Azeotrope (data)
Encyclopedia
This page contains tables of azeotrope
data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. Data includes composition of mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), boiling point
(b.p.) of components, boiling point of mixture, and specific gravity
of mixture. Boiling points are at 760 mm Hg unless otherwise stated. Where the mixture separates into layers, values are shown for upper (U) and lower (L) layers.
Data is obtained from Lange's 10th edition and CRC 44th edition unless otherwise noted (see color code table).
Azeotropes of isopropanol, b.p.=82.5°C
{| class="wikitable"
2nd Component b.p. of
comp. (˚C) b.p. of
mixture (˚C) % by
weight spef.
grav
with various ester
s
ethyl acetate
77.1
75.3
75
0.869
isopropyl acetate
91.0
81.3
40
0.822
with various hydrocarbon
s
benzene
80.2
71.9
66.7
0.838
toluene
‡
110.8
80.6
42
cyclohexane
81.0
68.6
67.0
0.777
n-pentane
36.2
35.5
94
n-hexane
68.9
62.7
77
n-heptane
98.5
76.3
46
with various alkyl halides
carbon tetrachloride
76.8
69.0
82
1.344
chloroform
61.1
60.8
95.8
ethylene chloride
83.7
74.7
56.5
ethyl iodide
83.7
67.1
85
n-propyl chloride
46.7
46.4
97.2
n-propyl bromide
71.0
66.8
79.5
isopropyl bromide
59.8
57.8
88
n-propyl iodide
102.4
79.8
58
isopropyl iodide
89.4
76.0
68
tetrachloroethylene
121.1
81.7
19.0
with various other solvent
s
methyl ethyl ketone
79.0
77.5
68
0.800
diisopropyl ether
69
66.2
85.9
nitromethane
101.0
79.3
70
}
‡ CRC and Lange's disagree on this azeotrope, but web source corroborates CRC
Azeotropes of ethylene glycol
, b.p.=197.4°C
{| class="wikitable"
2nd Component b.p. of
comp. (˚C) b.p. of
mixture (˚C) % by
weight spef.
grav
with various solvent
s
ethyl benzoate
212.6
186.1
53.5
diphenyl
254.9
192.0
36
mesitylene
164.6
156.0
87
naphthalene
218.1
183.9
49
toluene
110.8
110.2
93.5
m-xylene
139.0
135.6
85
o-xylene
144.4
139.6
84.0
ethylene bromide
131.7
129.8
96
nitrobenzene
210.9
185.9
41
chlorobenzene
132.0
130.1
5.6
benzyl chloride
179.3
167.0
70
benzyl alcohol
205.1
193.1
44
anisole
153.9
150.5
89.5
acetophenone
202.1
185.7
48
aniline
184.4
180.6
76
o-cresol
191.1
189.6
73
2nd Component b.p. of
comp. (˚C) b.p. of
mixture (˚C) % by
weight spef.
grav
diphenyl
254.9
243.8
45
naphthalene
218.1
215.2
90
2nd Component b.p. of
comp. (˚C) b.p. of
mixture (˚C) % by
weight spef.
grav
carbon disulfide
46.3
39.3
67.0
1.04
chloroform
61.2
64.7
80.0
1.268
cyclohexane
81.4
53.0
33.0
n-hexane
68.8
49.8
41
ethyl iodide
56.5
55.0
40.0
carbon tetrachloride
76.8
56.2
11.9
Azeotrope
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids in such a ratio that its composition cannot be changed by simple distillation. This occurs because, when an azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapor has the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture....
data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. Data includes composition of mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), boiling point
Boiling point
The boiling point of an element or a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid....
(b.p.) of components, boiling point of mixture, and specific gravity
Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for...
of mixture. Boiling points are at 760 mm Hg unless otherwise stated. Where the mixture separates into layers, values are shown for upper (U) and lower (L) layers.
Data is obtained from Lange's 10th edition and CRC 44th edition unless otherwise noted (see color code table).
Binary azeotropes
Azeotropes of water, b.p.=100°C
‡ CRC 44th ed. lists azeotropes for acetic acid/water and acetone/water, Lange's 10th ed. as well as numerous web sources indicate no azeotrope for these pairs. Azeotropes of allyl alcohol Allyl alcohol Allyl alcohol is an organic compound with the structural formula CH2=CHCH2OH. Like many alcohols,it is a water soluble, colourless liquid, but it is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a raw material for the production of glycerol, but is used as a precursor to many... , b.p.=97.0°C
|
Azeotr>pes of ethanol Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a... , b.p.=78.4°C
|
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| Azeotr>pes of methanol Methanol Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH . It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to, but slightly sweeter than, ethanol... , b.p.=64.7°C
|
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|
2nd Component | b.p. of comp. (˚C) | b.p. of mixture (˚C) | % by weight | spef. grav |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| with various solvents | ||||||||||
| methyl butyrate Methyl butyrate Methyl butyrate, also known under the systematic name methyl butanoate, is the methyl ester of butyric acid. Like most esters, it has a fruity odour, in this case resembling apples or pineapples. At room temperature, it is a colourless liquid with low solubility in water, upon which it floats to... |
102.7 | 94.4 | 51 | |||||||
| n-propyl formate | 80.8 | 80.65 | 97 | |||||||
| n-propyl acetate Propyl acetate The chemical compound propyl acetate, also known as propyl ethanoate, is a common solvent. This clear, colourless liquid is known by its characteristic odour of pears. Due to this fact, it is commonly used as a flavouring additive... |
101.6 | 94.7 | 49 | 0.833 | ||||||
| benzene Benzene Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6.... |
80.2 | 77.1 | 83.1 | |||||||
| toluene Toluene Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3.It is an aromatic... |
110.8 | 92.4 | 47.5 | 0.836 | ||||||
| n-hexane Hexane Hexane is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H14; that is, an alkane with six carbon atoms.The term may refer to any of four other structural isomers with that formula, or to a mixture of them. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, hexane is the unbranched isomer ; the other four structures... |
68.9 | 65.7 | 96 | |||||||
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent... |
76.8 | 73.1 | 88.5 | 1.437 | ||||||
| ethylene chloride 1,2-Dichloroethane The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride , is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer , the major precursor for PVC production. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour... |
83.7 | 80.7 | 81 | |||||||
| n-propyl bromide N-Propyl bromide n-Propyl bromide is a colorless to off-white, non-flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C3H7Br. It is an organic solvent used for the cleaning of metal surfaces, removal of soldering residues from electronic circuit boards, and as an adhesive solvent... |
71.0 | 69.7 | 91 |
|
2nd Component | b.p. of comp. (˚C) | b.p. of mixture (˚C) | % by weight | spef. grav |
|
| with various solvent Solvent A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature... s |
||||||||||
| benzene Benzene Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6.... |
80.2 | 80.05 | 98 | 0.882 | ||||||
| cyclohexane Cyclohexane Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is used as a nonpolar solvent for the chemical industry, and also as a raw material for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, both of which being intermediates used in the production of nylon... |
80.8 | 79.7 | 98 | |||||||
| toluene Toluene Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3.It is an aromatic... |
110.8 | 105.0 | 72 | 0.905 | ||||||
| m-xylene M-Xylene m-Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, based on benzene with two methyl substituents.It is an isomer of o-xylene and p-xylene. The m stands for meta, meaning the two methyl substituents are at locants 1 and 3 on the aromatic ring.... |
139.0 | 115.4 | 27.5 | 0.908 | ||||||
| n-heptane Heptane n-Heptane is the straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula H3C5CH3 or C7H16. When used as a test fuel component in anti-knock test engines, a 100% heptane fuel is the zero point of the octane rating scale... |
98.5 | 92.3 | 70 | |||||||
| n-octane Octane Octane is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula C8H18, and the condensed structural formula CH36CH3. Octane has many structural isomers that differ by the amount and location of branching in the carbon chain... |
125.8 | 109.0 | 50 | |||||||
| isopropyl iodide Isopropyl iodide Isopropyl iodide is the organoiodine compound with the formula 2CHI. It is colorless, flammable, and volatile. Organic iodides are light-sensitive and take on a yellow colour upon storage, owing to the formation of iodine.-Preparation:... |
89.2 | 88.3 | 91 | |||||||
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent... |
76.8 | 76.6 | 97 | |||||||
| tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colourless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid." It has a sweet odor detectable by... |
121.0 | 107.4 | 61.5 | |||||||
| ethylene bromide 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane, also known as ethylene dibromide , is the chemical compound with the formula BrCH2CH2Br. Although trace amounts occur naturally in the ocean, where it is formed probably by algae and kelp, it is mainly a synthetic... |
131.7 | 114.4 | 45 | |||||||
| 1,1-dibromoethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dibromoethane is a clear, slightly brown, flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C2H4Br2.... |
109.5 | 103.7 | 75.0 | |||||||
| methylene bromide Dibromomethane Dibromomethane or methylene bromide, or methylene dibromide is a halomethane. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether and methanol.Its refractive index is 1.5419 .-Preparation:... |
98.2 | 94.8 | 84.0 | |||||||
| pyridine Pyridine Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one C-H group replaced by a nitrogen atom... |
115.3 | 139.7 | 65.0 | 1.024 | ||||||
comp. (˚C)
mixture (˚C)
weight
grav
Ester
Esters are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH group is replaced by an -O-alkyl group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and...
s
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetate is the organic compound with the formula CH3COOCH2CH3. This colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell and is used in glues, nail polish removers, and cigarettes...
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate is an ester, an organic compound which is the product of condensation of acetic acid and isopropanol. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic fruity odor....
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls....
s
Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6....
Toluene
Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3.It is an aromatic...
‡
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is used as a nonpolar solvent for the chemical industry, and also as a raw material for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, both of which being intermediates used in the production of nylon...
Pentane
Pentane is an organic compound with the formula C5H12 — that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the n-pentane isomer; the other two being called...
Hexane
Hexane is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H14; that is, an alkane with six carbon atoms.The term may refer to any of four other structural isomers with that formula, or to a mixture of them. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, hexane is the unbranched isomer ; the other four structures...
Heptane
n-Heptane is the straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula H3C5CH3 or C7H16. When used as a test fuel component in anti-knock test engines, a 100% heptane fuel is the zero point of the octane rating scale...
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent...
Chloroform
Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous...
1,2-Dichloroethane
The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride , is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer , the major precursor for PVC production. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour...
Ethyl iodide
Ethyl iodide is a colorless, flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C2H5I and is prepared by heating ethanol with iodine and phosphorus. On contact with air, especially on the effect of light, it decomposes and turns yellow or reddish from dissolved iodine.Ethyl iodide is very...
N-Propyl bromide
n-Propyl bromide is a colorless to off-white, non-flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C3H7Br. It is an organic solvent used for the cleaning of metal surfaces, removal of soldering residues from electronic circuit boards, and as an adhesive solvent...
N-Propyl iodide
n-Propyl iodide is a colorless, flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C3H7I and is prepared by heating n-propyl alcohol with iodine and phosphorus....
Isopropyl iodide
Isopropyl iodide is the organoiodine compound with the formula 2CHI. It is colorless, flammable, and volatile. Organic iodides are light-sensitive and take on a yellow colour upon storage, owing to the formation of iodine.-Preparation:...
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colourless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid." It has a sweet odor detectable by...
Solvent
A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature...
s
Diisopropyl ether
Diisopropyl ether is secondary ether that is used as a solvent. It is a colorless liquid that is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents...
Nitromethane
Nitromethane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest organic nitro compound. It is a slightly viscous, highly polar liquid commonly used as a solvent in a variety of industrial applications such as in extractions, as a reaction medium, and as a cleaning solvent...
‡ CRC and Lange's disagree on this azeotrope, but web source corroborates CRC
|
2nd Component | b.p. of comp. (˚C) | b.p. of mixture (˚C) | % by weight | spef. grav |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| with various hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls.... s |
||||||||||
| benzene Benzene Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6.... |
80.2 | 71.7 | 69 | |||||||
| toluene Toluene Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3.It is an aromatic... |
110.8 | 85.8 | 50 | |||||||
| m-xylene M-Xylene m-Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, based on benzene with two methyl substituents.It is an isomer of o-xylene and p-xylene. The m stands for meta, meaning the two methyl substituents are at locants 1 and 3 on the aromatic ring.... |
139.0 | 94.2 | 29.8 | |||||||
| n-pentane Pentane Pentane is an organic compound with the formula C5H12 — that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the n-pentane isomer; the other two being called... |
36.2 | 34.2 | 90 | |||||||
| n-hexane Hexane Hexane is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H14; that is, an alkane with six carbon atoms.The term may refer to any of four other structural isomers with that formula, or to a mixture of them. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, hexane is the unbranched isomer ; the other four structures... |
68.9 | 60.6 | 72 | |||||||
| n-heptane Heptane n-Heptane is the straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula H3C5CH3 or C7H16. When used as a test fuel component in anti-knock test engines, a 100% heptane fuel is the zero point of the octane rating scale... |
98.5 | 78.2 | 56.5 | |||||||
| n-octane Octane Octane is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula C8H18, and the condensed structural formula CH36CH3. Octane has many structural isomers that differ by the amount and location of branching in the carbon chain... |
125.8 | 90.5 | 37 | |||||||
| with various alkyl halides | ||||||||||
| chloroform Chloroform Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous... |
61.2 | 59.2 | 85 | |||||||
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent... |
76.8 | 66.7 | 81.5 | |||||||
| methyl iodide | 42.6 | 42.1 | 94 | |||||||
| ethyl bromide | 38.4 | 38.2 | 97 | |||||||
| ethylene chloride 1,2-Dichloroethane The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride , is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer , the major precursor for PVC production. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour... |
83.6 | 77.4 | 86 | |||||||
| ethylene bromide 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane, also known as ethylene dibromide , is the chemical compound with the formula BrCH2CH2Br. Although trace amounts occur naturally in the ocean, where it is formed probably by algae and kelp, it is mainly a synthetic... |
131.7 | 94.7 | 48.5 | |||||||
| n-propyl chloride | 46.7 | 45.6 | 92 | |||||||
| isopropyl chloride Isopropyl chloride Isopropyl chloride is a colorless, flammable chemical compound . It has the chemical formula C3H7Cl and is prepared by refluxing isopropyl alcohol with concentrated hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride... |
34.8 | 34.7 | 98.5 | |||||||
| n-propyl bromide N-Propyl bromide n-Propyl bromide is a colorless to off-white, non-flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C3H7Br. It is an organic solvent used for the cleaning of metal surfaces, removal of soldering residues from electronic circuit boards, and as an adhesive solvent... |
71.0 | 64.7 | 73 | |||||||
| isopropyl bromide | 59.4 | 56.0 | 86 | |||||||
| with various other solvent Solvent A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature... s |
||||||||||
| carbon disulfide Carbon disulfide Carbon disulfide is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS2. The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent... |
46.3 | 42.6 | 83 |
|
2nd Component | b.p. of comp. (˚C) | b.p. of mixture (˚C) | % by weight | spef. grav |
|
| cyclohexane Cyclohexane Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is used as a nonpolar solvent for the chemical industry, and also as a raw material for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, both of which being intermediates used in the production of nylon... |
81.4 | 77.8 | 45.0 | 0.834 | ||||||
| ethyl nitrate Ethyl nitrate Ethyl nitrate has formula . It is used in organic synthesis and as an intermediate in the preparation of some drugs, dyes, and perfumes.Ethyl nitrate is found in the atmosphere, where it can react with other gases to form smog... |
88.7 | 80.03 | 12.0 | |||||||
| methyl ethyl ketone | 79.6 | 78.4 | 37.5 | 0.853 | ||||||
| nitromethane Nitromethane Nitromethane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest organic nitro compound. It is a slightly viscous, highly polar liquid commonly used as a solvent in a variety of industrial applications such as in extractions, as a reaction medium, and as a cleaning solvent... |
101.0 | 79.15 | 14.0 | |||||||
| acetonitrile Acetonitrile Acetonitrile is the chemical compound with formula . This colourless liquid is the simplest organic nitrile. It is produced mainly as a byproduct of acrylonitrile manufacture... |
82.0 | 73.0 | 34.0 | |||||||
| n-heptane | 98.5 | 80.0 | 1 | |||||||
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol is an organic compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting liquid...
, b.p.=197.4°C
comp. (˚C)
mixture (˚C)
weight
grav
Solvent
A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature...
s
Ethyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate, C9H10O2, is the ester formed by the condensation of benzoic acid and ethanol. It is a colorless liquid that is almost insoluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents....
Mesitylene
Mesitylene or 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with three methyl substituents attached to the benzene ring. It is prepared by distillation of acetone with sulfuric acid or by trimerization of propyne in sulfuric acid, which, in both cases, acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent....
Naphthalene
Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula . It is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings...
Toluene
Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3.It is an aromatic...
M-Xylene
m-Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, based on benzene with two methyl substituents.It is an isomer of o-xylene and p-xylene. The m stands for meta, meaning the two methyl substituents are at locants 1 and 3 on the aromatic ring....
O-Xylene
o-Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, based on benzene with two methyl substituents bonded to adjacent carbon atoms in the aromatic ring .It is a constitutional isomer of m-xylene and p-xylene....
1,2-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dibromoethane, also known as ethylene dibromide , is the chemical compound with the formula BrCH2CH2Br. Although trace amounts occur naturally in the ocean, where it is formed probably by algae and kelp, it is mainly a synthetic...
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NO2. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond-like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to aniline. Although occasionally used as a flavoring or perfume...
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.-Uses:...
Benzyl chloride
Benzyl chloride, or α-chlorotoluene, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2Cl. This colourless liquid is a reactive organochlorine compound that is a widely used chemical building block.-Preparation:...
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn", thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor...
Anisole
Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is the organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H5. It is a colorless liquid with a smell reminiscent of anise seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances...
Acetophenone
Acetophenone is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CCH3. It is the simplest aromatic ketone. This colourless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances.-Production:Acetophenone can be obtained by a variety of methods...
Aniline
Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. Consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group, aniline is the prototypical aromatic amine. Being a precursor to many industrial chemicals, its main use is in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane...
O-Cresol
ortho-Cresol, also 2-methylphenol, is a phenol, with formula C6H4.It is an isomer of p-cresol, m-cresol and anisole-Chemistry:...
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- Azeotropes of glycerolGlycerolGlycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids...
, b.p.=291.0°C - {> class="wikitable"
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Naphthalene
Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula . It is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings...
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- Azeotropes of acetoneAcetoneAcetone is the organic compound with the formula 2CO, a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid, the simplest example of the ketones.Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory...
, b.p.=56.5°C - {> class="wikitable"
- Azeotropes of acetone
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Carbon disulfide
Carbon disulfide is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS2. The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent...
Chloroform
Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous...
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is used as a nonpolar solvent for the chemical industry, and also as a raw material for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, both of which being intermediates used in the production of nylon...
Hexane
Hexane is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H14; that is, an alkane with six carbon atoms.The term may refer to any of four other structural isomers with that formula, or to a mixture of them. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, hexane is the unbranched isomer ; the other four structures...
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent...