Interleukin
Encyclopedia
Interleukins are a group of cytokine
s (secreted proteins/signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cell
s (leukocytes). The term interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes". The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria
); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system
depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare
deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune disease
s or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus
are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice .
and IL-1 beta
) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors. The receptors both exist in transmembrane (TM) and soluble forms: the soluble IL-1 receptor is thought to be post-translationally derived from cleavage of the extracellular portion of the membrane receptors.
Both IL-1 receptors (CD121a/IL1R1
, CD121b/IL1R2
) appear to be well conserved in evolution, and map to the same chromosomal location. The receptors can both bind all three forms of IL-1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1RA
).
The crystal structures of IL1A and IL1B have been solved, showing them to share the same 12-stranded beta-sheet structure as both the heparin binding growth factors and the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitors. The beta-sheets are arranged in 3 similar lobes around a central axis, 6 strands forming an anti-parallel beta-barrel. Several regions, especially the loop between strands 4 and 5, have been implicated in receptor binding.
Molecular cloning of the Interleukin 1 Beta converting enzyme is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. A complementary DNA encoding a protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned. Recombinant expression enabled cells to process precursor Interleukin 1 Beta to the mature form of the enzyme.
Interleukin-1 also plays a role in the central nervous system
. Research indicates that mice with a genetic deletion of the IL-1 receptor type I display markedly impaired hippocampal-dependent memory functioning and Long-term potentiation
, although memories that do not depend on the integrity of the hippocampus
seem to be spared . However when mice with this genetic deletion have wild-type neural precursor cells
injected into their hippocampus
and these cells are allowed to mature into astrocytes containing the interleukin-1 receptor, the mice exhibit normal hippocampal-dependant memory function, and partial restoration of Long-term potentiation
.
(IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T-cells, and have various physiological effects. IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T-cells. In addition, it acts on some B-cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. The protein is secreted as a single glycosylated polypeptide, and cleavage of a signal sequence is required for its activity. Solution NMR suggests that the structure of IL2 comprises a bundle of 4 helices (termed A-D), flanked by 2 shorter helices and several poorly-defined loops. Residues in helix A, and in the loop region between helices A and B, are important for receptor binding. Secondary structure analysis has suggested similarity to IL4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF).
(IL3) is a cytokine that regulates blood-cell production by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T-cells and mast cells, and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.
IL3 is produced by T-lymphocytes and T-lymphomas only after stimulation with antigens, mitogens, or chemical activators such as phorbol esters. However, IL3 is constitutively expressed in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. It is thought that the genetic change of the cell line to constitutive production of IL3 is the key event in development of this leukaemia.
(IL5), also known as eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF), is a lineage-specific cytokine for eosinophilpoiesis. It regulates eosinophil growth and activation, and thus plays an important role in diseases associated with increased levels of eosinophils, including asthma. IL5 has a similar overall fold to other cytokines (e.g., IL2, IL4 and GCSF), but while these exist as monomeric structures, IL5 is a homodimer. The fold contains an anti-parallel 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left handed twist, connected by a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The monomers are held together by 2 interchain disulphide bonds.
(IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions. It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into IG-secreting cells, as well as inducing myeloma/plasmacytoma growth, nerve cell differentiation, and, in hepatocytes, acute-phase reactants.
A number of other cytokines may be grouped with IL6 on the basis of sequence similarity. These include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF). GCSF acts in hematopoiesis by affecting the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell groups in the blood. MGF also acts in hematopoiesis, stimulating proliferation and colony formation of normal and transformed avian cells of the myeloid lineage.
Cytokines of the IL6/GCSF/MGF family are glycoproteins of about 170 to 180 amino acid residues that contains four conserved cysteine residues involved in two disulphide bonds:. They have a compact, globular fold (similar to other interleukins), stabilised by the 2 disulphide bonds. One half of the structure is dominated by a 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left-handed twist; the helices are anti-parallel, with 2 overhand connections, which fall into a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The fourth alpha-helix is important to the biological activity of the molecule.
(IL-7) is a cytokine that serves as a growth factor for early lymphoid cells of both B- and T-cell lineages. Interleukin-9
(IL-9) is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T-cells. Interleukin-7 and -9 seems to be evolutionary related.
(IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds. IL-10 is highly similar to the Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) BCRF1 protein, which inhibits the synthesis of gamma-interferon and to Equid herpesvirus 2 (Equine herpesvirus 2) protein E7. It is also similar, but to a lesser degree, with human protein mda-7. a protein that has antiproliferative properties in human melanoma cells. Mda-7 contains only two of the four cysteines of IL-10.
(IL-11) is a secreted protein that stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis, resulting in increased production of platelets, as well as activating osteoclasts, inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibiting macrophage mediator production. These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of interleukin 11. Family members seem to be restricted to mammals.
(IL-12) is a disulphide-bonded heterodimer consisting of a 35kDa alpha subunit and a 40kDa beta subunit. It is involved in the stimulation and maintenance of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the normal host defence against various intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Measles virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV). IL-12 also has an important role in pathological Th1 responses, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. Suppression of IL-12 activity in such diseases may have therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, administration of recombinant IL-12 may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with pathological Th2 responses.
(IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. It inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and synergises with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. The sequences of IL-4 and IL-13 are distantly related.
(IL-15) is a cytokine that possesses a variety of biological functions, including stimulation and maintenance of cellular immune responses. IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which requires interaction of IL-15 with components of IL-2R, including IL-2R beta and probably IL-2R gamma, but not IL-2R alpha.
(IL-17) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells. The IL-17 family is thought to represent a distinct signalling system that appears to have been highly conserved across vertebrate evolution.
Cytokine
Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune system and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication...
s (secreted proteins/signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cell
White blood cell
White blood cells, or leukocytes , are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a...
s (leukocytes). The term interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes". The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria
University of Victoria
The University of Victoria, often referred to as UVic, is the second oldest public research university in British Columbia, Canada. It is a research intensive university located in Saanich and Oak Bay, about northeast of downtown Victoria. The University's annual enrollment is about 20,000 students...
); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system
Immune system
An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own...
depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare
Rare disease
A rare disease, also referred to as an orphan disease, is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population.Most rare diseases are genetic, and thus are present throughout the person's entire life, even if symptoms do not immediately appear...
deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune disease
Autoimmune disease
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. This may be restricted to...
s or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...
are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice .
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 alphaIL1A
Interleukin-1 alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene.The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine of the interleukin-1 family. Interleukin-1 alpha possesses a wide spectrum of metabolic, physiological, haematopoietic activities, and plays one of the central roles in the...
and IL-1 beta
IL1B
Interleukin-1 beta also known as catabolin, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene. IL-1β precursor is cleaved by caspase 1 . Cytosolic thiol protease cleaves the product to form mature IL-1β.- Function :Interleukin 1 was discovered by Gery in 1972...
) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors. The receptors both exist in transmembrane (TM) and soluble forms: the soluble IL-1 receptor is thought to be post-translationally derived from cleavage of the extracellular portion of the membrane receptors.
Both IL-1 receptors (CD121a/IL1R1
Interleukin 1 receptor, type I
Interleukin 1 receptor, type I also known as CD121a , is an interleukin receptor. IL1R1 also denotes its human gene.-Interactions:...
, CD121b/IL1R2
Interleukin 1 receptor, type II
Interleukin 1 receptor, type II also known as CD121b is an interleukin receptor. IL1R2 also denotes its human gene.-External links:...
) appear to be well conserved in evolution, and map to the same chromosomal location. The receptors can both bind all three forms of IL-1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1RA
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RN gene.IL-1RA was initially called the IL-1 inhibitor and was discovered separately in 1984 by two independent laboratories. IL-1RA, is an agent that binds non-productively to the cell surface interleukin-1...
).
The crystal structures of IL1A and IL1B have been solved, showing them to share the same 12-stranded beta-sheet structure as both the heparin binding growth factors and the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitors. The beta-sheets are arranged in 3 similar lobes around a central axis, 6 strands forming an anti-parallel beta-barrel. Several regions, especially the loop between strands 4 and 5, have been implicated in receptor binding.
Molecular cloning of the Interleukin 1 Beta converting enzyme is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. A complementary DNA encoding a protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned. Recombinant expression enabled cells to process precursor Interleukin 1 Beta to the mature form of the enzyme.
Interleukin-1 also plays a role in the central nervous system
Central nervous system
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
. Research indicates that mice with a genetic deletion of the IL-1 receptor type I display markedly impaired hippocampal-dependent memory functioning and Long-term potentiation
Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength...
, although memories that do not depend on the integrity of the hippocampus
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...
seem to be spared . However when mice with this genetic deletion have wild-type neural precursor cells
Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem and progenitor cells. Most active during pre-natal development, neurogenesis is responsible for populating the growing brain with neurons. Recently neurogenesis was shown to continue in several small parts of the brain of...
injected into their hippocampus
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...
and these cells are allowed to mature into astrocytes containing the interleukin-1 receptor, the mice exhibit normal hippocampal-dependant memory function, and partial restoration of Long-term potentiation
Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength...
.
Interleukin-2
T-Lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of certain lymphopoietic and haemopoietic cells through the release of various secreted protein factors. These factors, which include interleukin-2Interleukin 2
Interleukin-2 is an interleukin, a type of cytokine immune system signaling molecule, which is a leukocytotrophic hormone that is instrumental in the body's natural response to microbial infection and in discriminating between foreign and self...
(IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T-cells, and have various physiological effects. IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T-cells. In addition, it acts on some B-cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. The protein is secreted as a single glycosylated polypeptide, and cleavage of a signal sequence is required for its activity. Solution NMR suggests that the structure of IL2 comprises a bundle of 4 helices (termed A-D), flanked by 2 shorter helices and several poorly-defined loops. Residues in helix A, and in the loop region between helices A and B, are important for receptor binding. Secondary structure analysis has suggested similarity to IL4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF).
Interleukin-3
Interleukin-3Interleukin 3
Interleukin 3, also known as IL-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.-Function:Interleukin-3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system...
(IL3) is a cytokine that regulates blood-cell production by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T-cells and mast cells, and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.
IL3 is produced by T-lymphocytes and T-lymphomas only after stimulation with antigens, mitogens, or chemical activators such as phorbol esters. However, IL3 is constitutively expressed in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. It is thought that the genetic change of the cell line to constitutive production of IL3 is the key event in development of this leukaemia.
Interleukin-5
Interleukin-5Interleukin 5
Interleukin 5 or IL-5 is an interleukin produced by T helper-2 cells and mast cells. Its functions are to stimulate B cell growth and increase immunoglobulin secretion. It is also a key mediator in eosinophil activation. IL-5 is a 115-amino acid -long TH2 cytokine that is part of the...
(IL5), also known as eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF), is a lineage-specific cytokine for eosinophilpoiesis. It regulates eosinophil growth and activation, and thus plays an important role in diseases associated with increased levels of eosinophils, including asthma. IL5 has a similar overall fold to other cytokines (e.g., IL2, IL4 and GCSF), but while these exist as monomeric structures, IL5 is a homodimer. The fold contains an anti-parallel 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left handed twist, connected by a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The monomers are held together by 2 interchain disulphide bonds.
Interleukin-6
Interleukin-6Interleukin 6
Interleukin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL6 gene.IL-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response, e.g. during infection and after trauma, especially burns or other...
(IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions. It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into IG-secreting cells, as well as inducing myeloma/plasmacytoma growth, nerve cell differentiation, and, in hepatocytes, acute-phase reactants.
A number of other cytokines may be grouped with IL6 on the basis of sequence similarity. These include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF). GCSF acts in hematopoiesis by affecting the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell groups in the blood. MGF also acts in hematopoiesis, stimulating proliferation and colony formation of normal and transformed avian cells of the myeloid lineage.
Cytokines of the IL6/GCSF/MGF family are glycoproteins of about 170 to 180 amino acid residues that contains four conserved cysteine residues involved in two disulphide bonds:. They have a compact, globular fold (similar to other interleukins), stabilised by the 2 disulphide bonds. One half of the structure is dominated by a 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left-handed twist; the helices are anti-parallel, with 2 overhand connections, which fall into a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The fourth alpha-helix is important to the biological activity of the molecule.
Interleukins 7 and 9
Interleukin-7Interleukin 7
IL-7 a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the red marrow and thymus. It is also produced by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, neurons, and epithelial cells but is not produced by lymphocytes.- Genetics :...
(IL-7) is a cytokine that serves as a growth factor for early lymphoid cells of both B- and T-cell lineages. Interleukin-9
Interleukin 9
Interleukin 9, also known as IL9, is a cytokine belonging to the group of interleukins.-Further reading:...
(IL-9) is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T-cells. Interleukin-7 and -9 seems to be evolutionary related.
Interleukin-10
Interleukin-10Interleukin 10
Interleukin-10 , also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor , is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In humans IL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene....
(IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds. IL-10 is highly similar to the Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) BCRF1 protein, which inhibits the synthesis of gamma-interferon and to Equid herpesvirus 2 (Equine herpesvirus 2) protein E7. It is also similar, but to a lesser degree, with human protein mda-7. a protein that has antiproliferative properties in human melanoma cells. Mda-7 contains only two of the four cysteines of IL-10.
Interleukin-11
Interleukin-11Interleukin 11
Interleukin 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.IL-11 is a multifunctional cytokine first isolated in 1990 from bone marrow-derived stromal cells. It is a key regulator of multiple events in hematopoiesis, most notably the stimulation of megakaryocyte maturation...
(IL-11) is a secreted protein that stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis, resulting in increased production of platelets, as well as activating osteoclasts, inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibiting macrophage mediator production. These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of interleukin 11. Family members seem to be restricted to mammals.
Interleukin 12
Interleukin-12Interleukin 12
Interleukin 12 is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages and human B-lymphoblastoid cells in response to antigenic stimulation.-Gene and structure:...
(IL-12) is a disulphide-bonded heterodimer consisting of a 35kDa alpha subunit and a 40kDa beta subunit. It is involved in the stimulation and maintenance of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the normal host defence against various intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Measles virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV). IL-12 also has an important role in pathological Th1 responses, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. Suppression of IL-12 activity in such diseases may have therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, administration of recombinant IL-12 may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with pathological Th2 responses.
Interleukin-13
Interleukin-13Interleukin 13
Interleukin 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene. IL-13 is cytokine secreted by many cell types, but especially T helper type 2 cells, that is a mediator of allergic inflammation and disease.-Functions:...
(IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. It inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and synergises with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. The sequences of IL-4 and IL-13 are distantly related.
Interleukin-15
Interleukin-15Interleukin 15
Interleukin 15 is a cytokine with structural similarity to IL-2. Like IL-2, IL-15 binds to and signals through the IL-2/IL-15 beta chain and the common gamma chain . IL-15 is secreted by mononuclear phagocytes following infection by virus...
(IL-15) is a cytokine that possesses a variety of biological functions, including stimulation and maintenance of cellular immune responses. IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which requires interaction of IL-15 with components of IL-2R, including IL-2R beta and probably IL-2R gamma, but not IL-2R alpha.
Interleukin-17
Interleukin-17Interleukin 17
Interleukin-17 is the founding member of a group of cytokines called the IL-17 family. IL-17A, was originally identified as a transcript from a rodent T-cell hybridoma by Rouvier et al. in 1993...
(IL-17) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells. The IL-17 family is thought to represent a distinct signalling system that appears to have been highly conserved across vertebrate evolution.
List of human interleukins
A list of interleukins:| Name | Source | Target receptors | Target cells | Function >- |rowspan=4| IL-1 |
macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s, B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s, monocytes, dendritic cell Dendritic cell Dendritic cells are immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. That is, dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells... s |
CD121a/IL1R1 Interleukin 1 receptor, type I Interleukin 1 receptor, type I also known as CD121a , is an interleukin receptor. IL1R1 also denotes its human gene.-Interactions:... , CD121b/IL1R2 Interleukin 1 receptor, type II Interleukin 1 receptor, type II also known as CD121b is an interleukin receptor. IL1R2 also denotes its human gene.-External links:... |
T helper cell T helper cell T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens. Rather, they help other... s |
co-stimulation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s |
maturation & proliferation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NK cells Natural killer cell Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses... |
activation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s, endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... , other |
inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process... , small amounts induce acute phase reaction Acute phase protein Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation... , large amounts induce fever Fever Fever is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation of temperature above the normal range of due to an increase in the body temperature regulatory set-point. This increase in set-point triggers increased muscle tone and shivering.As a person's temperature increases, there is, in... >- | IL-2 Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 is an interleukin, a type of cytokine immune system signaling molecule, which is a leukocytotrophic hormone that is instrumental in the body's natural response to microbial infection and in discriminating between foreign and self... |
Th1-cells T helper cell T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens. Rather, they help other... |
CD25/IL2RA IL2RA Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RA gene.Infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, characterized by a reduction in the amount of IL2RA expressed on the surface of immune cells... , CD122/IL2RB IL2RB Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RB gene.-Interactions:IL2RB has been shown to interact with HGS, Janus kinase 1, CISH and SHC1.-Further reading:... , CD132/IL2RG |
activated T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s and B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s, NK cells Natural killer cell Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses... , macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s, oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocytes , or oligodendroglia , are a type of brain cell. They are a variety of neuroglia. Their main function is the insulation of axons in the central nervous system of some vertebrates... s |
immunotherapy Immunotherapy Immunotherapy is a medical term defined as the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies. While immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are... to treat cancer or suppressed for transplant patients. Has also been used in clinical trials (ESPIRIT. Stalwart) to raise CD4 counts in HIV positive patients. >- |rowspan=2| IL-3 Interleukin 3 Interleukin 3, also known as IL-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.-Function:Interleukin-3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system... |
activated T helper cell T helper cell T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens. Rather, they help other... s, mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s, NK cells Natural killer cell Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses... , endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... , eosinophils Eosinophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles , are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with... |
CD123/IL3RA IL3RA Interleukin 3 receptor, alpha , also known as CD123 , is a human gene.-Interactions:IL3RA has been shown to interact with Interleukin 3.-External links:... , CD131/IL3RB CSF2RB CSF2RB is a common subunit to the following type I cytokine receptors:*GM-CSF receptor*IL-3 receptor*IL-5 receptor.-External links:... |
hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells to e.g. erythrocytes, granulocytes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mast cells | growth and histamine Histamine Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by... release |
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| Th2 cells, just activated naive CD4+ cell, memory CD4+ cells, mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s, macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s |
CD124/IL4R Interleukin-4 receptor Interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL4R is its human gene.-Interactions:Interleukin-4 receptor has been shown to interact with SHC1.-Further reading:-External links:... , CD132/IL2RG |
activated B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s |
proliferation and differentiation, IgG1 and IgE Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin E is a class of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is a monomeric antibody with 4 Ig-like domains... synthesis. Important role in allergic response (IgE IGE IGE was one of the largest services company buying and selling virtual currencies and accounts for MMORPG. During its peak time, it had offices in Los Angeles, China , and headquarters & customer service centre in Hong Kong. IGE was one of the main monopoly in virtual economy services, also known... ) |
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| T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s |
proliferation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... |
>- | Th2 cells, mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s, eosinophils Eosinophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles , are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with... |
CD125/IL5RA Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit Interleukin 5 receptor, alpha also known as CD125 is a subunit of the Interleukin-5 receptor. IL5RA also denotes its human gene.-Interactions:... , CD131/IL3RB CSF2RB CSF2RB is a common subunit to the following type I cytokine receptors:*GM-CSF receptor*IL-3 receptor*IL-5 receptor.-External links:... |
eosinophils Eosinophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles , are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with... |
production | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s |
IgA IGA Iga or IGA may stand for:-Given name:* a female given name of Polish origin. The name originates from the female given name Jadwiga and stands for gia,or gina in the USA.... production >- |rowspan=4| IL-6 Interleukin 6 Interleukin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL6 gene.IL-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response, e.g. during infection and after trauma, especially burns or other... |
macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s, Th2 cells, B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s, astrocytes, endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... |
CD126/IL6RA Interleukin-6 receptor Interleukin 6 receptor also known as CD126 is a type I cytokine receptor.... , CD130/IR6RB Glycoprotein 130 Glycoprotein 130 is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of all cytokine receptors. It forms one subunit of type I cytokine receptors within the IL-6 receptor family... |
activated B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s |
differentiation into plasma cell Plasma cell Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells which produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system... s |
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| plasma cells | antibody Antibody An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen... secretion |
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| hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s, others |
acute phase reaction Acute phase protein Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation... , hematopoiesis, differentiation, inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process... >- | IL-7 Interleukin 7 IL-7 a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the red marrow and thymus. It is also produced by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, neurons, and epithelial cells but is not produced by lymphocytes.- Genetics :... |
Bone marrow stromal cells and thymus stromal cells | CD127/IL7RA Interleukin-7 receptor The interleukin-7 receptor is a protein found on the surface of cells. It is made up of two different smaller protein chains - i.e. it is a heterodimer, and consists of two subunits, interleukin-7 receptor-α and common-γ chain receptor . The common-γ chain receptors is shared with various... , CD132/IL2RG Common gamma chain The common gamma chain , also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG, is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and interleukin-21 receptor... |
pre Pre-B cell A Pre-B cell is a precursor to the development of B cells.Certain leukemias/lymphomas are associated with immature B cells, and observing pre-B cell populations can be useful in the identification of these conditions.... /pro-B cell, pre/pro-T cell, NK cells |
>- | macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells | CXCR1/IL8RA Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor. IL8RA is its human gene. IL8RA has also been designated CD181 , and CXCR1. CXCR1 is now the IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification recommended name.-Clinical significance:Blocking CXCR1 Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha ... , CXCR2/IL8RB Interleukin 8 receptor, beta Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor. IL8RB is also known as CXCR2, and CXCR2 is now the IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug classification-recommended name.-Function:... /CD128 |
neutrophils Neutrophil granulocyte Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant type of white blood cells in mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system. They are generally referred to as either neutrophils or polymorphonuclear neutrophils , and are subdivided into segmented neutrophils and banded neutrophils... , basophils Basophil granulocyte Basophil granulocytes, sometimes referred to as basophils, are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells.... , lymphocytes |
chemotaxis Chemotaxis Chemotaxis is the phenomenon in which somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food by swimming towards the highest concentration of food molecules,... >- | IL-9 Interleukin 9 Interleukin 9, also known as IL9, is a cytokine belonging to the group of interleukins.-Further reading:... |
Th2 cells, specifically by CD4+ helper cells | CD129/IL9R Interleukin-9 receptor Interleukin 9 receptor also known as CD129 is a type I cytokine receptor. IL9R also denotes its human gene.-Interactions:Interleukin-9 receptor has been shown to interact with YWHAZ.... |
T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s, B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s |
IgM Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the primary antibody against A and B antigens on red blood cells. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system... , IgG Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G are antibody molecules. Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains — two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Other immunoglobulins may be described in terms of polymers with the IgG structure considered the monomer.IgG constitutes 75%... , IgE Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin E is a class of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is a monomeric antibody with 4 Ig-like domains... , stimulates mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s >- |rowspan=5| IL-10 Interleukin 10 Interleukin-10 , also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor , is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In humans IL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene.... |
monocyte Monocyte Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates including all mammals , birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function... s, Th2 cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s, macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s, B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... subset |
CD210/IL10RA Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-10 receptor. IL10RA, is its human gene.IL10RA has also recently been designated CDW210A .-Interactions:... , CDW210B/IL10RB Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-10 receptor. IL10RB is its human gene.IL10RB has also recently been designated CDW210B .-Further reading:... |
macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s |
cytokine production | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B cells | >- | mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s |
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| Th1 cells | inhibits Th1 T helper cell T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens. Rather, they help other... cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2 Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 is an interleukin, a type of cytokine immune system signaling molecule, which is a leukocytotrophic hormone that is instrumental in the body's natural response to microbial infection and in discriminating between foreign and self... ) |
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| Th2 cells | Stimulation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bone marrow stroma | IL11RA Interleukin 11 receptor alpha subunit Interleukin 11 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 11 receptor. IL11RA is its human gene.-Further reading:... |
bone marrow stroma | acute phase protein Acute phase protein Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation... production, osteoclast Osteoclast An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone . This process is known as bone resorption. Osteoclasts were discovered by Kolliker in 1873... formation >- |rowspan=2| IL-12 Interleukin 12 Interleukin 12 is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages and human B-lymphoblastoid cells in response to antigenic stimulation.-Gene and structure:... |
dendritic cell Dendritic cell Dendritic cells are immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. That is, dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells... s, B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s, T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s, macrophage Macrophage Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals... s |
CD212/IL12RB1 Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor. IL12RB1, is its human gene. IL12RB1 is also known as CD212 .... , IR12RB2 Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor. IL12RB2 is its human gene. IL12RB2 orthologs have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.-Interactions:... |
activated T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s, |
differentiation into Cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cell A cytotoxic T cell belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes that are capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells; they kill cells that are infected with viruses , or are otherwise damaged or... s with IL-2, ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10 |
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| NK cells Natural killer cell Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses... |
>- | activated Th2 cells, mast cell Mast cell A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin... s, NK cells Natural killer cell Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses... |
IL13R Interleukin-13 receptor The interleukin-13 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor, binding Interleukin-13. It consists of two subunits, encoded by IL13RA1 and IL4Rα, respectively. These two genes encode the proteins IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα. These form a dimer with IL-13 binding to the IL-13Rα1 chain and IL-4Rα stabilises this... |
TH2-cells, B cells, macrophages | B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s (IgE IGE IGE was one of the largest services company buying and selling virtual currencies and accounts for MMORPG. During its peak time, it had offices in Los Angeles, China , and headquarters & customer service centre in Hong Kong. IGE was one of the main monopoly in virtual economy services, also known... ), inhibits TH1-cells T helper cell T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens. Rather, they help other... and the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6), ↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 >- | IL-14 Interleukin 14 Interleukin-14 is a cytokine that is also called High molecular weight B-cell growth factor that controls the growth and proliferation of both normal and cancerous B cells. This molecule was also recently designated taxilin. IL-14 induces B-cell proliferation, inhibits antibody secretion, and... |
T cells and certain malignant B cells | activated B cells | B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s, inhibits Ig secretion >- | IL-15 Interleukin 15 Interleukin 15 is a cytokine with structural similarity to IL-2. Like IL-2, IL-15 binds to and signals through the IL-2/IL-15 beta chain and the common gamma chain . IL-15 is secreted by mononuclear phagocytes following infection by virus... |
mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially macrophages following infection by virus(es) | IL15RA Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 15 receptor which is encoded by the gene IL15RA in humans.The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor that specifically binds IL15 with high affinity. The receptors of IL15 and IL2 share two subunits, the IL2R beta... |
T cells, activated B cells | >- | lymphocytes, epithelial cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells | CD4 CD4 CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984... |
CD4+ T cells (Th-cells) | CD4 CD4 CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984... + chemoattractant >- | IL-17 Interleukin 17 Interleukin-17 is the founding member of a group of cytokines called the IL-17 family. IL-17A, was originally identified as a transcript from a rodent T-cell hybridoma by Rouvier et al. in 1993... |
T helper 17 cell T helper 17 cell T helper 17 cells are a subset of T helper cells producing interleukin 17 discovered in 2007. They are considered developmentally distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells and excessive amounts of the cell are thought to play a key role in autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis , but also... s (Th17) |
CDw217/IL17RA IL17RA Interleukin 17 receptor A, also known as IL17RA and CDw217 , is a human gene.... , IL17RB IL17RB Interleukin-17 receptor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RB gene.... |
epithelium, endothelium, other | angiogenesis Angiogenesis Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Though there has been some debate over terminology, vasculogenesis is the term used for spontaneous blood-vessel formation, and intussusception is the term for the formation of new blood... , ↑ inflammatory cytokines >- | IL-18 Interleukin 18 Interleukin-18 also known as IL18 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a proinflammatory cytokine.- Function :... |
macrophages | CDw218a/IL18R1 Interleukin-18 receptor The interleukin-18 receptor is an interleukin receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. IL-18R is a heteromeric complex of alpha- and beta-chains encoded by the genes and respectively.... |
Th1 cells, NK cells | IFNγ Interferon-gamma Interferon-gamma is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. This interferon was originally called macrophage-activating factor, a term now used to describe a larger family of proteins to which IFN-γ belongs... , ↑ NK cell activity >- | IL-19 Interleukin 19 Interleukin-19 is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-10 family of cytokines along with several other interleukins including IL-10, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and several virus-encoded cytokines. It signals through the same cell surface receptor that is used by IL-20 and IL-24. The IL-19 gene is... |
- | IL20R Interleukin-20 receptor Interleukin-20 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor. It is a heterodimer of α and β subunits.... |
>- | - | IL20R Interleukin-20 receptor Interleukin-20 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor. It is a heterodimer of α and β subunits.... |
keratinocyte Keratinocyte Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the human skin, constituting 95% of the cells found there. Those keratinocytes found in the basal layer of the skin are sometimes referred to as "basal cells" or "basal keratinocytes"... s >- | IL-21 Interleukin 21 Interleukin-21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.Interleukin 21 is a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells... |
activated T helper cells, NKT cells | IL21R Interleukin-21 receptor Interleukin 21 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL21R is its human gene.-Further reading:... |
All lymphocytes, dendritic cells | >- | - | IL22R Interleukin-22 receptor Interleukin-22 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor. It binds to Interleukin-22. It is a heterodimer of α1 and α2 subunits.... |
STAT1 STAT1 STAT1 is a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription family of transcription factors. STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either type I, type II or type III interferons... and STAT3 STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 also known as STAT3 is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family... and increases production of acute phase protein Acute phase protein Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation... s such as serum amyloid A Serum amyloid A Serum amyloid A proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli . These proteins are produced predominantly by the liver... , Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily.It inhibits the activity of certain enzymes called proteases, such as cathepsin G that is found in neutrophils, and chymases found in mast cells, by cleaving them into a different shape or... and haptoglobin Haptoglobin Haptoglobin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene. In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes with high affinity and thereby inhibits its oxidative activity. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex will then be removed by the reticuloendothelial system... in hepatoma cell lines >- | IL-23 Interleukin 23 Interleukin-23 subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL23A gene. IL-23 is produced by dendritic cells and macrophages... |
- | IL23R Interleukin-23 receptor Interleukin 23 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL23R is its human gene.-Further reading:... |
angiogenesis Angiogenesis Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Though there has been some debate over terminology, vasculogenesis is the term used for spontaneous blood-vessel formation, and intussusception is the term for the formation of new blood... but reduces CD8 CD8 CD8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the class I MHC protein. There are two isoforms of the protein, alpha and beta, each encoded by a different gene... T-cell infiltration >- | IL-24 Interleukin 24 Interleukin 24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as Melanoma differentiation-associated 7 due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein... |
- | IL20R Interleukin-20 receptor Interleukin-20 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor. It is a heterodimer of α and β subunits.... |
psoriasis Psoriasis Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. It occurs when the immune system mistakes the skin cells as a pathogen, and sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. Psoriasis is not contagious. However, psoriasis has been linked to an increased risk of... by influencing cell survival. >- | IL-25 Interleukin 25 Interleukin-25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL25 gene.- Function :IL-25 is a cytokine that shares the sequence similarity with IL17. This cytokine can induce NF-κB activation, and stimulate the production of IL8. Both this cytokine and IL17B are ligands for the cytokine receptor... |
- | LY6E LY6E Lymphocyte antigen 6E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY6E gene.-Further reading:... |
IL-5 IL-5 IL 5 or IL-5 may refer to:* Interleukin 5* Illinois' 5th congressional district* Illinois Route 5... and IL-13 IL-13 IL-13 or IL 13 can refer to:* Interleukin 13* Illinois' 13th congressional district* Illinois Route 13... , which stimulate eosinophil expansion >- | IL-26 Interleukin 26 Interleukin-26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL26 gene.IL-26 is a 171-amino acid protein, which is similar in amino acid sequence to interleukin 10. It was originally called AK155 and is composed of a signal sequence, 6 helices, and 4 conserved cysteine residues... |
- | IL20R1 Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-20 receptor. IL20RA is its human gene.-Further reading:... |
IL-8 IL-8 IL-8 can refer to:* Interleukin 8, a chemokine of the immune system* Illinois' 8th congressional district* Illinois Route 8... and cell surface expression of CD54 on epithelial cells >- | IL-27 Interleukin 27 Interleukin-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family that is composed of two subunits, Epstein-Barr virus -induced gene 3 and IL27-p28 .... |
- | IL27RA Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha is a subunit of the interleukin-27 receptor. IL27RA is its human gene.-Interactions:Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit has been shown to interact with STAT1.-Further reading:... |
>- | - | IL28R Interleukin-28 receptor Interleukin-28 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor. It binds interleukin-28. It consists of an α and shares a common β subunit the with interleukin-10 receptor.... |
virus Virus A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea... es >- | IL-29 Interleukin 29 Interleukin-29 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL29 gene that resides on chromosome 19.IL-29 is a member of the helical cytokine family and is a type III interferon. It is also known as IFNλ1 and is highly similar in amino acid sequence to the IL-28, the other type III interferon... |
- | >- | - | >- | - | IL31RA IL31RA Interleukin-31 receptor A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31RA gene.-Further reading:... |
inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process... of the skin Skin -Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat... >- | IL-32 Interleukin 32 Interleukin 32 is a cytokine that can induce cells of the immune system to secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha in addition to chemokines such as IL-8 and MIP-2/CXCL2.... |
- | IL-8 IL-8 IL-8 can refer to:* Interleukin 8, a chemokine of the immune system* Illinois' 8th congressional district* Illinois Route 8... and CXCL2 CXCL2 Chemokine ligand 2 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha , Growth-regulated protein beta and Gro oncogene-2 . CXCL2 is 90% identical in amino acid sequence as a related chemokine, CXCL1... >- | IL-33 Interleukin 33 Interleukin 33 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-1 superfamily. IL-33 induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils to produce type 2 cytokines. This cytokine was previously named NF-HEV 'nuclear factor in high endothelial venules' since it was originally identified in these... |
- | >- | regulatory T cell Regulatory T cell Regulatory T cells , sometimes known as suppressor T cells, are a specialized subpopulation of T cells which suppresses activation of the immune system and thereby maintains tolerance to self-antigens. The existence of regulatory T cells was the subject of significant controversy among... s |
Suppression of T helper cell activation |