Energy content of biofuel - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

A table of energy content and CO₂ output of common fuels

In physics, energy is an indirectly observed quantity. It is often understood as the ability a physical system has to do work on other physical systems...

is the ability to do work. Per kilogram of mass, different substances can do different amounts of work. Of course to do work we usually use a machine of some type. These machines vary in efficiency, or useful work done, and none are 100% efficient. Thus the amount of useful work actually performed by these substances will never totally match these results. However this table tells me that men are really amounts of these substances which could be equivalent in producing the required result (moving a car, heating a home, etc.).

In the example of the first two entries, bagasse (cane stalks) has 9.6 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) and chaff (seed casings) has an energy content of 14.6 MJ/kg. In other words 1 kg of chaff as a fuel would have 14.6-9.6, or 5 MJ more energy per kilogram energy content and potential work output than bagasse.

The next column in the table (3) is the energy content per liter of volume, which is useful for liquid fuels.

The next column (4) contains the ratio of CO₂ mass produced to the mass of the fuel. For example bagasse has a ratio of 1.3 which means 1.3 kg of CO₂ will be produced for every 1 kg of bagasse used as fuel.

The last column (5), Energy in MJ per kg CO₂ produced (MJ/kg) lists the energy produced per kilogram of CO₂ produced. This is a measure of the potential environmental impact of the use of the substance as a fuel with respect to the release of CO₂. The more CO₂ released the worse it is for the environment. Thus a higher number in this column is better for the environment because we get more energy per kg of CO₂ produced. For example gasoline produces 13.64-14.64 MJ/kg of CO₂ but methane produces 20.05-20.30 MJ/kg of energy, or nearly 50% more energy for the same CO₂ production.

Fuel Type	Specific Orders of magnitude (specific energy density) This is a table of specific energy densities by magnitude. Unless otherwise noted, these values assume standard ambient temperature and pressure.... Energy Density Energy density Energy density is a term used for the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume. Often only the useful or extractable energy is quantified, which is to say that chemically inaccessible energy such as rest mass energy is ignored... (MJ Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /kg)	Volumetric Energy Density (MJ Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /L Litre pic\|200px\|right\|thumb\|One litre is equivalent to this cubeEach side is 10 cm1 litre water = 1 kilogram water The litre is a metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre , to 1,000 cubic centimetres , and to 1/1,000 cubic metre... )	CO₂ Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom... Gas made from Fuel Used (kg/kg)	Energy per CO₂ (MJ Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /kg)
Solid Fuels
Bagasse Bagasse Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice. It is currently used as a biofuel and as a renewable resource in the manufacture of pulp and paper products and building materials.... (Cane Sugarcane Sugarcane refers to any of six to 37 species of tall perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum . Native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia, they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six metres tall... Stalks Plant stem A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence , conifer cones, roots, other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another... )	9.6		~+40%(C₆H₁₀O₅)_n Cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units.... +15% Hemicellulose A hemicellulose is any of several heteropolymers , such as arabinoxylans, present along with cellulose in almost all plant cell walls. While cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis, hemicellulose has a random, amorphous structure with little strength... (C₂₆H₄₂O₂₁)_n Glucomannan Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. Products containing glucomannan, marketed under a variety of brand names, are also sold as nutritional supplements for constipation, obesity, high... +15% Lignin Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood... (C₉H₁₀O₂)_n Paracoumaryl alcohol Paracoumaryl alcohol, also called p-coumaryl alcohol, 4-coumaryl alcohol, 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol, or 4-phenol, is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthesized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway... 1.30	7.41
Chaff (Seed Casings) Chaff Chaff is the dry, scaly protective casings of the seeds of cereal grain, or similar fine, dry, scaly plant material such as scaly parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw...	14.6		[Please insert average composition here]
Animal Animal Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and... Dung Cow dung Cow dung is the waste product of bovine animal species. These species include domestic cattle , bison , yak and water buffalo. Cow dung is the undigested residue of plant matter which has passed through the animal's gut. The resultant faecal matter is rich in minerals... /Manure Manure Manure is organic matter used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are trapped by bacteria in the soil...	http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/darfur/uploads/idp/Cooking%20fuel%20-%20helpdoc%20by%20UNJLC.pdf 10-http://home.hccnet.nl/david.dirkse/math/energy.html 15		[Please insert average composition here]
Dried plants Plant Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or... (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n Cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units....	10 – 16	1.6 - 16.64	IF Wood Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in many trees. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression... 50%(C₆H₁₀O₅)_n Cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units.... +25% Hemicellulose A hemicellulose is any of several heteropolymers , such as arabinoxylans, present along with cellulose in almost all plant cell walls. While cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis, hemicellulose has a random, amorphous structure with little strength... (C₂₆H₄₂O₂₁)_n Glucomannan Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. Products containing glucomannan, marketed under a variety of brand names, are also sold as nutritional supplements for constipation, obesity, high... +25% Lignin Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood... (C₁₀H₁₂O₃)_n Coniferyl alcohol Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthethized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans... 1.84	5.44-8.70
Wood fuel Wood fuel Wood fuel is wood used as fuel. The burning of wood is currently the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood fuel may be available as... (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n Cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units....	16 – 21	http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf 2.56 - 21.84	IF Wood Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in many trees. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression... 45%(C₆H₁₀O₅)_n Cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units.... +25% Hemicellulose A hemicellulose is any of several heteropolymers , such as arabinoxylans, present along with cellulose in almost all plant cell walls. While cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis, hemicellulose has a random, amorphous structure with little strength... (C₂₆H₄₂O₂₁)_n Glucomannan Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. Products containing glucomannan, marketed under a variety of brand names, are also sold as nutritional supplements for constipation, obesity, high... +30% Lignin Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood... (C₁₀H₁₂O₃)_n Coniferyl alcohol Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthethized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans... 1.88	8.51-11.17
Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of carbon, and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen...	30		85-98% Carbon+VOC Volatile organic compound Volatile organic compounds are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and... +Ash Wood ash Wood ash is the residue powder left after the combustion of wood. Main producers of wood ash are wood industries and power plants.-Composition:... 3.63	8.27
Liquid Fuels
Pyrolysis oil Pyrolysis oil Pyrolysis oil is a synthetic fuel under investigation as substitute for petroleum. It is extracted by biomass to liquid technology of destructive distillation from dried biomass in a reactor at temperature of about 500°C with subsequent cooling. Pyrolytic oil is a kind of tar and normally contains...	17.5	21.35	(Assumption Of Fuel: Carbon Content = 23% w/w) 0.84	20.77
Methanol (CH₃-OH) Methanol Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH . It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to, but slightly sweeter than, ethanol...	19.9 – 22.7	15.9	1.37	14.49-16.53
Ethanol (CH₃-CH₂-OH) Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...	23.4 – 26.8	18.4 - 21.2	1.91	12.25-14.03
Ecalene Ecalene Ecalene is the trade mark name given to a mixture of alcohols, which may be used as fuel or as a fuel additive. The typical composition of Ecalene is as follows: Composition of Ecalene... ^TM	28.4	22.7	75%C₂H₆O Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a... +9%C₃H₈O Propanol Propanol may refer to:Propan-1-ol, or n-propanol: CH3CH2CH2OH, the most common meaningPropan-2-ol, or isopropyl alcohol, or isopropanol: 2CHOH... +7%C₄H₁₀O Butanol Butanol or butyl alcohol can refer to any of the four isomeric alcohols of formula C4H9OH:n-Butanol, butan-1-ol, 1-butanol, n-butyl alcohol;Isobutanol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, isobutyl alcohol;... +5%C₅H₁₂O+4%Hx Hexanol Hexanol may refer to any of the following 17 isomeric organic compounds with the formula C6H13OH:... 2.03	14.02
Butanol(CH₃-(CH₂)₃-OH) Butanol Butanol or butyl alcohol can refer to any of the four isomeric alcohols of formula C4H9OH:n-Butanol, butan-1-ol, 1-butanol, n-butyl alcohol;Isobutanol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, isobutyl alcohol;...	36	29.2	2.37	15.16
Fat Fat Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure...	37.656	31.68	[Please insert average composition here]
Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids with an alcohol....	37.8	33.3 – 35.7	~2.85	~13.26
Sunflower oil Sunflower oil Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. Sunflower oil was first industrially produced in 1835 in the Russian Empire.- Composition :Sunflower oil is mainly a... (C₁₈H₃₂O₂) Linoleic acid Linoleic acid is an unsaturated n-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. In physiological literature, it has a lipid number of 18:2...	http://www.pttplc.com/en/document/pdf/biofuel_en.pdf 39.49	33.18	(12% Saturated fat Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms... (C₁₆H₃₂O₂) Palmitic acid Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants. Its molecular formula is CH314CO2H. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees . Palmitate is a term for the salts and esters of... +16% Monounsaturated fat In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fats or MUFA are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded... (C₁₈H₃₄O₂) Oleic acid Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It has the formula CH37CH=CH7COOH. It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid... +71%(LA) Linoleic acid Linoleic acid is an unsaturated n-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. In physiological literature, it has a lipid number of 18:2... +1%(ALA) Alpha-linolenic acid α-Linolenic acid is an organic compound found in many common vegetable oils. In terms of its structure, it is named all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 18:3 .... )2.81	14.04
Castor oil Castor oil Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean . Castor oil is a colorless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odor or taste. Its boiling point is and its density is 961 kg/m3... (C₁₈H₃₄O₃) Ricinoleic acid Ricinoleic acid is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that naturally occurs in mature Castor plant seeds or in sclerotium of ergot . About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the triglyceride formed from ricinoleic acid...	http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html 39.5	33.21	(1% Saturated fat Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms... PA Palmitic acid Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants. Its molecular formula is CH314CO2H. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees . Palmitate is a term for the salts and esters of... +1% Saturated fat Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms... SA Stearic acid Stearic acid is the saturated fatty acid with an 18 carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid, and its chemical formula is CH316CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéatos", which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates... +89.5% Monounsaturated fat In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fats or MUFA are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded... ROA Ricinoleic acid Ricinoleic acid is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that naturally occurs in mature Castor plant seeds or in sclerotium of ergot . About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the triglyceride formed from ricinoleic acid... +3% Monounsaturated fat In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fats or MUFA are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded... OA Oleic acid Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It has the formula CH37CH=CH7COOH. It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid... +4.2%LA Linoleic acid Linoleic acid is an unsaturated n-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. In physiological literature, it has a lipid number of 18:2... +0.3%ALA Alpha-linolenic acid α-Linolenic acid is an organic compound found in many common vegetable oils. In terms of its structure, it is named all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 18:3 .... )2.67	14.80
Olive oil Olive oil Olive oil is an oil obtained from the olive , a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. It is commonly used in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps... (C₁₈H₃₄O₂) Oleic acid Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It has the formula CH37CH=CH7COOH. It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid...	39.25 - 39.82	33 - 33.48	(15% Saturated fat Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms... (C₁₆H₃₂O₂) Palmitic acid Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants. Its molecular formula is CH314CO2H. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees . Palmitate is a term for the salts and esters of... +75% Monounsaturated fat In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fats or MUFA are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded... (C₁₈H₃₄O₂) Oleic acid Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It has the formula CH37CH=CH7COOH. It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid... +9%(LA) Linoleic acid Linoleic acid is an unsaturated n-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. In physiological literature, it has a lipid number of 18:2... +1%(ALA) Alpha-linolenic acid α-Linolenic acid is an organic compound found in many common vegetable oils. In terms of its structure, it is named all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 18:3 .... )2.80	14.03
Gaseous Fuels
Methane (CH₄) Methane Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest alkane, the principal component of natural gas, and probably the most abundant organic compound on earth. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel...	55 – 55.7	(Liquified) 23.0 – 23.3	(Methane leak exerts 23 × greenhouse Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone... effect Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere... of CO₂) 2.74	20.05-20.30
Hydrogen (H₂) Hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...	120 – 142	(Liquified) 8.5 – 10.1 Liquid hydrogen Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized above and cooled below hydrogen's Critical point. However, for hydrogen to be in a full liquid state without boiling off, it needs to be...	(Hydrogen leak slightly catalyzes Catalysis Catalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. A catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations.... ozone depletion Ozone depletion Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere , and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon... ) 0.0
Fossil Fuels (comparison)
Coal Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...	29.3 – 33.5	39.85 Bituminous coal Bituminous coal or black coal is a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike substance called bitumen. It is of higher quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than Anthracite... - 74.43 Anthracite coal Anthracite is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster...	(Not Counting:CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide , also called carbonous oxide, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher quantities, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal... , NO_x Nitrogen oxide Nitrogen oxide can refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide, also known as nitrogen monoxide, , nitrogen oxide* Nitrogen dioxide , nitrogen oxide... , Sulfates & Particulates) ~3.59	~8.16-9.33
Crude Oil Ton of oil equivalent The tonne of oil equivalent is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ .The toe is sometimes used for large...	41.868	28 – 31.4	(Not Counting:CO,NO_x,Sulfates & Particulates) ~3.4	~12.31
Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain...	45 – 48.3	32 – 34.8	(Not Counting:CO,NO_x,Sulfates & Particulates) ~3.30	~13.64-14.64
Diesel	48.1	40.3	(Not Counting:CO,NO_x,Sulfates & Particulates) ~3.4	~14.15
Natural Gas Natural gas Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, typically with 0–20% higher hydrocarbons . It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is an important fuel source and a major feedstock for fertilizers.Most natural...	38 – 50	(Liquified) 25.5 – 28.7	(Ethane Ethane Ethane is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6. It is the only two-carbon alkane that is an aliphatic hydrocarbon. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.... , Propane Propane Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula , normally a gas, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy-gas torches, barbecues, portable stoves, and residential central... & Butane Butane Butane is a gas with the formula C4H10 that is an alkane with four carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of two structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, butane refers only to the unbranched n-butane isomer; the other one being called "methylpropane" or... N/C:CO,NO_x & Sulfates) ~3.00	~12.67-16.67
Ethane (CH₃-CH₃) Ethane Ethane is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6. It is the only two-carbon alkane that is an aliphatic hydrocarbon. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas....	51.9	(Liquified) ~24.0	2.93	17.71
Nuclear fuels (comparison)
Uranium Uranium Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with atomic number 92. It is assigned the chemical symbol U. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons... -235 (²³⁵U) Uranium-235 - References :* .* DOE Fundamentals handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor theory , .* A piece of U-235 the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil. -External links:* * * one of the earliest articles on U-235 for the...	77,000,000	(Pure)1,470,700,000	[Greater for lower ore Uraninite Uraninite is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely UO2, but also contains UO3 and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements... conc.(Mining Uranium mining Uranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground. The worldwide production of uranium in 2009 amounted to 50,572 tonnes, of which 27% was mined in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia are the top three producers and together account for 63% of world uranium... , Refining Enriched uranium Enriched uranium is a kind of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight... , Moving)] 0.0	~55 - ~90
Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more atomic nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a single heavier nucleus. This is usually accompanied by the release or absorption of large quantities of energy... (²H Deuterium Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen. It has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen . Deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% of all naturally occurring hydrogen in Earth's oceans, while the most common isotope ... -³H) Tritium Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of protium contains one proton and no neutrons...	300,000,000	(Liquified)53,414,377.6 Liquid hydrogen Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized above and cooled below hydrogen's Critical point. However, for hydrogen to be in a full liquid state without boiling off, it needs to be...	(Sea-Bed Hydrogen Deuterium Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen. It has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen . Deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% of all naturally occurring hydrogen in Earth's oceans, while the most common isotope ... -Isotope Tritium Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of protium contains one proton and no neutrons... Mining Girdler sulfide process The Girdler sulfide process, also known as the Geib–Spevack process, is an industrial production method for making heavy water , an important component of many nuclear reactors because it acts as a neutron moderator. It takes its name from Karl-Hermann Geib and Jerome S... -Method Vacuum distillation Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor pressure causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid... Dependent) 0.0
Fuel Cell Energy Storage (comparison)
Direct-Methanol Direct-methanol fuel cell Direct-methanol fuel cells or DMFCs are a subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells in which methanol is used as the fuel. Their main advantage is the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions.Efficiency is presently quite low for...	4.5466	http://uk.computers.toshiba-europe.com/cgi-bin/ToshibaCSG/news_article.jsp?service=UK&ID=0000005758 3.6	~1.37	~3.31
Proton-Exchange (R&D) Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, also known as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells , are a type of fuel cell being developed for transport applications as well as for stationary fuel cell applications and portable fuel cell applications. Their distinguishing features include lower...	up to 5.68	up to 4.5	(IFF Fuel is recycled) 0.0
Sodium Hydride (R&D) Alkaline fuel cell The alkaline fuel cell , also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its British inventor, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies. NASA has used alkaline fuel cells since the mid-1960s, in Apollo-series missions and on the Space Shuttle. AFCs consume hydrogen and pure oxygen producing...	up to 11.13	up to 10.24	(Bladder for Sodium Oxide Recycling) 0.0
Battery Energy Storage (comparison)
Lead-acid battery Lead-acid battery Lead–acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large...	0.108	~0.1	(200-600 Deep-Cycle Tolerance) 0.0
Nickel-iron battery Nickel-iron battery The nickel–iron battery is a storage battery having a nickel oxide-hydroxide cathode and an iron anode, with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. The active materials are held in nickel-plated steel tubes or perforated pockets...	http://www.beutilityfree.com/batterynife/Flyer.pdf 0.0487 - 0.1127	0.0658 - 0.1772	(<40y Year A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving around the Sun. For an observer on Earth, this corresponds to the period it takes the Sun to complete one course throughout the zodiac along the ecliptic.... Life)(2k-3k Cycle Tolerance IF no Memory effect Memory effect Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery effect or battery memory, is an alleged effect observed in nickel cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge... ) 0.0
Nickel-cadmium battery Nickel-cadmium battery The nickel–cadmium battery ' is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes....	0.162 - 0.288	~0.24	(1k-1.5k Cycle Tolerance IF no Memory effect) 0.0
Nickel metal hydride Nickel metal hydride battery A nickel–metal hydride cell, abbreviated NiMH, is a type of rechargeable battery similar to the nickel–cadmium cell. The NiMH battery uses a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium. As in NiCd cells, the positive electrode is nickel oxyhydroxide...	0.22 - 0.324	0.36	(300-500 Cycle Tolerance IF no Memory effect) 0.0
Super iron battery Super iron battery The Super-iron battery is a new class of rechargeable electric battery."Super-iron" is a moniker for a special kind of ferrate salt...	0.33	http://dataweek.co.za/news.aspx?pklNewsID=597&pklCategoryID=31&pklIssueID=40 (1.5 * NiMH Nickel metal hydride battery A nickel–metal hydride cell, abbreviated NiMH, is a type of rechargeable battery similar to the nickel–cadmium cell. The NiMH battery uses a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium. As in NiCd cells, the positive electrode is nickel oxyhydroxide... ) 0.54	http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20040320/fob6.asp (~300 Deep-Cycle Tolerance) 0.0
Zinc-air battery Zinc-air battery Zinc–air batteries , and zinc–air fuel cells, are electro-chemical batteries powered by oxidizing zinc with oxygen from the air. These batteries have high energy densities and are relatively inexpensive to produce...	0.396 - 0.72	http://www.electric-fuel.com/evtech/index.shtml 0.5924 - 0.8442	(Recyclable by Smelting & Remixing, not Recharging) 0.0
Lithium ion battery Lithium ion battery A lithium-ion battery is a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Chemistry, performance, cost, and safety characteristics vary across LIB types...	0.54 - 0.72	0.9 - 1.9	(3-5 y Life) (500-1k Deep-Cycle Tolerance) 0.0
Lithium-Ion-Polymer Lithium ion polymer battery Lithium-ion polymer batteries, polymer lithium ion, or more commonly lithium polymer batteries are rechargeable batteries...	0.65 - 0.87	(1.2 * Li-Ion Lithium ion battery A lithium-ion battery is a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Chemistry, performance, cost, and safety characteristics vary across LIB types... )1.08 - 2.28	(3-5 y Life) (300-500 Deep-Cycle Tolerance) 0.0
Lithium iron phosphate battery Lithium iron phosphate battery The lithium iron phosphate battery, also called LFP battery, is a type of rechargeable battery, specifically a lithium-ion battery, which uses LiFePO4 as a cathode material.-History:...
DURACELL Zinc-Air	1.0584 - 1.5912	5.148 - 6.3216	(1-3 y Shelf-life) (Recyclable not Rechargeable) 0.0
Aluminium battery Aluminium battery Aluminium–air batteries or Al–air batteries produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium. They have one of the highest energy densities of all batteries, but they are not widely used because of previous problems with cost, shelf-life, start-up time, and byproduct...	1.8 - 4.788	7.56	(10-30 y Life) (3k+ Deep-Cycle Tolerance) 0.0
PolyPlusBC Li-Aircell	3.6 - 32.4	3.6 - 17.64	(May be Rechargeable)(Might leak sulfates) 0.0

Yields of common crops associated with biofuels production

Crop	Oil (kg/ha Hectare The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres , and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2... )	Oil (L Litre pic\|200px\|right\|thumb\|One litre is equivalent to this cubeEach side is 10 cm1 litre water = 1 kilogram water The litre is a metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre , to 1,000 cubic centimetres , and to 1/1,000 cubic metre... /ha Hectare The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres , and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2... )	Oil (lb/acre Acre The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and, in the United States, the survey acre. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.The acre is related... )	Oil (US gal Gallon The gallon is a measure of volume. Historically it has had many different definitions, but there are three definitions in current use: the imperial gallon which is used in the United Kingdom and semi-officially within Canada, the United States liquid gallon and the lesser used United States dry... /acre Acre The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and, in the United States, the survey acre. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.The acre is related... )	Oil per seeds (kg/100 kg)	Melting Range (°C)			Iodine number Iodine number The iodine value in chemistry is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance. An iodine solution is yellow/brown in color and any chemical group in the substance that reacts with iodine will make the color disappear at a precise concentration...	Cetane number Cetane number Cetane number or CN is a measurement of the combustion quality of diesel fuel during compression ignition. It is a significant expression of diesel fuel quality among a number of other measurements that determine overall diesel fuel quality.- Definition :...
Crop					Oil per seeds (kg/100 kg)	Oil / Fat	Methyl Ester	Ethyl Ester
Groundnut					(Kernel)42
Copra					62
Tallow						35 - 42	16	12	40 - 60	75
Lard						32 - 36	14	10	60 - 70	65
Corn (maize)	145	172	129	18		-5	-10	-12	115 - 124	53
Cashew nut	148	176	132	19
Oats	183	217	163	23
Lupine	195	232	175	25
Kenaf	230	273	205	29
Calendula	256	305	229	33
Cotton	273	325	244	35	(Seed)13	-1 - 0	-5	-8	100 - 115	55
Hemp	305	363	272	39
Soybean	375	446	335	48	14	-16 - -12	-10	-12	125 - 140	53
Coffee	386	459	345	49
Linseed (flax)	402	478	359	51		-24			178
Hazelnuts	405	482	362	51
Euphorbia	440	524	393	56
Pumpkin seed	449	534	401	57
Coriander	450	536	402	57
Mustard seed	481	572	430	61	35
Camelina	490	583	438	62
Sesame Sesame Sesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods....	585	696	522	74	50
Safflower	655	779	585	83
Rice	696	828	622	88
Tung oil tree	790	940	705	100		-2.5			168
Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower is an annual plant native to the Americas. It possesses a large inflorescence . The sunflower got its name from its huge, fiery blooms, whose shape and image is often used to depict the sun. The sunflower has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves and circular heads... s	800	952	714	102	32	-18 - -17	-12	-14	125 - 135	52
Cocoa (cacao)	863	1,026	771	110
Peanuts	890	1,059	795	113		3			93
Opium poppy	978	1,163	873	124
Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed , also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae...	1,000	1,190	893	127	37	-10 - 5	-10 - 0	-12 - -2	97 - 115	55 - 58
Olive Olive The olive , Olea europaea), is a species of a small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin as well as northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea.Its fruit, also called the olive, is of major agricultural importance in the... s	1,019	1,212	910	129		-12 - -6	-6	-8	77 - 94	60
Castor Castor oil plant The castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It belongs to a monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied.Its seed is the castor bean which,... beans	1,188	1,413	1,061	151	(Seed)50	-18			85
Pecan nuts	1,505	1,791	1,344	191
Jojoba	1,528	1,818	1,365	194
Jatropha	1,590	1,892	1,420	202
Macadamia nuts	1,887	2,246	1,685	240
Brazil nuts	2,010	2,392	1,795	255
Avocado	2,217	2,638	1,980	282
Coconut	2,260	2,689	2,018	287		20 - 25	-9	-6	8 - 10	70
Chinese Tallow		4,700		500
Oil palm Oil palm The oil palms comprise two species of the Arecaceae, or palm family. They are used in commercial agriculture in the production of palm oil. The African Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis is native to West Africa, occurring between Angola and Gambia, while the American Oil Palm Elaeis oleifera is native to...	5,000	5,950	4,465	635	20-(Kernal)36	20 - 40	-8 - 21	-8 - 18	12 - 95	65 - 85
Algae Algae Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length. They are photosynthetic like plants, and "simple" because their tissues are not organized into the many...		95,000		10,000
Crop	Oil (kg/ha Hectare The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres , and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2... )	Oil (L Litre pic\|200px\|right\|thumb\|One litre is equivalent to this cubeEach side is 10 cm1 litre water = 1 kilogram water The litre is a metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre , to 1,000 cubic centimetres , and to 1/1,000 cubic metre... /ha Hectare The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres , and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2... )	Oil (lb/acre Acre The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and, in the United States, the survey acre. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.The acre is related... )	Oil (US gal Gallon The gallon is a measure of volume. Historically it has had many different definitions, but there are three definitions in current use: the imperial gallon which is used in the United Kingdom and semi-officially within Canada, the United States liquid gallon and the lesser used United States dry... /acre Acre The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and, in the United States, the survey acre. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.The acre is related... )	Oil per seeds (kg/100 kg)	Melting Range (°C)			Iodine number Iodine number The iodine value in chemistry is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance. An iodine solution is yellow/brown in color and any chemical group in the substance that reacts with iodine will make the color disappear at a precise concentration...	Cetane number Cetane number Cetane number or CN is a measurement of the combustion quality of diesel fuel during compression ignition. It is a significant expression of diesel fuel quality among a number of other measurements that determine overall diesel fuel quality.- Definition :...
Crop					Oil per seeds (kg/100 kg)	Oil / Fat	Methyl Ester	Ethyl Ester

Oil per seeds = Typical oil extraction from 100 kg of oil seeds

- Note: Chinese Tallow (Sapium sebiferum, or Tradica Sebifera) is also known as the "Popcorn Tree".

Source: Used with permission from The Global Petroleum Club

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

A table of energy content and CO2 output of common fuels

Yields of common crops associated with biofuels production

A table of energy content and CO₂ output of common fuels