Croatian literature
Encyclopedia
Croatian literature is a definition
given to the compilation of novels, dramas, short stories, poems and other various work of written kind entirely attributed to the medieval and modern culture of the Croats
and the Croatian language
.
, Trogir
, Osor
, Dubrovnik
, Kotor
), like "Splitski evanđelistar" (6th-7th century) and other liturgical and unliturgical works. Beginning of Croatian medieval literature is connected to Lation hagiography, with texts about Dalmatinian and Istrian martyrs: Saint Duje, Saint Anastasius
, Saint Maurice and Saint Germanus. In northern Croatia, Panonia, works about cults are created, like cult of Saint Quirinus, Saint Eusebius, Saint Pollio
, etc. For centuries, Croats wrote all works about law, history (chronicles) and scientific in Latin, thus they rise from regional activity to European rang.
Croatian medieval prose is written in two languages: Croatian and Church Slavonic with three leters, Glagolitic, Latinic and Croatian Cyrillic. Among these ther was interaction, as evidenced by copies of letters from one to another; especially connection between Glagolitic and Cyrillic texts is expressed, and some Latin are relied on Glagolitic templates. That makes Croatian prose unicate between Slavic proses, and even European literature. Croatian medieval literature reflects general trends of European literature, even though with some personalities, for example horizontally directed literature, to average people; connection with oral literature, overcoming of subjects about religion and interweaving of genres. Significant part of Croatian early literature are translations, with typical Central European edits. Croatian early literature was influenced from two spheres: from East (Byzantic and Church Slavonic inheritance) and from West (from Latin, Italian, Franco-Italian and Czech tradition).
From 14th Century, influence from West has remained in Croatian literature. Recognizing these patterns, Croatian, mostly anonymous, authors adapting their own sensibilities to the specific needs of the community in which and for which they wrote. Even a big part of that literature were translations, this literature achieved significant art level with language and election of style means. One of the most significant achievements was keeping (especially in Glagolitic sphere) of Church Slavonic literal language; in later periods, elements of that language were used as means of expressiveness and as signal of "high style", and from the other side, accepting of live, vernacular, and it's rise to media worthy and capable to transfer knowledge of wide range of subjects, from law and theology, from chronicles and scientific texts, to literal works. Such medieval works on people's language are starting point to literature of later periods.
The oldest monuments of Croatian medieval prose are dating from XI and XII Century. Those monuments are glagolitic epigraphical monuments: Valun tablet
, Plomin tablet
and Krk tablet from XI Century and Baška tablet
from XI/XII Century. Baška tablet is the first saved in whole monument on people's language with elements of literal Church Slavonic. Other monuments are Senj tablet, Plastovo tablet, Knin tablet and Supetar tablet, all dating from XII Century and Hum tablet with from XI or XII Century.
From hand-writings only fragments are saved, and they witness about rich literal tradition on Croatian soil. Those are parts from biblical-liturgical meanings: fragments of apostles, like Mihanović's apostle, Grašković's fragment, both are created in the XII Century; fragments of missals as first page of Kievan papers from the XI/XII Century and Vienna papers from the XII Century, those are the oldest Croatian monuments of liturgical content; fragments of breviaries, like London fragments, Vrbnik fragments and Ročki fragments, all dating from XIII Century. All those glagolitic monuments are created in continuity with monuments created at the same time in Bulgaria
n, Macedonian
, Czech
and Russia
n areas. But in the XII and XIII Century Croats developed their own form of glagolitic script, and they are rejuvenating the Croatian language with Chakavian personalities. By doing so, Croats formed their own version of Church Slavonic which lasted until the XVI Century. At the same time, biblical books were written according to model of Latin Vulgate
. From that time are the oldest surviving texts of hagiographic-legendary and apocryphal prose, examples are Budapest fragments (XII Century with part of Legend about Saint Simeon Legend about Saint Thecla
from XIII Century, part of apocryphal Works of Paul and Thecla).
The oldest examples date as far as back to the 9th and 11th century and are concluded as the early backbones of the Croatian literature. Baška tablet
(Glagolithic letters), often regarded as a birth certificate
of the Croatian language, shows post-pointed recension of the old Slavic dialect and is also the first mention of the Croats in the Croatian Language. The inscribed stone slab records King Zvonimir's donation of a piece of land to a Benedictine abbey in the time of abbot
Drzhiha. It provides the only example of transition from Glagolitic of the rounded Macedonian type to the angular Croatian alphabet.
Povalj tablet (Croatian: Povaljska listina) is the earliest monument written in the Cyrillic script, dates from the 12th century and traces its origin from Brač
., featuring the standard "archaic" Chakavian dialect
.
Vrbnik Statute
, Vinodol statute
and Kastav Statute
; all of the pictorial law documents of regulative meaning, embraced the littoral cities as administrative centers.
Renaissance
The new poetical norms were mostly accepted during the 15th and 16th century. The Croatian renaissance, strongly influenced by Italian
and western European literature
, was thoroughly developed on the coastal parts of Croatia
. The beginning of the Croatian
16th century literal activity was marked by a Dalmatia
n humanist
Marko Marulić
and his epic
book
Judita
, which has been written by incorporating peculiar motives and events from the classical Bible
, and adapting them to the contemporary literature in Europe
.
The next most important artistic figure in the early stages of the Croatian renaissance was Petar Hektorović
, a song collector and a poet
from the island Hvar
, most notable for his poem Fishing and Fishermen’s Talk
. Hanibal Lucić
played the role along him, being also from Hvar
.
The movement later ascended with regard to the prose
writers and playwriters from Republic of Ragusa
, being such as Dinko Zlatarić
, Mavro Vetranović
and Marin Držić
. The first Croatian novel
, Planine
written by Petar Zoranić
and published 1569. in Zadar
, included the author
as an adventurer, portraying his passionate love
towards a native girl. It was uniquely stylized, provided a detail inscription describing the surrounding land
and the consciousness of the invading Turks
.
Printed in 1483, Missale Romanum Glagolitice
(Croatian: Misal po zakonu rimskoga dvora) distinguished itself as the first overall non-Latin
printed missal
in Europe
. Also dubbed as the first printed book
among the South Slavic idiom.
A prevailing cultural formation
, Baroque
emerged in Croatia
later during the 17th century, when Dubrovnik
became the literary center of the Croatian language
. Many readings were translated from the foreign Latin and Italian to the vernacular language and furthermore, used by the lower-class peasentry of the city.
Age of Enlightenment
.jpg)
In the 18th century (socially interpreted as the Age of Enlightenment), the relation between the Europe
an literature
and the human
stance towards it drastically impacted on the Croatian lands. Withdrawn into the midst of the desiring principles of a human, along the lines of other European entities enduring social reforms.
The most prominent Croatian author of the Enlightenment era, Pavao Ritter Vitezović
, was notable for the conception and the foundation of the "newer" Pan-slavic ideology
. His ideas (as well as from others) were fundamental in the Illyrian Movement
(also "Croatian National Revival") and also used as a basis for their committing act in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. History
and patriotism
were subjected to most literary work at that time.
A common orthographic book, written to set the new grammatical
standard of the language, has been conceived by a linguist Ljudevit Gaj
and is called "Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja" (or simply referred to as "Gaj's Latin alphabet"). Gaj's Latin alphabet was also one of the two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian
until the dissolution of Yugoslavia
.
Other notable literary contributions were made by Antun Mihanović
(notably Horvatska Domovina which later became Our Beautiful Homeland), Stanko Vraz
(satiric lyrics
), Ljudevit Vukotinović (romantic lyrics), Dimitrija Demeter
(prose, notably Grobničko polje, and drama
), Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski
(prose), Antun Nemčić (prose and itineraries). There was also the first notable itinerary Pogled u Bosnu by Matija Mažuranić
.
s are Vjenceslav Novak
, Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević
, Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić
, Ante Kovačić
, Ivan Kozarac
, Ivo Andrić
, Miroslav Krleža
and Ksaver Šandor Gjalski
. It spans both World War I
and World War II
, and stretches to this day.
Curiously, the advancement of science
and philosophy
perpetuated Realism
and handed an extensive view on the world as a social phenomenon. Most ideas stood for grammatical integrity among all people and is initially considered deep within the possibilities of human kind.
Renaissance
Baroque
Classicism
Romanticism
Realism
Modernism
Definition
A definition is a passage that explains the meaning of a term , or a type of thing. The term to be defined is the definiendum. A term may have many different senses or meanings...
given to the compilation of novels, dramas, short stories, poems and other various work of written kind entirely attributed to the medieval and modern culture of the Croats
Croats
Croats are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have...
and the Croatian language
Croatian language
Croatian is the collective name for the standard language and dialects spoken by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries...
.
Croatian medieval literature
Croatian medieval prose is similar to all European medieval literature in that time, and also it marks beginnings of Croatian literacy in 8th and 9th century, while the oldest monuments of Croatian literacy are dated in 11th century and 12th century; Croatian medieval literature lasts until middle of 16th century. Some elements of medieval literature can be found even in 18th century in Croatian literature, which means that influence of medieval literature of Croats had bin stronger than in rest of Europe. Early Croatian literature had bin marked in stones, hand-writings and printed books. Special segment of Croatian medieval literature is the one written in Latin. The first works on hagiography and history of the Church are formed in the Dalmatian cities (Split, ZadarZadar
Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Population of the city is 75,082 citizens...
, Trogir
Trogir
Trogir is a historic town and harbour on the Adriatic coast in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, with a population of 12,995 and a total municipality population of 13,322 . The historic city of Trogir is situated on a small island between the Croatian mainland and the island of Čiovo...
, Osor
Osor
Osor is a village and a small port on the Cres island in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia.Osor lies at a narrow channel that separates islands Cres and Lošinj. The channel was built in Roman times to make sailing possible. Now the islands are connected with a rotating bridge.The...
, Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
, Kotor
Kotor
Kotor is a coastal city in Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Gulf of Kotor. The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative center of the municipality....
), like "Splitski evanđelistar" (6th-7th century) and other liturgical and unliturgical works. Beginning of Croatian medieval literature is connected to Lation hagiography, with texts about Dalmatinian and Istrian martyrs: Saint Duje, Saint Anastasius
Anastasius the Fuller
Saint Anastasius the Fuller is a Christian saint of the Catholic Church. Anastasius was a fuller at Aquileia who subsequently moved his business to Solin ....
, Saint Maurice and Saint Germanus. In northern Croatia, Panonia, works about cults are created, like cult of Saint Quirinus, Saint Eusebius, Saint Pollio
Saint Pollio
Saint Pollio of Cybalae is venerated as a Christian martyr who was executed for his faith during the persecutions of Diocletian. He was a lector in the city of Cybalae in the Roman province of Pannonia....
, etc. For centuries, Croats wrote all works about law, history (chronicles) and scientific in Latin, thus they rise from regional activity to European rang.
Croatian medieval prose is written in two languages: Croatian and Church Slavonic with three leters, Glagolitic, Latinic and Croatian Cyrillic. Among these ther was interaction, as evidenced by copies of letters from one to another; especially connection between Glagolitic and Cyrillic texts is expressed, and some Latin are relied on Glagolitic templates. That makes Croatian prose unicate between Slavic proses, and even European literature. Croatian medieval literature reflects general trends of European literature, even though with some personalities, for example horizontally directed literature, to average people; connection with oral literature, overcoming of subjects about religion and interweaving of genres. Significant part of Croatian early literature are translations, with typical Central European edits. Croatian early literature was influenced from two spheres: from East (Byzantic and Church Slavonic inheritance) and from West (from Latin, Italian, Franco-Italian and Czech tradition).
From 14th Century, influence from West has remained in Croatian literature. Recognizing these patterns, Croatian, mostly anonymous, authors adapting their own sensibilities to the specific needs of the community in which and for which they wrote. Even a big part of that literature were translations, this literature achieved significant art level with language and election of style means. One of the most significant achievements was keeping (especially in Glagolitic sphere) of Church Slavonic literal language; in later periods, elements of that language were used as means of expressiveness and as signal of "high style", and from the other side, accepting of live, vernacular, and it's rise to media worthy and capable to transfer knowledge of wide range of subjects, from law and theology, from chronicles and scientific texts, to literal works. Such medieval works on people's language are starting point to literature of later periods.
The oldest monuments of Croatian medieval prose are dating from XI and XII Century. Those monuments are glagolitic epigraphical monuments: Valun tablet
Valun tablet
The Valun tablet is an 11th century bilingual and digraphic tablet, originally serving the role of a gravestone, found at the graveyard in Valun on the island of Cres...
, Plomin tablet
Plomin tablet
thumb|right|The Plomin tablet.Plomin tablet is a Croatian Glagolitic inscription at the outer wall of the church of Saint George in Plomin. Roman god of flora and fauna Silvanus is portrayed. This inscription bears witness of early parallelism of two cultural currents on Istrian territory: Romance...
and Krk tablet from XI Century and Baška tablet
Baška tablet
Baška tablet is one of the first monuments containing an inscription in the Croatian language, dating from the year 1100.The tablet was discovered by scholars in 1851 in the paving of the Romanesque church of St. Lucy in Jurandvor, near Baška, on the island of Krk...
from XI/XII Century. Baška tablet is the first saved in whole monument on people's language with elements of literal Church Slavonic. Other monuments are Senj tablet, Plastovo tablet, Knin tablet and Supetar tablet, all dating from XII Century and Hum tablet with from XI or XII Century.
From hand-writings only fragments are saved, and they witness about rich literal tradition on Croatian soil. Those are parts from biblical-liturgical meanings: fragments of apostles, like Mihanović's apostle, Grašković's fragment, both are created in the XII Century; fragments of missals as first page of Kievan papers from the XI/XII Century and Vienna papers from the XII Century, those are the oldest Croatian monuments of liturgical content; fragments of breviaries, like London fragments, Vrbnik fragments and Ročki fragments, all dating from XIII Century. All those glagolitic monuments are created in continuity with monuments created at the same time in Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
n, Macedonian
Republic of Macedonia
Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
, Czech
Bohemia
Bohemia is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague...
and Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n areas. But in the XII and XIII Century Croats developed their own form of glagolitic script, and they are rejuvenating the Croatian language with Chakavian personalities. By doing so, Croats formed their own version of Church Slavonic which lasted until the XVI Century. At the same time, biblical books were written according to model of Latin Vulgate
Vulgate
The Vulgate is a late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations...
. From that time are the oldest surviving texts of hagiographic-legendary and apocryphal prose, examples are Budapest fragments (XII Century with part of Legend about Saint Simeon Legend about Saint Thecla
Thecla
Thecla was a saint of the early Christian Church, and a reported follower of Paul the Apostle. The only known record of her comes from the apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, probably composed in the 2nd century.-Biography:...
from XIII Century, part of apocryphal Works of Paul and Thecla).
Baška tablet
Baška tablet is one of the first monuments containing an inscription in the Croatian language, dating from the year 1100.The tablet was discovered by scholars in 1851 in the paving of the Romanesque church of St. Lucy in Jurandvor, near Baška, on the island of Krk...
(Glagolithic letters), often regarded as a birth certificate
Birth certificate
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth...
of the Croatian language, shows post-pointed recension of the old Slavic dialect and is also the first mention of the Croats in the Croatian Language. The inscribed stone slab records King Zvonimir's donation of a piece of land to a Benedictine abbey in the time of abbot
Abbot
The word abbot, meaning father, is a title given to the head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not actually the head of a monastery...
Drzhiha. It provides the only example of transition from Glagolitic of the rounded Macedonian type to the angular Croatian alphabet.
Povalj tablet (Croatian: Povaljska listina) is the earliest monument written in the Cyrillic script, dates from the 12th century and traces its origin from Brač
Brac
Brač is an island in the Adriatic Sea within Croatia, with an area of 396 km², making it the largest island in Dalmatia, and the third largest in the Adriatic. Its tallest peak, Vidova Gora, or Mount St. Vid, stands at 778 m, making it the highest island point in the Adriatic...
., featuring the standard "archaic" Chakavian dialect
Chakavian dialect
Chakavian or Čakavian is a dialect of the Croatian language. The name stems from the word for "what?", which is "ča" in Čakavian...
.
Vrbnik Statute
Vrbnik Statute
The Vrbnik Statute is a 14th century Glagolitic city statute of the Croatian city Vrbnik.The Vrbnik Statute was written in 1388 on the east coast of the island of Krk in Croatia. The Vrbnik Statute is the second oldest among Croatian city statutes, written shortly after Vinodol Statute...
, Vinodol statute
Law codex of Vinodol
Law Codex of Vinodol or Vinodol statute is one of the oldest law texts written in the Croatian language. It was compiled in 1288 by a commission of 42 members in Novi Vinodolski. A paragraph was set to define the relation between the dukes and the peasantry of the region. It was written in the...
and Kastav Statute
Kastav Statute
The Kastav Statute is a 15th century Glagolitic city statute of Croatian city Kastav.The Kastav Statute "Zakon Grada Kastva od letta 1400", was written in 1400, in Istria, near Rijeka in Croatia...
; all of the pictorial law documents of regulative meaning, embraced the littoral cities as administrative centers.
RenaissanceRenaissanceThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
and BaroqueBaroqueThe Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
Italian literature
Italian literature is literature written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italians or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are closely related to modern Italian....
and western European literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
, was thoroughly developed on the coastal parts of Croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
. The beginning of the Croatian
Culture of Croatia
The culture of Croatia has roots in a long history: the Croatian people have been inhabiting the area for fourteen centuries, but there are important remnants of the earlier periods still preserved in the country.- Ancient Heritage :...
16th century literal activity was marked by a Dalmatia
Dalmatia
Dalmatia is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south....
n humanist
Humanism
Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. In philosophy and social science, humanism is a perspective which affirms some notion of human nature, and is contrasted with anti-humanism....
Marko Marulić
Marko Marulic
Marko Marulić |Split]], 18 August 1450 – Split, 5 January 1524) was a Croatian national poet and Christian humanist, known as the Crown of the Croatian Medieval Age and the father of the Croatian Renaissance. He signed his works as Marko Marulić Splićanin , Marko Pečenić, Marcus Marulus ...
and his epic
Epic poetry
An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Oral poetry may qualify as an epic, and Albert Lord and Milman Parry have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form...
book
Book
A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of hot lava, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf or leaflet, and each side of a leaf is called a page...
Judita
Judita
Judita is one of the most important Croatian literary works, an epic poem written by the "father of Croatian literature" Marko Marulić in 1501.-Editions:...
, which has been written by incorporating peculiar motives and events from the classical Bible
Bible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
, and adapting them to the contemporary literature in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
.
The next most important artistic figure in the early stages of the Croatian renaissance was Petar Hektorović
Petar Hektorovic
Petar Hektorović was a Croatian writer.Hektorović was born and died in Stari Grad, Hvar. He was a poet and collector of Hvar's fishermen songs, and an important figure of the Renaissance period in Croatian literature...
, a song collector and a poet
Poet
A poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...
from the island Hvar
Hvar
- Climate :The climate of Hvar is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. The yearly average air temperature is , 686 mm of precipitation fall on the town of Hvar on average every year and the town has a total of 2800 sunshine hours per year. For comparison Hvar has an average of 7.7...
, most notable for his poem Fishing and Fishermen’s Talk
Fishing and Fishermen’s Talk
Fishing and Fishermen's Talk is the most important literary work of Croatian Renaissance poet Petar Hektorović, finished on January 14, 1566, and printed in 1568 in Venice...
. Hanibal Lucić
Hanibal Lucic
Hanibal Lucić or Annibale Lucio was a Croatian Renaissance poet and playwright.- Biography :He was born to a Croatian noble family of Antun and Goja in Hvar, where he spent most of his life. Early in his youth, he was a judge and later became a lawyer of the Hvar municipality...
played the role along him, being also from Hvar
Hvar
- Climate :The climate of Hvar is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. The yearly average air temperature is , 686 mm of precipitation fall on the town of Hvar on average every year and the town has a total of 2800 sunshine hours per year. For comparison Hvar has an average of 7.7...
.
The movement later ascended with regard to the prose
Prose
Prose is the most typical form of written language, applying ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure...
writers and playwriters from Republic of Ragusa
Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia , that existed from 1358 to 1808...
, being such as Dinko Zlatarić
Dinko Zlataric
Dominko "Dinko" Zlatarić was a poet and translator from Republic of Ragusa, considered the best translator of the Renaissance.-Life:...
, Mavro Vetranović
Mavro Vetranovic
Mavro Vetranović was a prolific Croatian writer and Benedictine friar from Dubrovnik.Born in Dubrovnik in 1482, he entered the Benedictine Order in 1507 on the island of Mljet, and after a period of education in Monte Cassino in Italy returned to Mljet as the abbot of the monastery...
and Marin Držić
Marin Držic
Marin Držić is considered the finest Croatian Renaissance playwright and prose writer.- Life :Born into a large and well to do family in Dubrovnik, Držić was trained and ordained as a priest — a calling very unsuitable for his rebel temperament...
. The first Croatian novel
Novel
A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....
, Planine
Planine
Planine is the title of the first Croatian novel, written by Petar Zoranić in 1536 and published posthumously in Venice in 1569....
written by Petar Zoranić
Petar Zoranic
Petar Zoranić was a Croatian Renaissance writer from Zadar.He is most important as the author of Planine, the first Croatian novel. Pastoral in nature, the novel shows influence of Virgil, Ovid, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca and Giovanni Boccaccio. The novel was written in 1538 and published...
and published 1569. in Zadar
Zadar
Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Population of the city is 75,082 citizens...
, included the author
Author
An author is broadly defined as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created. Narrowly defined, an author is the originator of any written work.-Legal significance:...
as an adventurer, portraying his passionate love
Love
Love is an emotion of strong affection and personal attachment. In philosophical context, love is a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection. Love is central to many religions, as in the Christian phrase, "God is love" or Agape in the Canonical gospels...
towards a native girl. It was uniquely stylized, provided a detail inscription describing the surrounding land
Landscape
Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical elements of landforms such as mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of...
and the consciousness of the invading Turks
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
.
Printed in 1483, Missale Romanum Glagolitice
Missale Romanum Glagolitice
Missale Romanum Glagolitice is a Croatian language missal printed in 1483. It is written in Glagolitic script and is the first printed Croatian book and one of the first South Slavonic printed books. It is the first missal in Europe not published in Latin script...
(Croatian: Misal po zakonu rimskoga dvora) distinguished itself as the first overall non-Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
printed missal
Missal
A missal is a liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year.-History:Before the compilation of such books, several books were used when celebrating Mass...
in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
. Also dubbed as the first printed book
Book
A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of hot lava, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf or leaflet, and each side of a leaf is called a page...
among the South Slavic idiom.
A prevailing cultural formation
Cultural movement
A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. This embodies all art forms, the sciences, and philosophies. Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as...
, Baroque
Baroque
The Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
emerged in Croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
later during the 17th century, when Dubrovnik
Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia , that existed from 1358 to 1808...
became the literary center of the Croatian language
Croatian language
Croatian is the collective name for the standard language and dialects spoken by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries...
. Many readings were translated from the foreign Latin and Italian to the vernacular language and furthermore, used by the lower-class peasentry of the city.
Age of EnlightenmentAge of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state...
, HumanismHumanismHumanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. In philosophy and social science, humanism is a perspective which affirms some notion of human nature, and is contrasted with anti-humanism....
, RomanticismRomanticismRomanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
and the Croatian National RevivalIllyrian movementThe Illyrian movement , also Croatian national revival , was a cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of 19th century, around the years of 1835–1849...
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
and the human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
stance towards it drastically impacted on the Croatian lands. Withdrawn into the midst of the desiring principles of a human, along the lines of other European entities enduring social reforms.
The most prominent Croatian author of the Enlightenment era, Pavao Ritter Vitezović
Pavao Ritter Vitezovic
Pavao Ritter Vitezović was a noted Croatian writer, historian, linguist and publisher.-Early life:Pavao Ritter Vitezović was born in Senj to a family of a frontier soldier. His father was descended from a German immigrant from Alsace, and his mother was Croatian...
, was notable for the conception and the foundation of the "newer" Pan-slavic ideology
Ideology
An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things , as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies , or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to...
. His ideas (as well as from others) were fundamental in the Illyrian Movement
Illyrian movement
The Illyrian movement , also Croatian national revival , was a cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of 19th century, around the years of 1835–1849...
(also "Croatian National Revival") and also used as a basis for their committing act in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. History
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
and patriotism
Patriotism
Patriotism is a devotion to one's country, excluding differences caused by the dependencies of the term's meaning upon context, geography and philosophy...
were subjected to most literary work at that time.
A common orthographic book, written to set the new grammatical
Grammar
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,...
standard of the language, has been conceived by a linguist Ljudevit Gaj
Ljudevit Gaj
Ljudevit Gaj was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. He was one of the central figures of the Croatian national reformation, also known as the Illyrian Movement.-Origin:...
and is called "Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja" (or simply referred to as "Gaj's Latin alphabet"). Gaj's Latin alphabet was also one of the two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian or Serbo-Croat, less commonly Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian , is a South Slavic language with multiple standards and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro...
until the dissolution of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....
.
Other notable literary contributions were made by Antun Mihanović
Antun Mihanovic
Antun Mihanović was a notable Croatian poet and lyricist, most famous for writing the national anthem of Croatia, which was put to music by Josif Runjanin and adopted in 1891. Klanjec, his birthplace, holds a monument to him and a gallery of his works.Mihanović studied law and worked as a military...
(notably Horvatska Domovina which later became Our Beautiful Homeland), Stanko Vraz
Stanko Vraz
Stanko Vraz was a Croatian-Slovenian poet. He Slavicized his name to Stanko Vraz in 1836.-Biography:...
(satiric lyrics
Lyrics
Lyrics are a set of words that make up a song. The writer of lyrics is a lyricist or lyrist. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of...
), Ljudevit Vukotinović (romantic lyrics), Dimitrija Demeter
Dimitrija Demeter
Dimitrija Demeter was a Croatian writer and dramatist....
(prose, notably Grobničko polje, and drama
Drama
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" , which is derived from "to do","to act" . The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a...
), Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski
Ivan Kukuljevic Sakcinski
Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski was a Croatian historian, politician and writer. Most famous for the first speech delivered in Croatian before the Parliament, this patriot and cultural figure did some pioneering work in Croatian historiography and bibliography...
(prose), Antun Nemčić (prose and itineraries). There was also the first notable itinerary Pogled u Bosnu by Matija Mažuranić
Matija Mažuranic
Matija Mažuranić , was a Croatian writer.Travelogue writer, brother of more noted Ivan, the writer of Smrt Smail-age Čengića. He attended a German school in has native town, where he was trained to became a blacksmith...
.
Modern
More important 20th century writerWriter
A writer is a person who produces literature, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images....
s are Vjenceslav Novak
Vjenceslav Novak
Vjenceslav Novak was a Croatian Realist writer and dramatist.He was born into an emigrant Czech family, of which his mother was from an emigrant Bavarian family. He was the most successful Croatian realist writer and was known as the Croatian Balzac. He finished elementary and middle school in...
, Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević
Silvije Strahimir Kranjcevic
Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević was a Croatian poet. His reflexive poetry, reaching its zenith in the 1890s, was a turning point that ushered modern themes in Croatian poetry.-Early life:...
, Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić
Ivana Brlic-Mažuranic
Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić was a Croatian writer. Within her native land, as well as internationally, she has been praised as the best Croatian writer for children.-Life:She was born on April 18, 1874 in Ogulin into a well-known Croatian family of Mažuranić...
, Ante Kovačić
Ante Kovacic
Ante Kovačić was a Croatian writer.Born to a family of Croatian peasants, Kovačić made his way through law school to become an attorney....
, Ivan Kozarac
Ivan Kozarac
Ivan Kozarac was a Croatian novelist, poet and writer of short stories.-Biography:Ivan Kozarac was born in Vinkovci, Croatia . He came from a peasant family that sent him to school, but he managed to finish only two classes...
, Ivo Andrić
Ivo Andric
Ivan "Ivo" Andrić was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire...
, Miroslav Krleža
Miroslav Krleža
Miroslav Krleža was a leading Croatian and Yugoslav writer and the dominant figure in cultural life of both Yugoslav states, the Kingdom and the Republic . He has often been proclaimed the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century.-Biography:Miroslav Krleža was born in Zagreb, modern-day...
and Ksaver Šandor Gjalski
Ksaver Šandor Gjalski
Ksaver Šandor Gjalski, or Ljubo Babić-Gjalski was a Croatian writer and civil servant....
. It spans both World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
and World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, and stretches to this day.
Curiously, the advancement of science
Science
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...
and philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
perpetuated Realism
Literary realism
Literary realism most often refers to the trend, beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors in various countries, towards depictions of contemporary life and society "as they were." In the spirit of...
and handed an extensive view on the world as a social phenomenon. Most ideas stood for grammatical integrity among all people and is initially considered deep within the possibilities of human kind.
Medieval period
- (ca. 800(?)) Višeslavs baptismal font
- (ca.11th cent) Kartular of Supetar
- (ca. 11th) Valun tabletValun tabletThe Valun tablet is an 11th century bilingual and digraphic tablet, originally serving the role of a gravestone, found at the graveyard in Valun on the island of Cres...
- (ca. 11th) Plomin tabletPlomin tabletthumb|right|The Plomin tablet.Plomin tablet is a Croatian Glagolitic inscription at the outer wall of the church of Saint George in Plomin. Roman god of flora and fauna Silvanus is portrayed. This inscription bears witness of early parallelism of two cultural currents on Istrian territory: Romance...
- (ca. 1100) Baška TabletBaška tabletBaška tablet is one of the first monuments containing an inscription in the Croatian language, dating from the year 1100.The tablet was discovered by scholars in 1851 in the paving of the Romanesque church of St. Lucy in Jurandvor, near Baška, on the island of Krk...
- (ca. 12th cent) Apostol of Mihanović
- (ca. 12th cent) Grškovićs fragment
- (1197) Povalj Tablet
- (1200–1268) Thomas the ArchdeaconThomas the ArchdeaconThomas the Archdeacon was a medieval Dalmatian historian and Archdeacon of Split most remembered for Historia Salonitana, a chronicle of the Bishops and Archbishops of Split until 1266....
- (1275) Istrian land survey
- (ca. 13th cent) Vrbnik StatuteVrbnik StatuteThe Vrbnik Statute is a 14th century Glagolitic city statute of the Croatian city Vrbnik.The Vrbnik Statute was written in 1388 on the east coast of the island of Krk in Croatia. The Vrbnik Statute is the second oldest among Croatian city statutes, written shortly after Vinodol Statute...
- (ca. 13th cent) Rok fragment
- (1288) Law codex of VinodolLaw codex of VinodolLaw Codex of Vinodol or Vinodol statute is one of the oldest law texts written in the Croatian language. It was compiled in 1288 by a commission of 42 members in Novi Vinodolski. A paragraph was set to define the relation between the dukes and the peasantry of the region. It was written in the...
- (1345) Law and Order (first Croatian writing in the Latin script, by the Dominicans of Zadar)
- (ca. 14th cent) Lectionar of Korčula
- (1380–1400) Vatican Croatian Prayer BookVatican Croatian Prayer BookVatican Croatian Prayer Book is the oldest Croatian vernacular prayer book and the finest example of early štokavian vernacular literary idiom....
RenaissanceRenaissanceThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
- (1483) Missale Romanum GlagoliticeMissale Romanum GlagoliticeMissale Romanum Glagolitice is a Croatian language missal printed in 1483. It is written in Glagolitic script and is the first printed Croatian book and one of the first South Slavonic printed books. It is the first missal in Europe not published in Latin script...
- (ca. 15th cent) Lectionar of Zadar
- (ca. 15th cent) Statut of Poljica
- (ca. 15th cent) Hrvoje's MissalHrvoje's MissalThe Hrvoje's Missal is a 15th century Croatian Glagolitic missal, often considered the most beautiful and the most interesting Croatian Glagolitic book....
- (ca. 15th cent) Kastav StatuteKastav StatuteThe Kastav Statute is a 15th century Glagolitic city statute of Croatian city Kastav.The Kastav Statute "Zakon Grada Kastva od letta 1400", was written in 1400, in Istria, near Rijeka in Croatia...
- (ca. 15th cent) Hval ManuscriptHval ManuscriptThe Hval Manuscript or "Hval's Miscellany" is a 353 page 15th century Bosnian Church codex.It was written in 1404 by Hval Krstyanin in Bosnian/Croatian Cyrillic Script in ikavian dialect with a Glagolitic introduction that reads, "in honour of praised sir Hrvoje, duke of Split and the knight of...
- (ca. 15th cent) Jeronim VidulićJeronim VidulicJeronim Vidulić was a Croatian Renaissance poet.-Biography:He lived in the 15th century in the city of Zadar. He belonged to civilian family. He was a priest, but has been also mentioned as a notary for the city and the county of Zadar...
- (ca. 15th cent) Mikša PelegrinovićMikša PelegrinovicMikša Pelegrinović was a Croatian poet from Dalmatia.-Biography:Pelegrinović was born around the year 1500 in the town of Hvar on the island of the same name. He came from a noble family originating in the Apulian town of Barletta and was a son of Marijan and Nikolica...
- (1420–1520) Juraj ŠižgorićJuraj ŠižgoricJuraj Šižgorić was a Croatian latinist poet.He was the first humanist from Šibenik and the central personality of the Šibenik's humanist circle and also one of the most important figures in 15th century cultural life and history of Croatian people.His Elegiarum et carminum libri tres was a first...
- (1434–1472) Ivan ČesmičkiJanus PannoniusJanus Pannonius was a Croatian and Hungarian Latinist, poet, diplomat and Bishop of Pécs.He was the only truly significant poet of the Renaissance in the Kingdom of Hungary and one of the better-known figures of Humanist poetry in Europe. He was born in a small village near the Drava river in a...
- (1450–1524) Marko MarulićMarko MarulicMarko Marulić |Split]], 18 August 1450 – Split, 5 January 1524) was a Croatian national poet and Christian humanist, known as the Crown of the Croatian Medieval Age and the father of the Croatian Renaissance. He signed his works as Marko Marulić Splićanin , Marko Pečenić, Marcus Marulus ...
- (1457–1527) Šiško MenčetićŠiško MenceticŠišmundo Menčetić Vlahović, , or Sigismondo Menze was a poet from the Republic of Ragusa, chiefly creating his opus in the 15th century.-Biography:...
- (1459–1527) Ludovik Crijević TuberonLudovik Crijevic TuberonLudovik Crijević Tuberon was a Latinist from the Republic of Ragusa, who especially excelled with his work in historiography....
- (1461–1501) Džore DržićDžore DržicDžore Držić was a Croatian poet and playwright, one of the fathers of Croatian literature.This respectable citizen of Dubrovnik, the uncle of the greatest Croatian playwright Marin Držić, the rector of the Church of All Saints, the chancellor of the Dubrovnik chapter, a contemporary of the poet...
- (1485–1553) Hanibal LucićHanibal LucicHanibal Lucić or Annibale Lucio was a Croatian Renaissance poet and playwright.- Biography :He was born to a Croatian noble family of Antun and Goja in Hvar, where he spent most of his life. Early in his youth, he was a judge and later became a lawyer of the Hvar municipality...
- (1487–1572) Petar HektorovićPetar HektorovicPetar Hektorović was a Croatian writer.Hektorović was born and died in Stari Grad, Hvar. He was a poet and collector of Hvar's fishermen songs, and an important figure of the Renaissance period in Croatian literature...
- (1508–1567) Marin DržićMarin DržicMarin Držić is considered the finest Croatian Renaissance playwright and prose writer.- Life :Born into a large and well to do family in Dubrovnik, Držić was trained and ordained as a priest — a calling very unsuitable for his rebel temperament...
- (1508-after 1569) Petar ZoranićPetar ZoranicPetar Zoranić was a Croatian Renaissance writer from Zadar.He is most important as the author of Planine, the first Croatian novel. Pastoral in nature, the novel shows influence of Virgil, Ovid, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca and Giovanni Boccaccio. The novel was written in 1538 and published...
- (1510) Croatian chronicles (rewrite of an earlier Croatian chronicle by Dmine Papalić)
- (1515–1573) Brne KarnarutićBrne KarnaruticBrne Karnarutić was Croatian Renaissance poet and writer.He was born in Zadar probably in 1515 as a descent of old noble family. After schooling in Zadar he studied law, probably in Padua...
- (1482–1576) Mavro VetranovićMavro VetranovicMavro Vetranović was a prolific Croatian writer and Benedictine friar from Dubrovnik.Born in Dubrovnik in 1482, he entered the Benedictine Order in 1507 on the island of Mljet, and after a period of education in Monte Cassino in Italy returned to Mljet as the abbot of the monastery...
- (between 1530. and 1535.-1600.) Summ of Christian teachings (written by Šime Budinić)
- (1534–1573) Pavao SkalićPavao SkalićPaul Skalich , also known as Stanislav Pavao Skalić or Paulus Scalichius de Lika, was an encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist, and adventurer born in Zagreb, Croatia, and who lived part of his life in Germany...
- (1558–1609) Dinko ZlatarićDinko ZlataricDominko "Dinko" Zlatarić was a poet and translator from Republic of Ragusa, considered the best translator of the Renaissance.-Life:...
- (1548–1628) Juraj BarakovićJuraj BarakovicJuraj Baraković is a Croatian Renaissance poet from Zadar.He wrote several distinguished pieces , but one work excels in his literary opus: complicated and the most explicitly manneristic epic in 13 books "Vila slovinka"...
BaroqueBaroqueThe Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
- (1563–1631) Matija DivkovićMatija DivkovicMatija Divković was a Croatian writer, the founder of the Croatian literature in Bosnia.-Life:Divković was born in Jelaške near Vareš in Bosnia. He probably joined the Franciscans in the nearest monastery in Olovo and was schooled there. He continued his studies in Italy, but then returned to...
- (1575–1650) Bartul Kašić
- (1536–1607) Dinko Ranjina
- (1494–1582) Nikša RanjinaNikša RanjinaNikša Andretić Ranjina or Nicola Ragnina was a writer and noblemen from the Republic of Ragusa , most famous as the compiler of Ranjina's Miscellany....
- (1589–1638) Ivan GundulićIvan GundulicIvan Franov Gundulić is the most celebrated Croatian Baroque poet from the Republic of Ragusa. His work embodies central characteristics of Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation: religious fervor, insistence on "vanity of this world" and zeal in opposition to "infidels." Gundulić's major...
- (1591–1658) Ivan Bunić VučićIvan Bunic VucicĐivo Sarov Bunić , now known predominantly as Ivan Bunić Vučić, was a Croatian politician and poet from the Republic of Ragusa .-Biography:...
- (1593–1675) Ivan BelostenecIvan BelostenecIvan Belostenec was a Croatian linguist and lexicographer.-Life:In 1616. he joined the Paulists. He studied philosophy in Vienna and theology in Rome...
- (1607–1657) Junije PalmotićJunije PalmoticJunije Palmotić, was a Croatian baroque writer, Ragusan patrician, and dramatist from the Republic of Ragusa...
- (1609–1678) Juraj HabdelićJuraj HabdelicJuraj Habdelić was a Jesuit and a Croatian writer.His parents was Boldižar Habdelić and Margarita Kraljić. He went to gymnasium in Zagreb, studied philosophy in Graz and theology in Trnava. He worked as a teacher in Rijeka, Varaždin and Zagreb where he became the rector of Jesuit Collegium and...
- (1618–1683) Juraj KrižanićJuraj KrižanicJuraj Križanić , also known as Yuriy Krizhanich, was a Croatian Catholic missionary who is often regarded as the earliest recorded pan-Slavist and anti-Normanist.-Early life, education, and early missionary work:...
- (1624–1685) Ivan AnčićIvan AncicIvan Ančić was a Croatian theological writer.He was born in Lipa near Tomislavgrad, and likely finished his basic education at the Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena monastery in Rama where he was ordained as a priest in 1643...
- (1637–1719) Petar KanavelićPetar KanavelićPetar Kanavelić was a Croatian writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest Croatian writers of the 17th century. He signed himself as Pietro Canaveli or De Canavellis...
- (1643–1671) Fran Krsto FrankopanFran Krsto FrankopanFran Krsto Frankopan was a Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician in the 17th century. He is remembered primarily for his involvement in the failed Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy.-Early life and poetry:...
- (1641–1714) Jerolim KavanjinJerolim KavanjinJerolim Kavanjin , Croatian poet of the Late Baroque.He was born in a wealthy and noble family of Split, as a descendant of Croaticised Italian family of Cavagnini. Kavanjin rose to prominence at the same time as Ignjat Đurđević: at the beginning of the 18th century...
- (1650–1713) Pavao Ritter VitezovićPavao Ritter VitezovicPavao Ritter Vitezović was a noted Croatian writer, historian, linguist and publisher.-Early life:Pavao Ritter Vitezović was born in Senj to a family of a frontier soldier. His father was descended from a German immigrant from Alsace, and his mother was Croatian...
- (1675–1737) Ignjat Đurđević
ClassicismClassicismClassicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
and EnlightenmentAge of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state...
- (ca. 18th cent) Bernardin PavlovićBernardin PavlovicBernardin Pavlović was a Franciscan writer from Dubrovnik, born in Ston. He had two works printed in Venice in 1747 which he wrote were "in the Croatian language". The title of the second work runs as follows: Salves for the dying...new and revised edition printed in Croatian for the benefit of the...
- (1699–1749) Filip GrabovacFilip GrabovacFilip Grabovac was a Croatian Franciscan priest, professor, patriot, poet and writer....
- (1704–1760) Andrija Kačić MiošićAndrija Kacic MiošicAndrija Kačić Miošić was a Croatian poet and Franciscan monk.Born in Brist near Makarska, he became a Franciscan monk. He was educated in Zaostrog monastery and Buda...
- (1699–1777) Sebastijan Slade
- (1699–1777) Antun KanižlićAntun KanižlicAntun Kanižlić was a Croatian Jesuit and poet.After finishing the gymnasium in Požega, he continued his education in Zagreb, Vienna and Leoben...
- (1732–1798) Matija Antun Reljković
- (1757–1805) Tituš BrezovačkiTituš BrezovackiTituš Brezovački was a Croatian writer.Brezovački, as the great comedian of the period, wrote all of his dramatic works in Kajkavian dialect...
RomanticismRomanticismRomanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
- (1796–1861) Antun MihanovićAntun MihanovicAntun Mihanović was a notable Croatian poet and lyricist, most famous for writing the national anthem of Croatia, which was put to music by Josif Runjanin and adopted in 1891. Klanjec, his birthplace, holds a monument to him and a gallery of his works.Mihanović studied law and worked as a military...
- (1806–1862) Pavao ŠtoosPavao ŠtoosPavao Štoos , was a Croatian poet, priest and a revivalistAfter graduating theology in Zagreb, he served as a bishop's secretary for a brief period, and from 1842 he as a pastor of the Pokupsko parish....
- (1809–1872) Ljudevit GajLjudevit GajLjudevit Gaj was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. He was one of the central figures of the Croatian national reformation, also known as the Illyrian Movement.-Origin:...
- (1810–1851) Stanko VrazStanko VrazStanko Vraz was a Croatian-Slovenian poet. He Slavicized his name to Stanko Vraz in 1836.-Biography:...
- (1810–1895) Martin NedićMartin NedicMartin Nedić was a Croatian poet.Nedić attended school in Tolisa under fra Bono Benić junior. He went on to gymnasiumin Kraljeva Sutjeska and studied philosophy and theology in Subotica, Szolnok, Agrija, Gyöngyös and Vác.As a student he was drawn to the ideas of the Croatian National Revival which...
- (1811–1872) Dimitrije Demeter
- (1813–1875) Dragojla JarnevićDragojla JarnevicDragojla Jarnević , was a Croatian poet and teacher. She became a member of the Illyrian movement, being most famous for writing of women's rights issues. She is also known for being an early mountaineer and rock-climber, famous for scaling the rock of Okić ....
- (1814–1890) Ivan MažuranićIvan MažuranicIvan Mažuranić was a Croatian poet, linguist and politician—probably the most important figure in Croatia's cultural life in the mid-19th century...
- (1817–1881) Matija MažuranićMatija MažuranicMatija Mažuranić , was a Croatian writer.Travelogue writer, brother of more noted Ivan, the writer of Smrt Smail-age Čengića. He attended a German school in has native town, where he was trained to became a blacksmith...
- (1818–1872) Petar PreradovićPetar PreradovicPetar Preradović was a Croatian poet of Serb origin.- Biography :Preradović was born in the village of Grabrovnica , which was part of the Austrian Military Frontier, in Serbian Orthodox family of Jovan Preradović and Pelagija Preradović. He spent childhood in Grubišno Polje, were his father was...
- (1851–1900) Hugo BadalićHugo BadalicHugo Badalić was a Croatian writer.-Biography:Badalić attended primary school in his native city and Kostajnica, and the gymnasium in Zagreb. After finishing the gymnasium he went to university in Vienna where he graduated with a degree in Classical philology in 1874...
Protorealism
- (1825–1889) Adolfo Veber TkalčevićAdolfo Veber TkalcevicAdolfo Veber Tkalčević , Croatian philologist, writer, literary critic and aestheticist.He received degrees in philosophy in Zagreb, theology in Budapest and Slavistics in Vienna....
- (1838–1881) August ŠenoaAugust ŠenoaAugust Šenoa was a Croatian novelist, critic, editor, poet, and dramatist....
- (1853–1880) Rikard JorgovanićRikard JorgovanićRikard Jorgovanić was a Croatian writer. As the son of a Czech immigrant of German ancestry, his last name was affirmed to the Croatian language from Flieder. He enrolled in the public school of Varaždin, and later continued his education in Zagreb. His poetical verses are full of intrigue and...
RealismLiterary realismLiterary realism most often refers to the trend, beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors in various countries, towards depictions of contemporary life and society "as they were." In the spirit of...
- (1843–1906) Josip Eugen TomićJosip Eugen TomicJosip Eugen Tomić was a Croatian writer.Josip Eugen Tomić was born in Požega. He specialised in writing light-hearted fiction, with which he became very popular. Many of his works dealt with neighbouring Bosnia-Herzegovina. He is also known for translating 50 plays to Croatian. He died in Zagreb....
- (1850–1904) Eugen KumičićEugen KumicicEugen Kumičić was a prominent Croatian writer and politician.-Biography:Kumičić was born in Brseč, Mošćenička Draga , a small town in Istria, then part of the Austrian Empire....
- (1854–1935) Ksaver Šandor GjalskiKsaver Šandor GjalskiKsaver Šandor Gjalski, or Ljubo Babić-Gjalski was a Croatian writer and civil servant....
- (1854–1889) Ante KovačićAnte KovacicAnte Kovačić was a Croatian writer.Born to a family of Croatian peasants, Kovačić made his way through law school to become an attorney....
- (1859–1905) Vjenceslav NovakVjenceslav NovakVjenceslav Novak was a Croatian Realist writer and dramatist.He was born into an emigrant Czech family, of which his mother was from an emigrant Bavarian family. He was the most successful Croatian realist writer and was known as the Croatian Balzac. He finished elementary and middle school in...
- (1865–1908) Silvije Strahimir KranjčevićSilvije Strahimir KranjcevicSilvije Strahimir Kranjčević was a Croatian poet. His reflexive poetry, reaching its zenith in the 1890s, was a turning point that ushered modern themes in Croatian poetry.-Early life:...
- (1861–1911) August HarambašićAugust HarambašicAugust Harambašić was a Croatian writer, poet, publisher, politician and translator from the 19th century.He was born in Donji Miholjac, and studied law in Vienna and Zagreb. Politically he followed the sharp line of Ante Starčević's Croatian Party of Rights, which landed him in jail several times...
- (1874–1938) Ivana Brlić-MažuranićIvana Brlic-MažuranicIvana Brlić-Mažuranić was a Croatian writer. Within her native land, as well as internationally, she has been praised as the best Croatian writer for children.-Life:She was born on April 18, 1874 in Ogulin into a well-known Croatian family of Mažuranić...
ModernismModernismModernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society...
- (1857–1929) Ivo VojnovićIvo VojnovicIvan "Ivo" Vojnović was a Croatian and Serbian writer from Dubrovnik. He is often nicknamed "The last great Dubrovnik writer".-Biography:...
- (1861–1949) Janko LeskovarJanko LeskovarJanko Leskovar was a Croatian novelist who worked as a teacher while his literary form was marked with the novel Misao na vječnost, finishing it as a middle-aged peasant. The novel was published 1891 in the magazine Vijenac...
- (1873–1914) Antun Gustav MatošAntun Gustav MatošAntun Gustav Matoš was a Croatian poet, short story writer, journalist, essayist and travelogue writer. He is considered the champion of Croatian modernist literature, opening Croatia to the currents of European modernism, and one of the greatest Croatian literary figures of all time.-Life:Matoš...
- (1873–1933) Dinko ŠimunovićDinko ŠimunovicDinko Šimunović was a Croatian writer.Dinko Šimunović was born in Knin. He spent most of his life as a teacher in villages of the Zagora, the hinterland of southern Croatia....
- (1875–1909) Vladimir VidrićVladimir VidricVladimir Vidrić was a Croatian poet. He is considered one of the major figures of the Croatian secessionist poetry.-Life:...
- (1876–1948) Milan BegovićMilan BegovicMilan Begović was a Croatian writer, born in Vrlika, in the territory of today's Croatia.He was educated in Split, Zagreb and Vienna and spent some time as high school professor in Split before going to Hamburg and Vienna to pursue career in theatre. He died in Zagreb...
- (1880–1931) Milutin Cihlar Nehajev
- (1885–1910) Ivan KozaracIvan KozaracIvan Kozarac was a Croatian novelist, poet and writer of short stories.-Biography:Ivan Kozarac was born in Vinkovci, Croatia . He came from a peasant family that sent him to school, but he managed to finish only two classes...
- (1886–1910) Janko Polić KamovJanko Polic KamovJanko Polić Kamov was a Croatian writer and poet.He was born in Sušak, Rijeka. Rebellious by nature, he was expelled from Rijeka high school and dropped out of the school in Zagreb. Because of his participation in the demonstration against the Hungarian governor in Croatia, Khuen-Héderváry, he was...
20th century literature
- Antun Branko ŠimićAntun Branko ŠimicAntun Branko Šimić was a Herzegovinian Croat expressionist poet.-Life:He was born in Drinovci near Grude on November 18, 1898, in the family of Vida and Martin Šimić. He attended primary school in his native village, and then the first three forms of the Franciscan classical grammar school in...
- August CesarecAugust CesarecAugust Cesarec was a Croatian writer and left-wing politician.Cesarec was born in Zagreb, which was part of Austria-Hungary at a time. As a high school student he was involved in radical nationalist politics and joined the group that tried to assassinate Croatian ban Slavko Cuvaj...
- Dobriša CesarićDobriša CesarićDobriša Cesarić was a Croatian poet and translator born in Požega.Despite his limited output, Cesarić is considered as one of the greatest Croatian poets of the 20th century.-External links:* * *...
- Dragutin TadijanovićDragutin TadijanovicDragutin Tadijanović was a renowned Croatian poet and erudite cordially referred to as 'Bard' in Croatia....
- Dubravko Horvatić
- Đuro Sudeta
- Gustav KrklecGustav KrklecGustav Krklec was a Croatian writer.Krklec was born in Udbinja near Karlovac. He studied in Vienna and Zagreb. Since 1922 he lived in Belgrade, working as a secretary at the stock exchange, and as an editor of Nolit...
- Ivan AralicaIvan AralicaIvan Aralica is a Croatian novelist and essayist.Born in Promina near Knin, and having finished pedagogical school and Philosophical Faculty at the University of Zadar, Aralica had worked in post-war period as a high school teacher in the backwater villages of the rural hinterland of northern and...
- Ivan Goran KovačićIvan Goran KovacicIvan Goran Kovačić was a prominent Croatian poet and writer of the 20th century.-Early life and background:He was born in Lukovdol , a town in Gorski Kotar, to Croatian father Ivan and Jewish mother Ruža . His middle name Goran stems from that...
- Ivan SlamnigIvan SlamnigIvan Slamnig was a Croatian poet, novelist, literary theorist and translator.Slamnig was born in Metković. He graduated from the University of Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in 1955 and later taught at its Department of Comparative Literature.Slamnig is considered one of the most...
- Ivo AndrićIvo AndricIvan "Ivo" Andrić was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire...
- Ivo KozarčaninIvo KozarcaninIvo Kozarčanin was a Croatian writer, poet and literary critic.Soon after his birth Kozarčanin's family moved to the Hungarian town of Oreglak, where his faither worked on the railroad...
- Janko Polić KamovJanko Polic KamovJanko Polić Kamov was a Croatian writer and poet.He was born in Sušak, Rijeka. Rebellious by nature, he was expelled from Rijeka high school and dropped out of the school in Zagreb. Because of his participation in the demonstration against the Hungarian governor in Croatia, Khuen-Héderváry, he was...
- Josip Pupačić
- Jure Franičević-Pločar
- Mak DizdarMak DizdarMehmedalija "Mak" Dizdar was one of the greatest Bosnian and Yugoslav poets of the second half of the 20th century.-Biography:...
- Mate Balota
- Marija Jurić ZagorkaMarija Juric ZagorkaMarija Jurić, pen-name Zagorka was a Croatian journalist, novelist and dramatist. She was the first female journalist and among the most read writers in Croatia....
- Mihovil Pavlek-Miškina
- Mile BudakMile BudakMile Budak was a Croatian Ustaše and writer, best known as one of the chief ideologists of the Croatian clerofascist Ustaše movement, which ruled the Independent State of Croatia, or NDH, from 1941-45 and waged a genocidal campaign against its Serb, Roma and Jewish minorities, and against Croatian...
- Mirko Božić
- Mirko KovačMirko Kovac (writer)Mirko Kovač is a Montenegrin, Croatian, and Serbian writer....
- Miroslav KrležaMiroslav KrležaMiroslav Krleža was a leading Croatian and Yugoslav writer and the dominant figure in cultural life of both Yugoslav states, the Kingdom and the Republic . He has often been proclaimed the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century.-Biography:Miroslav Krleža was born in Zagreb, modern-day...
- Nada IveljićNada IveljićNada Iveljić was a Croatian children's writer. Her work includes eight books of poetry, a short story collection, a novel, over forty books and a series of picture books for children, and several plays, radio and TV games for adults and children.-References:...
- Nikola Milićević
- Nikola Šop
- Ranko MarinkovićRanko MarinkovicRanko Marinković was a Croatian author born in Komiža on the island of Vis ....
- Slavko Mihalić
- Slobodan NovakSlobodan NovakSlobodan Novak is a Croatian prose writer, novelist and essayist.-Biography:Novak was born in Split on November 3, 1924, the son of father Duje and mother Marija . He was baptized in the local church as Ante Slobodan Novak. He finished elementary school in Rab, attended gymnasium in Split, then...
- Stjepan Džalto
- Tin UjevićTin UjevicAugustin "Tin" Ujević is considered to be one of the greatest Croatian poets of all times.Ujević was born in Vrgorac, a small town in the Dalmatian hinterland, and grew up in what were then the provincial towns of Imotski and Makarska. He completed classical gymnasium in Split...
- Tomislav LadanTomislav LadanTomislav Ladan was a Croatian essayist, critic and novelist.Ladan was born in Ivanjica, Serbia, and spent his formative years in his native Bosnia and Herzegovina , where he graduated at Philosophical Faculty in Sarajevo...
- Vesna ParunVesna ParunVesna Parun was a Croatian poet.After schooling in Zlarin, Šibenik and Split, she studied Romance languages and philosophy at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. From 1947 she was a free artist, writing poetry, essays, criticism and children's literature. She...
- Vladan DesnicaVladan DesnicaVladan Desnica was a Croatian and Serbian writer.-Life:He was born in Zadar, then part of Austria-Hungary...
- Vladimir NazorVladimir NazorVladimir Nazor was the first head of state of modern Croatia. A member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , he led the Croatian World War II wartime assembly, the ZAVNOH, and later served as the President of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of PR Croatia - the head of state of the People's...
- Zvonimir Remeta
- Ilija Jakovljević
- Vjekoslav Kaleb
- Krešimir Bagić
- Ivan KušanIvan KušanIvan Kušan is a Croatian writer.Ivan Kušan was born in Sarajevo, in the family of Jakša Kušan, bookstore owner and one of the most respected members of local intelligentsia. The family moved to Zagreb in 1939. At the age of 10 Ivan Kušan discovered his writing talent and wrote his first...
- Miro GavranMiro GavranMiro Gavran is a contemporary Croatian author of short stories, fiction and drama. His works have been translated into 35 languages, and his books have come out in 150 different editions at home and abroad. His dramas and comedies have had more than 200 theatre first nights around the world and...
- Davor Šalat
- Anka Žagar
- Stanko Andrić
- Tomislav Šarić
- Delimir Rešicki
- Ante Tomić
- Davor SlamnigDavor SlamnigDavor Slamnig is a Croatian writer and musician-Biography:Slamnig was born on 13 March 1956 in Zagreb, where he finished his primary education as well as graduated from grammar school. He allegedly never finished his musical education as well as his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy of the...
- Dubravka UgrešićDubravka UgrešicDubravka Ugrešić is a Croatian writer who lives in the Netherlands.- Background and education:Ugrešić was born in 1949 in Kutina, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia., She studied Comparative Literature and Russian Language and Literature at the University of Zagreb, pursuing parallel careers as a...
- Slavenka DrakulićSlavenka DrakulicSlavenka Drakulić is a noted Croatian writer and publicist who currently lives in Sweden.Slavenka Drakulić was born in Rijeka, PR Croatia, on July 4, 1949. She graduated in comparative literature and sociology from the University in Zagreb in 1976...
- Sead Begović
- Nikola Visković
- Pavao PavličićPavao PavlicicPavao Pavličić is a Croatian writer, literary historian and translator whose main focus are crime novels. He writes for both adults and children....
- Boris Biletić
- Ivo Totić
- Marko Martinović
- Željko Kocaj
- Branko Čegec
- Vjekoslav Boban
- Ratko Cvetnić
- Zoran FerićZoran FerićZoran Ferić is a Croatian writer and columnist who resides in Zagreb. He has attended the Ivan Goran Kovačić Elementary School in the city's wealthy neighborhood of Šalata and graduated in croatistics at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Zagreb. He has written three novels and two...
- Goran TribusonGoran TribusonGoran Tribuson is a Croatian prose and screenplay writer.Tribuson received his B.A. in literature from the Philosophical Faculty in Zagreb and his M.A. in filmology at the University of Zagreb. He worked for the Vjesnik Marketing Agency, and was a coeditor and revisor of the Croatian Lexicon...
- Tomislav Marijan Bilosnić
- Edo Popović
- Đermano Senjanović
- Miljenko JergovićMiljenko JergovicMiljenko Jergović is a Bosnian prose writer. Jergović currently lives and works in Zagreb, Croatia, having moved there in 1993....
- Josip Cvenić
- Zoran Kršul
- Boris DežulovićBoris DežulovicBoris Dežulović is a Croatian journalist and writer, best known as one of the founders of the now defunct satirical magazine Feral Tribune.Dežulović studied art history at the University of Split....
- Julijana MatanovićJulijana MatanovićJulijana Matanović is a Croatian short story writer and novelist. She is also a professor at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, where she teaches contemporary Croatian literature....
- Vlatko Majić
- Slobodan ŠnajderSlobodan ŠnajderSlobodan Šnajder is a Croatian writer and publicist.Šnajder was born in 1948 in Zagreb, where graduated in philosophy and English studies from the Faculty of Philosophy. He was co-founder and editor of the theatre journal Prolog as well as editor of the edition published by Cekade. His short...
- Sanja Pilić
- Robert Roklicer
- Viktor Car EminViktor Car EminViktor Car Emin was a prominent Croatian writer. His numerous novels and stories deal with economic-social and political problems of the past and the present of Istria. The most significant include: Insignificant people , become parched source , In doubt , the hero of the sea and Dannunziade...
- Zlatko Krilić
- Janko Matko
Sources
- Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts held outside of Croatia
- Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Literature
- Cvitanic, Marilyn. Culture and Customs of Croatia (2011). ABC-CLIOABC-CLIOABC-CLIO is a publisher of reference works for the study of history and social studies in academic, secondary school, and public library settings.-History:...
. Santa Barbara, CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CaliforniaSanta Barbara is the county seat of Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Situated on an east-west trending section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States, the city lies between the steeply-rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean...
. ISBN 978-0-313-35117-4