Hakka
Encyclopedia
The Hakka sometimes Hakka Han, are Han Chinese
who speak the Hakka language and have links to the provincial areas of Guangdong
, Jiangxi
, Guangxi
, Sichuan
, Hunan
and Fujian
in China
.
The characters 客家 come from words indicating "visitors" or "travellers" and distinguish the Hakka from the Tujia ("natives"). The Hakka's ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. The worldwide population of Hakkas is about 80 million, though the number of Hakka-language speakers is fewer. Hakka people have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and world history: in particular, they have been a source of many revolutionary, government, and military leaders.
originating solely from the Central Plain
in China containing today's Shanxi
and Henan
provinces; secondly, Hakka people are Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of those already in the south; or thirdly, the majority of Hakka people are Han Chinese from the south with portions coming from those in the north. The latter two are most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies. Clyde Kiang stated that Hakka people's origins may also be linked with the Han people's ancient neighbors the Dongyi
and Xiongnu
people (a.k.a. Huns
), who later had considerable, and sometimes dominating presence in parts of northern China from the Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220)
period to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 AD)
, and eventually merging and assimilating within the general Han populace. However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered controversial. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration started due to the attacks of just these tribes during the Jin Dynasty (265–420).
The ancestors of the Hakka migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval and invasions since the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC)
. Subsequent migrations occurred at the end of the Tang Dynasty
in the 10th century and during the end of the Northern Song Dynasty
in 1125, which saw a massive flood of refugees fleeing southward when the Jurchens
captured the northern Song capital of Bianliang
. A further southward migration may have continued, as the Mongols defeated the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and proceeded to take down the Southern Song
, establishing the Yuan Dynasty
in 1271. The precise movements of the Hakka people remain unclear during the period when the Ming Dynasty
overthrew the Yuan in the 14th century and subsequently fell to the Manchu
s who formed the Qing Dynasty
in 17th century. Hakka have suffered persecution and discrimination ever since they started migrating to southern parts of China.
During the reign of Qing Emperor Kangxi
(1654–1722), the coastal regions were evacuated
by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the dangers posed by the remnants of the Ming court who had fled to the island of Taiwan
. When the threat was eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal regions. To aid the move, each family was given monetary incentives to begin their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Families" (客戶, kèhù).
(Punti
or 本地, "original land") of these areas were protective of their own more fertile lands, and the newcomers were pushed to the outer fringes of fertile plains, despite having migrated legitimately, or they settled in more mountainous regions to eke out a living. People could also purchase and sell land. Conflict between the two groups grew, and it is thought that "Hakka" became a term of derision used by the Punti
and aimed at the newcomers. Eventually, the tension between the two groups (the Hakkas had by then been settled for several hundred years, and could not be regarded as migrants in any sense) would lead to a series of 19th century skirmishes known as the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars (土客械鬥) in the Pearl River Delta
. The problem was not that the two groups spoke a different tongue. In fact the "locals" comprised different peoples speaking several mutually unintelligible tongues, as typical of the Chinese country-side all over southern China, but they would regard each other as "locals" or Puntis - but not the Hakkas.
The term "Punti" is not however synonymous with "Cantonese", as a Cantonese in any other part of China, say for example Beijing, would not be able to call himself a "Punti", as the Punti of that area would be the Beijing or Hebei people.
The term "Punti" is a Hakka word given to the Cantonese by the Hakka people. Speakers of Cantonese pronounce the Hakka word "Punti" as boon-day.
Over time, the newcomers adopted the term "Hakka" to refer to themselves, not least due to the migratory tendencies inherent in their own culture. However, because the term also covers Hakka language-speakers, (in the same way that Punti covered several people speaking different tongues) and because the Han Chinese registered as Guest Families who migrated at the time may not have been Hakka language-speakers, and because of intermarriages among Hakka and Punti members (which showed that relation between the two were very good at times), identification as Hakka was largely a matter of self-selection. Through studies of both Cantonese
and Hakka genealogies, some Hakka and Punti people with the same surnames claim the same ancestors, although their descendants strongly identify with one group to the exclusion of the other.
, south-western Fujian
, southern Jiangxi
, southern Hunan
, Guangxi
, southern Guizhou
, south-eastern Sichuan
, and on Hainan
and Taiwan
islands, where there are television news-broadcasts in the Hakka language. The Hakka dialects across these various provinces differ phonologically
, but the Meixian (Meizhou) dialect of Hakka is considered the archetypal spoken form of the language. Migratory patterns have been established for some groups, for example in Taiwan, northern and southern migrations from corresponding provinces in China.
majority. Historical sources shown in census statistics relate only to the general population, irrespective of particular districts, provinces, or regions. These census counts were made during imperial times. They did not distinguish what language the population spoke. Therefore they do not directly document Hakka migrations. The study by Luo Xianglin
, K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties.
According to the 2009 studies published in the American Journal of Human Genetics
, Hakka genes are slightly tilted towards northern Han people compared with other southern Han people. Nevertheless, the study has also shown a strong common genetic relationship between all Han Chinese with only a small difference of 0.3%.
Due to their agrarian lifestyle, Hakka have a unique architecture based on defense and communal living (see Hakka architecture
), and a hearty savory cuisine based on an equal balance between texturised meat and vegetables, and fresh vegetables (see Hakka cuisine
).
When Hakka expanded into areas with pre-existing populations, there was often little agricultural land left for them to farm. As a result, many Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or in public service. Consequently, the Hakka culturally emphasized education.
Hakka people built the Tulou
buildings, which UNESCO
inscribed in 2008 as a World Heritage Site
.
Historically, Hakka women did not bind their feet when the practice was commonplace in China.
(Hakka Fist); Southern Praying Mantis, Bak Mei
and Dragon Kung Fu are examples of styles practiced by Hakka.
is the primary form of religious expression.
and Heyuan
: Hakka there live mostly in the northeast part of the province, particularly in the so-called Xing-Mei (Xingning
-Meixian) area. Guangxi contains the second-largest Hakka community. Unlike their kin in Fujian, Hakka in the Xingning and Meixian area developed a non-fortress-like unique architectural style, most notably the weilongwu (Chinese: 圍龍屋, wéilóngwū or Hakka: Wui Lung Wuk) and sijiaolou (Chinese: 四角樓, sìjǐaolóu or Hakka: Si Kok Liu).
first, then by way of the Tingjiang River
they traveled to Guangdong
and other parts of China, as well as overseas. Thus the Tingjiang River
is also regarded as the Hakka Mother River.
The Hakka who settled in the mountainous region of south-western Fujian province developed a unique form of architecture known as tu lou (土樓), literally meaning earthen structures. The tu lou are round or square and were designed as a combined large fortress and multi-apartment building complex. The structures typically had only one entrance-way, with no windows at ground level. Each floor served a different function: the first floor contained a well and livestock, the second food storage, and the third and higher floors living spaces. Tu-lou were built to withstand attack from bandits and marauders.
. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese migrated to the delta area as the Court moved southward because invasion of northern minority. They lived in Jiangxi and intermixed with the She and Yao minorities. Ganzhou was the place that the Hakka have settled before migrating to western Fujian and eastern Guangdong. During the early Qing Dynasty, a massive depopulation in Gannan due to the ravage of pestilence and war. However, while western Fujian and eastern Guangdong suffered population explosion at that time. Some edicts were issued to block the coastal areas, ordering coastal residents to move to the inland. The population pressure and the sharp contradiction of the land redistribution drove a few residents to leave. Some of them moved back to Gannan, intergrating with other Hakka people who lived there already for generations. Thus, the modern Gannan Hakka community was finally formed.
province. He offered financial assistance to those willing to resettle in Sichuan: eight ounces of silver per man and four ounces per woman or child.
prefecture (in southern Henan province), where Li Zicheng carried out a massacre in Guangzhou (now in Huangchuan) on Jan. 17th, 1636.
and Qing
Dynasties, Hong Kong
was in the imperial district of Xin-An (Now Shenzhen
) County. The 1819 gazetteer lists 570 Punti and 270 Hakka contemporary settlements in the whole district. However, the area covered by Xin-An county is greater than what was to become the British imperial enclave of Hong Kong by 1899. Although there had been settlers originating from the mainland proper even before the Tang Dynasty
, historical records of those people are non-extant, only evidence of settlement from archaeological sources can be found. The New Territories lowland areas had been settled originally by several clan lineages in Kam Tin, Sheung Shui, FanLing, Yuen Long, Lin Ma Hang and Taipo, and hence termed the Punti
before the arrival of the Hakka, and fishing families of the Tanka
and Hoklo
groups to the area. Since the prime farming land had already been farmed, the Hakka land dwellers settled in the less accessible and more hilly areas. Hakka settlements can be found widely distributed around the Punti areas, but in smaller communities. Many are found on coastal areas in inlets and bays surrounded by hills.
Hakka dialect speaking communities are thought to have arrived in the Hong Kong area after the rescinding of the coastal evacuation
order in 1688., such as the Hakka speaking Lee clan lineage of Wo Hang, one of whose ancestors is recorded as arriving in the area in 1688.
As the strong Punti lineages dominated most of the north western New Territories, Hakka communities began to organise local alliances of lineage communities such as the Sha Tau Kok
Alliance of Ten or Shap Yeuk as Patrick Hase writes. Hakka villages from Wo Hang to the west and YanTian to the east of Sha Tau Kok came to use it as a local market town and it became the center of Hakka dominance. Further, the Shap Yeuk's land reclamation project transforming marshland to arable farmland with the creation of dykes and levees to prevent storm flooding during the early 19th century shows an example of how local cooperation and the growing affluence of the landed lineages in the Alliance of Ten provided the strong cultural, socioeconomic Hakka influence on the area.
Farming and cultivation has been the traditional occupations of Hakka families from imperial times up until the 1970s. Farming was mostly done by Hakka women while their menfolk sought labouring jobs in the towns and cities. Many men entered indentured labour abroad as was common from the end of the 19th century to Second World War. Post war, males took the opportunity to seek work in Britain and other countries later to send for their families to join them once they sent enough money back to cover travel costs.
As post war education became available to all children in Hong Kong, a new educated class of Hakka became more mobile in their careers. Many moved to the government planned new towns which sprung up from the 1960s. The rural Hakka population began to decline as people moved abroad, and away to work in the urban areas. By the end of the 1970s, agriculture was firmly in the decline in Hakka villages. Today, there are still Hakka villages around Hong Kong, but being remote, many of their inhabitants have moved to the post war new towns like Sheung Shui, TaiPo, Shatin and further afield.
taste) of meat. Most of the Chinese restaurants in the United Kingdom are owned by Hakka.
The Hakka who settled in the harbour and port areas of Hong Kong placed great emphasis on seafood cuisine. Hakka cuisine in Hong Kong is less dominated by expensive meats; instead, emphasis is placed on an abundance of vegetables. Pragmatic and simple, Hakka cuisine is garnished lightly with sparse or little flavouring. Modern Hakka cooking in Hong Kong favours offal
, an example being Deep-Fried Intestines (炸大腸 or Zha Da Chang). Others include tofu with preservatives, along with their signature dish Salt Baked Chicken (鹽焗雞 or Yam Guk Gai). Another specialty is the Poon Choi
(盆菜). While it may be difficult to prove these were the actual diets of the old Hakka community, it is presently a commonly accepted view. The above dishes and their variations are in fact found and consumed throughout China including Guangdong, and are not particularly unique or confined to the Hakka Chinese population. Other dishes consumed by Hakka and many Chinese include chicken's feet and duck's feet.
, India
, Bangladesh
, Malaysia, Singapore
, Indonesia
, Thailand
and Burma.
Hakka people also emigrated to Australia
, Brunei
, Canada
, the United States
, and to many countries in Europe
, including Great Britain
, France
, Spain
, Germany
, Austria
, Belgium
, and the Netherlands
. Hakka people also are found in South Africa
and Mauritius
, on the islands of the Caribbean
(Jamaica
and Trinidad and Tobago
), and in Central and South America
, particularly in Panama
and Brazil
. Most expatriate Hakka in Great Britain have ties to Hong Kong; many emigrated when Hong Kong still was a British colony during a period coinciding with the Cultural Revolution of China and economic depression in Hong Kong. There was once a sizable Hakka community in Calcutta
, but most have migrated to Canada
, the United States
, Australia
, Taiwan
or Austria
. In Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, Hakka people are sometimes known as Khek, the Hokkien
(Minnan) pronunciation of the Hak in Hakka.
and Belitung islands as tin miners in the 18th century. The second group of colonies were established along the Kapuas River
in Kalimantan
in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, new arrivals from Meixian joined their compatriots as traders and labourers in major cities such as Jakarta and Pontianak
.
producer islands of Bangka Belitung province. They are the second majority ethnic group after Malay at about 330,000. The Hakka population in the province is also the second largest in Indonesia after West Kalimantan
's and one of the highest percentages of Chinese living in Indonesia.
The first ancestors of Hakka in Bangka and Belitung reached the islands in the 18th century from Guangdong
. Many of them worked as tin mining labourers. Since then, they have remained on the island along with the native Malay. Their situation was much different from those of Chinese and native populations of other regions, where legal cultural conflicts were prevalent since the 1960s until 1999, by which Indonesian Chinese had finally regained their cultural freedoms. Here they lived together peacefully and still practiced their customs and cultural festivals, such as in celebrating the Chinese New Year and Qingming, while in other regions they were strictly banned by government legislation prior to 1999. The majority religions of Chinese Babel are Confucianism
and Buddhism
, with a significant number who are Christian
. A small number are of confessed Islam as some have married Malays.
Hakka on the island of Bangka have an unusual accent, said to be heavily influenced by Malay, especially in younger generations. The younger generations speak much more Malay than the older Hakka. As Chinese languages employ tones to distinguish different words, differences in tone can change a word's meaning entirely; the Hakka dialect spoken by the islanders has such a different tonal system that their spoken language is hardly intelligible to Hakka of other regions. However, they still refer to themselves as Thong ngin as do the younger people, and speak Thong boi. Hakka ngin words are unpopular, as well as Hakkafa. The Hakka spoken in the Muntok
area in Bangka is considered to be standard. Many Hakka in the province have moved outside the islands, especially to Jakarta
. There are more than 30,000 - 50,000 Chinese Babel in Jakarta who speak both Malay and Thong boi.
There is also a large Chinese population from Bangka and Belitung who live abroad, such as in China
and Hongkong. They are proud to be Chinese Bangka Belitung, so they regularly return home once or twice a year to celebrate Chinese New Year, or to pay their respects at Qingming
.
live alongside with teochew speaking Chinese. Whilst the teochews are dominant in the centre of Pontianak, the Hakka are more dominant in small towns along the Kapuas River
in the regencies of Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang. Their Hakka dialect is originally of Mei Xien (Hakka: MoiYan) standard but heavily influenced by the teochew dialect and vocabulary from the local Malay and Dayak
tribes.
The Hakka in this region are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated from China in the late 19th century.
and the surrounding regencies of Sambas, Bengkayang
, Ketapang
and Landak speak a different standard of Hakka dialect to the Hakkas along the Kapuas River. Their place of origin in China is tai phu (Dabu 大埔), a district in Mei Xien. also Fuk Luk Hoi which means winds of the six seas.
before the Indonesian invasion in 1975. According to the local Chinese Timorese association's estimation, the Hakka population in 1975 was estimated to be around 25,000 (including a small minority of other Chinese ethnicity from Macau). During the invasion, many Hakka were killed. According to a book source, it was estimated that about 700 Hakka were killed on the first week of invasion in Dili alone. No clear numbers had been recorded since many Hakka evacuated and escaped to Australia
. Recent re-establishment of Hakka associations registered approximately about 2,400 Hakkas remaining (400 families, including part Timorese families) in East Timor.
Now Hakka diaspora can be found in Darwin
and spread-out in major cities such as Brisbane
, Sydney
and Melbourne
of Australia, Portugal, Macau and small numbers in other parts of the world. They often are highly-educated, and many continue their education in Taiwan or China, while a majority of the younger generation study in Australia. The Australian government took some years to assess their claims to political asylum in order to establish their credentials as genuine refugees and not illegal immigrants, as partially related to the political situation in East Timor during that time. As no Asian country was willing to accept them as residents, nor to grant political asylum to displaced Hakka and other Timorese, they were forced to live as stateless persons for a time. Despite this condition, many Hakka had become successful, and established restaurant chains, shops, supermarkets, and import operations in Australia. Since the independence of East Timor in 2000, some Hakka families had returned and invested in businesses in the newborn nation.
, Capitan China of Perak and Penang was founder of Taiping, leader of the Hai San, a millionaire philanthropist, an innovator in the mining of tin and was respected by both Chinese and European communities in the early colonial settlement. A well known Hakka man was Yap Ah Loy
, a Kapitan in Kuala Lumpur
from 1868 to 1885, where he brought significant economic contributions, founded Kuala Lumpur and also was an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese. There are also less significant numbers of Hakka people in the East Malaysian state of Sarawak
, particularly in the town of Miri
where there is a notable population of Hakka people who speak the 'Ho Poh' variant of Hakka. In the district of Jelebu
, Negeri Sembilan
, Hakka people make up more than 90% of the Chinese subgroup and the dialect itself acts as a lingua franca
there. This has contributed greatly to the fact that the place is commonly known among Hakka Chinese to be Hakka Village.
state of Sabah
, most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. According to the 1991 census, there were 113000 Hakkas in the state. This constituted 57% of the total ethnic Chinese
population in Sabah
. The second largest Chinese subgroup were the Cantonese with only 28000 persons. This shows that Sabah
is one of very few regions in the world where Hakkas clearly outnumber other Chinese subgroups. Most of the Hakkas in Sabah speak with the Huiyang
accent (Hakka: Fuiyong, 惠陽). Hakka is the lingua franca among the Chinese in Sabah to such an extent that Chinese of other subgroups who migrate to Sabah
from other states in Malaysia and elsewhere usually end up learning the Hakka dialect.
In the late 19th century, the British, who had just colonised Sabah
(then known as British North Borneo), opted to bring in Hakka labourers from Guangdong
county in southern China
because the Hakka were known to be industrious workers. The first batch of Hakkas brought to Sabah landed in Kudat
on April 4, 1883 under the leadership of Lo Tai Fung. In the following decades Hakka immigrants settled throughout the state, with their main population centres in Kota Kinabalu
(then known as Jesselton), Sandakan
, Tawau
and Kudat
. These pioneer settlers so impressed the British colonists that the British decided to encourage Hakka immigration into Sabah. In 1901, the total Chinese population in Sabah was 13897; by 1911, it had risen 100% to 27801. Hakka immigration began to taper off during World War 2 and declined to a negligible level in the late 1940s.
. Between 1845 and 1884, nearly 5000 Hakka arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages. Most came to Jamaica under contract as indentured servants. The terms of the contracts made free return-passage available for any Hakka who wanted to return to China. Most of them did. In 1854, 205 Chinese workers who had been working on the Panama canal arrived in Jamaica. They had demanded re-settlement due to the threat of yellow fever
in Panama. Many were ill upon arrival in Jamaica and were immediately hospitalized in Kingston. Fewer than 50 of these immigrants survived - the rest died of yellow fever.
Chin Pa-kung (a.k.a. Jackson Chin), opened a wholesale business in Kingston where the Desnoes and Geddes building now stands. Chang Si-Pah and Lyn Sam opened groceries nearby. These gentleman provided guidance for other Chinese immigrants to Jamaica.
During the 1960s and 1970s substantial migration of Hakka Jamaican Chinese to the USA and Canada occurred.
As of 2008, the total population of Sino-Mauritian
, consisting of Hakka and Cantonese, is around 35,000.
as indentured workers or as voluntary migrant
s. Today, most do not speak the Hakka language.
Taiwan's Hakka population concentrates in Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County
, Miaoli County
, and around Chungli in Taoyuan County, and Meinong District in Kaohsiung City, and in Pingtung County
, with smaller presences in Hualian
and Taitung County
. In recent decades many Hakka have moved to the largest metropolitan areas, including Taipei
, Taichung
, and Kaohsiung
.
Many people in Taiwan are of mixed Hoklo, Hakka, and Formosan aboriginal
heritage. Approximately half of the population of Hakka in Taiwan also speaks Taiwanese Hokkien, and it is highly likely that many Taiwanese-speaking households descend from Hakka families in Taiwan who lost their language a few generations back.
The Taiwanese variant of the Hakka language resembles other variants of Hakka spoken in other parts of the world, but differs vastly in terms of pronunciation due to the influence of Taiwanese Hokkien. Therefore it is difficult, though not impossible, for speakers of other Hakka variants to understand Taiwanese Hakka.
The Hakka have had a significant influence, disproportionate to their smaller total numbers, on the course of Chinese and overseas Chinese
history, particularly as a source of revolutionary, political and military leaders.
Hakka were active during the Taiping Rebellion
, the largest uprising in the modern history of China. The uprising, also known as Jintian Uprising
, originated at the Hakka village of Jintian in Guiping, Guangxi
. It was led by the failed Qing scholar, Hong Xiuquan
, who was influenced by Protestant missionaries. Hong's charisma tapped into a consciousness of national dissent which identified with his personal interpretations of the Christian message. His following, who were initially Hakka peasants from Guangxi, grew across the southern provinces. The hugely disciplined Taiping army, which included women in their ranks, captured stoutly-defended towns and cities from the Qing defenders. In 1851, less than a year after the uprising, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天囯) was established. It had, at one stage, occupied one-third of China, and almost toppled the Qing Dynasty
. The kingdom lasted for eleven years.
Hakka continued to play prominent roles during the revolutionary and republican years of the Kuomintang
, as well as during the Chinese Civil War
between the Kuomintang
and the Communist Party of China
, in which many of the leaders on both sides were Hakka.
Lee Kuan Yew, Sun Yat Sen, and Deng Xiaoping were among four Hakka Chinese named as "the 20th Century's 20 Most Influential Asians" by Time
magazine.
Hakka influence is also evident in Guangdong
, China, where the "Hakka Gang" "客家帮" has consistently dominated the provincial government. Presently, the governor, Huang Huahua
, and four deputy governors are Hakka.
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
who speak the Hakka language and have links to the provincial areas of Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
, Jiangxi
Jiangxi
' is a southern province in the People's Republic of China. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to...
, Guangxi
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
, Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
, Hunan
Hunan
' is a province of South-Central China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting...
and Fujian
Fujian
' , formerly romanised as Fukien or Huguing or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait...
in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
.
The characters 客家 come from words indicating "visitors" or "travellers" and distinguish the Hakka from the Tujia ("natives"). The Hakka's ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. The worldwide population of Hakkas is about 80 million, though the number of Hakka-language speakers is fewer. Hakka people have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and world history: in particular, they have been a source of many revolutionary, government, and military leaders.
Origins, migrations and group identification
It is commonly held that the Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese originating from northern China. To trace the origins, so far three accepted theories have been brought forth amongst anthropologist, linguists, and historians: firstly, Hakka people are Han ChineseHan Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
originating solely from the Central Plain
Central Plain (China)
Zhongyuan or the Central Plain of China refers to the area on the lower reaches of the Yellow River which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization. It forms part of the North China Plain....
in China containing today's Shanxi
Shanxi
' is a province in Northern China. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" , after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period....
and Henan
Henan
Henan , is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" , named after Yuzhou , a Han Dynasty state that included parts of Henan...
provinces; secondly, Hakka people are Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of those already in the south; or thirdly, the majority of Hakka people are Han Chinese from the south with portions coming from those in the north. The latter two are most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies. Clyde Kiang stated that Hakka people's origins may also be linked with the Han people's ancient neighbors the Dongyi
Dongyi
Dongyi was a collective term for people in eastern China and in lands located to the east of ancient China. People referred to as Dongyi vary across the ages.The early Dongyi culture was one of earliest neolithic cultures in China....
and Xiongnu
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han Dynasty. Most of the information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources...
people (a.k.a. Huns
Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns,...
), who later had considerable, and sometimes dominating presence in parts of northern China from the Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220)
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
period to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 AD)
Southern and Northern Dynasties
The Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589 AD. Though an age of civil war and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spreading of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism...
, and eventually merging and assimilating within the general Han populace. However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered controversial. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration started due to the attacks of just these tribes during the Jin Dynasty (265–420).
The ancestors of the Hakka migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval and invasions since the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC)
Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 221 to 207 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring...
. Subsequent migrations occurred at the end of the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
in the 10th century and during the end of the Northern Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
in 1125, which saw a massive flood of refugees fleeing southward when the Jurchens
Jurchens
The Jurchens were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century, when they adopted the name Manchu...
captured the northern Song capital of Bianliang
Kaifeng
Kaifeng , known previously by several names , is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, Central China. Nearly 5 million people live in the metropolitan area...
. A further southward migration may have continued, as the Mongols defeated the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and proceeded to take down the Southern Song
Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
, establishing the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...
in 1271. The precise movements of the Hakka people remain unclear during the period when the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
overthrew the Yuan in the 14th century and subsequently fell to the Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
s who formed the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
in 17th century. Hakka have suffered persecution and discrimination ever since they started migrating to southern parts of China.
During the reign of Qing Emperor Kangxi
Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor ; Manchu: elhe taifin hūwangdi ; Mongolian: Энх-Амгалан хаан, 4 May 1654 –20 December 1722) was the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Pass and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.Kangxi's...
(1654–1722), the coastal regions were evacuated
Great Clearance
The Great Clearance or Great Evacuation was ordered in southern China by imperial edicts of the Qing Emperor Kangxi , then under the regency of Oboi, in 1661 and 1662. It required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong in order to fight the anti-Qing movement, begun by Ming Dynasty...
by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the dangers posed by the remnants of the Ming court who had fled to the island of Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
. When the threat was eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal regions. To aid the move, each family was given monetary incentives to begin their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Families" (客戶, kèhù).
Punti
The existing Cantonese speaking inhabitantsCantonese people
The Cantonese people are Han people whose ancestral homes are in Guangdong, China. The term "Cantonese people" would then be synonymous with the Bun Dei sub-ethnic group, and is sometimes known as Gwong Fu Jan for this narrower definition...
(Punti
Punti
The Punti, a rough transliteration of the Cantonese term for "original locality," refers to the Cantonese-speaking populations of Guangdong province in southern China...
or 本地, "original land") of these areas were protective of their own more fertile lands, and the newcomers were pushed to the outer fringes of fertile plains, despite having migrated legitimately, or they settled in more mountainous regions to eke out a living. People could also purchase and sell land. Conflict between the two groups grew, and it is thought that "Hakka" became a term of derision used by the Punti
Punti
The Punti, a rough transliteration of the Cantonese term for "original locality," refers to the Cantonese-speaking populations of Guangdong province in southern China...
and aimed at the newcomers. Eventually, the tension between the two groups (the Hakkas had by then been settled for several hundred years, and could not be regarded as migrants in any sense) would lead to a series of 19th century skirmishes known as the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars (土客械鬥) in the Pearl River Delta
Pearl River Delta
The Pearl River Delta , Zhujiang Delta or Zhusanjiao in Guangdong province, People's Republic of China is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea...
. The problem was not that the two groups spoke a different tongue. In fact the "locals" comprised different peoples speaking several mutually unintelligible tongues, as typical of the Chinese country-side all over southern China, but they would regard each other as "locals" or Puntis - but not the Hakkas.
The term "Punti" is not however synonymous with "Cantonese", as a Cantonese in any other part of China, say for example Beijing, would not be able to call himself a "Punti", as the Punti of that area would be the Beijing or Hebei people.
The term "Punti" is a Hakka word given to the Cantonese by the Hakka people. Speakers of Cantonese pronounce the Hakka word "Punti" as boon-day.
Over time, the newcomers adopted the term "Hakka" to refer to themselves, not least due to the migratory tendencies inherent in their own culture. However, because the term also covers Hakka language-speakers, (in the same way that Punti covered several people speaking different tongues) and because the Han Chinese registered as Guest Families who migrated at the time may not have been Hakka language-speakers, and because of intermarriages among Hakka and Punti members (which showed that relation between the two were very good at times), identification as Hakka was largely a matter of self-selection. Through studies of both Cantonese
Cantonese people
The Cantonese people are Han people whose ancestral homes are in Guangdong, China. The term "Cantonese people" would then be synonymous with the Bun Dei sub-ethnic group, and is sometimes known as Gwong Fu Jan for this narrower definition...
and Hakka genealogies, some Hakka and Punti people with the same surnames claim the same ancestors, although their descendants strongly identify with one group to the exclusion of the other.
Other locations
The Hakka ancestors are thus but one group amongst many who migrated southwards, becoming linguistically marked by differences yet unified through cultural assonances. Hakka people live in the southern Chinese provinces, chiefly in GuangdongGuangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
, south-western Fujian
Fujian
' , formerly romanised as Fukien or Huguing or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait...
, southern Jiangxi
Jiangxi
' is a southern province in the People's Republic of China. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to...
, southern Hunan
Hunan
' is a province of South-Central China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting...
, Guangxi
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
, southern Guizhou
Guizhou
' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.- History :...
, south-eastern Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
, and on Hainan
Hainan
Hainan is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China . Although the province comprises some two hundred islands scattered among three archipelagos off the southern coast, of its land mass is Hainan Island , from which the province takes its name...
and Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
islands, where there are television news-broadcasts in the Hakka language. The Hakka dialects across these various provinces differ phonologically
Phonology
Phonology is, broadly speaking, the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language. That is, it is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use...
, but the Meixian (Meizhou) dialect of Hakka is considered the archetypal spoken form of the language. Migratory patterns have been established for some groups, for example in Taiwan, northern and southern migrations from corresponding provinces in China.
Identity
Although different in some social customs and culture (e.g. linguistic differences) from the surrounding population, Hakka are not a separate ethnic group: they belong to the Han ChineseHan Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
majority. Historical sources shown in census statistics relate only to the general population, irrespective of particular districts, provinces, or regions. These census counts were made during imperial times. They did not distinguish what language the population spoke. Therefore they do not directly document Hakka migrations. The study by Luo Xianglin
Xianglin Luo
Lo Hsiang-lin is one of the most renowned researchers in Hakka language and culture. His pioneering research in Hakka genealogy showed that the Hakka are Han Chinese. He was born in Xingning, Guangdong in 1906 and died in 1978. He attended Xingmin middle school, Tsinghua University, and Yenching...
, K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties.
According to the 2009 studies published in the American Journal of Human Genetics
American Journal of Human Genetics
The American Journal of Human Genetics is a medical journal in the field of human genetics. Since its inception in 1948 by the American Society of Human Genetics, the journal has provided a record of research and review relating to heredity in humans and to the application of genetic principles in...
, Hakka genes are slightly tilted towards northern Han people compared with other southern Han people. Nevertheless, the study has also shown a strong common genetic relationship between all Han Chinese with only a small difference of 0.3%.
Social and cultural influences
Hakka architecture
A Hakka walled village is a large multi-family communal living structure that is designed to be easily defensible. This building style is unique to the Hakka people found in southern China...
), and a hearty savory cuisine based on an equal balance between texturised meat and vegetables, and fresh vegetables (see Hakka cuisine
Hakka cuisine
Hakka cuisine is the cooking style of the Hakka people, who are primarily found in southeastern China , but also may be found in many other parts of China, as well as in the Chinese diaspora...
).
When Hakka expanded into areas with pre-existing populations, there was often little agricultural land left for them to farm. As a result, many Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or in public service. Consequently, the Hakka culturally emphasized education.
Hakka people built the Tulou
Fujian Tulou
Fujian Tulou is a type of Chinese rural dwellings of the Hakka and others in the mountainous areas in southeastern Fujian, China. They were mostly built between the 12th and the 20th centuries....
buildings, which UNESCO
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
inscribed in 2008 as a World Heritage Site
World Heritage Site
A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the UNESCO as of special cultural or physical significance...
.
Historically, Hakka women did not bind their feet when the practice was commonplace in China.
Martial arts
The Hakka community is also a source for a variety of martial arts. Those systems in general are referred to as Hakka KuenHakka Kuen
Hakka Kuen is a general term describing a variety of Chinese martial arts originating from the Hakka community of Southern China and is considered to be an important style within Southern Chinese Martial Arts....
(Hakka Fist); Southern Praying Mantis, Bak Mei
Bak Mei
Bak Mei is said to have been one of the legendary Five Elders — survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple by the Qing Dynasty imperial regime — who, according to some accounts, betrayed Shaolin to the imperial government...
and Dragon Kung Fu are examples of styles practiced by Hakka.
Religion
The religious practices of Hakka people are almost identical to those of other Han Chinese. Ancestor venerationAncestor Veneration in China
Ancestral veneration in Chinese culture is the practice of living family members who try to provide a deceased family member with continuous happiness and well-being in the afterlife. It is a way of continuing to show respect towards them, and it reinforces the unity of family and lineage. Showing...
is the primary form of religious expression.
Hakka in China
In Guangdong
Hakka who live in Guangdong comprise about 60% of the total Hakka population. Worldwide, over 95% of the overseas-descended Hakka came from this Guangdong region, usually from MeizhouMeizhou
-Administration:The municipal government, Intermediate Court and CPC and PSB bureaux are housed in the district of Jiangnan , on the right bank of Meijiang River.A second district of Meizhou is Jiangbei , on the left bank...
and Heyuan
Heyuan
-Language:In the great majority of Heyuan areas, Hakka Chinese is in general use.In the greater part of areas in the city, Dongyuan County, Lianping County, Heping County, Longchuan County etc., it belongs to the Yuezhong dialect group, while in Zijin County and part of Longchuan County, it belongs...
: Hakka there live mostly in the northeast part of the province, particularly in the so-called Xing-Mei (Xingning
Xingning
Xingning is a county-level city, under the jurisdiction of Meizhou, in Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China.- History :Xingning county was established in 331 CE.Xingning was the capital of the 10th-century Southern Han Dynasty....
-Meixian) area. Guangxi contains the second-largest Hakka community. Unlike their kin in Fujian, Hakka in the Xingning and Meixian area developed a non-fortress-like unique architectural style, most notably the weilongwu (Chinese: 圍龍屋, wéilóngwū or Hakka: Wui Lung Wuk) and sijiaolou (Chinese: 四角樓, sìjǐaolóu or Hakka: Si Kok Liu).
In Fujian
Tradition states that the early Hakka ancestors traveling from north China entered FujianFujian
' , formerly romanised as Fukien or Huguing or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait...
first, then by way of the Tingjiang River
Tingjiang river
The Ting River flows 300 km from Changting County in western Fujian south to the port and Special Economic Zone of Shantou, Guangdong.The former prefecture of Tingzhou fu or T'ingchow-fu was administered from a centre on the upper river, now the town of Tingzhou in Changting County; all these...
they traveled to Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
and other parts of China, as well as overseas. Thus the Tingjiang River
Tingjiang river
The Ting River flows 300 km from Changting County in western Fujian south to the port and Special Economic Zone of Shantou, Guangdong.The former prefecture of Tingzhou fu or T'ingchow-fu was administered from a centre on the upper river, now the town of Tingzhou in Changting County; all these...
is also regarded as the Hakka Mother River.
The Hakka who settled in the mountainous region of south-western Fujian province developed a unique form of architecture known as tu lou (土樓), literally meaning earthen structures. The tu lou are round or square and were designed as a combined large fortress and multi-apartment building complex. The structures typically had only one entrance-way, with no windows at ground level. Each floor served a different function: the first floor contained a well and livestock, the second food storage, and the third and higher floors living spaces. Tu-lou were built to withstand attack from bandits and marauders.
In Jiangxi
Nearly all of southern Jiangxi province is Hakka, especially in GanzhouGanzhou
Ganzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China. Its administrative seat is at Zhanggong .-History:...
. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese migrated to the delta area as the Court moved southward because invasion of northern minority. They lived in Jiangxi and intermixed with the She and Yao minorities. Ganzhou was the place that the Hakka have settled before migrating to western Fujian and eastern Guangdong. During the early Qing Dynasty, a massive depopulation in Gannan due to the ravage of pestilence and war. However, while western Fujian and eastern Guangdong suffered population explosion at that time. Some edicts were issued to block the coastal areas, ordering coastal residents to move to the inland. The population pressure and the sharp contradiction of the land redistribution drove a few residents to leave. Some of them moved back to Gannan, intergrating with other Hakka people who lived there already for generations. Thus, the modern Gannan Hakka community was finally formed.
In Sichuan
Emperor Kangxi (reigned AD 1662 to AD 1722), after a tour of the land, decided the province of Sichuan had to be repopulated after many wars. Seeing the Hakka were living in poverty in the coastal regions in Guangdong province, the Emperor encouraged the Hakka in the south to emigrate to SichuanSichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
province. He offered financial assistance to those willing to resettle in Sichuan: eight ounces of silver per man and four ounces per woman or child.
In Henan
As with those in Sichuan, many Hakka emigrated to XinyangXinyang
Xinyang is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Henan province, People's Republic of China, the southernmost such administrative division in the province.-Recent history:...
prefecture (in southern Henan province), where Li Zicheng carried out a massacre in Guangzhou (now in Huangchuan) on Jan. 17th, 1636.
In Hong Kong
During the late MingMing Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
and Qing
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
Dynasties, Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
was in the imperial district of Xin-An (Now Shenzhen
Shenzhen
Shenzhen is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones...
) County. The 1819 gazetteer lists 570 Punti and 270 Hakka contemporary settlements in the whole district. However, the area covered by Xin-An county is greater than what was to become the British imperial enclave of Hong Kong by 1899. Although there had been settlers originating from the mainland proper even before the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
, historical records of those people are non-extant, only evidence of settlement from archaeological sources can be found. The New Territories lowland areas had been settled originally by several clan lineages in Kam Tin, Sheung Shui, FanLing, Yuen Long, Lin Ma Hang and Taipo, and hence termed the Punti
Punti
The Punti, a rough transliteration of the Cantonese term for "original locality," refers to the Cantonese-speaking populations of Guangdong province in southern China...
before the arrival of the Hakka, and fishing families of the Tanka
Tanka
Tanka may refer to:* Tanka, a form of Japanese waka * Tanka prose, a literary genre which combines tanka poems and prose* Thangka, a pictorial representation in Tibetan Buddhism...
and Hoklo
Hoklo
Hoklo can mean the following:* The Hoklo people, a geographically widespread cultural-linguistic group originating in southeast China , also called Hokkien.* Min Nan, the Chinese language group spoken by the Hoklo....
groups to the area. Since the prime farming land had already been farmed, the Hakka land dwellers settled in the less accessible and more hilly areas. Hakka settlements can be found widely distributed around the Punti areas, but in smaller communities. Many are found on coastal areas in inlets and bays surrounded by hills.
Hakka dialect speaking communities are thought to have arrived in the Hong Kong area after the rescinding of the coastal evacuation
Great Clearance
The Great Clearance or Great Evacuation was ordered in southern China by imperial edicts of the Qing Emperor Kangxi , then under the regency of Oboi, in 1661 and 1662. It required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong in order to fight the anti-Qing movement, begun by Ming Dynasty...
order in 1688., such as the Hakka speaking Lee clan lineage of Wo Hang, one of whose ancestors is recorded as arriving in the area in 1688.
As the strong Punti lineages dominated most of the north western New Territories, Hakka communities began to organise local alliances of lineage communities such as the Sha Tau Kok
Sha Tau Kok
Sha Tau Kok or Shataukok or Sathewkok is a town in the northeastern corner of Hong Kong. Located on the border with mainland China, there is another town of same Chinese name, Shatoujiao, romanized using Hanyu Pinyin, across the Sham Chun River-defined border in Shenzhen of mainland...
Alliance of Ten or Shap Yeuk as Patrick Hase writes. Hakka villages from Wo Hang to the west and YanTian to the east of Sha Tau Kok came to use it as a local market town and it became the center of Hakka dominance. Further, the Shap Yeuk's land reclamation project transforming marshland to arable farmland with the creation of dykes and levees to prevent storm flooding during the early 19th century shows an example of how local cooperation and the growing affluence of the landed lineages in the Alliance of Ten provided the strong cultural, socioeconomic Hakka influence on the area.
Farming and cultivation has been the traditional occupations of Hakka families from imperial times up until the 1970s. Farming was mostly done by Hakka women while their menfolk sought labouring jobs in the towns and cities. Many men entered indentured labour abroad as was common from the end of the 19th century to Second World War. Post war, males took the opportunity to seek work in Britain and other countries later to send for their families to join them once they sent enough money back to cover travel costs.
As post war education became available to all children in Hong Kong, a new educated class of Hakka became more mobile in their careers. Many moved to the government planned new towns which sprung up from the 1960s. The rural Hakka population began to decline as people moved abroad, and away to work in the urban areas. By the end of the 1970s, agriculture was firmly in the decline in Hakka villages. Today, there are still Hakka villages around Hong Kong, but being remote, many of their inhabitants have moved to the post war new towns like Sheung Shui, TaiPo, Shatin and further afield.
Cuisine
The Hakka people have a marked cuisine and style of Chinese cooking which is little known outside the Hakka home. Hakka cuisine concentrates on the texture of food – the hallmark of Hakka cuisine. Whereas preserved meats feature in Hakka delicacy, stewed, braised, roast meats – 'texturized' contributions to the Hakka palate – have a central place in their repertoire. In fact, the raw materials for Hakka food are no different from raw materials for any other type of regional Chinese cuisine: what you cook depends on what is available in the market. Hakka cuisine may be described as outwardly simple but tasty. The skill in Hakka cuisine lies in the ability to cook meat thoroughly without hardening it, and to naturally bring out the proteinous flavour (umamiUmami
Umami , popularly referred to as savoriness, is one of the five basic tastes together with sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.-Etymology:Umami is a loanword from the Japanese meaning "pleasant savory taste". This particular writing was chosen by Professor Kikunae Ikeda from umai "delicious" and mi ...
taste) of meat. Most of the Chinese restaurants in the United Kingdom are owned by Hakka.
The Hakka who settled in the harbour and port areas of Hong Kong placed great emphasis on seafood cuisine. Hakka cuisine in Hong Kong is less dominated by expensive meats; instead, emphasis is placed on an abundance of vegetables. Pragmatic and simple, Hakka cuisine is garnished lightly with sparse or little flavouring. Modern Hakka cooking in Hong Kong favours offal
Offal
Offal , also called, especially in the United States, variety meats or organ meats, refers to the internal organs and entrails of a butchered animal. The word does not refer to a particular list of edible organs, which varies by culture and region, but includes most internal organs other than...
, an example being Deep-Fried Intestines (炸大腸 or Zha Da Chang). Others include tofu with preservatives, along with their signature dish Salt Baked Chicken (鹽焗雞 or Yam Guk Gai). Another specialty is the Poon Choi
Poon choi
Poon Choi , also known as pun choi or Big Bowl Feast, is a traditional type of dish originating from Hong Kong village cuisine. It may also be found in different parts of Hong Kong. It is served in wooden, porcelain or metal basins.-Origin:...
(盆菜). While it may be difficult to prove these were the actual diets of the old Hakka community, it is presently a commonly accepted view. The above dishes and their variations are in fact found and consumed throughout China including Guangdong, and are not particularly unique or confined to the Hakka Chinese population. Other dishes consumed by Hakka and many Chinese include chicken's feet and duck's feet.
Modern society
The Hakka's modern societal structure and experience includes far more diverse and complex global elements than the Hong Kong landscape, where only a small fraction of the Hakka reside or have transitioned through.Preservation
In the latter half of the 20th century, a stronger emphasis has been placed on Hakka preservation through folk art and customs. A Hakka language dictionary has also been completed auspiciously in 1997 by Dr. C.F. Lau [ISBN Reference: ISBN 962-201-750-9], a devoted contributor to the preservation of the Hakka language in Hong Kong.Hakka worldwide
The Hakka have emigrated to many regions worldwide, notably SurinameSuriname
Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...
, India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
, Malaysia, Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
and Burma.
Hakka people also emigrated to Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, Brunei
Brunei
Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia...
, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, and to many countries in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, including Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
, Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, and the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. Hakka people also are found in South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
and Mauritius
Mauritius
Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...
, on the islands of the Caribbean
Caribbean
The Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...
(Jamaica
Jamaica
Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length, up to in width and 10,990 square kilometres in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic...
and Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles...
), and in Central and South America
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
, particularly in Panama
Panama
Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...
and Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. Most expatriate Hakka in Great Britain have ties to Hong Kong; many emigrated when Hong Kong still was a British colony during a period coinciding with the Cultural Revolution of China and economic depression in Hong Kong. There was once a sizable Hakka community in Calcutta
Kolkata
Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India...
, but most have migrated to Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
or Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
. In Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, Hakka people are sometimes known as Khek, the Hokkien
Hokkien
Hokkien is a Hokkien word corresponding to Standard Chinese "Fujian". It may refer to:* Hokkien dialect, a dialect of Min Nan Chinese spoken in Southern Fujian , Taiwan, South-east Asia, and elsewhere....
(Minnan) pronunciation of the Hak in Hakka.
Hakkas in Indonesia
Migration of Hakka people to Indonesia happened in several waves. The first wave landed in Bangka IslandBangka Island
Bangka is an island lying east of Sumatra, Indonesia. Population 626,955. Area: c.4,600 sq mi .There is an additional small island named Pulau Bangka in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia.-Geography:...
and Belitung islands as tin miners in the 18th century. The second group of colonies were established along the Kapuas River
Kapuas River
The Kapuas River is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At in length, it is the longest river of Indonesia and one of the world's longest island rivers...
in Kalimantan
Kalimantan
In English, the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while in Indonesian, the term "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo....
in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, new arrivals from Meixian joined their compatriots as traders and labourers in major cities such as Jakarta and Pontianak
Pontianak, Indonesia
Pontianak is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is a medium-size industrial city on the island of Borneo. Pontianak occupies an area of 107.82 km² in the delta of the Kapuas River...
.
Bangka Belitung
Hakka also live in Indonesia's largest tinTin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4...
producer islands of Bangka Belitung province. They are the second majority ethnic group after Malay at about 330,000. The Hakka population in the province is also the second largest in Indonesia after West Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
West Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is one of four Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city Pontianak is located right on the Equator....
's and one of the highest percentages of Chinese living in Indonesia.
The first ancestors of Hakka in Bangka and Belitung reached the islands in the 18th century from Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
. Many of them worked as tin mining labourers. Since then, they have remained on the island along with the native Malay. Their situation was much different from those of Chinese and native populations of other regions, where legal cultural conflicts were prevalent since the 1960s until 1999, by which Indonesian Chinese had finally regained their cultural freedoms. Here they lived together peacefully and still practiced their customs and cultural festivals, such as in celebrating the Chinese New Year and Qingming, while in other regions they were strictly banned by government legislation prior to 1999. The majority religions of Chinese Babel are Confucianism
Confucianism
Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . Confucianism originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" during the Spring and Autumn Period, but later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han...
and Buddhism
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
, with a significant number who are Christian
Christian
A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Canonical gospels and the letters of the New Testament...
. A small number are of confessed Islam as some have married Malays.
Hakka on the island of Bangka have an unusual accent, said to be heavily influenced by Malay, especially in younger generations. The younger generations speak much more Malay than the older Hakka. As Chinese languages employ tones to distinguish different words, differences in tone can change a word's meaning entirely; the Hakka dialect spoken by the islanders has such a different tonal system that their spoken language is hardly intelligible to Hakka of other regions. However, they still refer to themselves as Thong ngin as do the younger people, and speak Thong boi. Hakka ngin words are unpopular, as well as Hakkafa. The Hakka spoken in the Muntok
Muntok
Muntok or, more commonly, Mentok is a town in the Indonesian province of Bangka-Belitung, Indonesia. Muntok is the capital of the West Bangka Regency...
area in Bangka is considered to be standard. Many Hakka in the province have moved outside the islands, especially to Jakarta
Jakarta
Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, it is located on the northwest coast of Java, has an area of , and a population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre...
. There are more than 30,000 - 50,000 Chinese Babel in Jakarta who speak both Malay and Thong boi.
There is also a large Chinese population from Bangka and Belitung who live abroad, such as in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
and Hongkong. They are proud to be Chinese Bangka Belitung, so they regularly return home once or twice a year to celebrate Chinese New Year, or to pay their respects at Qingming
Qingming
Traditional East Asian lunisolar calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms . Qīngmíng or Chīngmíng or Seimei is the 5th solar term. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 15° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 30°...
.
Pontianak
Hakka people in PontianakPontianak, Indonesia
Pontianak is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is a medium-size industrial city on the island of Borneo. Pontianak occupies an area of 107.82 km² in the delta of the Kapuas River...
live alongside with teochew speaking Chinese. Whilst the teochews are dominant in the centre of Pontianak, the Hakka are more dominant in small towns along the Kapuas River
Kapuas River
The Kapuas River is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At in length, it is the longest river of Indonesia and one of the world's longest island rivers...
in the regencies of Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang. Their Hakka dialect is originally of Mei Xien (Hakka: MoiYan) standard but heavily influenced by the teochew dialect and vocabulary from the local Malay and Dayak
Dayak people
The Dayak or Dyak are the native people of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups, located principally in the interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily...
tribes.
The Hakka in this region are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated from China in the late 19th century.
Singkawang
The Hakka in SingkawangSingkawang
Singkawang is located at the province of West Kalimantan or Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. It is located at about 145 km north of Pontianak, the provincial capital, and is surrounded by the Pasi, Poteng, and Sakok mountain...
and the surrounding regencies of Sambas, Bengkayang
Bengkayang
Bengkayang is a regency in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia . Before the expansion it was a part of Sambas County. After the expansion Sambas County was divided into three separate autonomous counties, that is, Sambas County, Bengkayang County, and Singkawang City...
, Ketapang
Ketapang
Ketapang is the capital city of Ketapang regency . Ketapang city is located, on the island of Borneo. It is a small city on the delta of the Pawan River. Ketapang regency is one of the regencies of West Kalimantan province in Indonesia. It occupies an area of 35,809 km²...
and Landak speak a different standard of Hakka dialect to the Hakkas along the Kapuas River. Their place of origin in China is tai phu (Dabu 大埔), a district in Mei Xien. also Fuk Luk Hoi which means winds of the six seas.
Jakarta
Hakka can still be heard in some commercial districts in Jakarta. Their numbers increase with internal migrations from the three regions mentioned above.In East Timor
There was a relatively large and vibrant Hakka community in East TimorEast Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor , is a state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor...
before the Indonesian invasion in 1975. According to the local Chinese Timorese association's estimation, the Hakka population in 1975 was estimated to be around 25,000 (including a small minority of other Chinese ethnicity from Macau). During the invasion, many Hakka were killed. According to a book source, it was estimated that about 700 Hakka were killed on the first week of invasion in Dili alone. No clear numbers had been recorded since many Hakka evacuated and escaped to Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
. Recent re-establishment of Hakka associations registered approximately about 2,400 Hakkas remaining (400 families, including part Timorese families) in East Timor.
Now Hakka diaspora can be found in Darwin
Darwin, Northern Territory
Darwin is the capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia. Situated on the Timor Sea, Darwin has a population of 127,500, making it by far the largest and most populated city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, but the least populous of all Australia's capital cities...
and spread-out in major cities such as Brisbane
Brisbane
Brisbane is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of over 2 million, and the South East Queensland urban conurbation, centred around Brisbane, encompasses a population of...
, Sydney
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
and Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
of Australia, Portugal, Macau and small numbers in other parts of the world. They often are highly-educated, and many continue their education in Taiwan or China, while a majority of the younger generation study in Australia. The Australian government took some years to assess their claims to political asylum in order to establish their credentials as genuine refugees and not illegal immigrants, as partially related to the political situation in East Timor during that time. As no Asian country was willing to accept them as residents, nor to grant political asylum to displaced Hakka and other Timorese, they were forced to live as stateless persons for a time. Despite this condition, many Hakka had become successful, and established restaurant chains, shops, supermarkets, and import operations in Australia. Since the independence of East Timor in 2000, some Hakka families had returned and invested in businesses in the newborn nation.
In Malaysia
Hakka form the second largest subgroup of the ethnic Chinese population of Malaysia. During this time, Chung Keng QueeChung Keng Quee
Kapitan China Chung Keng Quee was the founder and administrator of modern Taiping. He was a millionaire philanthropist and known as an innovator in the mining of tin. He was involved in many other industries including farming, pawnbroking and logging. He was respected by both Chinese and European...
, Capitan China of Perak and Penang was founder of Taiping, leader of the Hai San, a millionaire philanthropist, an innovator in the mining of tin and was respected by both Chinese and European communities in the early colonial settlement. A well known Hakka man was Yap Ah Loy
Yap Ah Loy
Yap Ah Loy , also known as Yap Tet Loy and Yap Mao Lan. He is regarded as the founding father of modern Kuala Lumpur, he developed Kuala Lumpur as a commercial and mining centre during the mid-19th century...
, a Kapitan in Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the capital and the second largest city in Malaysia by population. The city proper, making up an area of , has a population of 1.4 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million...
from 1868 to 1885, where he brought significant economic contributions, founded Kuala Lumpur and also was an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese. There are also less significant numbers of Hakka people in the East Malaysian state of Sarawak
Sarawak
Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang , Sarawak is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia followed by Sabah, the second largest state located to the North- East.The administrative capital is Kuching, which...
, particularly in the town of Miri
Miri
Miri is a city in northern Sarawak, Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. It is the second largest city in Sarawak, with a population of about 300,000, and the government administrative centre of Miri District in Miri Division....
where there is a notable population of Hakka people who speak the 'Ho Poh' variant of Hakka. In the district of Jelebu
Jelebu
Jelebu is second largest districts in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia after Jempol, consisting more than 40,000 in population. Jelebu borders with the Seremban district, Jempol district, Kuala Pilah district, Pahang and Selangor...
, Negeri Sembilan
Negeri Sembilan
Negeri Sembilan, one of the 13 states that constitutes Malaysia, lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia, just south of Kuala Lumpur and borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Malacca and Johor to the south....
, Hakka people make up more than 90% of the Chinese subgroup and the dialect itself acts as a lingua franca
Lingua franca
A lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.-Characteristics:"Lingua franca" is a functionally defined term, independent of the linguistic...
there. This has contributed greatly to the fact that the place is commonly known among Hakka Chinese to be Hakka Village.
Sabah
In the BorneanBorneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....
state of Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
, most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. According to the 1991 census, there were 113000 Hakkas in the state. This constituted 57% of the total ethnic Chinese
Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:*People with Han Chinese ethnicity ....
population in Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
. The second largest Chinese subgroup were the Cantonese with only 28000 persons. This shows that Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
is one of very few regions in the world where Hakkas clearly outnumber other Chinese subgroups. Most of the Hakkas in Sabah speak with the Huiyang
Huizhou
Huizhou , historically known as Waichow, is a city located in central Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. Part of the Pearl River Delta, Huizhou borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the west, Shaoguan to the north, Heyuan to the northeast, Shanwei to the east, Shenzhen...
accent (Hakka: Fuiyong, 惠陽). Hakka is the lingua franca among the Chinese in Sabah to such an extent that Chinese of other subgroups who migrate to Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
from other states in Malaysia and elsewhere usually end up learning the Hakka dialect.
In the late 19th century, the British, who had just colonised Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
(then known as British North Borneo), opted to bring in Hakka labourers from Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
county in southern China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
because the Hakka were known to be industrious workers. The first batch of Hakkas brought to Sabah landed in Kudat
Kudat
Kudat is a town in Sabah, East Malaysia, on the northern tip of Borneo island. It serves as the administrative center for the Kudat Division, which includes the towns of Kudat, Pitas, Kota Marudu, and some offshore islands....
on April 4, 1883 under the leadership of Lo Tai Fung. In the following decades Hakka immigrants settled throughout the state, with their main population centres in Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu , formerly known as Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah state in East Malaysia. It is also the capital of the West Coast Division of Sabah. The city is located on the northwest coast of Borneo facing the South China Sea. The Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park lies on one side and Mount...
(then known as Jesselton), Sandakan
Sandakan
Sandakan is the second-largest city in Sabah, East Malaysia, on the north-eastern coast of Borneo. It is located on the east coast of the island and it is the administrative centre of Sandakan Division and was the former capital of British North Borneo...
, Tawau
Tawau
Tawau is the administrative center of Tawau Division, Malaysia and the third largest town of Sabah after Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan.-Geography:...
and Kudat
Kudat
Kudat is a town in Sabah, East Malaysia, on the northern tip of Borneo island. It serves as the administrative center for the Kudat Division, which includes the towns of Kudat, Pitas, Kota Marudu, and some offshore islands....
. These pioneer settlers so impressed the British colonists that the British decided to encourage Hakka immigration into Sabah. In 1901, the total Chinese population in Sabah was 13897; by 1911, it had risen 100% to 27801. Hakka immigration began to taper off during World War 2 and declined to a negligible level in the late 1940s.
In Jamaica
Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka; they have a long history in JamaicaJamaica
Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length, up to in width and 10,990 square kilometres in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic...
. Between 1845 and 1884, nearly 5000 Hakka arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages. Most came to Jamaica under contract as indentured servants. The terms of the contracts made free return-passage available for any Hakka who wanted to return to China. Most of them did. In 1854, 205 Chinese workers who had been working on the Panama canal arrived in Jamaica. They had demanded re-settlement due to the threat of yellow fever
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family....
in Panama. Many were ill upon arrival in Jamaica and were immediately hospitalized in Kingston. Fewer than 50 of these immigrants survived - the rest died of yellow fever.
Chin Pa-kung (a.k.a. Jackson Chin), opened a wholesale business in Kingston where the Desnoes and Geddes building now stands. Chang Si-Pah and Lyn Sam opened groceries nearby. These gentleman provided guidance for other Chinese immigrants to Jamaica.
During the 1960s and 1970s substantial migration of Hakka Jamaican Chinese to the USA and Canada occurred.
In Mauritius
The vast majority of Mauritian Chinese are Hakkas. Most of the Mauritian Hakkas emigrated to Mauritius in the mid 1940's came from the Guangdong province, especially from the Meizhou or Meixian region.As of 2008, the total population of Sino-Mauritian
Sino-Mauritian
Sino-Mauritians, also referred to as Chinese Mauritians or Mauritian Chinese, are Mauritians of Chinese descent. They form about 3% of the local population.-Migration history:...
, consisting of Hakka and Cantonese, is around 35,000.
In Réunion
Many Chinese people in Réunion are of Hakka origin. They either came to RéunionRéunion
Réunion is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France...
as indentured workers or as voluntary migrant
Immigration
Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
s. Today, most do not speak the Hakka language.
In Taiwan
In Taiwan, Hakka people comprise about 15 to 20% of the population and are descended largely from Guangdong immigrants: they form the second-largest ethnic group on the island.Taiwan's Hakka population concentrates in Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County
Hsinchu County
Hsinchu County is a county in north-western Taiwan. The population of the county is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county. Zhubei is the capital of Hsinchu, where the government office and county office is located...
, Miaoli County
Miaoli County
Miaoli County is a county in western Taiwan. The name Miaoli was coined using two Hakka words, cat and raccoon dog , which phonetically approximate Pali , a community of Taokas people...
, and around Chungli in Taoyuan County, and Meinong District in Kaohsiung City, and in Pingtung County
Pingtung County
Pingtung County is a county in Southern Taiwan. Pingtung County is officially administered as a county of the Republic of China . The oldest national park in Taiwan, Kenting National Park, was established in Pingtung County in 1984...
, with smaller presences in Hualian
Hualian
Hualian may refer to:*Hualian City, a city located in Hualian County, Taiwan, Republic of China*Hualian County, a county located in eastern Taiwan, Republic of China*Beijing Hualian, a company based in Beijing, People's Republic of China...
and Taitung County
Taitung County
Taitung County is a county in eastern Taiwan. The name means "Eastern Taiwan". Taitung County is also known as 後山 by many of the locals, meaning behind the mountains or the back mountains. Taitung is officially administered as a county of Taiwan, Republic of China.Taitung runs along the south east...
. In recent decades many Hakka have moved to the largest metropolitan areas, including Taipei
Taipei
Taipei City is the capital of the Republic of China and the central city of the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Situated at the northern tip of the island, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River, and is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, its port on the Pacific Ocean...
, Taichung
Taichung
-Demographics:Taichung’s population was an estimated 1,040,725 in August 2006. There are slightly more females in the city than males.24.32% of residents are children, while 16.63% are young people, 52.68% are middle-age, and 6.73% are elderly....
, and Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung is a city located in southwestern Taiwan, facing the Taiwan Strait on the west. Kaohsiung, officially named Kaohsiung City, is divided into thirty-eight districts. The city is one of five special municipalities of the Republic of China...
.
Many people in Taiwan are of mixed Hoklo, Hakka, and Formosan aboriginal
Taiwanese aborigines
Taiwanese aborigines is the term commonly applied in reference to the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. Although Taiwanese indigenous groups hold a variety of creation myths, recent research suggests their ancestors may have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han...
heritage. Approximately half of the population of Hakka in Taiwan also speaks Taiwanese Hokkien, and it is highly likely that many Taiwanese-speaking households descend from Hakka families in Taiwan who lost their language a few generations back.
The Taiwanese variant of the Hakka language resembles other variants of Hakka spoken in other parts of the world, but differs vastly in terms of pronunciation due to the influence of Taiwanese Hokkien. Therefore it is difficult, though not impossible, for speakers of other Hakka variants to understand Taiwanese Hakka.
In Thailand
There are no records as to when Hakka descendants arrived in Thailand. In 1901, Mr. Yu Cipeng, a Hakka member of The League Society of China came to visit Thailand and found that the establishment of many varied organizations among the Hakka was not good for unity. So, he tried to bring the two parties together and persuaded them to dissolve the associations in order to set up a new united one. In 1909 "The Hakka Society of Siam" was established, and Chao Phraya Yommarat, then Interior Minister, was invited to preside over the opening ceremony for the establishment of the society's nameplate, located in front of the Chinese shrine "Lee Tee Biao". Mr. Yang Liqing was its first President.World Hakka Congress
| No | Year | City | Country |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1971 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | 1973 | Taipei | Taiwan |
| 3 | 1976 | Taipei | Taiwan |
| 4 | 1978 | San Francisco | USA |
| 5 | 1980 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 6 | 1982 | Bangkok | Thailand |
| 7 | 1984 | Taipei | Taiwan |
| 8 | 1986 | Mauritius | Mauritius |
| 9 | 1988 | San Francisco | USA |
| 10 | 1990 | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah | Malaysia |
| 11 | 1992 | Kaoshiung | Taiwan |
| 12 | 1994 | Meixian, Guangdong | China |
| 13 | 1996 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 14 | 1998 | Miaoli | Taiwan |
| 15 | 1999 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia |
| 16 | 2000 | Longyan, Fujian | China |
| 17 | 2001 | Jakarta | Indonesia |
| 18 | 2003 | Zhengzhou, Henan | China |
| 19 | 2004 | Ganzhou, Jiangxi | China |
| 20 | 2005 | Chengdu, Sichuan | China |
| 21 | 2006 | Taipei | Taiwan |
| 22 | 2008 | Xi'an, Shaanxi | China |
| 23 | 2010 | Heyuan, Guangdong | China |
| 24 | 2011 | Beihai, Guangxi | China |
Prominent Hakka
The Hakka pronunciation of each name listed below is included unless the vernacular name is itself based on Hakka pronunciation. Take note, however, that this is a work in progress; some vernacular names are still without their Hakka pronunciations. This will be rectified as soon as possible.The Hakka have had a significant influence, disproportionate to their smaller total numbers, on the course of Chinese and overseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the Greater China Area . People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves Overseas Chinese....
history, particularly as a source of revolutionary, political and military leaders.
Hakka were active during the Taiping Rebellion
Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, who, having received visions, maintained that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty...
, the largest uprising in the modern history of China. The uprising, also known as Jintian Uprising
Jintian Uprising
The Jintian Uprising was an armed revolt formally declared by Hong Xiuquan on 11 February 1851 during the late Qing Dynasty. The uprising was named after Jintian , the place where it took place...
, originated at the Hakka village of Jintian in Guiping, Guangxi
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
. It was led by the failed Qing scholar, Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan , born Hong Renkun, style name Huoxiu , was a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.-Early...
, who was influenced by Protestant missionaries. Hong's charisma tapped into a consciousness of national dissent which identified with his personal interpretations of the Christian message. His following, who were initially Hakka peasants from Guangxi, grew across the southern provinces. The hugely disciplined Taiping army, which included women in their ranks, captured stoutly-defended towns and cities from the Qing defenders. In 1851, less than a year after the uprising, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天囯) was established. It had, at one stage, occupied one-third of China, and almost toppled the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. The kingdom lasted for eleven years.
Hakka continued to play prominent roles during the revolutionary and republican years of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
, as well as during the Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
between the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
and the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
, in which many of the leaders on both sides were Hakka.
Lee Kuan Yew, Sun Yat Sen, and Deng Xiaoping were among four Hakka Chinese named as "the 20th Century's 20 Most Influential Asians" by Time
Time (magazine)
Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...
magazine.
Hakka influence is also evident in Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
, China, where the "Hakka Gang" "客家帮" has consistently dominated the provincial government. Presently, the governor, Huang Huahua
Huang Huahua
Huang Huahua is currently the Governor of Guangdong, a southern province of China.Huang graduate of mathematics at Sun Yat-sen University....
, and four deputy governors are Hakka.
Revolutionaries and politicians
- ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
- Song DynastySong DynastyThe Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
- Wen TianxiangWen TianxiangWen Tianxiang , Duke of Xinguo, was a scholar-general in the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty. For his resistance to Kublai Khan's invasion of the Song, and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan Dynasty despite being captured and tortured, he is a popular symbol of patriotism and...
文天祥, Duke of Xinguo and a scholar-general known for his resistance to Kublai KhanKublai KhanKublai Khan , born Kublai and also known by the temple name Shizu , was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China...
's invasion of the Song.
- Wen Tianxiang
- Heavenly KingdomTaiping RebellionThe Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, who, having received visions, maintained that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty...
- Hong XiuquanHong XiuquanHong Xiuquan , born Hong Renkun, style name Huoxiu , was a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.-Early...
洪秀全 (1812-1864; Huaxian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Fung Siew Chen), Heavenly King; Leader, Taiping RebellionTaiping RebellionThe Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, who, having received visions, maintained that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty... - Feng YunshanFeng YunshanFeng Yunshan was an important leader during the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing government 1850–1864. Feng was a companion of Hong Xiuquan from the very earliest days of the rebellion. Feng was the founder of the "God Worshipers" during the 1840s. This was the very first form the Taiping...
馮雲山/冯云山 (1815-1852; Huaxian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Fung Yun San), South King - Yang XiuqingYang XiuqingYang Xiuqing , , was an organizer and commander-in-chief of the Taiping Rebellion.Yang was a firewood seller in Guangxi before he joined the rebellion. In 1848 he converted to Christianity after reporting that he had experienced visions of God. In 1850 he began to claim that he could miraculously...
楊秀清/杨秀清 (1821-1856; Guiping, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Yong Siew Tshin), East King - Shi DakaiShi DakaiShi Dakai , born in Guigang, Guangxi, also known as Wing King or phonetically translated as E-Wang, was one of the most highly acclaimed leaders in the Taiping Rebellion and a poet....
石達開/石达开 (1831-1863; Guiping, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Sak Tat Hoi), Wing King - Li XiuchengLi XiuchengLi Xiucheng was an eminent military leader of the Taiping Rebellion, and known during his military tenure as the Loyal King . This title was given because a Qing general attempted to bribe him to kill Hong Xiuquan, but he refused and told Hong Xiuquan. His many victories also made Hong very happy...
李秀成 (1823-1864; Tengxian, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Siew Sin), Loyal King - Chen Yucheng 陳玉成/陈玉成 (1837-1862; Tengxian, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Nyuk Sin), Heroic King
- Hong RenganHong RenganHong Rengan was an important leader of the Taiping Rebellion. He was the cousin of the movement's founder and spiritual leader Hong Xiuquan. His position as the Prince Gan resembled the role of a Prime Minister...
洪仁玕 (1822-1864; Huaxian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Fung Yin Kon), Premier and Shield King; First person in China to advocate modern-style government and opening-up reform
- Hong Xiuquan
- Qing DynastyQing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
- Feng ZicaiFeng ZicaiFeng Zicai was a bandit from Qinzhou, Guangxi, China who later became a general in the Imperial Army during the Qing dynasty. His ancestry is Bobai, Guangxi.-The Taiping Rebellion:...
馮子才/冯子才 (1818-1903; Bobai, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Fung Tse Choi), Commanding general, Sino-French WarSino-French WarThe Sino–French War was a limited conflict fought between August 1884 and April 1885 to decide whether France should replace China in control of Tonkin . As the French achieved their war aims, they are usually considered to have won the war...
(the only war that Qing Dynasty had won against foreign countries), 1884–1885 - Liu Yongfu 劉永福/刘永福 (1837-1917; Bobai, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Liew Yun Fook), Commander, Black Flag ArmyBlack Flag ArmyThe Black Flag Army was a splinter remnant of a bandit group recruited largely from soldiers of ethnic Zhuang background, who crossed the border from Guangxi province of China into Upper Tonkin, in the Empire of Annam in 1865. They became known mainly for their fights against French forces in...
; President, Republic of FormosaRepublic of FormosaThe Republic of Formosa was a short-lived republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and its invasion and occupation by Japanese troops...
, 1895 - Qiu FengjiaQiu FengjiaQiu Fengjia was a Chinese patriot, educator and, poet. He was born in Miaoli County in Taiwan. He was given the command of militia forces in Taiwan during Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1895, but soon fled to mainland China after President Tang Chin-sung of Republic of Formosa fled the island...
丘逢甲 (1864-1912; Jiaoling, Guangdong; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Hiew Fung Kap), Leader, Taiwanese resistance forces, Japanese invasion of TaiwanJapanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)The Japanese invasion of Taiwan was a conflict between the Empire of Japan and the armed forces of the short-lived Republic of Formosa following the Qing Dynasty's cession of Taiwan to Japan in April 1895 at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War...
, 1895; Feng Chia UniversityFeng Chia UniversityFeng Chia University is a private university in Taichung, Taiwan. It was named after Chiu Feng-Chia , one of the leaders of the military resistance against the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1895.-History:In the 1950s, some of the gentry in the central Taiwan area proposed to establish one...
in TaichungTaichung-Demographics:Taichung’s population was an estimated 1,040,725 in August 2006. There are slightly more females in the city than males.24.32% of residents are children, while 16.63% are young people, 52.68% are middle-age, and 6.73% are elderly....
is named in honor of him
- Feng Zicai
- Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
- Sun Yatsen 孫中山/孙中山 (1886-1925; Zhongshan, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Soon Tsung San), Founding father of modern China
- Charlie SoongCharlie SoongCharles Jones Soong , courtesy name Yaoru was a Chinese businessman who first achieved prominence as a missionary in Shanghai. He was a close friend of Sun Yat-Sen and a key player in the events that led to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911...
宋嘉樹/宋嘉树 (1863-1918; Wenchang, Hainan; Hakka pronunciation: Soong Ka Su), Financier and staunch supporter in the early days of KuomintangKuomintangThe Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
; Father of the Soong SistersSoong sistersThe Soong Sisters were three Hakka Chinese women who were, along with their husbands, amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century...
, who along with their husbands, were the most influential figures of China in the early 20th century - Soong Ai-lingSoong Ai-lingSoong Ai-ling , or Eling Soong , eldest of the Soong sisters, was the wife of H. H. Kung , who was the richest man in the early 20th century Republic of China. The first character of her given name is written as 靄 in some texts...
宋藹齡/宋蔼龄 (1890-1973; Wenchang, Hainan; born in Shanghai; Hakka pronunciation: Soong Oi Lin), Eldest of the Soong SistersSoong sistersThe Soong Sisters were three Hakka Chinese women who were, along with their husbands, amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century...
; Wife of H H Kung - Soong Ching-lingSoong Ching-lingSoong Ching-ling , also known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was one of the three Soong sisters—who, along with their husbands, were amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century. She was the Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China...
宋慶齡/宋庆龄 (1893-1981; Wenchang, Hainan; born in Kunshan, Jiangsu; Hakka pronunciation: Soong Khin Lin), Second of the Soong SistersSoong sistersThe Soong Sisters were three Hakka Chinese women who were, along with their husbands, amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century...
; Wife of Sun Yat-senSun Yat-senSun Yat-sen was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the "Father of the Nation" , a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China...
; Honorary President of the People's Republic of ChinaPresident of the People's Republic of ChinaThe President of the People's Republic of China is a ceremonial office and a part of State organs under the National People's Congress and it is the head of state of the People's Republic of China . The office was created by the 1982 Constitution...
, 1981 - Soong May-lingSoong May-lingSoong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek or Madame Chiang was a First Lady of the Republic of China , the wife of Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter...
宋美齡/宋美龄 (1898-2003; Wenchang, Hainan; Hakka pronunciation: Soong Mui Lin), Youngest of the Soong SistersSoong sistersThe Soong Sisters were three Hakka Chinese women who were, along with their husbands, amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century...
; Wife of Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin.... - T. V. SoongT. V. SoongSoong Tse-ven or Soong Tzu-wen , was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. His father was Charlie Soong and his siblings were the Soong sisters. His Christian name was Paul, but he is generally known in English as T. V. Soong. As brother to the three...
宋子文 (1894-1971; Wenchang, Hainan; born in Shanghai; Hakka pronunciation: Soong Tse Vun), Premier of the Republic of ChinaPremier of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...
, 1930, 1945–1947 - Liao ZhongkaiLiao ZhongkaiLiao Zhongkai , Kuomintang leader and financier. Liao Zhongkai was the principal architect of the first Kuomintang-Chinese Communist Party United Front in the 1920s....
廖仲愷 (1877-1925; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in USA), Leader and financier, KuomintangKuomintangThe Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
; Was one of the three most powerful figures in KuomintangKuomintangThe Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
when Sun Yatsen died - Sun KeSun KeSun Fo or Sun Ke , courtesy name Zhesheng , was a high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. He was the son of Sun Yat-sen and his first wife Lu Muzhen.-Biography:...
孫科/孙科 (1891–1973; Zhongshan, Guangdong), Premier of the Republic of ChinaPremier of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...
, 1931–1932, 1948–1949 - Chen JitangChen JitangChen Jitang , also spelled Chen Chi-tang, was born into a Hakka family in Fangcheng, Guangxi, China. He joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance in 1908 and began serving in the Guangdong Army in 1920, rising from battalion to brigade commander...
陳濟棠/陈济棠 (1890-1954; Fangcheng, Guangxi), General, Nationalist China - Xue YueXue YueXue Yue was a Chinese Nationalist military general, nicknamed by Claire Lee Chennault of the Flying Tigers as the Patton of Asia.-Early Life and Career:...
薛岳 (1896-1998; Lechang, Guangdong), Nationalist China most outstanding general during 2nd Sino-Japanese War; Nicknamed "Patton of Asia" - Zhang FakuiZhang FakuiZhang Fakui was a Chinese Nationalist general who fought against northern warlords, the Imperial Japanese Army and Chinese Communist forces in his military career. He served as commander-in-chief the 8th Army Group and commander-in-chief of NRA ground force before retire in Hong Kong in...
張發奎/张发奎 (1896-1980; Shixing, Guangdong), Commander-in-Chief during Second Sino-Japanese warSecond Sino-Japanese WarThe Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States... - Xie JinyuanXie Jinyuan-Places residing for a length of time:Xie got through his several years at Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou, then he serve in the National Revolutionary Army in Shanghai till to death.-Educational level attained:...
謝晉元/谢晋元 (1905-1941; Jiaoling, Guangdong), Commander, Defence of Sihang Warehouse; Heroism of the defenders of the warehouse, known as the Eight Hundred Heroes 八百壯士, was made into a movie of the same name - Lee Teng-huiLee Teng-huiLee Teng-hui is a politician of the Republic of China . He was the 7th, 8th, and 9th-term President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang from 1988 to 2000. He presided over major advancements in democratic reforms including his own re-election which marked the first direct...
李登辉 (1923-; Yongding, Fujian; born in Taiwan), President of the Republic of ChinaPresident of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
, 1988–2000; First freely-elected president in Chinese history - Annette LuAnnette LuAnnette Lu Hsiu-lien , was the Vice President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008, under Chen Shui-bian. She announced her intentions to run for President of Taiwan on March 6, 2007, but withdrew in order to support DPP presidential nominee, Frank Hsieh...
呂秀蓮/吕秀莲 (1944-; Nanjing, Fujian; born in Taiwan), Vice-President, Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, 2000–2008 - Wu Po-hsiung 吳伯雄/吴伯雄 (1939-; Yongding, Fujian; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Ng Pak Hiung), Chairman, KuomintangKuomintangThe Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
, 2007-; Mayor, TaipeiTaipeiTaipei City is the capital of the Republic of China and the central city of the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Situated at the northern tip of the island, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River, and is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, its port on the Pacific Ocean...
, 1988–1990 - Hsu Hsin-liangHsu Hsin-liangHsu Hsin-liang is a Taiwanese politician, formerly Chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party . He was a supporter of the Pan-Blue Coalition from 2000 to 2008 but then supported the DPP in the 2008 presidential election.-Biography:...
許信良/许信良 (1941-; Raoping, Guangdong; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Hee Sin Leong), Co-founder and chairman, Democratic Progressive PartyDemocratic Progressive PartyThe Democratic Progressive Party is a political party in Taiwan, and the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition. Founded in 1986, DPP is the first meaningful opposition party in Taiwan. It has traditionally been associated with strong advocacy of human rights and a distinct Taiwanese identity,...
, 1991–1994, 1996–1998 - Tsai Ing-wenTsai Ing-wenTsai Ing-wen is the current chairperson of the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan. Studying in Taiwan, the U.S and the U.K. Tsai earned an LL.B. from National Taiwan University, an LL.M. from Cornell University Law School and a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics....
蔡英文 (1956-; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Chai Yin Vun), Present and first female Chairperson, Democratic Progressive PartyDemocratic Progressive PartyThe Democratic Progressive Party is a political party in Taiwan, and the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition. Founded in 1986, DPP is the first meaningful opposition party in Taiwan. It has traditionally been associated with strong advocacy of human rights and a distinct Taiwanese identity,...
, 2008-; Vice-premier, Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, 2006–2007 - Yeh Chu-lanYeh Chu-lanYeh Chu-lan , born 1949, is a Taiwanese politician and the former acting mayor of Kaohsiung.- Rise in politics:Yeh entered politics after her husband, Cheng Nan-jung, a dissident, chose to commit suicide rather than be arrested in 1989....
葉菊蘭/叶菊兰 (1949-; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Yap Kiuk Lan), Vice-premier, Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, 2004–2005; Acting mayor, KaohsiungKaohsiungKaohsiung is a city located in southwestern Taiwan, facing the Taiwan Strait on the west. Kaohsiung, officially named Kaohsiung City, is divided into thirty-eight districts. The city is one of five special municipalities of the Republic of China...
, 2005–2006 - Chen Shui-bianChen Shui-bianChen Shui-bian is a former Taiwanese politician who was the 10th and 11th-term President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008. Chen, whose Democratic Progressive Party has traditionally been supportive of Taiwan independence, ended more than fifty years of Kuomintang rule in Taiwan...
陳水扁/陈水扁 (1950-; northern parts of Zhao'an - disputed; born in Taiwan), President of the Republic of ChinaPresident of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
, 2000–2008 - Yu Shyi-kunYu Shyi-kunYu Shyi-kun , a Taiwanese politician of the Democratic Progressive Party, is a former chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan. He previously served as Premier of the Republic of China from 2002 to 2005...
游錫堃, former chairman of the DPP and premier of the ROC. - Su Tseng-changSu Tseng-changSu Tseng-chang is a Taiwanese politician of the Democratic Progressive Party. He is the former Premier of the Republic of China. Su actively campaigned for the Presidential nomination of the DPP, but finished second to Frank Hsieh in the nomination process...
蘇貞昌, DPP politician and former premier of the ROC. - Lee Ying-yuan 李應元/李应元 (1953; Zhao'an, Fujian; born in Taiwan), Secretary-General, Executive YuanExecutive YuanThe Executive Yuan is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China , commonly known as "Taiwan".-Organization and structure:...
, 2005; Secretary-General, Democratic Progressive PartyDemocratic Progressive PartyThe Democratic Progressive Party is a political party in Taiwan, and the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition. Founded in 1986, DPP is the first meaningful opposition party in Taiwan. It has traditionally been associated with strong advocacy of human rights and a distinct Taiwanese identity,...
, 2008; Ran and lost to Ma Ying-jeouMa Ying-jeouMa Ying-jeou is the 12th term and current President of the Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, and the Chairman of the Kuomintang Party, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party. He formerly served as Justice Minister from 1993 to 1996, Mayor of Taipei from 1998 to 2006, and Chairman...
, Taipei Mayor Elections, 2002 - Ma Ying-jeouMa Ying-jeouMa Ying-jeou is the 12th term and current President of the Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, and the Chairman of the Kuomintang Party, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party. He formerly served as Justice Minister from 1993 to 1996, Mayor of Taipei from 1998 to 2006, and Chairman...
馬英九 ('born July 13, 1950'; Hakka pronunciation: Mah Yin Kiew) is the current PresidentPresident of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
of the Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
- People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of ChinaChina , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
- Deng XiaopingDeng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping was a Chinese politician, statesman, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy...
鄧小平/邓小平(1904-1997; Guang An, Sichuan; Hakka pronunciation: Thien Siau Phin), a prominent Chinese revolutionary, politician, pragmatist and reformer, as well as the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s. - Zhu DeZhu DeZhu De was a Chinese militarist, politician, revolutionary, and one of the pioneers of the Chinese Communist Party. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in 1955 Zhu became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army, of which he is regarded as the founder.-Early...
朱德, founder of the Chinese Red Army, later the People's Liberation ArmyPeople's Liberation ArmyThe People's Liberation Army is the unified military organization of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as "PLA Day" — as the military arm of the Communist Party of China...
. - Marshal Ye JianyingYe JianyingYe Jianying was a Chinese communist general and the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1978 to 1983.-Biography:...
葉劍英/叶剑英 (1897-1986; Meixian, Guangdong, Hakka pronunciation: Yap Kiam Yin), Leader and general; Chairman, National People's Congress, 1978–1983; President, People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of ChinaChina , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
, 1978–1983; Governor of GuangdongGovernor of GuangdongThe Politics of Guangdong follows a dual party-government system like the rest of China's provinces. Guangdong is known for a surge of legislative activism in recent years, often called the Guangdong Phenomenon...
, 1949–1953 - Hu YaobangHu YaobangHu Yaobang was a leader of the People's Republic of China who served as both Chairman and Party General Secretary. Hu joined the Chinese Communist Party in the 1930s, and rose to prominence as a comrade of Deng Xiaoping...
胡耀邦 (1915-89; Liuyang, Hunan; Hakka pronunciation: Fu Yau Bong), General Secretary of the Communist Party of ChinaGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of ChinaThe General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , officially General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China, a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat...
, 1980–1987 - Zeng QinghongZeng QinghongZeng Qinghong was the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2008. He became a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee during the 2002 16th Party Congress. Although he was formally ranked fifth in the nine PSC...
曾慶紅/曾庆红 (1939-; Ji'an, Jiangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Tsen Khin Fung), Vice-President, People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of ChinaChina , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
, 2003–2008; Was second in ranking after Hu JintaoHu JintaoHu Jintao is the current Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China. He has held the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang...
in the fourth generationGenerations of Chinese leadershipBecause both the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army promote according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership...
leadership - Liao ChengzhiLiao ChengzhiLiao Chengzhi was a Chinese politician. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1928, and rose to the position of director of the Xinhua News Agency; after 1949, he worked in various positions related to foreign affairs, most prominently president of the Beijing Foreign Languages Institute,...
廖承志 (1908-1983; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Japan; Hakka pronunciation: Liau Sin Chee), Well-respected politician; died a week before he was expected to be elected Vice-President, People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of ChinaChina , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres... - Ye TingYe TingYe Ting , born in Huiyang, Guangdong, was a Chinese military leader. He started out nationalist and went to the communists....
葉挺/叶挺 (1896-1946; Huiyang, Guangdong), Commander-In-Chief, New Fourth ArmyNew Fourth ArmyThe New Fourth Army was a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China established in 1937. In contrast to most of the National Revolutionary Army, it was controlled by the Communist Party of China and not by the ruling Kuomintang. The New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army...
, one of the two main Chinese communist forces, Second Sino-Japanese WarSecond Sino-Japanese WarThe Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States... - Yang ChengwuYang ChengwuYang Chengwu , alias Yang Nengjun was a general of the People's Republic of China. He was also a Proletarian Revolutionist and a military strategist of the People's Liberation Army....
楊成武/杨成武 (1914-2004; Changting, Fujian; Hakka pronunciation: Yong Sin Woo), General; Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceChinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceThe Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [], shortened as 人民政协, Rénmín Zhèngxié, i.e. "People's PCC"; or just 政协, Zhèngxié, i.e. "The PCC"), abbreviated CPPCC, is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China...
, 1983–1988 - Li PengLi PengLi Peng served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998, and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China ...
李鹏, fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China. - Ye XuanpingYe XuanpingYe Xuanping is the former Governor of Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. He is the son of Ye Jianying, Vice-Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1991-2003.-References:...
葉選平/叶选平 (1924-; Meixian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Yap Sen Phin), Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceChinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceThe Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [], shortened as 人民政协, Rénmín Zhèngxié, i.e. "People's PCC"; or just 政协, Zhèngxié, i.e. "The PCC"), abbreviated CPPCC, is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China...
, 1991–2003; Governor of GuangdongGovernor of GuangdongThe Politics of Guangdong follows a dual party-government system like the rest of China's provinces. Guangdong is known for a surge of legislative activism in recent years, often called the Guangdong Phenomenon...
, 1985–1991 - Xie FeiXie Fei (politician)Xie Fei was a politburo member of Communist Party of China, and vice chairman of standing committee of National People's Congress.-Biography:...
謝非/谢非 (1932-1999; Lufeng, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Chia Fui), Vice-chairman, National People's CongressNational People's CongressThe National People's Congress , abbreviated NPC , is the highest state body and the only legislative house in the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress is held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, capital of the People's Republic of China; with 2,987 members, it is the...
, 1998–1999 - Huang HuahuaHuang HuahuaHuang Huahua is currently the Governor of Guangdong, a southern province of China.Huang graduate of mathematics at Sun Yat-sen University....
黃華華/黄华华 (1946-; Xingning, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Wong Fah Fah), Present governor of GuangdongGovernor of GuangdongThe Politics of Guangdong follows a dual party-government system like the rest of China's provinces. Guangdong is known for a surge of legislative activism in recent years, often called the Guangdong Phenomenon...
, 2003-
- Deng Xiaoping
- Hong KongHong KongHong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
- Martin LeeMartin LeeMartin Lee , QC, SC, JP, was the founding chairman of the Democratic Party in Hong Kong. He was a directly-elected Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency...
李柱銘/李柱铭 (1938-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), Founding chairman, Democratic PartyDemocratic Party (Hong Kong)The Democratic Party is a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. It was established on 2 October 1994. The party is currently the second largest party in the Legislative Council, headed by Chairman Albert Ho Chun-yan and, following the November 2008 merger with the Frontier, had around 745...
, 1994–2002; Leading figure of the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong - Lee Wing TatLee Wing TatLee Wing-tat is a Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong , returned by direct election as representative of the New Territories West constituency. He was the third Chairman of the Democratic Party...
李永達/李永达 (1955-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Yun Tat), Chairman, Democratic PartyDemocratic Party (Hong Kong)The Democratic Party is a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. It was established on 2 October 1994. The party is currently the second largest party in the Legislative Council, headed by Chairman Albert Ho Chun-yan and, following the November 2008 merger with the Frontier, had around 745...
, 2004–2006 - Tam Yiu ChungTam Yiu ChungTam Yiu-chung, GBS, JP, is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the New Territories West constituency. He was a member of the Executive Council from 1997 to 2002...
譚耀宗/谭耀宗 (1949-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Tham Yau Tsung), Chairman, Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong, the largest pro-Beijing political party in Hong Kong, 2007-
- Martin Lee
- Song Dynasty
- SingaporeSingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
- Lee Kuan YewLee Kuan YewLee Kuan Yew, GCMG, CH is a Singaporean statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades...
李光耀 (1923-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Kong Yau), Founding father of modern SingaporeSingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
; Prime Minister of SingaporePrime Minister of SingaporeThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore appoints as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.The office of Prime Minister...
, his mother Chua (蔡), is a Min NanMin NanThe Southern Min languages, or Min Nan , are a family of Chinese languages spoken in southern Fujian, eastern Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, and southern Zhejiang provinces of China, and by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora....
Nyonya 1959-1990 - Lee Hsien LoongLee Hsien LoongLee Hsien Loong is the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore. He is married to Ho Ching, who is the Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of Temasek Holdings. He is the eldest son of Singapore's first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew....
李顯龍/李显龙 (1952-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Hen Loong), Present Prime Minister of SingaporePrime Minister of SingaporeThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore appoints as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.The office of Prime Minister...
, his mother KwaKwa Geok ChooKwa Geok Choo was a Singaporean most widely known as the wife of Singapore's Minister Mentor and former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, and one of the partners in the law firm Lee & Lee. Kwa was also the mother of current Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong...
(柯) is of Min NanMin NanThe Southern Min languages, or Min Nan , are a family of Chinese languages spoken in southern Fujian, eastern Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, and southern Zhejiang provinces of China, and by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora....
Tong'an ancestry - Yong Nyuk LinYong Nyuk LinYong Nyuk Lin is a Singaporean politician. He was born in Seremban, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia and studied in Singapore. He was the general manager of Overseas Assurance Company when he resigned to stand for elections in 1959. He became the Member of Parliament for Geylang West. He was in...
楊玉麟/杨玉麟 (1918-, born in Malaysia), Cabinet Minister, 1959–1976 - Hon Sui SenHon Sui SenHon Sui Sen was born in Penang in the British Straits Settlements.-Early life:A Hakka, he was educated at Saint Xavier's Institution. Hon was top-placed in the 1932 Senior Cambridge Certificate Examination...
韓瑞生/韩瑞生 (1916-83; Jiexi, Guangdong, born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Hon Sui Sang), Finance Minister, 1970–1983 - Howe Yoon ChongHowe Yoon ChongHowe Yoon Chong was a Minister in the Cabinet of Singapore and a Member of Parliament for Potong Pasir from 1979 to 1984. He was key in developing Singapore's infrastructural and financial framework, including the Mass Rapid Transit system, Singapore Changi Airport and public housing...
侯永昌 (1923-2007; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China), Cabinet Minister, 1979–1984 - Dr Hu Tsu Tau RichardHu Tsu Tau RichardRichard Hu Tsu Tau is a former Singaporean politician. He served as Minister of Finance from 1985–2001 and is affiliated to the People's Action Party...
胡賜道/胡赐道 (1926-; Yongding, Fujian; born in Singapore), Finance Minister, 1985–2001 - Elizabeth ChoyElizabeth ChoyElizabeth Choy-Yong Su-Moi OBE was a Singaporean war heroine, educator and councillor. Along with her husband, Choy Khun Heng, she supplied medicine, money and messages to British civilians interned in Changi Prison during the Second World War....
(Yong Su Moi) 蔡楊素梅/蔡杨素梅 (1910-2006; born in Malaysia), War heroine; First and only woman to be on the Legislative Council of SingaporeLegislative Council of SingaporeThe Legislative Council of Singapore was a Legislative Council in Singapore that assisted the Governor in making laws in Singapore. It officially came into existence in 1946, when the Repeal Act abolished the Straits Settlements, and Singapore became a Crown Colony on its own that would need its...
, 1951
- Lee Kuan Yew
- Malaysia
- Yap Ah LoyYap Ah LoyYap Ah Loy , also known as Yap Tet Loy and Yap Mao Lan. He is regarded as the founding father of modern Kuala Lumpur, he developed Kuala Lumpur as a commercial and mining centre during the mid-19th century...
葉亞來/叶亚来 (1837-1885; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in China), founder of Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurKuala Lumpur is the capital and the second largest city in Malaysia by population. The city proper, making up an area of , has a population of 1.4 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million... - Chung Keng QueeChung Keng QueeKapitan China Chung Keng Quee was the founder and administrator of modern Taiping. He was a millionaire philanthropist and known as an innovator in the mining of tin. He was involved in many other industries including farming, pawnbroking and logging. He was respected by both Chinese and European...
鄭景貴/郑景贵 (1827-1901; Zengcheng, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Chang Kin Gui), founder of TaipingTaiping, PerakTaiping is a town located in northern Perak, Malaysia. With a population of 191,104 , it is the second largest town in Perak after Ipoh, the state capital. Taiping took over Kuala Kangsar's role as the state capital from 1876 to 1937, but was then replaced by Ipoh...
, PerakPerakPerak , one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the second largest state in the Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Thailand to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor the Strait of Malacca to the south and west.Perak means silver in Malay...
; Kapitan China, PenangPenangPenang is a state in Malaysia and the name of its constituent island, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca. It is bordered by Kedah in the north and east, and Perak in the south. Penang is the second smallest Malaysian state in area after Perlis, and the...
and PerakPerakPerak , one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the second largest state in the Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Thailand to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor the Strait of Malacca to the south and west.Perak means silver in Malay... - Yap Kwan SengYap Kwan SengYap Kwan Seng was the last Chinese kapitan of Kuala Lumpur from 1889 to 1902. Kapitans were appointed chiefs or headmen of the various ethnic communities during the British colonial rule in what is present-day Malaysia. Kapitans played an important role in the history of the Chinese in Malaysia...
葉觀盛/叶观盛 (1846-1902; Chixi, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Yap Kon Sin), Last Kapitan China, Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurKuala Lumpur is the capital and the second largest city in Malaysia by population. The city proper, making up an area of , has a population of 1.4 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million...
, 1989-1902; A major road, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng, in Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurKuala Lumpur is the capital and the second largest city in Malaysia by population. The city proper, making up an area of , has a population of 1.4 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million...
was named after him - Chung Thye PhinChung Thye PhinKapitan Chung, Thye Phin , MSC, JP was a wealthy Malayan tin miner and rubber planter of Hakka ancestry who was raised on the island of Penang in the state of the same name in Malaysia, known at that time as British Malaya. He was a member of the Perak Advisory Board and the last Kapitan China of...
鄭大平/郑大平 (1879-1935; Zengcheng, Guangdong; born in Malaysia), Last Kapitan China, PerakPerakPerak , one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the second largest state in the Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Thailand to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor the Strait of Malacca to the south and west.Perak means silver in Malay... - Datuk Seri Lau Pak KhuanLau Pak KhuanLau Pak Khuan was a major Chinese political and community leader in Malaysia.Born in China, Lau was 17 when he came to Malaya on board a Chinese junk in search of a better life. Upon arrival, he saw and experienced the hardship of his countrymen. He made a promise to himself that if he ever made...
劉伯群/刘伯群 (1894-1971; Zengcheng, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Liew Pak Khiun), Founding member of Malaysian Chinese AssociationMalaysian Chinese AssociationMalaysian Chinese Association is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that represents the Malaysian Chinese ethnicity; it is one of the three major component parties of the ruling coalition in Malaysia called the Barisan Nasional in Malay, or National Front in English.Along with the largest...
; First Chinese to be conferred the "Datuk Seri" title by a Malaysian Sultan; Led the unsuccessful bid for Chinese equal citizenship rights and official language status during drafting of Malaysia Constitution - Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee 王保尼, (1911-2002; born in Malaysia), Chief Minister of PenangChief Minister of PenangThe Chief Minister of the State of Penang is the head of the executive branch of the government in the Malaysian state of Penang. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri, from the State Legislative Assembly.-List of Chief Ministers:...
, 1957–1969 - Datuk Peter Lo Sui Yin 羅思仁/罗思仁 (Longchuan, Guangdong), Chief Minister of Sabah, 1965–67
- Datuk Yong Teck LeeYong Teck LeeDatuk Seri Yong Teck Lee is a Malaysian politician of Hakka Chinese descent. He is a former Chief Minister of Sabah and is currently the president of the Sabah Progressive Party .-Political History:...
楊德利/杨德利 (1958-; Longchuan, Guangdong), Chief Minister of Sabah, 1996–1998 - Tan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen Yong Kuet TzeStephen Yong Kuet TzeTan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen Yong Kuet Tze was a former Cabinet Minister in Malaysia. He was the Secretary-General of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party . He is best remembered in giving the ordinary Chinese in Sarawak a political voice....
楊國斯/杨国斯 (1921-2001; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Malaysia), former Minister of Science, Technology & Environment - Peter Chin Fah KuiPeter Chin Fah KuiDato' Sri Peter Chin Fah Kui , born 31 August 1945, is the current Malaysian Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water. He is a Malaysian Chinese and of Hakka descent. He has been the Member of Parliament of Miri in Malaysia since 1985 and is currently the party organising secretary of the...
陳華貴/陈华贵 (1945-; Bao'an, Guangdong; born in Malaysia), Plantation Industries and Commodities Minister, Malaysia, 2004- - Liow Tiong LaiLiow Tiong LaiDato' Sri Liow Tiong Lai is a Malaysian politician who is currently serving as the Health Minister in the Malaysian cabinet. He is the deputy president of the Malaysian Chinese Association , a major component party of the Barisan Nasional ruling coalition.-Background:Born in Jasin, Malacca, Liow...
廖中莱 (Dabu, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Liau Tsung Loi), Health Minister, Malaysia, 2008- - Teresa KokTeresa KokTeresa Kok Suh Sim is a Malaysian Member of Parliament from the Democratic Action Party .-Background:Born and bred in Kuala Lumpur, Teresa is a second-generation Malaysian of Chinese descent. Kok is a member of the Hakka dialect group and her ancestors were from Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China....
郭素沁 (1964-; Huizhou, Guangdong; born in Malaysia), Member of Parliament, 1999-; Won by the highest majority among 200 seats contested in the 2008 General ElectionsMalaysian general election, 2008The 12th Malaysian general election was held on March 8, 2008, in accordance with Malaysian laws for national elections, which states that a general election must be held no later than five years subsequent to the previous elections; the previous general election was held in 2004... - Cheong Fatt TzeCheong Fatt TzeCheong Fatt Tze was a Chinese businessman and politician born in 1840 in Dabu, Guangdong Province in South China. He was a powerful Nanyang industrialist and a first-class Mandarin in the Manchu government; he was made Consul-General in Singapore and economic advisor to the Empress Dowager...
張弼士 (1840–1916; Dabu, Guangdong) Appointed the Chinese Consul (based in Penang) in 1890. Minister for agriculture, industries, roads and mines for the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong for the Qing Dynasty government in 1899, Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Republic of China (1912) - Philip Lee Tau Sang 李道生 (died 1959), Member of the Advisory Council of North Borneo (now the state of SabahSabahSabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
, 1947–1950), Legislative Council of North Borneo (1950–1958) and Executive Council of North Borneo (1950–1953, 1956–1957)
- Yap Ah Loy
- ThailandThailandThailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
- Thaksin ShinawatraThaksin ShinawatraThaksin Shinawatra is a Thai businessman and politician, who was Prime Minister of Thailand from 2001 to 2006, when he was overthrown in a military coup....
丘達新/丘达新 (1949-; Fengshun, Guangdong; born in Thailand; Hakka pronunciation: Hiew Tat Sin), founder Thai Rak ThaiThai Rak ThaiThe Thai Rak Thai Party was a Thai political party that was officially banned on May 30, 2007, by the Constitutional Court of Thailand due to violations of electoral laws during the 2006 legislative elections. From 2001 to 2006, it was the ruling party under Prime Minister and its founder Thaksin...
political party; only Prime Minister of ThailandPrime Minister of ThailandThe Prime Minister of Thailand is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy....
to finish a term of office and be reelected, 2001–2006; exiled, 2008. - Abhisit VejjajivaAbhisit VejjajivaAbhisit Vejjajiva , , ; born Mark Abhisit Vejjajiva; 3 August 1964 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is a Thai politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Thailand from 2008 to 2011 and is the current leader of the Democrat Party...
(1964-; born in United Kingdom), Leader, Democrat Party (Thailand)Democrat Party (Thailand)The Democrat Party is Thailand's oldest political party and was the main coalition government party of the 23rd House of Representatives of Thailand. The Democrat Party's current leader is Abhisit Vejjajiva, incumbent opposition leader and former Prime Minister. The party upholds a conservative...
, 2005- ; former Opposition Leader; elected Prime Minister of ThailandPrime Minister of ThailandThe Prime Minister of Thailand is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy....
, 2008. - Yingluck ShinawatraYingluck ShinawatraYingluck Shinawatra , or nickname Pu , is a Thai businesswoman and politician, member of the Pheu Thai Party, and the 28th Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 general election...
, first female Prime Minster of Thailand - Sudarat KeyuraphanSudarat KeyuraphanSudarat Keyuraphan is a Thai politician and the deputy leader of the Thai Rak Thai party. She served as the Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Thailand in the Thai Rak Thai government until its ousting in the September 2006 coup.Born in Bangkok, Sudarat is a graduate of Chulalongkorn...
(1961-; born in Thailand), Cabinet Minister, 2002–2006
- Thaksin Shinawatra
- IndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
- Low Lan Pak 羅芳伯/罗芳伯 (1738-1778; Meixian, Guangdong), Founder and President, Hakka Lanfang RepublicLanfang RepublicThe Lanfang Republic was a Chinese state in West Kalimantan in Indonesia that was established by a Hakka Chinese named Low Lan Pak in 1777, until it was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884 .The sultans of...
(present Western Kalimantan, now part of Indonesia), 1777–1884 - Hasan Karman 黄少凡 (Meixian; Guangdong; born in Indonesia; Hakka pronunciation: Wong Sau Fan), Mayor of Singkawang, West Kalimantan; Indonesia's first Chinese mayor
- Low Lan Pak 羅芳伯/罗芳伯 (1738-1778; Meixian, Guangdong), Founder and President, Hakka Lanfang Republic
- Burma
- Khin NyuntKhin NyuntGeneral Khin Nyunt is an officer and politician in Myanmar. Khin Nyunt is of Burmese Chinese descent. He held the office of Chief of Intelligence and was Prime Minister from 25 August 2003 until 18 October 2004. He is married to Khin Win Shwe, a medical doctor, and father to a daughter, Thin Le Le...
(1939-; Meixian, Guangondg; born in Burma), Prime Minister of Burma, 2003–2004
- Khin Nyunt
- Timor-Leste
- Pedro Lay (born in East Timor), Minister of Infrastructure, 2007-
- Gil Alves (born in East Timor), Minister of Tourism, Commerce & Industry, 2007-
- MauritiusMauritiusMauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...
- Sir Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen 朱梅麟 (1909-1991; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius; Hakka pronunciation: Chu Moi Lin), First Chinese member, Legislative Council, 1949; Minister of Local Government, 1967–1976; Second Hakka after Sun Yatsen to have his portrait printed on the bills of a country's currency
- Noel Lee Cheong Lem 李國華/李国华 (1951-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Ket Fah), Minister of Tourism, 1993–1995
- Joseph Tsang Mang Kin 曾繁興/曾繁兴 (1938-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius), Minister of Art and Culture, 1995–2000
- Emmanuel Jean Leung Shing 陳念汀/陈念汀 (1944-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius), Minister of Justice and Human Rights, 2000–2005
- Sylvio Tang Wah Hing 鄧學升/邓学升 (Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius; Hakka pronunciation: Thien Hock Sin), Minister of Youth and Sports, 2005–2007
- AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
- Penny WongPenny WongPenelope "Penny" Ying-yen Wong , is an Australian Labor Party senator for South Australia and the Federal Minister for Finance and Deregulation. Wong was the first Australian Minister for Climate Change and Water. Her appointment was amended on 26 February 2010, by the Prime Minister, to the...
黃英賢/黃英贤 (1968, born in Malaysia), the current Australian Minister for Climate Change and Water, Australia's first Asian Cabinet Minister, 2007- - Alfred Huang 黃國鑫/黄国鑫 (Jiaoling, Guangdong, born in China), Lord Mayor, AdelaideAdelaideAdelaide is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million...
, 2000–2003; Australia's first Chinese Lord Mayor - Henry TsangHenry TsangHenry Tsang OAM is an Australian architect, politician and formerly an Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. Tsang was a member of the Council from 27 March 1999 until his resignation effective 3 December 2009...
曾筱龍/曾筱龙 (1943-; Wuhua, Guangdong; born in China), Deputy Lord Mayor, SydneySydneySydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
, 1991–1999 - Robert Chong 鐘富喜/钟富喜 (Meixian, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Tsung Foo Hee), Mayor, WhitehorseCity of WhitehorseThe City of Whitehorse is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. It is located in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of and has a estimated population of 155,725 people....
, VictoriaVictoria (Australia)Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
, 2001–2002, 2004 - Li Hiam Lai 賴利賢 (1958, born in East Timor), Councillor, YarraCity of YarraThe City of Yarra is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the inner eastern and northern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of 19.5 square kilometres, and at the 2006 census it had a population of 69,330...
, VictoriaVictoria (Australia)Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
, 1996–2004
- Penny Wong
- GuyanaGuyanaGuyana , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and of the British...
- Arthur Raymond ChungArthur ChungArthur Chung was a President of Guyana from 1970 to 1980. He was the first ethnic Chinese head of state in a non-Asian country...
鐘亞瑟/钟亚瑟 (1916-2008; Dabu, Guangdong), First President, Guyana, 1970–80
- Arthur Raymond Chung
- Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles...
- Sir Solomon HochoySolomon HochoySir Solomon Hochoy TC, GCMG, GCVO, OBE was the last British Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, the first non-white Governor and the first Governor General after independence and the first British viceroy of non-European descent.Of Hakka Chinese background, his family emigrated to Trinidad when he...
何才 (1905-1983; born in Jamaica), First and only non-white, non-British Governor, 1960–1962 and Governor General, 1962–1972, Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles...
- Sir Solomon Hochoy
Religion
- Gregory YongGregory YongGregory Yong Sooi Ngean , D.D. D.C.L was the second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore. Archbishop Gregory Yong died on 28 June 2008 of a heart failure....
楊瑞元/杨瑞元 (1925-2008; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Yong Sui Yen), Roman Catholic Archbishop Emeritus, Singapore, 1977–2000 - John Wu 胡振中樞機 (1925-2002; Wuhua, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Foo Tsen Tsung), Roman Catholic BishopBishopA bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
of Hong Kong, 1975–2002 - Yong Ping Chung 杨平中 (1941-; born in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia), ordained as an Anglican deacon in 1969 (first priest to be ordained in Sabah at the time since 1927), 4th Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of SabahSabahSabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
(1990–2006), former President of the Council of Churches of Malaysia (1995–2000), former Chairman of the Anglican Council of Churches in East Asia
Government officials
- He Ruzhang 何如璋 (1838-1891; Dabu, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Ho Yee Chong), China's first ambassador to Japan, Qing Dynasty, 1877–1882
- Zhang DingchengZhang Dingcheng-Biography:Zhang Dingcheng was born in Yongding County, Fujian in 1898. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1927.Zhang was the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate from 1954 to 1975.-External links:...
張鼎丞/张鼎丞 (1898-1981; Yongding, Fujian), Procurator-General, Supreme People's ProcuratorateSupreme People's ProcuratorateThe Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest agency at the national level responsible for both prosecution and investigation in the People's Republic of China...
, 1954–1975 - Liu FuzhiLiu FuzhiLiu Fuzhi was the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China.-Biography:Liu was born in Mei County, Meizhou, Guangdong...
劉復之/刘复之 (1917-; Meixian, Guangdong), Procurator-General, Supreme People's ProcuratorateSupreme People's ProcuratorateThe Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest agency at the national level responsible for both prosecution and investigation in the People's Republic of China...
, 1988–1993 - Yong Pung HowYong Pung HowYong Pung How, DUT . He was the former Chief Justice of Singapore, serving from 1990 to 2006. Prior to his judicial career, he was a lawyer, banker and senior government official...
楊邦孝/杨邦孝 (1926-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Yong Bong Hau), Second Chief Justice, SingaporeSingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, 1990–2006 - Marie Madeleine Lee nee Ah Chuen 朱志筠 (1927-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius), Mauritius' first ambassador to China, 1999–2000
- Xiao YangXiao YangXiao Yang was the former President of the Supreme People's Court of China.-Biography:He received his LL.B degree from Renmin University of China Law School in 1962.Xiao Yang was the Minister of Justice from 1993 to 1998...
肖扬 (1938-; Heyuan, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Siau Yong), President, Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of ChinaSupreme People's Court of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Supreme People's Court is the highest court in the mainland area of the People's Republic of China...
, 1998–2008 - Perng Fai-nan 彭淮南 (1939-; born in Taiwan), Governor, Central Bank of Taiwan, 1988-; Best Central Banker in the world, 2000, 2005. 2006, 2007, Global Finance
- Supachai PanitchpakdiSupachai PanitchpakdiSupachai Panitchpakdi is the Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development . Prior to this, he was the Director-General of the World Trade Organization from September 1, 2002 to September 1, 2005...
, (1946-; born in Thailand), First and only Asian Director-General of World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade OrganizationThe World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , which commenced in 1948...
, 1999–2005 - Zhang Jiuhuan 張九桓/张九桓 (1947-; Bobai, Guangxi), Ambassador of China to Nepal (1995–1998), Singapore (2000–2004), Thailand (2004-); Youngest-ever ambassador, People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of ChinaChina , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
- Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen 楊欽俊/杨钦俊 (1950-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius), Chief Justice, Mauritius, 2008-
- Adrienne Louise Clarkson (née Adrienne Louise Poy) 伍冰枝 (1939-; born in Hong Kong), First Canadian-Chinese (and first visible minority) Governor General of CanadaGovernor General of CanadaThe Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II...
(1999–2005)
Entrepreneurs and corporate figures
- Cheong Fatt TzeCheong Fatt TzeCheong Fatt Tze was a Chinese businessman and politician born in 1840 in Dabu, Guangdong Province in South China. He was a powerful Nanyang industrialist and a first-class Mandarin in the Manchu government; he was made Consul-General in Singapore and economic advisor to the Empress Dowager...
張弼士/张弼士 (1840-1916; Dabu, Guangdong), Powerful industralist in South-east Asia who contributed to the interests of Overseas Chinese during China's Qing Dynasty and Republican era - Aw Boon HawAw Boon HawAw Boon Haw, OBE was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin, with his ancestral home in Yongding County, Fujian Province, China.-Biography:-Business:...
胡文虎 (1882-1954; Yongding, Fujian; born in Burma) and Aw Boon ParAw Boon ParAw Boon Par was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm.He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin. His father left the business to Boon Par and after Aw Chu Kin's death in 1908, he called his elder brother Aw Boon Haw to run his father's...
胡文豹 (1888-1944; Yongding, Fujian; born in Burma), Philanthropists of Tiger BalmTiger BalmTiger Balm is the trade name for a heat rub manufactured and distributed by Haw Par Healthcare in Singapore.- History :It was originally developed in the 1870s by a herbalist, Aw Chu Kin, in Rangoon, Burma, who asked his sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par on his deathbed to perfect the...
fame - Yong Koon 楊坤/杨坤, Founder, Royal SelangorRoyal SelangorRoyal Selangor is a Malaysian pewter manufacturer and retailer, the largest of its type in the world. It is recognized as a Malaysian brand icon.-History:...
, Malaysia - Lee Loy SengLee Loy SengTan Sri Dato' Seri Lee Loy Seng was a Malaysian businessman who grew up in a small town, Ipoh.-Biography:Tan Sri Dato' Seri Lee Loy Seng was born in Menglembu on 22 Aug 1921, and grew up in Ipoh, capital of Perak state....
, Kuala Lumpur Kepong (KLK), Malaysia - Raymond ChowRaymond ChowRaymond Chow Man-Wai is a Hong Kong film producer, and presenter and was responsible for successfully launching martial arts and the Hong Kong cinema onto the international stage...
鄒文懷/邹文怀 (1929-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong); Founder, Golden Harvest; Producer who launched the careers of Bruce LeeBruce LeeBruce Lee was a Chinese American, Hong Kong actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, film director, film producer, screenwriter, and founder of the Jeet Kune Do martial arts movement...
, Jackie ChanJackie ChanJackie Chan, SBS, MBE is a Hong Kong actor, action choreographer, comedian, director, producer, martial artist, screenwriter, entrepreneur, singer and stunt performer. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts...
and Tsui HarkTsui HarkTsui Hark , born Tsui Man-kong, is a Hong Kong New Wave film director and producer. He is viewed as a major figure in the Golden Age of Hong Kong cinema .-Early life:... - Tjong A FieTjong A FieTjong A Fie , or Tjong Yiauw Hian , was a Hakka Chinese businessman, banker and kapitan who built a large plantation business in Sumatra, Indonesia. Tjong A Fie built his business that employed more than 10,000 labor workers...
, (1860-1921), Chinese Businessman and Philanthropist who built a large plantation business in Sumatra - Woon Wing YipWoon Wing YipWoon Wing Yip OBE is a Chinese-born British entrepreneur, best known for having started the Wing Yip supermarket chain.A Hakka born in Dongguan, Guangdong in 1940, Yip arrived in Birmingham, United Kingdom from Hong Kong in 1959 with 10 pounds at the age of 19...
葉煥榮/叶焕荣 (1940-; Dongguan, China; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Yap Fon Yin), Founder, The Wing YipWing YipWing Yip is a Chinese supermarket chain in the United Kingdom, founded in 1969.The current Birmingham store now also serves as its headquarters office, international trading division, property and investments, , warehouse, and national distribution centre...
Supermarkets, United Kingdom; First Chinese tycoon in United Kingdom - Prajogo PangestuPrajogo PangestuPrajogo Pangestu is a timber tycoon in Indonesia of Hakka Chinese origin. He is the head of the Barito Pacific group of companies.In the 1970s, he traded timber in Kalimantan....
(Phang Jun Phen) 彭雲鵬/彭云鹏 (1944-; born in Indonesia; Hakka pronunciation: Pang Yun Pen), Timber tycoon, Indonesia - Alan YauAlan YauAlan Yau , OBE is a London-based restaurateur who is best known for founding the Wagamama food chain in the United Kingdom...
丘德威 (1962-; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Hiew Tet Wui), Founder, WagamamaWagamamaWagamama is a British-headquartered restaurant chain, serving pan-Asian food in the style of a modern Japanese Ramen bar.-History:Created by Alan Yau, who subsequently created the Chinese restaurants Hakkasan and Yauatcha in London, the first Wagamama opened in 1992 off Gower Street in...
restaurant chain, HakkasanHakkasanHakkasan is a high-class modern Chinese restaurant in the West End of London, England, at Hanway Place. The restaurant was created by Alan Yau, also behind the Wagamama Japanese restaurant chain and the newer Yauatcha restaurant, also in London...
and YauatchaYauatchaYauatcha is a Chinese restaurant in Broadwick Street, Soho, London, England, specialising in dim sum.The restaurant was created in 2004 by Alan Yau, who previously created the Wagamama Japanese and Busaba Eathai Thai restaurant chains and the more expensive Hakkasan restaurant, also in London...
, United Kingdom - Khun Bantoon Lamsam 伍捷仆 (Meixian, Guangdong), Founder, Kasikorn BankKasikorn BankKasikornbank Public Company Limited formerly known as the Thai Farmers Bank was established on 8 June 1945 by Choti Lamsam, with registered capital of Baht 5 million and has been listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand since 1976...
(Thai Farmers Bank), Thailand - Robert Wan 温惠仁 (Guangdong; born in Tahiti, French Polynesia; Hakka pronunciation: Vun Fui Yin), Pearl producer (See Robert Wan Pearl MuseumRobert Wan Pearl MuseumThe Robert Wan Pearl Museum is the world's only museum dedicated to pearls. It is located in Papeete, Tahiti, the capital of French Polynesia.-Overview:...
) - Tan Sri Jeffrey CheahTan Sri Jeffrey CheahTan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Fook Ling is the founder and chairman of The Sunway Group of Companies in Malaysia.Jeffrey Cheah was born in Pusing, a small town outside of Ipoh in Perak...
謝富年/谢富年 (Dongguan, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Chia Foo Ngen), Founder and chairman of The Sunway Group of Companies, Malaysia - Michael Lee-ChinMichael Lee-ChinThe Honourable Michael Lee-Chin, OJ is a Jamaican-Canadian investor. He is the founder and Chairman of Portland Holdings Inc., a privately held investment company which owns a collection of diversified operating companies in sectors that include media, tourism, health care telecommunications and...
(born in Jamaica), Chairman and CEO, AIC Limited, one of Canada's largest mutual fund companies
Literary figures, artists, academics and scientists
- Huang ZunxianHuang ZunxianHuang Zunxian , courtesy name Gongdu , was a Chinese writer and poet, active during the late Qing Dynasty. He was born in Chia-ying, now Mei County, Guangdong, and died 57 years later in the same place.-Biography:...
黃遵憲/黄遵宪 (1848-1905; Meixian, Guangdong), Poet, writer and diplomat - Yong Mun SenYong Mun SenYong Mun Sen . Born Yong Yen Lang in Kuching, Sarawak. He changed his name to Yong Mun Sen in 1922.He is widely known as the Father of Malaysian Painting...
(Yong Yen Lang) 楊曼生/杨曼生 (1896-1962; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Yong Man Sang); Pioneer artist and the father of Malaysian painting - Jimmy ChooJimmy ChooDato' Jimmy Choo, OBE, born Choo Yeang Keat, is a Malaysian fashion designer based in London, United Kingdom. He is best known for founding Jimmy Choo Ltd that became known for its handmade women's shoes....
周仰杰 (1961-; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Chiu Yong Ket), Renowned designer of shoes and handbags, United Kingdom - Lo Hsiang-lin 羅香林/罗香林 (1906-1978, Xingning, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Lo Heong Lim), Scholar on Hakka culture and language
- Ivan Taslimson 林遵憲 (Meixian, Guangdong), architect, scientist, US tech tycoon
- Teng Yu-hsienTeng Yu-hsienTeng Yu-hsien was a Taiwanese Hakka musician. He is noted for composing many well-known Hokkien songs...
鄧雨賢/邓雨贤 (1906-1944; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Thien Yee Hen), Taiwanese composer - Li GuohaoLi Guohao (engineer)Li Guohao , Chinese structural engineer, China's celebrated bridge engineering expert, earned his nickname of "Suspension Bridge Li" from his German counterparts...
李國豪/李国豪 (1913-2005; Meixian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Ket Hau), One of the top bridge experts in the world - Chung Li-hoChung Li-hoChung Lin-ho|right|200px|thumbChung Li-ho was a Taiwanese novelist. He was a Liutui Hakka , born in Gaushu, Pingtung in 1915, and migrated to Meinong, Kaohsiung County in 1932...
鐘理和/钟理和 (1915-1960; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Tsung Lee Foh), Famous Taiwanese novelist - Han SuyinHan SuyinHan Suyin , is the pen name of Elizabeth Comber, born Rosalie Elisabeth Kuanghu Chow . She is a Chinese-born Eurasian author of several books on modern China, novels set in East Asia, and autobiographical works, as well as a physician...
韓素音/韩素音 (1917-; Xinyang, Henan), Author of books on modern China - Lin HaiyinLin HaiyinLin Haiyin was a Taiwanese writer of Han Chinese ethnicity. She is best remembered for her 1960 memoir 城南舊事 , a novelistic tribute to her childhood reminiscences of Beijing.Born in Osaka, Japan, where her father worked as a merchant, Lin's parents moved first to...
林海音 (1918-2001; Jiaoling, Guangdong; born in Japan; Hakka pronunciation: Lim Hoi Yim), Taiwanese novelist whose memoirs, 城南旧事 (My Memories of Old Beijing), was made into a movie of the same name - Shing-Tung YauShing-Tung YauShing-Tung Yau is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry. He was born in Shantou, Guangdong Province, China into a family of scholars from Jiaoling, Guangdong Province....
丘成桐 (1949-; Jiaoling, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Hiew Sin Tung), Chinese-American mathematician - Chin Liew TenChin Liew TenChin Liew Ten is Professor of Philosophy and former Head of the Philosophy Department, National University of Singapore. Before taking up his appointments at the National University of Singapore, he was Professor of Philosophy and Acting Head of the School of Philosophy, Linguistics, and...
(born in Malaysia), Professor of Philosophy and former Head of the Philosophy Department, National University of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeThe National University of Singapore is Singapore's oldest university. It is the largest university in the country in terms of student enrollment and curriculum offered....
; noted scholar of John Stuart MillJohn Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill was a British philosopher, economist and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of...
Actors, musicians and entertainers
- Hong Kong
- Chor YuenChor YuenZhang Baojian , better known as Chor Yuen, is a Hong Kong-based Chinese film director, screenwriter and actor.-As director:*Cold Blade *The House of 72 Tenants *The Jade Tiger...
楚原 (1934-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Chu Ngian), Hong Kong film director - Leslie CheungLeslie CheungLeslie Cheung Kwok-Wing , nicknamed elder brother , was a film actor and musician from Hong Kong. Cheung was considered as "one of the founding fathers of Cantopop", and "combining a hugely successful film and music career".In 2000, Cheung was named Asian Biggest Superstar by China Central...
張國榮/张国荣 (1956-2003; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Zhong Guet Rhin), Famous singer/actor - Chow Yun-fatChow Yun-FatChow Yun-fat, SBS is an actor from Hong Kong. He is best known in Asia for his collaboration with filmmaker John Woo in heroic bloodshed genre films A Better Tomorrow, The Killer, and Hard Boiled; and to the West for his role as Li Mu-bai in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon...
周潤發/周润发 (1955-; Bao'an, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Zhiu Rhun Fat), One of the most famous actors in Asia; Lead actor in several Hollywood movies - Leon LaiLeon LaiLeon Lai is a Hong Kong-based actor and Cantopop singer. The media refer to Aaron Kwok, Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau and Leon Lai as the Cantopop Four Heavenly Kings . He uses the stage name "Li Ming" or "Lai Ming" which literally means "dawn."-Biography:...
黎明 (1966-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Le Min), Singer/actor; One of the "Four Great Heavenly Kings" of Chinese pop music - Alex ManAlex ManAlex Man , Hong Kong actor who has played leading roles in numerous movies and television serials.Born in Hong Kong, Alex Man joined ATV in 1970s, casting some TV drama. He became popular when joining TVB in 1980s, in which he had been the main character of several TV drama with big production...
萬梓良/万梓良 (1957-; Bao'an, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Van Zih Liong), Actor; Best Actor, Golden Horse Awards, 1988 - Cherie ChungCherie ChungCherie Chung Chor-hung is a retired Hong Kong film actress.She is one of the top actresses in Hong Kong Film 1980s.InHakka descent, she participated in the Miss Hong Kong competition but won nothing...
鍾楚紅/钟楚紅 (1960-; Boluo, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Zhung Chu Fung), Actress - Jordan ChanJordan ChanJordan Chan Siu-Chun is a Chinese actor and musician from Hong Kong.Chan got his start by enrolling in the TVB Dancers' Training Class in 1985. Soon after graduation, he joined a few of the studio's troupes that would accompany popular singers during their live performances...
陳小春/陈小春(1967-, Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Siau Chun), Actor/singer - Eric TsangEric TsangEric Tsang Chi-wai , MH is a prolific Hong Kong actor, film director, film producer and television host best known for hosting the Super Trio series on TVB over the course of 10 years.-Biography:Due to his popularity, he is often the MC in events organized by TVB, and is nicknamed "the Prize Master"...
曾志偉/曾志伟 (1953-; Wuhua, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Zen Zhi Vui), Actor/comedian - Frances YipFrances YipFrances Yip Lai-yee is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer. She is best known for performing many of the theme songs for television series produced by TVB in the 1980s and early 1990s....
葉麗儀/叶丽仪 (1947-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Rhap Li Ngi), Singer/entertainer - Deanie IpDeanie IpDeanie Ip is a Cantopop singer and Chinese actress, known for supporting roles. She has won the Hong Kong Film Awards twice , while her Cantopop albums were released by Universal Music Group and several local labels...
葉德嫻/叶德娴 (1947-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in DapengchengDapengchengDapeng Fortress or Dapengsuocheng is a walled village in the subdistrict Dapeng, district Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. The village lies 55 kilometers from the center of Shenzhen.-History:...
; Hakka pronunciation: Rhap Det Han), Singer/actress - Teresa Cheung Tak Lan 張德蘭/张德兰 (Dabu, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Zhong Det Lan), Popular Hong Kong singer in the 1970s-1980s
- Chan Wai-ManChan Wai-ManMichael Chan Wai-man is a Hong Kong actor, well known for various triad roles, when in actuality he has been involved with triads in real life. A little-known fact that also happens to be a huge part of his life was that he was a well-established kickboxing and boxing champion in southeast Asia...
陳惠敏/陈惠敏 (1946-; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Fui Mian); Actor who is well-known for triad chief roles - Shing Fui-OnShing Fui-OnShing Fui On was a Hong Kong actor, best known for his supporting roles in Hong Kong cinema. He had only one leading role in his entire career.-Biography:...
成奎安 (1955-2009; Xingning, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Shin Kui On ), Actor who is well-known for bad guy roles - Angeline Leung 梁韵蕊 (Meixian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Liong Rhun Lui ), Winner, Miss Hong Kong pageantMiss Hong Kong PageantThe Miss Hong Kong Pageant , or MSHK for short, is a beauty pageant organized by the leading Hong Kong television station, Television Broadcasts ....
, 1982 - Shallin TseShallin TseCharlene Tse Ning , also known as Shallin Tse, is a Hong Kong-based Chinese actress and winner of the 1985 Miss Hong Kong Pageant...
謝寧/谢宁 (1963-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Cia Nen), Winner, Miss Hong Kong pageantMiss Hong Kong PageantThe Miss Hong Kong Pageant , or MSHK for short, is a beauty pageant organized by the leading Hong Kong television station, Television Broadcasts ....
, 1985 - Shirley YeungShirley YeungShirley Yeung Sze-Ki, born 7 August 1978, is a Hong Kong actress under contract to the TVB television channel....
楊思琦/杨思琦 (1978-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Rhong Sih Ki), Winner, Miss Hong Kong pageantMiss Hong Kong PageantThe Miss Hong Kong Pageant , or MSHK for short, is a beauty pageant organized by the leading Hong Kong television station, Television Broadcasts ....
, 2001 - Fiona YuenFiona YuenFiona Yuen was born in 20 January 1976 in Cologne, Germany.She went to Hong Kong and took part in the 1996 Miss Hong Kong Pageant, where she was second runner-up and won the Miss International Goodwill award. She can speak German, French, English and Cantonese fluently...
袁彩雲 (1976-; born in Germany; Hakka pronunciation: Rhen Cai Rhun), Second runner-up, Miss Hong Kong pageantMiss Hong Kong PageantThe Miss Hong Kong Pageant , or MSHK for short, is a beauty pageant organized by the leading Hong Kong television station, Television Broadcasts ....
, 1996 - Kate TsuiKate TsuiKate Tsui Tsz-shan is the 2004 Miss Hong Kong pageant winner and currently a TVB actress.-Education:Tsui graduated from the University of California, Davis, majoring in Japanese. She is skilled in different interests such as acting, dancing, learning languages, and snowboarding...
徐子珊 (1979-; Huizhou, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Ci Zih San), Winner, Miss Hong Kong pageantMiss Hong Kong PageantThe Miss Hong Kong Pageant , or MSHK for short, is a beauty pageant organized by the leading Hong Kong television station, Television Broadcasts ....
, 2004 - Shermon TangShermon TangShermon Tang Sheung Man is a Hong Kong television actress. Shermon was awarded the "Miss Photogenic" award at the 2005 Miss Hong Kong pageant, launching her career in showbiz. Shermon attended King George V School, an International School before studying in Australia.Actually, Shermon's childhood...
鄧上文/邓上文 (1983-; born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Ten Shong Vun), Miss Photogenic, Miss Hong Kong pageantMiss Hong Kong PageantThe Miss Hong Kong Pageant , or MSHK for short, is a beauty pageant organized by the leading Hong Kong television station, Television Broadcasts ....
, 2005
- Chor Yuen
- Taiwan
- Hou Hsiao-HsienHou Hsiao-HsienHou Hsiao-Hsien is an award-winning film director and a leading figure of Taiwan's New Wave cinema movement.-Biography:...
侯孝賢/侯孝贤 (1947-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Heu Hau Hian), Award-winning film director and a leading figure of TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
's New Wave cinema movement - Edward YangEdward YangEdward Yang , along with Hou Hsiao-Hsien and Tsai Ming Liang, was one of the leading filmmakers of the Taiwanese New Wave and Taiwanese Cinema. He won the Best Director Award at Cannes for his 2000 film Yi Yi .-Biography:...
楊德昌/杨德昌 (1947-2007; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Rhong Det Chong), Film director; Best Director, Cannes Film FestivalCannes Film FestivalThe Cannes International Film Festival , is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres including documentaries from around the world. Founded in 1946, it is among the world's most prestigious and publicized film festivals...
, 2000 - Luo Dayou 羅大佑/罗大佑 (1954-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Lo Tai Rhiu), Influential singer-songwriter who revolutionized Chinese pop and rock music in the 1980s
- Hebe Tien 田馥甄 (1983-; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Tian Fuk Zhin), Member of S.H.ES.H.ES.H.E is a Taiwanese girl group whose members are Selina Jen, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. The name of the group is an alphabetism derived from the first letter of each member's name. Since releasing their first album Girls Dorm , S.H.E has recorded 12 albums with sales totalling over 15 million, and...
, Taiwanese female pop group - Ella ChenElla ChenChen Chia-Hwa , more commonly credited as Ella, is the oldest member of the Taiwanese girl group S.H.E. Her name 'Ella', which means courage, was given after the personality test given by HIM Management Co....
陳嘉樺 (1981-; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Ga Fa), Member of S.H.ES.H.ES.H.E is a Taiwanese girl group whose members are Selina Jen, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. The name of the group is an alphabetism derived from the first letter of each member's name. Since releasing their first album Girls Dorm , S.H.E has recorded 12 albums with sales totalling over 15 million, and...
, Taiwanese female pop group - Joe Zhang Shu Wei 張書偉 (1980-; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Zhong Su Vui), Members of ENERGYEnergyIn physics, energy is an indirectly observed quantity. It is often understood as the ability a physical system has to do work on other physical systems...
, Male pop group - Chen Qiao EnChen Qiao EnJoe Chen Qiao-En is a Taiwanese actress, singer and model. She is the co-leader of Taiwanese group 7 Flowers and is also the first female member of the talent agency Jungiery. Her interest lies mainly in acting and writing and she does well in both fields...
陳喬恩/陈乔恩 (1979-; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Kiau En), Leading actress of Taiwan idol dramas, co-leader of 7 Flowers, Taiwanese female pop group - Shino Lin 林曉培/林晓培 (born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Lim Hiao Pui), Singer
- Julia Peng 彭佳慧 (1972-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Pang Ga Fui), Singer
- Alec SuAlec SuAlec Su is a Taiwanese pop star and versatile actor in films and television dramas. He became famous as a member of the Taiwanese Idol Band The Little Tigers, formed in 1988, and later for his first Chinese TV series Princess Returning Pearl .-Little Tigers:Alec Su's career started in 1988, at...
蘇有朋/苏有朋 (1973-, born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Su Rhiu Pen), Actor/singer - Bowie TsangBowie TsangBowie Tsang She holds a bachelor degree in Sociology from National Taiwan University. She speaks Mandarin, Cantonese, English, and a little Japanese. She loves singing and speaks very quickly. Her hobbies include watching movies, eating good food, sleeping and singing.-Family:Bowie has a younger...
曾寶儀/曾宝仪 (1973-; Wuhua, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Zen Bo Ngi), Compere/singer/actress - Chen Chien-ChouChen Chien-ChouChen Chien-chou is a well-known Taiwanese performing artist, and a host of numerous variety shows. Because of his dark skin, he has come to be known by the nickname "Blackie". He has been in a relationship with Christine Fan for 10 years, before finally getting engaged in 2010...
陳建洲/陈建洲 (Blackie 黑人) (1977-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Taiwan; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Kian Zhiu), Compere; Former national basketball player, Chinese Taipei national basketball teamChinese Taipei national basketball teamThe Chinese Taipei national basketball team is the basketball team representing Taiwan in international competitions, organized and run by the CTBA...
- Hou Hsiao-Hsien
- China
- Huang Wanqiu 黄婉秋 (1943-; Meixian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Vong Van Ciu), Actor, Lead actress of the classic movie, "Third Sister Liu" 刘三姐
- Li AiLi AiLi Ai is a Chinese model. She made her runway debut in Spring 2005, walking for prominent designers such as Valentino and Jean-Paul Gaultier. She's been recognized as one of China's most prominent media personalities and has worked for global brands such as LV, Chloé, Christian Dior, Armani,...
李艾 (Meixian, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Li Ngioi), Supermodel and one of China's most recognizable media personalities; Host, "China's Next Top ModelChina's Next Top ModelChina's Next Top Model is a Chinese reality TV series, based on the international version and spin-off to the original, America's Next Top Model....
"
- Singapore
- Fann WongFann WongFann Woon Fong , better known by her stage name Fann Wong, is a Singaporean actress, singer and model.At Singapore's Star Awards 1995, Fann became the first actress to win both the Best Actress and Best Newcomer awards in the same year...
范文芳 (1971-; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Fam Vun Fong), Actress/singer/model - Adrian PangAdrian PangAdrian Pang is a Singaporean Chinese actor who trained at the ARTTS International in Bubwith, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Born in Malacca, Malaysia, he was educated at Anglo-Chinese School, Singapore, and in the United Kingdom. Although he studied law at Keele University, he has not...
彭耀順/彭耀顺 (1966-; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Pang Rheu Shun), Actor; Best Actor for Comedy Performance, Asian Television AwardsAsian Television AwardsThe Asian Television Awards is an appreciation to recognize and reward programming and production excellence in the Asian television industry. Held every December, the Awards draws about 1,400 entries each year from a wide range of broadcasters, including free-to-air TV stations and pay-TV...
, 2002 - Xie ShaoguangXie ShaoguangXie Shaoguang is a former Singaporean Chinese actor. Known for his roles on MediaCorp TV Channel 8's drama serials and other programmes, he rose to fame for his acting prowess and versatility despite not being known for his physical appearance...
謝韶光/谢韶光 (1960-; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Cia Sheu Guong), Actor; Best Actor, Asian Television AwardsAsian Television AwardsThe Asian Television Awards is an appreciation to recognize and reward programming and production excellence in the Asian television industry. Held every December, the Awards draws about 1,400 entries each year from a wide range of broadcasters, including free-to-air TV stations and pay-TV...
, 1998; Five-time winner of Singapore's best television actor award - Felicia ChinFelicia ChinFelicia Chin Foon Ling , also known by her Chinese stage name Chen Jingxuan, is a Singaporean television actress.-Biography:...
陳靚瑄/陈靓瑄 (1984-; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Ciang Sian), Actress; Female winner, Star Search, 2003; Member of the Singapore national softball team at the age of 15 - Wong Lilin 黃麗玲/黄丽玲 (born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Vong Li Len), Actress
- Michelle ChongMichelle ChongMichelle Chong is a Singaporean host, actress and film director .- Biography :Michelle Chong is bilingual, and appears on variety shows and dramas on Singapore's Channels 5 and 8....
莊米雪/庄米雪 (1977-; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Zong Mi Siat), Actress/compere - Maggie Teng 鄧妙華/邓妙华 (born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Ten Miao Fa), Singer; First Singaporean to break into Taiwan pop music industry in the 1980s
- Lee Wei Song 李偉菘/李伟菘 (1966-; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Li Vui Siung) and Lee Shih ShiongLee Shih ShiongPeter Lee Shih Shiong is a Singaporean music producer, and is one of the most prolific and sought after Singaporean music producers in Asia. He is also a singer and a composer as well. Lee is widely credited for having launched the xinyao trend along with his twin brother Lee Wei Song back in the...
李偲菘 (1966-; born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Li Sih Siung), Well-known songwriters - Ho Yeow SunHo Yeow SunHo Yeow Sun, better known as Sun Ho, is a Singaporean pop music singer. She studied at Anglican High School and Victoria Junior College. Ho is one of the co-founders of City Harvest Church and its community services and is married to Kong Hee Sun started her Mandarin pop singing career in 2002 and...
何耀珊 (born in Singapore; Hakka pronunciation: Ho Rheu San), Singer; First and only Asian singer to top the US Billboard Dance Chart and the UK MusicWeek Chart; Performed the Olympic Hymn, which was sung in Mandarin for the first time, accompanied by a choir of Overseas ChineseOverseas ChineseOverseas Chinese are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the Greater China Area . People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves Overseas Chinese....
from 16 different nationalities for 2008 Beijing Olympics - Yew Hong Chow 遊宏釗/游宏钊, Classical musician and harmonica virtuso
- Fann Wong
- Malaysia
- Eric MooEric MooEric Moo Kai-yin is a Malaysian Chinese award-winning singer-songwriter and record producer.-Biography:Moo's mother died when he was 8 and he was raised by his older sister. He was educated at Seh Chuan High School and The Chinese High School in Singapore. He became a permanent resident of...
巫啟賢/巫启贤 (1963-; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Muu Ki Hien), Award winning singer/composer/producer - Michael Wong 王光良 (1970-; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Vong Guong Liong) and Victor WongVictor Wong (singer)Victor Wong Pin Kuan is a Malaysian Chinese singer who has made his name in the Taiwan music scene. He was born on February 26, 1972.He formed a duo group with Michael Wong named Michael & Victor in 1995 when they first started out as singers under Rock Records. They attained much success in...
黄品冠 (1972-; Jieyang, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Vong Pin Guan), Singer-songwriters of "Guang Liang Pin Guan" 光良品冠 / "Wu Yin Liang Pin" 无印良品 fame - Penny TaiPenny TaiPenny Tai is a Malaysian Chinese singer and songwriter in the Mandopop scene. Since her debut in 2000 she has released ten albums.-Biography:...
; 戴佩妮 (1978-; Haifeng, Guangdong; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Dai Pui Nee), Singer-songwriter; Best Composer, Golden Melody Awards, 2006 - Z-Chen 張智成/张智成 (1973-; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Zhong Zhi Shin), Singer; Known as "The Little Prince of R&B"
- Gary ChawGary ChawGary Chaw was born on 9 July 1979 in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia, also known as Gary Cao or Cao Ge. He is a Malaysian Chinese Golden Melody Awards singer-songwriter based in Taiwan, who has had achieved success in Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. He is renowned for his stage presence,...
曹格 (1979-; born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Co Get), Singer; Winner, Best Male Mandarin Singer, Golden Melody Awards, 2008 - Wong Sze Zen (born in Malaysia), Miss Malaysia/World, 2003
- Lim Pey Yeng 林佩盈 (born in Malaysia; Hakka pronunciation: Lim Pui Rhin), First Runner Up, Miss Astro Chinese International Pegeant 2000, Famous TV / Event Host
- Eric Moo
- Indonesia
- Wendy Setiawan (1973-; born in Indonesia), Cover Girl first winner, 1989, Mode Magazine
- Delon Thamrin (1978-; born in Indonesia), Runner-up, Indonesian IdolIndonesian IdolIndonesian Idol is a reality television singing competition created by Simon Fuller and produced by FremantleMedia Asia, which began airing on RCTI on March 2004. Part of the Idol franchise, it was as a spin-off from the UK show Pop Idol...
Season 1, 2004
Sportspersons
- China
- Lu QinLu QinLu Qin is currently considered to be one of the world's best players in Xiangqi, or Chinese chess.Lu was born in Huiyang, Guangdong Province, China, in 1962. He is one of a handful of grandmasters from Guangdong Province, which is notable for being the home of many famed grandmasters of Xiangqi,...
呂欽/吕钦 (1962-; Huiyang, Guangdong), XiangqiXiangqiXiangqi is a two-player Chinese board game in the same family as Western chess, chaturanga, shogi, Indian chess and janggi. The present-day form of Xiangqi originated in China and is therefore commonly called Chinese chess in English. Xiangqi is one of the most popular board games in China...
grandmaster; Winner, World Xiangqi Individual Championships, 1990, 1995, 1997, 2001 and 2005 - Ye QiaoboYe QiaoboYe Qiaobo is a female Chinese speed skater. She competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics.In 1992, she won the silver medal in the 500 metres event as well as in the 1000 metres competition....
葉喬波/叶乔波 (1964-; Hexian, Guangxi; Hakka pronunciation: Yap Kiau Poh), Winner, World Sprint Speed Skating ChampionshipsWorld Sprint Speed Skating Championships for WomenThe International Skating Union has organised the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships for Women since 1970. The first two years , they were called the ISU Sprint Championships.-Medal winners:-All-time medal count:- References :*...
, 1992, 1993 - Xie YuxinXie YuxinXie Yuxin is a retired Chinese international footballer. He made more than 100 appearances for his country in international competitions.On February 6, 1987, Yuxin signed for PEC Zwolle '82, becoming the first Chinese person to play professional football abroad...
謝育新/谢育新 (1968-; Xingning, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Chia Yuk Sin), National footballer, 1987–1996; First Chinese to play professional football overseas, 1987; Was the youngest footballer and youngest scorer, China national football team - Sun CaiyunSun CaiyunSun Caiyun 孙彩云 is a former pole vaulter from PR China, who was one of the leading athletes in her discipline in the early 1990s. She became the first official world record holder, jumping 4.05 meters on May 21, 1992 in Nanjing, China.-References:*...
孫彩雲/孙彩云 (1973-; Shenzhen, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Soon Choi Yun), World record-holder, Pole Vault, 1992–1995 - Yang JinghuiYang JinghuiYang Jinghui is a male Chinese diver who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.He won the gold medal in the synchronized 10 metre platform competition together with Tian Liang.-References:*...
楊景輝/杨景辉 (1983-; Guangzhou, Guangdong; Hakka pronunciation: Yong Kin Fui), Gold medalist, Diving, 2004 Athens Olympics2004 Summer OlympicsThe 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece from August 13 to August 29, 2004 with the motto Welcome Home. 10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team... - Chen Hong 陳宏/陈宏 (1979-; Changting, Fujian; Hakka pronunciation: Chin Fen), Number 1 badmintonBadmintonBadminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players or two opposing pairs , who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their...
player on the world ranking list from 2002 to 2003. - Lin DanLin DanLin Dan is a professional badminton player from China. He is a four-time world champion and the reigning Olympic champion. Widely considered to be the greatest badminton player of all time, by the age of 27 Lin had completed the "Super Grand Slam", having won all major titles in world badminton:...
林丹 (1983-; Longyan, Fujian; Hakka pronunciation: Lim Dan), Individual and Team gold medalist, 2008 Beijing Olympics; Winner, World Badminton Championships, 2006, 2007, 2009 - Zhang XiangxiangZhang XiangxiangZhang Xiangxiang is a male Chinese weightlifter. He is an Olympic medalist. He won the bronze medal at the men's 56 kg class in Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer OlympicsHe won the gold medal in the 62 kg class at the 2008 Summer Olympics....
張湘祥/张湘祥 (1983-; Longyan, Fujian; Hakka pronunciation: Chong Seong Seong), Gold medalist, Weightlifting, 2008 Beijing Olympics - He WennaHe WennaHe Wenna is a female Chinese trampoline gymnast. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won the gold medal with a score of 37.80.She won a gold medal in the team event at the 2007 World Championships.-References:* -External links:...
何雯娜 (1989-; Longyan, Fujian; Hakka pronunciation: Ho Vun Na), Gold medalist, Gymnastics (Trampoline), 2008 Beijing Olympics
- Lu Qin
- Taiwan
- Chu Mu-yenChu Mu-YenChu Mu-yen is a Taekwondo athlete from Taiwan. He is the second Taiwanese athlete and first male to win a gold medal at the Olympics, winning in men's under 58-kilogram class in Taekwondo at the Athens 2004 Games...
朱木炎 (1982-; Hakka pronunciation: Chu Muk Yen), Gold medalist, Taekwondo, 2004 Athens Olympics2004 Summer OlympicsThe 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece from August 13 to August 29, 2004 with the motto Welcome Home. 10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team...
; Champion, World Taekwondo ChampionshipsWorld Taekwondo ChampionshipsThe World Taekwondo Championship is held every two years by the World Taekwondo Federation.-Competitions:-All-time medal table:All-time medal count as 2011 World Taekwondo Championships.-External links:*...
, 2003
- Chu Mu-yen
- Hong Kong
- Lee Wai TongLee Wai TongLee Wai Tong was a former Chinese international association football player and head coach. In his native country he is often regarded as the greatest footballer to play for China due to his accomplishments in winning several Far Eastern Games titles with the national team as well as captaining...
李惠堂 (1905-1979; ;Wuhua, Guangdong, born in Hong Kong; Hakka pronunciation: Lee Fui Tong), One of the greatest Asian footballer
- Lee Wai Tong
Others
- Lam Yiu-KwaiLam Yiu-KwaiLam Yiu Gwai 林耀桂 was the master responsible for the dissemination of Dragon Kung Fu.He was born in 1877 in Huìyáng County in the prefecture of Huizhou in Guangdong Province, China....
林耀桂 (1877-1966; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in China; Hakka pronunciation: Lim Yau Gui), Creator of dragon-styled Chinese martial art, Dragon Kung FuDragon Kung FuThe movements of the Southern Dragon style of Shaolin Boxing are based on the mythical Chinese dragon. The Dragon style is an imitative-style that was developed based on the imagined characteristics of the mythical Chinese dragon....
, which has its origins from Hakka KuenHakka KuenHakka Kuen is a general term describing a variety of Chinese martial arts originating from the Hakka community of Southern China and is considered to be an important style within Southern Chinese Martial Arts.... - Chin Lik Keong 曾力强, Creator of I Liq ChuanI Liq ChuanI Liq Chuan : I Liq Chuan is a relatively new Chinese Martial Art founded by Grand Master, Chin Lik Keong of Malaysia. As a system of Neijia Gung Fu, I Liq Chuan emphasizes the development of internal power through mental attitude and awareness. His son Master Sam F.S...
意力拳 Chinese martial art - Luo Fuxing 羅福星, anti-Japanese activist during the period of Taiwan under Japanese ruleTaiwan under Japanese ruleBetween 1895 and 1945, Taiwan was a dependency of the Empire of Japan. The expansion into Taiwan was a part of Imperial Japan's general policy of southward expansion during the late 19th century....
.
See also
- Hakka architectureHakka architectureA Hakka walled village is a large multi-family communal living structure that is designed to be easily defensible. This building style is unique to the Hakka people found in southern China...
- Hakka language
- Hakka cuisineHakka cuisineHakka cuisine is the cooking style of the Hakka people, who are primarily found in southeastern China , but also may be found in many other parts of China, as well as in the Chinese diaspora...
- Hakka hill songs
- Hakka KuenHakka KuenHakka Kuen is a general term describing a variety of Chinese martial arts originating from the Hakka community of Southern China and is considered to be an important style within Southern Chinese Martial Arts....
- MeizhouMeizhou-Administration:The municipal government, Intermediate Court and CPC and PSB bureaux are housed in the district of Jiangnan , on the right bank of Meijiang River.A second district of Meizhou is Jiangbei , on the left bank...
- Punti-Hakka Clan WarsPunti-Hakka Clan WarsPunti–Hakka Clan Wars or Hakka–Punti Clan Wars refer to the conflict between the Hakka and Punti in Guangdong, China between 1855 and 1867. The wars were particularly fierce in around the Pearl River Delta, especially in Taishan of the Sze Yup counties...
- Japanese invasion of TaiwanJapanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)The Japanese invasion of Taiwan was a conflict between the Empire of Japan and the armed forces of the short-lived Republic of Formosa following the Qing Dynasty's cession of Taiwan to Japan in April 1895 at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War...
- Battle of the Burning VillageBattle of the Burning VillageThe Battle of Changhsing , popularly known in Taiwan as the Battle of the Burning Village was the last set-piece battle during the Japanese invasion of Taiwan. It was fought by Hakka militia and armed civilians against the invading Imperial Japanese Army in Changhsing village...
- Larut WarLarut WarLarut War was a series of four wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. The conflict was fought among local Chinese secret societies over the control of mining areas in Perak which later involved rivalry between Raja Abdullah and Ngah Ibrahim.-First war...
External links
- The Hakka Community in India
- The Institute of Hakka Research at Jiaying UniversityJiaying UniversityJiaying University Jiaying University, located in Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China, is a public provincial undergraduate university, which grew out of the Women's Normal School established in 1913. It is called Jiaying University because Meizhou City was known as Jiaying City during the Qing...
Council for Hakka Affairs in Taiwan - Hakka Population and Distribution from asiawind.com台灣客家文學館 Taiwan Hakka literature museum
- The HAKKA Association of Thailand
- The Hakka Community in Thailand