and Albany Railroad
The Boston and Albany Railroad was a railroad connecting Boston, Massachusetts to Albany, New York, later becoming part of the New York Central Railroad system, Conrail and CSX. The line is used by CSX for freight...
(B&A). The railroad's route over The Berkshires
The Berkshires
The Berkshires , is a highland geologic region located in the western parts of Massachusetts and Connecticut.Also referred to as the Berkshire Hills, Berkshire Mountains, and Berkshire Plateau, the region enjoys a vibrant tourism industry based on music, arts, and recreation.-Definition:The term...
was a substantial test for the new locomotives, but the type proved its worth, outpacing the 2-8-2s already in use there. This mountain range provided the name for the locomotive type, Berkshire. Buoyed by the success of the demonstrations on the B&A, Lima and ALCO
American Locomotive Company
The American Locomotive Company, often shortened to ALCO or Alco , was a builder of railroad locomotives in the United States.-Early history:...
both sold a few hundred of the new locomotive type.
The Berkshire's big boost came in 1934 when the Nickel Plate Road
New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad
The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad , abbreviated NYC&St.L, was a railroad that operated in the mid-central United States. Commonly referred to as the Nickel Plate Road, the railroad served a large area, including trackage in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois...
received its first Berkshires, a new design from the Advisory Mechanical Committee (AMC) of the Van Sweringen empire. Under the Van Sweringen umbrella were the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad
Erie Railroad
The Erie Railroad was a railroad that operated in New York State, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, originally connecting New York City with Lake Erie...
, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from several smaller Virginia railroads begun in the 19th century. Led by industrialist Collis P...
and Pere Marquette Railway
Pere Marquette Railway
The Pere Marquette Railway was a railroad that operated in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. The railroad had trackage in the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and the Canadian province of Ontario. Its primary connections included Buffalo; Toledo; and Chicago.The company was...
. The AMC's design generated 64100 lbf (285.1 kN) of tractive effort and became the standard design for subsequent Berkshires. The Erie Railroad purchased the greatest number of 2-8-4s, rostering 105.
Lima's last steam locomotive was also the last US 2-8-4, Nickel Plate Road (No. 779
Nickel Plate 779
Nickel Plate Road 779 is 2-8-4 or "Berkshire" type steam locomotive built for the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad in May 1949, for use on fast freight trains...
), in 1949. Some 700 2-8-4s were built for US service, 2% of the steam fleet prior to dieselization; they delivered 5% of the nation's freight ton-miles (Swengel p224).
Roster
Many of America's larger railroads rostered 2-8-4s. The following table lists data on the locomotives as they were built:| Railroad (quantity) | Class | Road numbers | Builder | Build year | Notes |
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| Lima Locomotive Works Lima Locomotive Works Lima Locomotive Works was an American firm that manufactured railroad locomotives from the 1870s through the 1950s. The company took the most distinctive part of its name from its main shops location in Lima, Ohio. The shops were located between the Baltimore & Ohio's Cincinnati-Toledo main line... (1) |
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Lima | |
to IC 7050 |
| Boston and Albany Railroad Boston and Albany Railroad The Boston and Albany Railroad was a railroad connecting Boston, Massachusetts to Albany, New York, later becoming part of the New York Central Railroad system, Conrail and CSX. The line is used by CSX for freight... (55) |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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| Illinois Central Railroad Illinois Central Railroad The Illinois Central Railroad , sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, is a railroad in the central United States, with its primary routes connecting Chicago, Illinois with New Orleans, Louisiana and Birmingham, Alabama. A line also connected Chicago with Sioux City, Iowa... (50) |
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Lima | |
7038 Illinois Central No. 1 The Illinois Central Railroad's No. 1 was the railroad's only 4-6-4 "Hudson" type locomotive and the only 4-6-4 in North America built for freight service. It was rebuilt in the railroad's own shops from Illinois Central 7000 class 2-8-4 "Berkshire" No... rebuilt to 4-6-4 4-6-4 Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles .Other equivalent classifications are:UIC classification:... |
| Erie Railroad Erie Railroad The Erie Railroad was a railroad that operated in New York State, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, originally connecting New York City with Lake Erie... (105) |
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Alco American Locomotive Company The American Locomotive Company, often shortened to ALCO or Alco , was a builder of railroad locomotives in the United States.-Early history:... |
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Lima | |
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Baldwin | |
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Lima | |
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| Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. The company was first chartered in February 1859... (15) |
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Baldwin Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally, and later in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Although the company was very successful as a producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of... |
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| Chicago and North Western Railway (12) | |
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Alco-Dunkirk | |
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| Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway The Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway was a railway based in Hamilton that ran in Southern Ontario from 1894 to 1987. It never reached the other two cities in its name, although it did have branch lines extending to Dunnville and Port Maitland.-History:... (2) |
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Montreal Montreal Locomotive Works Montreal Locomotive Works was a Canadian railway locomotive manufacturer which existed under several names from 1883–1985, producing both steam and diesel locomotives. For a number of years it was a subsidiary of the American Locomotive Company... |
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| Boston and Maine Railroad (25) | |
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Lima | |
7 to ATSF, 10 to SP in 1945 |
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Lima | |
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| International – Great Northern Railroad (5) | |
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Alco | |
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| Missouri Pacific Railroad Missouri Pacific Railroad The Missouri Pacific Railroad , also known as the MoPac, was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers, including the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway , Texas and Pacific... (25) |
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Lima | |
Rebuilt to 4-8-4 4-8-4 Under the Whyte notation classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles .Other equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 2D2... s |
| Nickel Plate Road New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad , abbreviated NYC&St.L, was a railroad that operated in the mid-central United States. Commonly referred to as the Nickel Plate Road, the railroad served a large area, including trackage in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois... (80) |
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Alco | |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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| Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad The Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad was a railroad that operated between its namesake cities of Detroit, Michigan and Ironton, Ohio via Toledo between 1905 and 1983.-Early history:... (6) |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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| Pere Marquette Railway Pere Marquette Railway The Pere Marquette Railway was a railroad that operated in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. The railroad had trackage in the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and the Canadian province of Ontario. Its primary connections included Buffalo; Toledo; and Chicago.The company was... (39) |
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Lima | |
to C&O in 1947 |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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| Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (32) | |
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Alco | |
to Nickel Plate Road class S-4 in 1949 |
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Alco | |
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Alco | |
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Alco | |
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| Norfolk Southern Railway (5) | |
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Baldwin | |
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| Louisville and Nashville Railroad Louisville and Nashville Railroad The Louisville and Nashville Railroad was a Class I railroad that operated freight and passenger services in the southeast United States.Chartered by the state of Kentucky in 1850, the L&N, as it was generally known, grew into one of the great success stories of American business... (42) |
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Baldwin | |
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Baldwin | |
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Lima | |
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| Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad The Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad was a railroad connecting Richmond, Virginia, to Washington, D.C. It is now a portion of the CSX Transportation system.... (10) |
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Lima | |
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| Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Chesapeake and Ohio Railway The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from several smaller Virginia railroads begun in the 19th century. Led by industrialist Collis P... (90) |
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Alco | |
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Lima | |
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Lima | |
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Alco | |
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| Virginian Railway Virginian Railway The Virginian Railway was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. The VGN was created to transport high quality "smokeless" bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to port at Hampton Roads.... (5) |
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Lima | |
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| Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad , also known as the "Little Giant", was formed on May 11, 1875. Company headquarters were located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The line connected Pittsburgh in the east with Youngstown, Ohio at nearby Haselton, Ohio in the west and Connellsville, ... (7) |
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Alco | |
Tenders built by Lima |
Preservation
With the success of AMCs design, the Nickel Plate Road (NKP) became synonymous with the Berkshire locomotive type. One of this class, 765Nickel Plate 765
Nickel Plate Road 765 is a 2-8-4 Berkshire steam locomotive that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.-Original career:The 765 was first assigned to Bellevue, Ohio, where it was used primarily on the Nickel Plate's fast freight trains. After the war, she worked primarily out of a...
, is preserved in operating condition and is operated occasionally on the mainlines of Class I railroad
Class I railroad
A Class I railroad in the United States and Mexico, or a Class I rail carrier in Canada, is a large freight railroad company, as classified based on operating revenue.Smaller railroads are classified as Class II and Class III...
s around the United States. NKP 779 is preserved as a static display in Lincoln Park, in Lima, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lima is a city in and the county seat of Allen County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in northwestern Ohio along Interstate 75 approximately north of Dayton and south-southwest of Toledo....
. Parts from the 779 were used in the general overhaul of the 765, which was completed in 2006. In addition, 759 is stored at the Steamtown National Historic Site
Steamtown National Historic Site
Steamtown National Historic Site is a railroad museum and heritage railroad located on in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, at the site of the former Scranton yards of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad . The museum is built around a working replica turntable and a roundhouse that is...
, 757 is stored at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
The Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania is a railroad museum in Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.The museum is located on the east side of Strasburg along Pennsylvania Route 741...
, and 755 is stored at the Conneaut Railroad Historical Museum.
In January 2007, the Ohio Central Railroad System purchased NKP 763 from the Virginia Museum of Transportation. Ohio Central intends to bring the 763 back to operating status.
Twelve of the Chesapeake and Ohio's "Kanawha" 2-8-4 locomotives are still in existence, with one notable example being 2716. In the early 1980s the engine was rebuilt and briefly operated by the Southern Railway in excursion service, and is today displayed at the Kentucky Railway Museum
Kentucky Railway Museum
The Kentucky Railway Museum, located in New Haven, Kentucky, United States, is a non-profit railroad museum dedicated to educating the public regarding the history and heritage of Kentucky's railroads and the people who built them. Originally created in 1954 in Louisville, Kentucky, the museum is...
.
Three other Chesapeake and Ohio Kanawhas are displayed in Virginia; 2732 in Richmond
Richmond, Virginia
Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. It is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond area...
, 2756 in Newport News
Newport News, Virginia
Newport News is an independent city located in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of Virginia. It is at the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula, on the north shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiffe's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river's mouth at Newport News...
, and 2760 in Lynchburg
Lynchburg, Virginia
Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 75,568 as of 2010. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" or "The Hill City." Lynchburg was the only major city in...
. In addition, 2707 is at the Illinois Railway Museum
Illinois Railway Museum
The Illinois Railway Museum is the largest railroad museum in the United States and is located in Union, Illinois, northwest of Chicago...
in Union, Illinois. 2789 is being restored at the Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum
Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum
The Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum is a railroad museum located at 507 Mulberry Street in North Judson, Indiana.The non-profit museum is located at a former Erie Railroad facility. The museum is open Saturdays all year with train rides also available from May to October...
, and #2755 is on static display in Chief Logan State Park
Chief Logan State Park
Chief Logan State Park is located on about north of Logan in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. The park, the town and the county were all named after Chief Logan, a Mingo Native American leader who lived in the region before the American Revolutionary War...
in Logan, West Virginia
Logan, West Virginia
Logan is a city in Logan County, West Virginia, United States, along the Guyandotte River. The population was 1,779 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Logan County.-History:...
. The remaining survivors can be found in various states served by the C&O.
Another 2-8-4, Pere Marquette Railway
Pere Marquette Railway
The Pere Marquette Railway was a railroad that operated in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. The railroad had trackage in the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and the Canadian province of Ontario. Its primary connections included Buffalo; Toledo; and Chicago.The company was...
#1225
Pere Marquette 1225
Pere Marquette 1225 is a 2-8-4 steam locomotive built for Pere Marquette Railway by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio. 1225 is one of two surviving Pere Marquette 2-8-4 locomotives and the only one operable...
, which occasionally runs in the upper Midwestern US, was used as the basis for the locomotive in the 2004 CGI-animated movie The Polar Express
The Polar Express (film)
The Polar Express is a 2004 motion capture computer-animated film based on the children's book of the same title by Chris Van Allsburg. Written, produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the human characters in the film were animated using live action performance capture technique, with the...
. A sister engine, Pere Marquette #1223
Pere Marquette 1223
The Pere Marquette 1223 is a steam locomotive on permanent display in Grand Haven, Michigan. She is one of two surviving Pere Marquette 2-8-4 engines...
, is on display in Grand Haven, Michigan
Grand Haven, Michigan
Grand Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and is the county seat of Ottawa County. Grand Haven is located on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River, for which it is named. As of the 2010 census, Grand Haven had a population of 10,412. It is part of the...
. Because 1223 provided parts in the restoration of 1225, 1223 is no longer operable.
Canada
The Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo RailwayToronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway
The Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway was a railway based in Hamilton that ran in Southern Ontario from 1894 to 1987. It never reached the other two cities in its name, although it did have branch lines extending to Dunnville and Port Maitland.-History:...
TH&B was the only Canadian Railway to operate 2-8-4 (1D2-h2) type Berkshires. Only two locomotives were ordered and they were the last new steam locomotives ordered by Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Railway. They had TH&B road numbers 201 - 202. Equipped with ATC (Automatic Train Control
Automatic Train Control
Automatic Train Control is a train protection system for railways, ensuring the safe and smooth operation of trains on ATC-enabled lines. Its main advantages include making possible the use of cab signalling instead of track-side signals and the use of smooth deceleration patterns in lieu of the...
) in 1929 they were the only TH&B freight locomotives which were allowed to run on New York Central
New York Central Railroad
The New York Central Railroad , known simply as the New York Central in its publicity, was a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States...
rails on Welland
Welland, Ontario
Welland is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada.The city has been traditionally known as the place where rails and water meet, referring to the railways from Buffalo to Toronto and Southwestern Ontario, and the waterways of Welland Canal and Welland River,...
- Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo is the second most populous city in the state of New York, after New York City. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River across from Fort Erie, Ontario, Buffalo is the seat of Erie County and the principal city of the...
line after 1929. Both locomotives were fitted with Coffin feedwater heater
Feedwater heater
A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system...
s and duplex stokers. Both were withdrawn from service due dieselization in June 1953.
Builder details:
- 201 - 202 2-8-4S (1D2-h2) 28x30 63 (711x762 1600) 282.000 lb (128.0 Tons) ALCo-MLW 67573 - 67574 / 1927 + 6.1953
Mexico
Ferrocarriles Nacionales de MéxicoFerrocarriles Nacionales de México
Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, was Mexico's state owned railroad company from 1938 to 1998, and prior to 1938 a major railroad controlled by the government that linked Mexico City to the major cities of Nuevo Laredo and Ciudad Juárez on the U.S. border...
bought from Norfolk Southern Railway in 1951 five 2-8-4 (1D2-h2) type locomotives which had come redundant due dieselization. Before their arrival in Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
all five went through complete major overhaul in USA. They arrived in Mexico in late 1951 and received FC Nacionales de México numbers 3350–3354. They were used up to late 1960s, being thus the last US built Berkshires in the revenue earning common carrier service in the world.
Builder details:
- NdeM 3350–3354 1D2-h2 23½×30 63 (597×762 1600) BaldwinBaldwin Locomotive WorksThe Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally, and later in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Although the company was very successful as a producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of...
62322–62326 / 1940
Austrian 1D2 passenger express train locomotives
The heavy 1D2-h2 two cylinder simple expansion express locomotive class 214 (numbered by DRBDeutsche Reichsbahn
Deutsche Reichsbahn was the name of the following two companies:* Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German Imperial Railways during the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the immediate aftermath...
to class 12.0 from 1938 on) was developed in Austria in 1927. They were designed by engineers of the Florisdorf Werke. It was the largest Austrian steam locomotive and the most powerful 1D2-h2 locomotive to run in Europe. In 1936 the 214.13 reached 156 km/h, the highest speed ever attained by an Austrian steam locomotive - regular speed limit was 120 km/h. They were designed for the West railway express train service to haul 580 tons express trains from Wien Westbahnhof (Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
) 317 km (197 mi) to Salzburg
Salzburg
-Population development:In 1935, the population significantly increased when Salzburg absorbed adjacent municipalities. After World War II, numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space was created for American soldiers of the postwar Occupation, and could be used for...
. This main line has three approximately 11.3 km (7 mi) long banks with gradients between 1 in 91 to 1 in 125. Two prototypes were built, a two cylinder and a three cylinder versions. When tested the two cylinder version proved to be better than the three cylinder version (Class 114), and eventually 12 more two cylinder Class 214 locomotives were built. In summer 1939 they hauled 600 tons express trains out of Vienna over Wienerwald
Wienerwald
The Vienna Woods are forested highlands that form the northeastern foothills of the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Lower Austria and Vienna. The long and wide hill range is heavily wooded and a popular recreation area with the Viennese....
at speed 65 km/h (40.4 mph) and reached 120 km/h (74.6 mph) over level stretches. A typical schedule for Class 12.0 locomotives was (as an example) heavy (up to 600 tons) D140 combined Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....
/ Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
- Budapest
Budapest
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...
- Vienna - Salzburg - Innsbrück
Innsbruck
- Main sights :- Buildings :*Golden Roof*Kaiserliche Hofburg *Hofkirche with the cenotaph of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor*Altes Landhaus...
- Paris Express train. The schedule allowed 53 minutes for 60.6 km (37.7 mi) to Sankt Pölten
Sankt Pölten
Sankt Pölten is the capital city of the State of Lower Austria in northeast Austria. With inhabitants , it is Lower Austria's largest city...
. From St.Pölten to Amstetten, Lower Austria
Amstetten, Lower Austria
Amstetten is a town in Lower Austria. It is the capital of the Amstetten District.-Geography:Is geographically located between 48 ° 07 ' N and 14 ° 52 ' E , at a height of 275 meters , has an area of 52.22 km ² , its population in 2001 was 22,595 inhabitants, with a population density of 441 habs...
64 km (39.8 mi) 48 minutes at average speed from start to stop of 80 km/h (49.7 mph). Amstetten - Linz
Linz
Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria . It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube. The population of the city is , and that of the Greater Linz conurbation is about...
Hbf 63.9 km (39.7 mi) in 50 minutes at average start to stop speed of 76.7 km/h (47.7 mph). Linz Hbf - Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim is a growing town in Austria, located in the Vöcklabruck district, lying between the cities Vöcklabruck and Schwanenstadt. It is twinned with the city of Puchheim in Bavaria.-Geography:...
54.8 km (34.1 mi) in 46 minutes at 71.5 km/h (44.4 mph). Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim is a growing town in Austria, located in the Vöcklabruck district, lying between the cities Vöcklabruck and Schwanenstadt. It is twinned with the city of Puchheim in Bavaria.-Geography:...
- Salzburg Hbf 70.2 km (43.6 mi) start to stop in 60 minutes at 70.2 km/h (43.6 mph). The return workings followed simialar pattern. D139 Salzburg - Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim is a growing town in Austria, located in the Vöcklabruck district, lying between the cities Vöcklabruck and Schwanenstadt. It is twinned with the city of Puchheim in Bavaria.-Geography:...
in 57 minutes. Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim
Attnang-Puchheim is a growing town in Austria, located in the Vöcklabruck district, lying between the cities Vöcklabruck and Schwanenstadt. It is twinned with the city of Puchheim in Bavaria.-Geography:...
- Wels
Wels
Wels is the second largest city of the state of Upper Austria, located in the north of Austria, on the Traun River near Linz. It is not part of its surrounding Wels County , but a so-called Statutarstadt . However, Wels is the county seat of Wels-Land.- Geography :Wels is located in the...
(30.5 km (19 mi)) in 24 minutes. Wels - Linz Hbf (24.5 km (15.2 mi)) in 23 minutes. Linz Hbf - Amstetten in 60 minutes. Amstetten - St.Pölten in 59 minutes. St.Pölten - Wien Westbahnhof in 54 minutes. In 1945 seven locomotives were taken over by the Soviet Military Administration when they occupied their zone in Austria. These locomotives, 12.002, 005, 006, 007, 009, 013, and 12.101 had T (Trofya) painted before their running numbers and marked CCCP. The Russians did not transfer these locomotives out from Austria and when they withdrew their Occupying Forces in 1955 the locomotives were returned to ÖBB in September 1955. When the main line west of Vienna was electrified, all ÖBB 1D2 locomotives were out of suitable work for them. They were taken out from service and were written off from books.
Builder details:
- 114.01 -> 12.101 1D2-h3 Wiener NeustadtWiener Neustadt-Main sights:* The Late-Romanesque Dom, consecrated in 1279 and cathedral from 1469 to 1785. The choir and transept, in Gothic style, are from the 14th century. In the late 15th century 12 statues of the Apostles were added in the apse, while the bust of Cardinal Melchior Klesl is attributed to...
5817 / 1928 -> (12.101) + 14.03.1953 - 214.01 -> 12.001 1D2-n2 Florisdorf 2970 / 1928 + 05.09.1961
- 214.02 - 214.07 -> 12.002 - 12.007 1D2-h2 Florisdorf 3030 - 3044 / 1931 + 1961
- 214.08 - 214.13 -> 12.008 - 12.013 1D2-h2 Florisdorf 3099 - 3104 / 1936 + 1962
After World War II, 12.001 - 12.013 were renumbered to ÖBB Class 12.01 -12.13.
Locomotive 12.10 (Florisdorf 3101 / 1936) was preserved as museum locomotive on 15.02.1962.
Czechoslovakia
CSD Czechoslovak State RailwaysCzechoslovak State Railways
Czechoslovak State Railways was a state-owned railway company in Czechoslovakia.The company was created in 1918, after the end of First World War and the breakup of Austria-Hungary...
ordered three Class 486.1 1D2-h3 type locomotives based to BBÖ three cylinder Class 114 locomotive. These locomotives had Krauss - Helmholz leading truck and diameter of driving wheels was 1830 mm. Total weight in working order was 107.6 tons of which 63.9 was adhensive weight. All three cylinders were 550x680 mm. The heating surface of boiler was 253.2 m2 of which 105.6 m2 was superheated. Grate area was 5.0 m2 and the locomotives were designed for possible coal dust firing. They had Class 926.0 tenders which were rebuilt from Class 623.0 tenders. These locomotives were hand fired.
One of the Class was tested against Class 486.0 2D1-h3 locomotive on the former KBD Košice - Bohumin Drahy (Kassa - Oderbergi Vasut) 248 km (154.1 mi) hilly main line Žilina - Košice and proved to be inferior to its opponent both in speed and power.
All three locomotives were allocated at Brno
Brno
Brno by population and area is the second largest city in the Czech Republic, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the administrative centre of the South Moravian Region where it forms a separate district Brno-City District...
(Brünn) shed for most of their active service. During 1938 - 1945 they belonged to BMB-CMD (Böhmisch - Mährisch Bahn - Protektorátni Drahy Cech a Moravy) locomotive stock. They were not so successful as expected and were withdrawn from service as small non standard class in 1967 and 1968. Later they were used as mobile heating boilers.
Builder details:
- 486.101 - 486.103 1D2-h3 Ceskomoravská - Kolben - Danek CKD 1621 - 1623 / 1934
Norway
The Norwegian State RailwaysNorwegian State Railways (1883–1996)
The Norwegian State Railways was a state-owned railway company that operated most of the railway network in Norway. The government agency was created in 1883 to oversee the construction and operation of all state-owned railways in Norway...
ordered 18 powerful 1D2-h4v (superheated 4-cylinder compound) passenger type locomotives for express and passenger train service for its 553 km (343.6 mi) single main line Oslo
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
–Trondheim
Trondheim
Trondheim , historically, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. With a population of 173,486, it is the third most populous municipality and city in the country, although the fourth largest metropolitan area. It is the administrative centre of...
. These Class 49
NSB Class 49
The NSB Class 49, nicknamed Dovregubben , locomotives were 2-8-4 steam locomotives used to pull heavy trains on the Dovre Line. It is the largest type of steam locomotive in the history of the Norwegian State Railways....
locomotives become known as Dovregubben]] (Dovre Giant). They were the only true compounds which NSB owned. They were provided with four long-travel valves and a large receiver. The plan of 18 Class 49 locomotives never materialised. Those under construction at Krupp
Krupp
The Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...
Works, Essen
Essen
- Origin of the name :In German-speaking countries, the name of the city Essen often causes confusion as to its origins, because it is commonly known as the German infinitive of the verb for the act of eating, and/or the German noun for food. Although scholars still dispute the interpretation of...
, were damaged by Allied bombing
Allied bombing
Allied bombing refers mostly to strategic bombing during World War II, as conducted by the Allies of World War II. Targets were places under control by the Axis powers, which included e.g...
in October 1943, so badly that they were never completed. In addition, Thune
Thune
Thunes Mekaniske Værksted A/S, Thune for short, was a Norwegian manufacturing company that among other things built locomotives. The production facilities were last located at Skøyen.-History:...
's Works could not carry on the construction of its share of the order because war time lack of high quality steel and other materials.
Only seven Class 49 locomotives were placed into service. On test one of them hauled 350 tons at 60 km/h (37.3 mph) up a gradient of 1 in 55, developing 2.650 indicated horse power. Despite of the 1530 mm diameter driving wheels a speed of 115 km/h (71.5 mph) was reached with the same load on level track. In ordinary service their maximum speed was limited to 80 km/h (49.7 mph) on account of the light track then in use, and they hauled 280 tons at 60 km/h (37.3 mph) up long 1 in 55 gradients. The main line between Trondheim and Dombås
Dombås
The village of lies in the Dovre municipality and serves as an administrative center in the upper Gudbrandsdal, Norway. It lies at an important junction of roads: south leading to the current capital of Norway, Oslo, west via Lesja leading to Åndalsnes on the sea and north to the old capital,...
, 210 km (130.5 mi) surmounts an altitude of 1041 metres (3,415.4 ft) over the Dovre mountain with gradients of 1 in 46 to 1 in 56 with curves of 200 to 300 metres (650 to 980 ft). The maximum axle load was (then) limited to 15.5 tons. Great skill was shown on the design of these 4-cylinder compound 1D2-h4v locomotives, built specially to operate 300 ton trains under these conditions. Weight reduction was a major problem, the frames being only of 255 mm (10 in) plate but strongly braced and the platform was of aluminium. When compared to other NSB steam locomotives these engines had a short life, all were written off from books in 1958.
In summer 1939 the NSB timetable allowed for Class 49 locomotives:
- Trondheim–StørenStørenis a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality is located in the north-central part of the present-day municipality of Midtre Gauldal. The municipal center of Støren was the village of Støren, where Støren Church is located....
52 km (32.3 mi) 58 minutes with day express train and 54 minutes with sleeping car night express train. - Støren–OppdalOppdalis a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Dovre region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Oppdal. Other villages in the municipality include Lønset, Vognillan, Fagerhaug, and Holan...
71 km (44.1 mi) 93 minutes and 80 minutes. - Opdal–Dombås 97 km (60.3 mi) 112 minutes and 91 minutes.
Hauling the northbound express trains (Oslo - Trondheim):
- Dombås–Opdal 82 minutes with sleeping car night express train and 88 minutes with day express train.
- Opdal–Støren 69 minutes and 74 minutes.
- Støren–Trondheim 54 minutes and 63 minutes.
Builder details:
- NSB 463 Class 49a 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.0 tons Hamar & ThuneThuneThunes Mekaniske Værksted A/S, Thune for short, was a Norwegian manufacturing company that among other things built locomotives. The production facilities were last located at Skøyen.-History:...
377 / 1935 + 16.12.1958 - NSB 464 Class 49aa 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.1 tons Hamar & Thune 378 / 1935 + 20.06.1958
- NSB 465 Class 49b 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.1 tons Hamar & Thune 379 / 1936 + 16.12.1958
- NSB 470 Class 49c 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.4 tons KruppKruppThe Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...
2152 / 1940 + 16.12.1958 - NSB 471 Class 49c 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.4 tons Krupp 2153 / 1940 + 16.12.1958
- NSB 472 Class 49c 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.2 tons ThuneThuneThunes Mekaniske Værksted A/S, Thune for short, was a Norwegian manufacturing company that among other things built locomotives. The production facilities were last located at Skøyen.-History:...
409 / 1941 + 16.12.1958 - NSB 473 Class 49c 1D2-h4v HP 465x650, LP 720x700 1525 100.1 tons Thune 410 / 1941 + 16.12.1958
Romania
When the RomaniaRomania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
ns looked for powerful passenger locomotive to serve CFR
Caile Ferate Române
Căile Ferate Române is the official designation of the state railway carrier of Romania. Romania has a railway network of of which are electrified and the total track length is . The network is significantly interconnected with other European railway networks, providing pan-European passenger...
main lines between the Hungarian border and Wallachia
Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians...
over the Carpathian Mountains
Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe...
on the way to Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....
, they decided upon the BBÖ Class 214 and purchased the drawings from Austria and built 79 locomotives of the same type under licence as class CFR 142.001 -079 in their modern new Malaxa and Reşiţa
Resita
' is a city in western Romania and the capital of Caraş-Severin County, in the Banat region. Its 2004 population was 83,985.- Etymology :The name of Reşiţa, might comes from the Latin recitia, meaning "cold spring", as the great historian Nicolae Iorga once suggested, presuming that the Romans...
Works in Romania.
These locomotives proved to be suitable for Romanian conditions, being of ample dimensions, moderate axle load and a straightforward two-cylinder (650x720 mm) engines with 1940 mm diameter driving wheels. Total weight in working order was 123.5 tons of which adhension weight was 72.1 tons. Nearly all were still in service in late 1960s. In 1939 a batch was built with Caprotti instead of Lentz
Lentz
Lentz is a German/Jewish surname and may refer to:* Bryan Lentz, Pennsylvania legislator, veteran of the Gulf War* Daniel Lentz, composer* Georges Lentz, contemporary classical composer* Dr Hugo Lentz, Austrian mechanical engineer and ingenious inventor....
poppet valve
Poppet valve
A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. The shaft guides the plug portion by sliding through a valve guide...
s, including 142.049, 052, 053. But as 142.049 and 051 were later noted with Lentz poppet-valves the Italian gear has been presumably removed. Class 142 locomotives hauled the principal CFR express trains on main lines and were able to provide good performances like their Austrian cousins.
Builder details:
- 142.001 - 142.005 1D2-h2 Malaxa 240 - 244 / 1937
- 142.006 - 142.010 1D2-h2 Resita 400 - 404 / 1937
- 142.011 - 142.022 1D2-h2 Malaxa 245 - 256 / 1938
- 142.023 - 142.038 1D2-h2 Resita 405 - 420 / 1938
- 142.039 - 142.042 1D2-h2 Malaxa 257 - 260 / 1938
- 142.043 - 142.051 1D2-h2 Resita 421 - 427 / 1939
- 142.052 - 142.065 1D2-h2 Malaxa 390 - 402 / 1939
- 142.066 - 142.074 1D2-h2 Resita 476 - 484 / 1939
- 142.075 - 142.079 1D2-h2 Malaxa 381 - 385 / 1940
At least two have been preserved for museums. Locomotives 142.008 and 142.072.
Australian 2-8-4s
In Australia, only one state system, South Australian RailwaysSouth Australian Railways
South Australian Railways built and operated railways in South Australia from 1854 to the incorporation of its non-urban railways into the Australian National Railways Commission in 1975, together with the former Commonwealth Railways and the former Tasmanian Government Railways...
, operated 2-8-4s. Fleet construction commenced in 1930 and by the end of 1943 seventeen locomotives were in service, on the broad gauge
Broad gauge
Broad-gauge railways use a track gauge greater than the standard gauge of .- List :For list see: List of broad gauges, by gauge and country- History :...
system. These engines were all based on the American practices. Withdrawn from service by 1958, they were all scrapped. (Oberg, p. 157)
South Africa
The 1D2-h2 (2-8-4) type was introduced by the South African Railways to replace ageing Classes 6 and 7 locomotives which were used on lines - including the whole of South-West Africa - which were railed with 22 kg/m rails or lighter.It was a light engine designed specially for South African lines with rails weighing only 30 kg/m. An order (L976) for one hundred new 1D2-h2 (2-8-4S) locomotives was placed to North British Locomotive Company
North British Locomotive Company
The North British Locomotive Company was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp Stewart and Company , Neilson, Reid and Company and Dübs and Company , creating the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe.Its main factories were...
in 1947. The result was the South African Class 24 2-8-4
South African Class 24 2-8-4
In 1949 and 1950 the South African Railways placed one hundred Class 24 branch line steam locomotives with a 2-8-4 Berkshire wheel arrangement in service.-Design:...
built with cast steel beds being specified for the first time on a South African locomotive. Designed in South Africa by the SAR's Dr. Kobus Loubser and purchased from North British Locomotive Company in 1949, these locomotives served in South West Africa (Namibia
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...
) until 1961.
One engine of Class 24, No. 3675, was the 2000th locomotive supplied by this firm to the SAR. Dieselisation and rapid replacement of 22 kg/m rails made many Class 24 locomotives redundant without any job in the 1970s, but several were still at work in 1980.
Later the Class 24 engines became famous on the George
George, Western Cape
George is a city with 203,253 inhabitants in South Africa's Western Cape province. The city is a popular holiday and conference centre and the administrative and commercial hub of the Garden Route.- Location :...
-Knysna
Knysna
Knysna is a town with 76,431 inhabitants in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and is part of the Garden Route. It lies 34 degrees south of the equator, and is 72 kilometres east from the town of George on the N2 highway, and 25 kilometres west of Plettenberg Bay on the same road.-History:A...
scenic route. Following the demise of steam in 1990, several of these engines are being kept in operating condition and worked until 2010 on this 67 km (41.6 mi) Eastern Cape tourist route from George via Wilderness
Wilderness, Western Cape
Wilderness is a seaside town on the Garden Route of the southern Cape in South Africa.It is situated a short distance east from the city of George, on the N2 down the Kaaiman's River Pass. It is known for its long white sand beach and lagoons...
to Knysna. It was operated with two daily (Mo-Sa) return workings by the Transnet
Transnet
Transnet SOC Ltd is a large South African rail, port and pipeline company, headquartered in the Carlton Centre in Johannesburg. It was formed as a limited company on April 1, 1990. A majority of the company's stock is owned by the Department of Public Enterprises, or DPE, of the South African...
Heritage Foundation and known as the Outeniqua Choo Tjoe
Outeniqua Choo Tjoe
The Outeniqua Choo Tjoe was the last remaining continually-operated passenger steam train in Africa, ending operation in June 2009. The railway was completed in 1928, and links the towns of George and Knysna in the Western Cape, South Africa. The 3 hour journey also stops in the towns of...
.
Builder details:
- SAR 3601 - 3700 1067 1D2-h2 (2-8-4S) 483×660 1295 (19×26 51) North British Locomotive CompanyNorth British Locomotive CompanyThe North British Locomotive Company was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp Stewart and Company , Neilson, Reid and Company and Dübs and Company , creating the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe.Its main factories were...
26313 - 26412/1948
See also South African Class 24 2-8-4
South African Class 24 2-8-4
In 1949 and 1950 the South African Railways placed one hundred Class 24 branch line steam locomotives with a 2-8-4 Berkshire wheel arrangement in service.-Design:...
Soviet Union
The 2-8-4 (1D2-h2) wheel arrangement was relatively common in the former Soviet Union from the latter thirties until their replacement by diesel locomotives. These locomotives were named, when built, class IS (for Iosif Stalin) and were used as express passenger locomotives on the main lines which had type Ia rails 43.567 kg / metre. Later they were classified FDp (FD Passenger). One locomotive, (IS20-16) was streamlined and achieved speed of 155 km/h (96.3 mph) during test runs in 1937. IS20-241 was presented in Paris World Exhibition in 1938, where it presented the Soviet Union Locomotive Production. The IS locomotive was the passenger derivative of FD freight locomotive. Many parts were common with Class FD 1E1-h2. Only one such locomotive is preserved, IS21-578, at KievKiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
(outside the Kiev Main Railway Station), Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
.
Kolomna Locomotive Works built the first four locomotives. In 1935 production was transferred to enlarged and modernised former Lugansk/Luhansk
Luhansk
Luhansk also known as Lugansk is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast . The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast...
Works which was renamed Voroshilovgrad
Luhansk
Luhansk also known as Lugansk is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast . The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast...
Locomotive Works. The lotal of 649 locomotives of classes IS20 and IS21 were built for MPS
MPS
MPS may refer to:* Robinson List, aka Mail Preference Service, direct mail opt-out system* Malmin Palloseura, association football club from Helsinki, Finland.* Marginal propensity to save* Master Production Schedule...
in 1932 - 1942.
The first four were at first allocated to October Railway
Oktyabrskaya Railway
The broad gauge Oktyabrskaya Railway or October Railway , which forms part of RZD, is the oldest railway in Russia, located in the north-west of the country. It stretches from Moscow's Leningrad Terminal in the south to Murmansk beyond the Arctic Circle in the north. The total length of the lines...
and run between Moscow and Leningrad
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
hauling heavy night passenger trains. Later, when upgraded with heavier rails, transferred to Moscow - Kursk
Kursk
Kursk is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym Rivers. The area around Kursk was site of a turning point in the Russian-German struggle during World War II and the site of the largest tank battle in history...
- Kharkov
Kharkiv
Kharkiv or Kharkov is the second-largest city in Ukraine.The city was founded in 1654 and was a major centre of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire. Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine where the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in December 1917 and Soviet government was...
- Sinelnikovo line. When more class IS locomotives started to roll out from Voroshilovgrad production lines, they were used on upgraded Moscow - Smolensk
Smolensk
Smolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River. Situated west-southwest of Moscow, this walled city was destroyed several times throughout its long history since it was on the invasion routes of both Napoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk...
- Minsk
Minsk
- Ecological situation :The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Center of Radioactive and Environmental Control .During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons. The change of gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened...
, Moscow - Valuiki, and Mitchurinsk - Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don
-History:The mouth of the Don River has been of great commercial and cultural importance since the ancient times. It was the site of the Greek colony Tanais, of the Genoese fort Tana, and of the Turkish fortress Azak...
main lines.
After the Germans attacked to Soviet Union on 22.06.1941 the Russians evacuated all half completed class IS21 locomotives, then under construction, from Voroshilovgrad. The Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located about southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga...
Locomotive Works completed the last eleven built in 1941 and 1942.
On January 1, 1941 class IS20 and IS21 locomotives were allocated to:
- October Railway 46
- Leningrad Railway 8
- Kalinin Railway 10
- Western Railway 58
- Odessa Railway 10
- Moscow - Kursk Railway 59
- Moscow - Donbas Railway 20
- Moscow - Kiev Railway 25
- Penza Railway 17
- Southern Railway 55
- North Donets Railway 7
- South Donets Railway 42
- North Causasus Railway 37
- Caucasus Railway 8
- Kuibyshev Railway 10
- Perm Railway 19
- Northern RailwayNorthern Railway (Russia)The Severnaya Railway is a railway network linking Moscow with Arkhangelsk on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. It runs through Arkhangelsk, Komi, Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, and Vladimir regions of the Russian Federation.The Yaroslavl Railway, owned by Savva Mamontov, was one of the first...
19 - Southern Urals Railway 25
- Total 475 Class IS20 and IS21 locomotives on MPSMPSMPS may refer to:* Robinson List, aka Mail Preference Service, direct mail opt-out system* Malmin Palloseura, association football club from Helsinki, Finland.* Marginal propensity to save* Master Production Schedule...
books on January 1, 1941.
Despite Class IS20 and IS21 moderate size, compared to US and Canadian built 2-8-4s the Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
built 1D2-h2 type with 7.04 m2 grate, 15 kg / sq.cm. boiler pressure, 295.2 m2 heating surface of the boiler of which 148.4 m2 was superheated and only 20 or 21 tons maximum axle load was a good example of 1D2-h2 type which was designed to heavy express and passenger train service.
The driving wheels of 1850 mm and 670 x 770 mm cylinders with total weight of 133.0 tons of which 80.7 tons was adhensive, produced easily maximum permitted speed of 120 km/h (74.6 mph) with 700 - 800 tons behind the tender. Usually the maximum speed was about 100 km/h (62.1 mph) with occasional need of 115 km/h (71.5 mph).
Builder details:
- IS20-1 Kolomna ? / 1932 (delivered on 07.10.1932)
- IS20-2 Kolomna ? / 1933
- IS20-3 - IS20-4 ? - ? / Kolomna ? - ? / 1934
- IS20-5 - IS20-6 ? - ? / Voroshilovgrad / 1935
- IS20-7 Voroshilovgrad / ? / 1936 (not on MPSMPSMPS may refer to:* Robinson List, aka Mail Preference Service, direct mail opt-out system* Malmin Palloseura, association football club from Helsinki, Finland.* Marginal propensity to save* Master Production Schedule...
books) - IS20-8 - IS20-10 / Voroshilovgrad 1936
- IS20-11 - IS20-115 / Voroshilovgrad 1937
- IS20-116 - IS20-247 / Voroshilovgrad 1938
- IS20-248 - IS20-384 / Voroshilovgrad 1939
- IS20-385 - IS20-558 / Voroshilovgrad 1940
- IS20-559 - IS20-632 / Voroshilovgrad 1941
- IS21-633 (Voroshilovgrad) / 1941 (completed by Ulan-UdeUlan-UdeUlan-Ude is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located about southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga...
Works) - IS21-634 (Voroshilovgrad) / 1941 (completed by Ulan Ude Works)
- IS20-635 - IS20-641 Voroshilovgrad / 1941
- IS21-642 - IS21-647 (Voroshilovgrad) / 1941 (completed by Ulan Ude Works)
- IS21-648 (Voroshilovgrad) / 1942 (completed by Ulan Ude Works)
- IS21-650 (Voroshilovgrad) / 1941 (completed by Ulan Ude Works)
Class IS20 / IS21 (later FDp
FDP
FDP may refer to:Political parties:* Free Democratic Party * FDP.The Liberals, a political party in Switzerland** Free Democratic Party of Switzerland, a predecessor to FDP.The Liberals* Free Democratic Party of the former East Germany...
) was the largest single class built in world representing 1D2-h2 (2-8-4) steam locomotives.
Unfortunately when the Soviet Union collapsed, the former management destroyed all documents of locomotive production. At the moment (2008) only few Voroshilovgrad works numbers for Class IS20 and IS21 are known.
Japan
Japanese National RailwaysJapanese National Railways
, abbreviated or "JNR", was the national railway network of Japan from 1949 to 1987.-History:The term Kokuyū Tetsudō "state-owned railway" originally referred to a network of railway lines operated by nationalized companies under the control of the Railway Institute following the nationalization...
JNR rebuilt from its older 1D1-h2 classes D50
JNR Class D50
D50 is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways, the Japanese National Railways and various manufacturers from 1923 to 1931...
, D51, and D52
JNR Class D52
The Class D52 is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways and various manufacturers from 1943 to 1946. The name consists of a "D" for the four sets of driving wheels and the class number 52 for tender locomotives that the numbers 50 through 99 were assigned to...
a total of 104 locomotives to 1D2-h2 classes:
- D60 Nr.1 - 78 in 1951 - 1956 1D2-h2 550x660 1400 81.56 tons (rebuilt at JNR Hamamatsu, NaganoNagano, Nagano, the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, is located in the northern part of the prefecture near the confluence of the Chikuma and the Sai rivers, on the main Japanese island of Honshū.As of April 1, 2011 the city has a population of 387,146...
and Tsuchizaki Works) - D61JNR Class D61D61 is a class of six 2-8-4 steam locomotive built by the Japanese National Railways in 1960 and 1961.The D61 was a rebuild of the JNR Class D51, which had a 2-8-2 wheel arrangement....
Nr.1 - 6 in 1959 - 1960 1D2-h2 550x660 1400 79.42 tons (rebuilt at JNR Hamamatsu and KoriyamaKoriyama, Fukushimais a city in the center of the Nakadōri region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. As of May 2011, the city had an estimated population of 336,328. The total area is 757 km²....
Works) - D62 Nr.1 - 20 in 1950 - 1951 1D2-h2 530x660 1400 87.93 tons (rebuilt at JNR Hamamatsu Works)
Some locomotives survived in service up to the end of steam traction on JNR in 1974.
Brazil
The French state owned sales consortium Groupement d´Exportation de Locomotives en Sud - Amérique GELSAGelsa
Gelsa is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, comarca of Ribera Baja del Ebro, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census , the municipality has a population of 1,216 inhabitants....
, delivered 66 1D2-h2 two cyminder simple expansion ultra modern 1000 mm (metre) gauge locomotives for Brazilian Railways in 1951 - 1952. They were built by Société Francaise de Construction Mécaniques, (Cail), Société des Forges et Ateliers de Creusot, (Schneider
Schneider
Schneider is a surname, common in Germany, it may also refer to:Companies and organizations* G. Schneider & Sohn, Bavarian brewery company* Schneider Rundfunkwerke AG, former owner of the Dual brand record players...
), and Compagnie de Fives - Lille.
Designed under the direction of engineer André Chapelon
André Chapelon
André Chapelon was a noted French mechanical engineer and designer of advanced steam locomotives. Engineer of Ecole Centrale Paris, he was one of very few locomotive designers who brought a rigorous scientific method to their design, and he sought to apply up-to-date knowledge and theories in...
, this class represented the steam locomotive class how large and powerful 1000 mm gauge steam locomotives could run on the lightly laid down rails of 22 kg / metre. Their maximum axle load had been reduced to 10 tons. All were fitted with double Kylchap
Kylchap
The Kylchap steam locomotive steam locomotive exhaust system was designed and patented by the famous French steam engineer André Chapelon, using a second-stage nozzle designed by the Finnish engineer Kyösti Kylälä and known as the Kylälä spreader; thus the name KylChap for this design.The Kylchap...
exhaust devices. Fore and rear trucks had Athermos axleboxes. Three forms of tenders were coupled to them, one heavy, and two light, for work in different areas. All locomotives were fitted with double Kylchap exhaust device.
- Six wheel bogies, 12 tons of coal and 17.8 cubic metre water capacity.
- Four wheel bogies, 7 tons of coal and 6.9 cubic metre water capacity.
- Four wheel bogies, 7 cubic metres of fire wood and 6.4 cubic metre water capacity.
All were delivered to Brazil by the end of 1952.
Some of those locomotives which worked in Southern Brazil
Southern Region, Brazil
The South Region of Brazil is one of the five regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km ², being the smallest portion of the country...
were later leased to Bolivian Railways in 1960s. Some still existed in 2004 as wrecks in a locomotive dump in Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
near Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, commonly known as Santa Cruz, is the capital of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia and the largest city in the country...
.
Builder details:
- 142 D 1 - 11 Fives Lille 5235 - 5255 / 1951
- 142 D 12 - 22 Fives Lille 5246 - 5256 / 1952
- 142 D 23 - 25 Cail 4473 - 4475 / 1951
- 142 D 26 - 47 CreusotCreusotCreusot may refer to*Le Creusot, region of France noted for its heavy industry*Urban Community of Creusot-Montceau, region of France*155 mm Creusot Long Tom, an artillery piece*Creusot steam hammer*10233 Le Creusot, an asteroid...
4938 - 4959 / 1951 - 142 D 48 - 66 Cail 4476 - 4494 / 1952
When arrived to Brazil locomotives were renumbered to Brazilian numbering schemes by the Brazilian Railways on which they were allocated.
Bulgaria
Bulgarian State RailwaysBulgarian State Railways
The Bulgarian State Railways are Bulgaria's state railway company and the largest railway carrier in the country, established as an entity in 1885. The company's headquarters are located in the capital Sofia. Since the 1990s the BDZ has met serious competition from automotive transport...
BDZ ordered 20 3-cylinder superheated 1D2-h3 tank locomotives as part of their modernizing and standardization program in 1941. Because of World War II the German locomotive builders were fulfilled with their own domestic locomotive production and Krupp
Krupp
The Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...
, where this Bulgarian order was placed, could not build than only 10 new BDZ Class 36 tank locomotives. They were indented to replace older 1D-h2 locomotives on local passenger train services. The axle load was kept below 16 tons. Large coal and water capacities made them also available for a wider range of duties if required. They were fitted with small smoke deflectors on the top of the smokebox. When they arrived in Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
in 1943 they were at first allocated to Sofia
Sofia
Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 12th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.27 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.Prehistoric settlements were excavated...
depot. In 1961 five were allocated at Varna
Varna
Varna is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and third-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv, with a population of 334,870 inhabitants according to Census 2011...
depot and the other half at Plovdiv
Plovdiv
Plovdiv is the second-largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia with a population of 338,153 inhabitants according to Census 2011. Plovdiv's history spans some 6,000 years, with traces of a Neolithic settlement dating to roughly 4000 BC; it is one of the oldest cities in Europe...
depot for Svilengrad
Svilengrad
Svilengrad is a town in Haskovo Province, South-central Bulgaria, situated at the border of Turkey and Greece. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Svilengrad Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 18,132 inhabitants....
service, including also international express trains to and from Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
in 1953-1957, in addition to local passenger train workings. They remained on these local passenger train duties well into the 1970s, being only then ousted by diesel locomotives and diesel motor trainsets. Some are preserved.
Builder details:
- 36.01 - 36.10 1D2t-h3 3x440x700 1550 109.9 tons KruppKruppThe Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...
2272 - 2281 / 1943
For further details see various numbers of Continental Railway Journal from 1969 to 2007.
Czechoslovakia
The Czechoslovak State RailwaysCzechoslovak State Railways
Czechoslovak State Railways was a state-owned railway company in Czechoslovakia.The company was created in 1918, after the end of First World War and the breakup of Austria-Hungary...
CSD was one of the main residual tank locomotive users in Europe. Dense railway network in Bohemia
Bohemia
Bohemia is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague...
and Moravia
Moravia
Moravia is a historical region in Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, and one of the former Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Silesia. It takes its name from the Morava River which rises in the northwest of the region...
made ideal background for local short distance passenger train workings provided with numerous classes of tank locomotives. On 31.12.1937 CSD had on books no less than 1250 tank locomotives of which 385 were eight-coupled tank locomotives, much higher number than any US railroad could ever provide.
The first Czechoslovakian 1D2t-h2 was derived from CSD Class 455.1 1D-h2 tender locomotives. Tanks, bunker and a trailing bogie were added to make a 1D2t-h2 locomotive. Apart from changing the drive from the second to the third coupled axle, and increasing the superheating surface of boiler, these haughtily handsome engines were the same mechanically as the tender engines. The 16 ton axle load proved to be too great for (then) most of the lines where they were intended to run. Originally intended to be used on 167 km (Prague
Prague
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
) - České Budějovice
Ceské Budejovice
České Budějovice is a city in the Czech Republic. It is the largest city in the South Bohemian Region and is the political and commercial capital of the region and centre of the Roman Catholic Diocese of České Budějovice and of the University of South Bohemia and the Academy of Sciences...
(Böhmisch Budweis) and on local branch line diverting from main line local train service. For this reason only 27 locomotives were built in 1928 - 1932. The first thirteen were turned out as Class 446.0, but a promortion in maximum permitted speed for them, 80 km/h, caused the Class to be numbered 456.001-027. These locomotives were powerful tank locomotives. When tested one hauled 900 ton train at level reaching maximum speed of 90 km/h and up gradient 1 in 100 was climbed at main speed of 32 km/h. They were nicknamed "Krasin" after explorer General Nobileh who reached North Pole
North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface...
in 1928. In 1938 - 1945 all remained on BMB-CMD lines in Bohemia and Moravia. All survived the WW2. In early 1960s Class 456.0 locomotives were spread very thinly over most of the country, having been allocated from Plzeň in west (Pilsen) to Banská Bystrica
Banská Bystrica
Banská Bystrica is a key city in central Slovakia located on the Hron River in a long and wide valley encircled by the mountain chains of the Low Tatras, the Veľká Fatra, and the Kremnica Mountains. With 81,281 inhabitants, Banská Bystrica is the sixth most populous municipality in Slovakia...
in Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
. All were withdrawn from service in 1968-1972. One, 456.011, went to industrial service and three others (456.015, 024, 026) were used later as mobile heating boilers. The remainders were scrapped.
Builder details:
- 456.001 - 456.002 1D2t-h2 600x720 1624 109.3 tons Ceskomoravska-Kolben-Danek CKD 1100 - 1101 / 1928
- 456.003 - 456.008 1D2t-h2 600x720 1624 109.3 tons Ceskomoravska-Kolben-Danek CKD 1434 - 1439 / 1928
- 456.009 - 456.013 1D2t-h2 600x720 1624 109.3 tons Ceskomoravska-Kolben-Danek CKD 1469 - 1473 / 1929
- 456.014 - 456.023 1D2t-h2 600x720 1624 109.3 tons Ceskomoravska-Kolben-Danek CKD 1545 - 1554 / 1931
- 456.024 - 456.027 1D2t-h2 600x720 1624 109.3 tons Ceskomoravska-Kolben-Danek CKD 1608 - 1611 / 1932
For more details see: Jindrich Bek and Karel Kvarda Atlas Lokomotiv 1 Nadas-Praha 1970.
East Germany Deutsche Reichsbahn
The East German version Pt47.18 1D2t-h2 locomotives were designed derived from West German Pt.47.17 1D2t-h2 Class 65. The DR locomotives become Class 65.10. They were capable of developing 1500 ihp and run at 90 km/h on level hauling 350 tons passenger trains. Their maximum 17.5 axle load restricted them to main line service. They were intended to haul heavy suburban trains around Berlin, LeipzigLeipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
, Halle
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Halle is the largest city in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It is also called Halle an der Saale in order to distinguish it from the town of Halle in North Rhine-Westphalia...
and Magdeburg
Magdeburg
Magdeburg , is the largest city and the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe....
and replacing the older Prussian T12 and Prussian T18 classes. A total of 88 Class 65.10 locomotives were built in 1954 - 1957. These locomotives had DR version of small "Witte" type smoke deflectors. Many were in service still in 1970s and some survived still in early 1980s.
Builder details:
- 65.1001 - 65.1002 1D2t-h2 600x660 1600 113.0 tons LEWLEW HennigsdorfThe rail vehicle factory in Hennigsdorf, Germany was founded in 1910 by AEG. Locomotive production began in 1913, and in the 1930s absorbed the work of the August Borsig locomotive factory, being renamed the Borsig Lokomotiv Werke GmbH until 1944...
16351 - 16352 / 1954 - 65.1003 - 65.1027 1D2t-h2 600x660 1600 113.0 tons LKM 121001 - 121025 / 1955
- 65.1028 - 65.1072 1D2t-h2 600x660 1600 113.0 tons LKM 121028 - 121072 / 1956
- 65.1073 - 65.1088 1D2t-h2 600x660 1600 113.0 tons LKM 121078 - 121093 / 1957
- LEW = VEB Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke Hans Beimler
- LKM = VEB Lokomotivbau Karl Marx renamed to LOWA Lokomotivbau Karl Marx
These were the last new built 1D2t-h2 standard (1435 mm) gauge locomotives in the world.
For branch line service DR designed a small wheeled Gt47.15 1D2t-h2 version of Class 65.10. This type had only 15 ton axle load and become DR Class 83.10. Only 27 locomotives were built in 1955. The maximum speed in both directions was 60 km/h. Also these locomotives were fitted with DR version of " Witte type " small smoke deflectors, the only tank locomotive designed for freight service which had them.
- 83.1001 - 83.1027 1D2t-h2 500x660 1250 92.4 tons LOWA Lokomotivbau Karl Marx (LKM) 122001 - 122027 / 1955
For more details see: Dirk Endsich: Neubau - Dampfloks der Deutschen Reichsbahn, Transpress Verlag, Stuttgart
West Germany Deutsche Bundesbahn
After WW2 the recovering West GermanyWest Germany
West Germany is the common English, but not official, name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990....
needed some economical help in form of new locomotive orders for German locomotive industry to keep this industry going in hard competited world markets. New tank locomotive type was designed by Krauss-Maffei
Krauss-Maffei
The Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co KG or simply Krauss-Maffei is an injection molding machine manufacturer and defence company based in Munich, Germany...
. The firm built 18 locomotives of new Pt47.17 DB Class 65 1D2t-h2 locomotives in 1951 and 1955. These locomotives saw service in local passenger train service around big cities and on branch lines which could bear the 17.5 ton axle load. In test these locomotives hauled 800 tons on level track and in up gradient 1 in 100 they managed to reach 50 km/h with 400 tons behind the bunker. All locomotives had small " Witte " type smoke deflectors. Their maximum speed was 85 km/h in both directions, even running bunker first. They were found to be economical in service and served well the short period they spend in service, being ousted by expanding elecrtification and by diesel locomotives and diesel motor trainsets in late 1960s and early 1970s.
Builder details:
- 65.001 - 65.013 1D2t-h2 570x660 1500 107.6 tons Krauss-Maffei 17661 - 17673 / 1951
- 65.014 - 65.018 1D2t-h2 570x660 1500 107.6 tons Krauss-Maffei 17893 - 17897 / 1955
More details are found in many articles in German books and magazines. Too many to be detailed here as sources but for short look see classic: Klaus Gerlach: Dampflok-Archiv published by transpress Berlin (Ost) 1968.
New Zealand
In 1904 the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company ordered from BaldwinBaldwin Locomotive Works
The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally, and later in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Although the company was very successful as a producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of...
a 2-8-4T Tank locomotive for banking duties on the 1 in 40 (2.5 per cent) gradients from Wellington
Wellington
Wellington is the capital city and third most populous urban area of New Zealand, although it is likely to have surpassed Christchurch due to the exodus following the Canterbury Earthquake. It is at the southwestern tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range...
to Johnsonville
Johnsonville, New Zealand
Johnsonville is a large suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is seven kilometres north of the city centre, at the top of the Ngauranga Gorge, on the main route to Porirua . The population of "J'ville" was about 6,500 at the 2001 census.- Public transport :Johnsonville is a reasonably...
. The locomotive received WMR (2nd) No. 3. The locomotive was nicknamed "Jumbo". When New Zealand Government purchased the WMR No.3 was renumbered by New Zealand Government Railways
New Zealand Railways Department
The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway system. The Department was created in 1880 and was reformed in 1981 into the New...
to NZR Wj class
NZR WJ class
The NZR WJ class was a class of one steam locomotive built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for service on New Zealand's private Wellington and Manawatu Railway . She acquired the WJ classification when the publicly owned New Zealand Railways Department purchased the WMR and its locomotive fleet in...
No. 466; the only locomotive in the class. No.466 had a tendency for breaking its bar frame
Locomotive frame
A locomotive frame is the structure that forms the backbone of the railway locomotive, giving it strength and supporting the superstructure elements such as a cab, boiler or bodywork. The vast majority of locomotives have had a frame structure of some kind...
s on this heavy duty. By 1920 was waiting to go to the Petone
Petone
Petone is a major suburb of the city of Lower Hutt in New Zealand. It is located at the southern end of the narrow triangular plain of the Hutt River, on the northern shore of Wellington Harbour...
Works with yet another break in the frame, and did not see much service after that. The solitary 2-8-4 Tank in New Zealand was written off the books in 1928. The boiler was sent to the Taumarunui
Taumarunui
Taumarunui is a town in the King Country of the central North Island of New Zealand. It is on State Highway 4 and the North Island Main Trunk Railway....
locomotive depot for use as a washout boiler.
Builder details:
- NZGR 466 Baldwin 23596 / 1904 2-8-4T 17x20 43
Summary
In the United States and Canada, tender locomotives of 2-8-4 (1D2-h2) wheel arrangement were used mainly for hauling fast express freight trains on heavy freight service, and to replace older 2-8-2 (1D1-h2) MikadoMikado
Mikado may refer to:* Mikado, alternative term for Emperor of Japan* The Mikado, a 1885 comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan- Foods :* Mikado, the European brand name for Pocky, a Japanese chocolate-covered breadstick...
s where more power was required. In turn they were often replaced by even more powerful 2-10-4 Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
type locomotives.
In Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
the JNR closely followed American practice post WW2, with 1D2-h2 locomotives used mainly on heavy freight service such as heavy coal trains. They were the heaviest steam locomotives used in Japan on JNR's 1067 mm gauge lines.
In South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
the SAR chose type 1D2-h2 (2-8-4) post WW2 as the "standard" general purpose tender locomotive for branch lines with light track. They were economical in maintenance and repair costs.
In Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
1D2-h2 locomotives fitted with double Kylchap
Kylchap
The Kylchap steam locomotive steam locomotive exhaust system was designed and patented by the famous French steam engineer André Chapelon, using a second-stage nozzle designed by the Finnish engineer Kyösti Kylälä and known as the Kylälä spreader; thus the name KylChap for this design.The Kylchap...
exhaust systems were imported from France for general use on lines with low speed limits due to the light track in poor condition. These modern locomotives were regarded with suspicion by railway locomotive personnel used to obsolete British locomotives which were often over 40 years old. In addition diesel locomotive salesmen claimed that steam traction was obsolete. This attitude spread to middle ranking staff, and these modern French steam locomotives were replaced in the 1960s when they were hardly run in.
In Europe 1D2-h2 (2-8-4 Tender) locomotives were designed mainly for passenger express trains, but also hauled long distance freight express freights to increase utilization.
The 1D2t (2-8-4 Tank) locomotives in Europe was a logical transition from the 1D1t (2-8-2 Tank) locomotive types made in in thousands, with the next stage the modern 2D2t type steam locomotive. They were mainly used for busy suburban services in heavily populated suburban areas of big cities, but infrequently for sparsely populated rural areas or long distance lines. In the former East Germany the DR was the exception; with the small-wheeled Gt47.15 class BR 83.10 used for working freight and mixed trains on short branch lines, and also on lines in mountain areas with sharp curvatures plus steep (more than 1.5 per cent or 1 in 67) gradients, and where 60 km/h was the maximum speed limit.
2-8-4s in fiction
In the movie The Polar ExpressThe Polar Express (film)
The Polar Express is a 2004 motion capture computer-animated film based on the children's book of the same title by Chris Van Allsburg. Written, produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the human characters in the film were animated using live action performance capture technique, with the...
, the "know-it-all" boy identifies the train's locomotive as a Baldwin 2-8-4 built in 1931, although the actual model
Pere Marquette 1225
Pere Marquette 1225 is a 2-8-4 steam locomotive built for Pere Marquette Railway by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio. 1225 is one of two surviving Pere Marquette 2-8-4 locomotives and the only one operable...
for the film's locomotive was a Berkshire built by the Lima Locomotive Works
Lima Locomotive Works
Lima Locomotive Works was an American firm that manufactured railroad locomotives from the 1870s through the 1950s. The company took the most distinctive part of its name from its main shops location in Lima, Ohio. The shops were located between the Baltimore & Ohio's Cincinnati-Toledo main line...
in 1941.
In the Transformers
Transformers (toy line)
The is a line of toys produced by the American toy company Hasbro. The Transformers toyline was created from toy molds mostly produced by Japanese company Takara in the toylines Diaclone and Microman. Other toy molds from other companies such as Bandai were used as well...
series and toyline, the Decepticon
Decepticon
The Decepticons are usually depicted as the antagonists in the fictional universes of the Transformers stoyline and related comics and cartoons, and the enemies of the Autobots and the University of California Davis Aggies...
triple changer Astrotrain
Astrotrain
Astrotrain is the name of three fictional characters in the various Transformers universes. All are Decepticons who can assume the form of a space shuttle.-Transformers: Generation 1:...
's locomotive mode is a Japanese D62 2-8-4.
In the movie Digimon: Runaway Locomon Locomon is a 2-8-4 type locomotive.
External links
- 2-8-4 or Berkshire (Trains Magazine)
- Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society owners/operators of the preserved NKP 765.
- Steamtown: Nickel Plate Road Special history study of number 759