LNER Class A4
Encyclopedia
The Class A4 is a class of streamlined 4-6-2 steam locomotive
, designed by Nigel Gresley
for the London and North Eastern Railway
in 1935. Their streamlined design gave them high-speed capability as well as making them instantly recognizable, and one of the class, 4468 Mallard, still claims the official record as the fastest steam locomotive in the world. 35 of the class were built to haul express passenger trains on the East Coast Main Line
route from London Kings Cross
via York and Newcastle Upon Tyne to Edinburgh, Scotland
. They remained in service on the East Coast mainline until the early 1960s when they were replaced by Deltic
diesel locomotives. Several A4s saw out their remaining days until 1966 in Scotland, particularly on the Aberdeen - Glasgow 3-hour express services (for which they were used improve the timing from 3.5 hours).
s in 1935
to be integrated into a new streamlined
train
called the Silver Jubilee
that was to run between London King's Cross and Newcastle
. The new service was named in celebration of King George V's
25th year of reign.
During a visit to Germany
in 1933, Gresley had been inspired by the high-speed, streamlined "Flying Hamburger" diesel multiple unit trains, and indeed the LNER had considered purchasing similar trains for use from London to Newcastle. However, the diesel units of the time did not have the desired passenger carrying capacity and the capital investment in the new technology was prohibitive.
Gresley was sure that steam could do the job equally well and with a decent fare-paying load behind the locomotive and so, following trials in 1935 with one of Gresley's A3 Pacifics
No.2750 Papyrus, which recorded a new maximum of 108 mph (173.8 km/h), and completed the journey in under four hours, the LNER authorised Gresley to produce a streamlined development of the A3. Initially four locomotives were built, all with the word 'silver' as part of their names, the first being 2509 Silver Link
; the others being 2510 Quicksilver, 2511 Silver King and 2512 Silver Fox. During a press run to publicise the service, Silver Link twice achieved a speed of 112.5 mph (181.1 km/h), breaking the British speed record and sustained an average of 100 mph (160.9 km/h), over a distance of 43 miles.
Following the commercial success of the Silver Jubilee train, other streamlined services were introduced: the Coronation (London-Edinburgh, July 1937) and the West Riding Limited (Bradford & Leeds-London & return, November 1937) for which more A4s were specially built. In August 1936 the Silver Jubilee train on the descent of Stoke Bank headed by 2512 Silver Fox driven by George Henry Haygreen achieved a maximum of 113 mph (181.9 km/h), then the highest speed ever attained in Britain with an ordinary passenger train.
wheel arrangement
) were designed for high-speed passenger services. The application of internal streamlining to the steam circuit, higher boiler pressure and the extension of the firebox to form a combustion chamber all contributed to a more efficient locomotive than the A3, consumption of both coal
and water
being reduced. A further improvement to the design was the fitting of a Kylchap
double-chimney first introduced on 4468 Mallard, built in March 1938. This device improved the free-steaming capabilities of the locomotives further, and the final three locomotives of the class (4901 Capercaillie, 4902 Seagull
and 4903 Peregrine) were fitted with the Kylchap exhaust from new; and eventually the rest of the class acquired it in the late 1950s.
This class of locomotive was also noted for its streamlined
design, which not only improved its aerodynamics, thus increasing its speed capabilities, but also created an updraught to lift smoke away from the driver's vision, a problem inherent in the earlier A3 design. The distinctive design made it a particularly attractive subject for artists, photographers and film-makers. The A4 Class locomotives were known affectionately by train spotters as "streaks".
The streamlining side skirts (valances) that were designed by Oliver Bulleid
to aerofoil shape, and fitted to all the A4 locomotives, were removed during the Second World War to improve access to the valve gear for maintenance and were not replaced. This apart, the A4 was one of very few streamlined steam locomotive designs in the world to retain its casing throughout its existence.
On 3 July 1938 4468 Mallard; the first of the class to enter service with the Kylchap exhaust, set a world speed record of 126 mph (202.8 km/h), pulling six coaches and a dynamometer car
.
Although the dynamometer
car indicated a top speed of 126 mph (202.8 km/h), Sir Nigel Gresley never accepted this as the record-breaking maximum. He claimed this speed could only have been attained over a few yards, though he was comfortable that the German speed record of 124.5 mph (200.4 km/h) had been surpassed. Close analysis of the data of the record runs, however, does not confirm his confidence, although the Mallards speed most probably equalled that of the German BR 05 002
. The Mallard record has also been questioned because it reached its maximum speed only on a downhill run and actually failed technically in due course, whereas 05 002's journey was on level grade and the engine did not yet seem to be at its limit.
At the end of Mallards record attempt, the middle big end (part of the motion for the inside cylinder) was found to have run hot (indicated by the bursting of a heat-sensitive "stink bomb" placed in the bearing for warning purposes), the bearing metal having melted, which meant that the locomotive had to stop at Peterborough
rather than continue on to London. Deficiencies in the alignment of the Gresley-Holcroft derived motion
meant that the inside cylinder of the A4 did more work at high speed than the two outside cylinders - indeed on at least one occasion this led to the middle big end wearing to such an extent that the increased piston travel knocked the ends off the middle cylinder - and this overloading was mostly responsible for the failure.
Improved methods of aligning the Gresley conjugated valve gear in the 1950s led to tighter tolerances for the bearings used within it and consequently to almost total eradication of the overloading of the middle cylinder. History repeated itself with the inside big end being replaced by one of the Great Western type, after which there was no more trouble, provided maintenance routines were respected.
The wholesale application of double Kylchap chimneys to the entire class was entirely due to the persistence of P N Townend, the Assistant Motive Power Superintendent at King's Cross from 1956. He at first met with considerable resistance from higher authority. When permission was eventually given, it was found that the economy obtained over the single chimney A4s was from 6-7 pounds of coal per mile, which more than justified the expense of the conversion.
These improvements led to greatly increased availability.
The first four locomotives included the word 'silver' in their names, because they were intended to haul the 'Silver Jubilee' train. No 2512 Silver Fox of this batch carried a stainless-steel fox near the centre of the streamline casing on each side, which were made by the Sheffield steelmakers Samuel Fox and Company
. The next batch of A4s were named after birds, particularly those that were fast flyers; Gresley being a keen bird-watcher. Five (4488–92) were named after Commonwealth countries to haul the new Anglo-Scottish 'Coronation' train; and two (4495/6), intended to haul the new 'West Riding Limited', received names connected to the wool trade: Golden Fleece and Golden Shuttle.
A4 No.4498 was the hundredth Gresley Pacific to be built and someone had the idea of naming it after the designer himself. This did however start a rash of renamings of other A4s, usually of directors of the LNER and many of the more obscure bird names (and a few of the better ones: Kestrel, Osprey for example) were exchanged for somewhat less inspiring names.
One locomotive was withdrawn after being damaged beyond repair in a German bombing raid on York on 29 April 1942 during World War II
- No.4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood
, which at the time had been overhauled and was based at Gateshead. It was running local trains to run it in, and was stabled in York North Shed (now the National Railway Museum
) where it suffered a direct hit. However, its tender survived and was later coupled to a Thompson A2/1
.
The first five withdrawals, in December 1963, were: 60014 Silver Link, 60028 Walter K. Whigham, 60003 Andrew K. McCosh, 60030 Golden Fleece and 60033 "Seagull". The rest of the class was withdrawn between 1963 and 1966. The last six in service were: 60004 William Whitelaw, 60007 Sir Nigel Gresley, 60009 Union Of South Africa, 60019 Bittern, 60024 Kingfisher and 60034 "Lord Faringdon", 60019 and 60024 being the last to be withdrwan, in September 1966.
, which appears in a scene in the Will Hay
film, Oh! Mr. Porter
, in which Hay accidentally ruins its naming ceremony. Post war, A4 No.60017 Silver Fox features heavily in the 1954 British Transport Film Elizabethan Express
, which follows the revival of non-stop London to Edinburgh runs and features footage of the water trough and corridor
tender in use. A few years later, the 1959 version of The Thirty-Nine Steps
features colour photography of A4 No.60010 Dominion of Canada
amongst others in their post-war British Railways Brunswick green livery. This scene was subsequently parodied in the 1961 film Carry on Regardless
.
In The Railway Series
books by the Rev. W Awdry, the A4 No. 4468 Mallard
is alluded to in the book Gordon the High Speed Engine by Christopher Awdry
as one of Gordon's "Doncaster cousins" who did 126 miles an hour. Mallard appears as a character in the later book Thomas and the Great Railway Show. In the subsequent television series Thomas and Friends, the A4-based character Spencer, appears occasionally. Spencer bears a strong resemblance to Silver Link and is portrayed as a rather snooty character. Olwin from the children's series, Chuggington, resembles an A4 minus the tender making her a tank engine. A painting of 22 Mallard
by Paul Gribble appears on the cover
of the 1993 Blur
album Modern Life is Rubbish
.
produced an 'OO'-scale live steam
version, that used an electrically-heated boiler to produce steam – not previously possible in such a small model. Trix produced an OO gauge model A4 from 1970; it was re-branded as a Liliput model in 1974 and survives to this day in modified form as a Bachmann model - Kader, Bachmann's parent company, had bought Liliput in 1993.
Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine...
, designed by Nigel Gresley
Nigel Gresley
Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers, who rose to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway . He was the designer of some of the most famous steam locomotives in Britain, including the LNER Class A1 and LNER Class A4...
for the London and North Eastern Railway
London and North Eastern Railway
The London and North Eastern Railway was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain...
in 1935. Their streamlined design gave them high-speed capability as well as making them instantly recognizable, and one of the class, 4468 Mallard, still claims the official record as the fastest steam locomotive in the world. 35 of the class were built to haul express passenger trains on the East Coast Main Line
East Coast Main Line
The East Coast Main Line is a long electrified high-speed railway link between London, Peterborough, Doncaster, Wakefield, Leeds, York, Darlington, Newcastle and Edinburgh...
route from London Kings Cross
King's Cross station
King's Cross station may refer to::* London King's Cross railway station in London, England** King's Cross St. Pancras tube station for London Underground lines.** King's Cross Thameslink, a disused railway station in London, England...
via York and Newcastle Upon Tyne to Edinburgh, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
. They remained in service on the East Coast mainline until the early 1960s when they were replaced by Deltic
British Rail Class 55
The British Rail Class 55 is a class of diesel locomotive built in 1961 and 1962 by English Electric. They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line between and Edinburgh. They gained the name "Deltic" from the prototype locomotive, DP1 Deltic, which...
diesel locomotives. Several A4s saw out their remaining days until 1966 in Scotland, particularly on the Aberdeen - Glasgow 3-hour express services (for which they were used improve the timing from 3.5 hours).
Overview
Gresley introduced the Class A4 locomotiveLocomotive
A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th...
s in 1935
1935 in rail transport
-January events:* January 2 - Chicago and North Western Railway begins 400 passenger train service between Chicago, Illinois, and Saint Paul, Minnesota; it was so named because the 400 mile trip was intended to take 400 minutes, though that pace wasn't quite reached until a few months later...
to be integrated into a new streamlined
Streamliner
A streamliner is a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance. The term is applied to high-speed railway trainsets of the 1930s to 1950s, and to their successor "bullet trains". Less commonly, the term is applied to fully faired recumbent bicycles...
train
Train
A train is a connected series of vehicles for rail transport that move along a track to transport cargo or passengers from one place to another place. The track usually consists of two rails, but might also be a monorail or maglev guideway.Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate...
called the Silver Jubilee
Silver Jubilee (train)
The Silver Jubilee was a named train of the London and North Eastern Railway . It commenced service on September 30, 1935, the train travelling between London King's Cross and Newcastle. It did this at an average speed of 67 mph, taking four hours to complete the journey.The train was made in...
that was to run between London King's Cross and Newcastle
Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Historically a part of Northumberland, it is situated on the north bank of the River Tyne...
. The new service was named in celebration of King George V's
George V of the United Kingdom
George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War until his death in 1936....
25th year of reign.
During a visit to Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
in 1933, Gresley had been inspired by the high-speed, streamlined "Flying Hamburger" diesel multiple unit trains, and indeed the LNER had considered purchasing similar trains for use from London to Newcastle. However, the diesel units of the time did not have the desired passenger carrying capacity and the capital investment in the new technology was prohibitive.
Gresley was sure that steam could do the job equally well and with a decent fare-paying load behind the locomotive and so, following trials in 1935 with one of Gresley's A3 Pacifics
LNER Class A1/A3
The London and North Eastern Railway LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3 locomotives represented two distinct stages in the history of the British 4-6-2 "Pacific" steam locomotives designed by Nigel Gresley...
No.2750 Papyrus, which recorded a new maximum of 108 mph (173.8 km/h), and completed the journey in under four hours, the LNER authorised Gresley to produce a streamlined development of the A3. Initially four locomotives were built, all with the word 'silver' as part of their names, the first being 2509 Silver Link
LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link
Silver Link was the first London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class locomotive, built in 1935 to pull a new train called the Silver Jubilee.-History:...
; the others being 2510 Quicksilver, 2511 Silver King and 2512 Silver Fox. During a press run to publicise the service, Silver Link twice achieved a speed of 112.5 mph (181.1 km/h), breaking the British speed record and sustained an average of 100 mph (160.9 km/h), over a distance of 43 miles.
Following the commercial success of the Silver Jubilee train, other streamlined services were introduced: the Coronation (London-Edinburgh, July 1937) and the West Riding Limited (Bradford & Leeds-London & return, November 1937) for which more A4s were specially built. In August 1936 the Silver Jubilee train on the descent of Stoke Bank headed by 2512 Silver Fox driven by George Henry Haygreen achieved a maximum of 113 mph (181.9 km/h), then the highest speed ever attained in Britain with an ordinary passenger train.
Design
The A4 Pacifics (with the 4-6-24-6-2
4-6-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle .These locomotives are also known as Pacifics...
wheel arrangement
Whyte notation
The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte and came into use in the early twentieth century encouraged by an editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal...
) were designed for high-speed passenger services. The application of internal streamlining to the steam circuit, higher boiler pressure and the extension of the firebox to form a combustion chamber all contributed to a more efficient locomotive than the A3, consumption of both coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
and water
Water
Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
being reduced. A further improvement to the design was the fitting of a Kylchap
Kylchap
The Kylchap steam locomotive steam locomotive exhaust system was designed and patented by the famous French steam engineer André Chapelon, using a second-stage nozzle designed by the Finnish engineer Kyösti Kylälä and known as the Kylälä spreader; thus the name KylChap for this design.The Kylchap...
double-chimney first introduced on 4468 Mallard, built in March 1938. This device improved the free-steaming capabilities of the locomotives further, and the final three locomotives of the class (4901 Capercaillie, 4902 Seagull
LNER Class A4 4902 Seagull
LNER 4902 Seagull was one of 35 Doncaster built Class A4 Gresley Pacific steam locomotives.It entered service on the 28th June 1938 and was withdrawn on the 29th December 1962....
and 4903 Peregrine) were fitted with the Kylchap exhaust from new; and eventually the rest of the class acquired it in the late 1950s.
This class of locomotive was also noted for its streamlined
Streamliner
A streamliner is a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance. The term is applied to high-speed railway trainsets of the 1930s to 1950s, and to their successor "bullet trains". Less commonly, the term is applied to fully faired recumbent bicycles...
design, which not only improved its aerodynamics, thus increasing its speed capabilities, but also created an updraught to lift smoke away from the driver's vision, a problem inherent in the earlier A3 design. The distinctive design made it a particularly attractive subject for artists, photographers and film-makers. The A4 Class locomotives were known affectionately by train spotters as "streaks".
The streamlining side skirts (valances) that were designed by Oliver Bulleid
Oliver Bulleid
Oliver Vaughan Snell Bulleid was a British railway and mechanical engineer best known as the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway between 1937 and the 1948 nationalisation, developing many well-known locomotives.- Early life and Great Northern Railway :He was born in Invercargill,...
to aerofoil shape, and fitted to all the A4 locomotives, were removed during the Second World War to improve access to the valve gear for maintenance and were not replaced. This apart, the A4 was one of very few streamlined steam locomotive designs in the world to retain its casing throughout its existence.
World record
Dynamometer car
A dynamometer car is a railroad maintenance of way car used for measuring various aspects of a locomotive's performance. Measurements include tractive effort , power, top speed, etc.-History:...
.
Although the dynamometer
Dynamometer
A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, moment of force , or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed .A dynamometer can also be used to determine...
car indicated a top speed of 126 mph (202.8 km/h), Sir Nigel Gresley never accepted this as the record-breaking maximum. He claimed this speed could only have been attained over a few yards, though he was comfortable that the German speed record of 124.5 mph (200.4 km/h) had been surpassed. Close analysis of the data of the record runs, however, does not confirm his confidence, although the Mallards speed most probably equalled that of the German BR 05 002
DRG Class 05
The Deutsche Reichsbahn's Class 05 was a German class of three express passenger steam locomotives of 4-6-4 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, or 2'C2' in the UIC notation used in continental Europe...
. The Mallard record has also been questioned because it reached its maximum speed only on a downhill run and actually failed technically in due course, whereas 05 002's journey was on level grade and the engine did not yet seem to be at its limit.
At the end of Mallards record attempt, the middle big end (part of the motion for the inside cylinder) was found to have run hot (indicated by the bursting of a heat-sensitive "stink bomb" placed in the bearing for warning purposes), the bearing metal having melted, which meant that the locomotive had to stop at Peterborough
Peterborough
Peterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of in June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. Situated north of London, the city stands on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea...
rather than continue on to London. Deficiencies in the alignment of the Gresley-Holcroft derived motion
Gresley conjugated valve gear
The Gresley conjugated valve gear is a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft...
meant that the inside cylinder of the A4 did more work at high speed than the two outside cylinders - indeed on at least one occasion this led to the middle big end wearing to such an extent that the increased piston travel knocked the ends off the middle cylinder - and this overloading was mostly responsible for the failure.
Post-war history
Although newer Pacifics had been introduced since the war, and although the streamlined trains were never reinstated, the A4s continued on top link duties, notable on the London to Edinburgh services.Improved methods of aligning the Gresley conjugated valve gear in the 1950s led to tighter tolerances for the bearings used within it and consequently to almost total eradication of the overloading of the middle cylinder. History repeated itself with the inside big end being replaced by one of the Great Western type, after which there was no more trouble, provided maintenance routines were respected.
The wholesale application of double Kylchap chimneys to the entire class was entirely due to the persistence of P N Townend, the Assistant Motive Power Superintendent at King's Cross from 1956. He at first met with considerable resistance from higher authority. When permission was eventually given, it was found that the economy obtained over the single chimney A4s was from 6-7 pounds of coal per mile, which more than justified the expense of the conversion.
These improvements led to greatly increased availability.
Locomotive data
| LNER Number (Intermediate Number) |
British Railways Number | Doncaster Works number | Original Name (Rename(s)) | Entered Service | Withdrawn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2509 LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link Silver Link was the first London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class locomotive, built in 1935 to pull a new train called the Silver Jubilee.-History:... |
60014 | 1818 | Silver Link | ||
| 2510 | 60015 | 1819 | Quicksilver Mercury (element) Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum... |
||
| 2511 | 60016 | 1821 | Silver King | ||
| 2512 | 60017 | 1823 | Silver Fox | ||
| 4482 | 60023 | 1847 | Golden Eagle Golden Eagle The Golden Eagle is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many of the more heavily populated areas... |
||
| 4483 LNER Class A4 4483 Kingfisher LNER Class A4 4483 Kingfisher was a Class A4 locomotive of the London and North Eastern Railway.Kingfisher was built at Doncaster Works in 1936 and entered service on 26 December of that year. It carried the name Kingfisher throughout its existence. During World War II it was renumbered as 24. On... (585) |
60024 | 1848 | Kingfisher Kingfisher Kingfishers are a group of small to medium sized brightly coloured birds in the order Coraciiformes. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with most species being found in the Old World and Australia... |
||
| 4484 (586) |
60025 | 1849 | Falcon Falcon A falcon is any species of raptor in the genus Falco. The genus contains 37 species, widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and North America.... |
||
| 4485 (587) |
60026 | 1850 | Kestrel Kestrel The name kestrel, is given to several different members of the falcon genus, Falco. Kestrels are most easily distinguished by their typical hunting behaviour which is to hover at a height of around over open country and swoop down on prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects... (Miles Beevor Miles Beevor Miles Beevor , was a solicitor, pilot and businessmanThe son of Rowland Beevor and Margaret Frances Evans, Beevor was educated at Winchester College, and graduated from New College, Oxford University in 1921 with a Bachelor of Arts... from November 1947) |
||
| 4486 (588) |
60027 | 1851 | Merlin Merlin (bird) The Merlin is a small species of falcon from the Northern Hemisphere. A bird of prey once known colloquially as a pigeon hawk in North America, the Merlin breeds in the northern Holarctic; some migrate to subtropical and northern tropical regions in winter.-European and North American... |
||
| 4487 | 60028 | 1852 | Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea eagle mainly refers to Sea eagle, birds of prey of the genus Haliaeetus.It may also refer to:-Aerospace:* Sea Eagle , British, anti-ship missile* Sea Eagle * Supermarine Sea Eagle, 1920s British passenger flying boat-Sports:... (Walter K. Whigham from October 1947) |
||
| 4488 LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa 60009 Union of South Africa is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive built in Doncaster in 1937. Originally named Osprey, it is one of six surviving Gresley A4s and is presently undergoing an extensive overhaul.-Names:... |
60009 | 1853 | Union of South Africa Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State... |
||
| 4489 LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada 60010 Dominion of Canada is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive. She is a 4-6-2 locomotive built to the same design by Sir Nigel Gresley as the more famous Mallard. There were 35 A4 locomotives built in total... |
60010 | 1854 | Dominion of Canada Canada Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean... |
||
| 4490 | 60011 | 1855 | Empire of India | ||
| 4491 | 60012 | 1856 | Commonwealth of Australia Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area... |
||
| 4492 | 60013 | 1857 | Dominion of New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga... |
||
| 4493 | 60029 | 1858 | Woodcock Woodcock The woodcocks are a group of seven or eight very similar living species of wading birds in the genus Scolopax. Only two woodcocks are widespread, the others being localized island endemics. Most are found in the Northern Hemisphere but a few range into Wallacea... |
||
| 4494 | 60003 | 1859 | Osprey Osprey The Osprey , sometimes known as the sea hawk or fish eagle, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey. It is a large raptor, reaching more than in length and across the wings... (Andrew K. McCosh from October 1942) |
||
| 4495 | 60030 | 1860 | Great Snipe Great Snipe The Great Snipe, Gallinago media is a small stocky wader in the genus Gallinago.This bird's breeding habitat is marshes and wet meadows with short vegetation in north-eastern Europe including north-western Russia. Great Snipes are migratory, wintering in Africa... (I) (Golden Fleece Golden Fleece In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram, which can be procured in Colchis. It figures in the tale of Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest by order of King Pelias for the fleece in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus... from September 1937) |
||
| 4496 LNER Class A4 4496 Dwight D Eisenhower 60008 Dwight D Eisenhower is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive.Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, this locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle. It was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946 under... |
60008 | 1861 | Golden Shuttle (Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army... from September 1945) |
||
| 4497 | 60031 | 1862 | Golden Plover Eurasian Golden Plover The European Golden Plover is a largish plover. This species is similar to two other golden plovers. American Golden Plover, Pluvialis dominiica, and Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis fulva, are both smaller, slimmer and relatively longer-legged than European Golden Plover, and both have grey... |
||
| 4498 LNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class number 4498 , 7 and 60007 , namedSir Nigel Gresley is a preserved British steam locomotive.-Liveries:... |
60007 | 1863 | Sir Nigel Gresley | ||
| 4462 | 60004 | 1864 | Great Snipe (II) (William Whitelaw from July 1941) |
||
| 4463 | 60018 | 1865 | Sparrow Hawk | ||
| 4464 LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern 4464 Bittern is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 steam locomotive. Built for the LNER in 1937 at Doncaster Works as works number 1866, it was originally numbered 4464. It was renumbered 19 on 16 August 1946 under the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme and after nationalisation in 1948 BR added... |
60019 | 1866 | Bittern Bittern Bitterns are a classification of birds in the heron family, Ardeidae, a family of wading birds. Species named bitterns tend to be the shorter-necked, often more secretive members of this family... |
||
| 4465 | 60020 | 1867 | Guillemot Guillemot Guillemots is the common name for several species of seabird in the auk family . In British use, the term comprises two genera: Uria and Cepphus. In North America the Uria species are called "murres" and only the Cepphus species are called "guillemots"... |
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| 4466 (605) |
60006 | 1868 | Herring Gull (Sir Ralph Wedgwood (II) from January 1944) |
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| 4467 | 60021 | 1869 | Wild Swan | ||
| 4468 LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam... |
60022 | 1870 | Mallard LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam... |
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| 4469 LNER Class A4 4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood LNER Class A4 No.4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood was an A4 Class locomotive of the LNER. Originally named Gadwall, it was later renamed Sir Ralph Wedgwood, after the chief officer of LNER for 16 years.... |
— | 1871 | Gadwall Gadwall The Gadwall is a common and widespread duck of the family Anatidae.- Description :The Gadwall is 46–56 cm long with a 78–90 cm wingspan. The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average 990 g against her 850 g... (Sir Ralph Wedgwood (I) from March 1939) |
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| 4499 | 60002 | 1872 | Pochard Pochard The Common Pochard, Aythya ferina, is a medium-sized diving duck.The adult male has a long dark bill with a grey band, a red head and neck, a black breast, red eyes and a grey back. The adult female has a brown head and body and a narrower grey bill band. The triangular head shape is distinctive... (Sir Murrough Wilson from April 1939) |
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| 4500 | 60001 | 1873 | Garganey Garganey The Garganey is a small dabbling duck. It breeds in much of Europe and western Asia, but is strictly migratory, with the entire population moving to southern Africa, India Santragachi and Australasia in winter, where large flocks can occur. This species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758... (Sir Ronald Matthews from March 1939) |
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| 4900 | 60032 | 1874 | Gannet Gannet Gannets are seabirds comprising the genus Morus, in the family Sulidae, closely related to the boobies.The gannets are large black and white birds with yellow heads. They have long pointed wings and long bills. Northern gannets are the largest seabirds in the North Atlantic, with a wingspan of up... |
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| 4901 | 60005 | 1875 | Capercaillie Capercaillie The Western Capercaillie , also known as the Wood Grouse, Heather Cock or Capercaillie , is the largest member of the grouse family, reaching over 100 cm in length and 6.7 kg in weight. The largest one ever recorded in captivity had a weight of 7.2 kg.... (Charles H. Newton from September 1942) (Sir Charles Newton from June 1943) |
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| 4902 LNER Class A4 4902 Seagull LNER 4902 Seagull was one of 35 Doncaster built Class A4 Gresley Pacific steam locomotives.It entered service on the 28th June 1938 and was withdrawn on the 29th December 1962.... |
60033 | 1876 | Seagull | ||
| 4903 LNER Class A4 60034 Lord Faringdon Ex-LNER 60034 Lord Faringdon was one of 35 Doncaster built Class A4 Gresley Pacific steam locomotives.... |
60034 | 1877 | Peregrine Peregrine Peregrine, Latin Peregrinus, is a name originally meaning "one from abroad", that is, a foreigner, traveller, or pilgrim. It may refer to:- Birds :* Peregrine Falcon, a bird of prey* The Peregrine Fund, a bird conservation organization- People :... (Lord Faringdon Alexander Henderson, 1st Baron Faringdon Alexander Henderson, 1st Baron Faringdon, CH , known as Sír Alexander Henderson, 1st Baronet, from 1902 to 1916, was a British financier and Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament.- Biography :... from March 1948) |
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The first four locomotives included the word 'silver' in their names, because they were intended to haul the 'Silver Jubilee' train. No 2512 Silver Fox of this batch carried a stainless-steel fox near the centre of the streamline casing on each side, which were made by the Sheffield steelmakers Samuel Fox and Company
Samuel Fox and Company
Samuel Fox and Company or "Fox's" is the commonly used name for the major steel complex built in the Upper Don Valley at Stocksbridge, near Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.- History :...
. The next batch of A4s were named after birds, particularly those that were fast flyers; Gresley being a keen bird-watcher. Five (4488–92) were named after Commonwealth countries to haul the new Anglo-Scottish 'Coronation' train; and two (4495/6), intended to haul the new 'West Riding Limited', received names connected to the wool trade: Golden Fleece and Golden Shuttle.
One locomotive was withdrawn after being damaged beyond repair in a German bombing raid on York on 29 April 1942 during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
- No.4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood
LNER Class A4 4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood
LNER Class A4 No.4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood was an A4 Class locomotive of the LNER. Originally named Gadwall, it was later renamed Sir Ralph Wedgwood, after the chief officer of LNER for 16 years....
, which at the time had been overhauled and was based at Gateshead. It was running local trains to run it in, and was stabled in York North Shed (now the National Railway Museum
National Railway Museum
The National Railway Museum is a museum in York forming part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry and telling the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001...
) where it suffered a direct hit. However, its tender survived and was later coupled to a Thompson A2/1
LNER Thompson Class A2/1
The London and North Eastern Railway Thompson Class A2/1 was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives. They were originally ordered as Class V2 locomotives, as designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, but were revised during construction into a 4-6-2 'Pacific' arrangement under the instruction of Edward Thompson...
.
The first five withdrawals, in December 1963, were: 60014 Silver Link, 60028 Walter K. Whigham, 60003 Andrew K. McCosh, 60030 Golden Fleece and 60033 "Seagull". The rest of the class was withdrawn between 1963 and 1966. The last six in service were: 60004 William Whitelaw, 60007 Sir Nigel Gresley, 60009 Union Of South Africa, 60019 Bittern, 60024 Kingfisher and 60034 "Lord Faringdon", 60019 and 60024 being the last to be withdrwan, in September 1966.
Preservation
Six of these Pacific locomotives have been preserved, four of them in the U.K and all of those examples have run on the BR Mainlines at some point during their preservation career. Another two examples have been preserved in the U.S.A and Canada, rather appropriately due to their names.| Numbers | Name | Current location | Condition | Image | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original | LNER 1946 | BR | ||||
| 4464 LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern 4464 Bittern is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 steam locomotive. Built for the LNER in 1937 at Doncaster Works as works number 1866, it was originally numbered 4464. It was renumbered 19 on 16 August 1946 under the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme and after nationalisation in 1948 BR added... |
19 LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern 4464 Bittern is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 steam locomotive. Built for the LNER in 1937 at Doncaster Works as works number 1866, it was originally numbered 4464. It was renumbered 19 on 16 August 1946 under the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme and after nationalisation in 1948 BR added... |
60019 LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern 4464 Bittern is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 steam locomotive. Built for the LNER in 1937 at Doncaster Works as works number 1866, it was originally numbered 4464. It was renumbered 19 on 16 August 1946 under the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme and after nationalisation in 1948 BR added... |
Bittern LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern 4464 Bittern is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 steam locomotive. Built for the LNER in 1937 at Doncaster Works as works number 1866, it was originally numbered 4464. It was renumbered 19 on 16 August 1946 under the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme and after nationalisation in 1948 BR added... |
Southall Southall Southall is a large suburban district of west London, England, and part of the London Borough of Ealing. It is situated west of Charing Cross. Neighbouring places include Yeading, Hayes, Hanwell, Heston, Hounslow, Greenford and Northolt... |
Approved for mainline use NB currently running in guise of 4492 'Dominion of New Zealand' |
 |
| 4468 LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam... |
22 LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam... |
60022 LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam... |
Mallard LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam... |
National Railway Museum National Railway Museum The National Railway Museum is a museum in York forming part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry and telling the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001... |
Static display (operational during late 1980s for two years) |  |
| 4488 LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa 60009 Union of South Africa is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive built in Doncaster in 1937. Originally named Osprey, it is one of six surviving Gresley A4s and is presently undergoing an extensive overhaul.-Names:... |
9 LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa 60009 Union of South Africa is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive built in Doncaster in 1937. Originally named Osprey, it is one of six surviving Gresley A4s and is presently undergoing an extensive overhaul.-Names:... |
60009 LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa 60009 Union of South Africa is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive built in Doncaster in 1937. Originally named Osprey, it is one of six surviving Gresley A4s and is presently undergoing an extensive overhaul.-Names:... |
Union of South Africa LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa 60009 Union of South Africa is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive built in Doncaster in 1937. Originally named Osprey, it is one of six surviving Gresley A4s and is presently undergoing an extensive overhaul.-Names:... |
Located at Crewe Heritage Centre | Undergoing major overhaul |  |
| 4489 LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada 60010 Dominion of Canada is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive. She is a 4-6-2 locomotive built to the same design by Sir Nigel Gresley as the more famous Mallard. There were 35 A4 locomotives built in total... |
10 LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada 60010 Dominion of Canada is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive. She is a 4-6-2 locomotive built to the same design by Sir Nigel Gresley as the more famous Mallard. There were 35 A4 locomotives built in total... |
60010 LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada 60010 Dominion of Canada is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive. She is a 4-6-2 locomotive built to the same design by Sir Nigel Gresley as the more famous Mallard. There were 35 A4 locomotives built in total... |
Dominion of Canada LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada 60010 Dominion of Canada is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive. She is a 4-6-2 locomotive built to the same design by Sir Nigel Gresley as the more famous Mallard. There were 35 A4 locomotives built in total... |
Canadian Railway Museum Canadian Railway Museum The Canadian Railway Museum Musée Ferrovaire Canadien) is a rail transport museum in Delson/Saint-Constant, Quebec south of Montreal.-Collection:... |
Static display |  |
| 4496 LNER Class A4 4496 Dwight D Eisenhower 60008 Dwight D Eisenhower is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive.Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, this locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle. It was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946 under... |
8 LNER Class A4 4496 Dwight D Eisenhower 60008 Dwight D Eisenhower is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive.Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, this locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle. It was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946 under... |
60008 LNER Class A4 4496 Dwight D Eisenhower 60008 Dwight D Eisenhower is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive.Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, this locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle. It was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946 under... |
Dwight D Eisenhower LNER Class A4 4496 Dwight D Eisenhower 60008 Dwight D Eisenhower is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive.Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, this locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle. It was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946 under... |
National Railroad Museum National Railroad Museum The National Railroad Museum is a railroad museum located in Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin, in suburban Green Bay.The museum is one of the oldest institutions in the United States dedicated to preserving and interpreting the nation's railroad history. It was founded in 1956 by community volunteers in... , Green Bay Green Bay, Wisconsin Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, located at the head of Green Bay, a sub-basin of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Fox River. It has an elevation of above sea level and is located north of Milwaukee. As of the 2010 United States Census,... , Wisconsin Wisconsin Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is... |
Static display |  |
| 4498 LNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class number 4498 , 7 and 60007 , namedSir Nigel Gresley is a preserved British steam locomotive.-Liveries:... |
7 LNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class number 4498 , 7 and 60007 , namedSir Nigel Gresley is a preserved British steam locomotive.-Liveries:... |
60007 LNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class number 4498 , 7 and 60007 , namedSir Nigel Gresley is a preserved British steam locomotive.-Liveries:... |
Sir Nigel Gresley LNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class number 4498 , 7 and 60007 , namedSir Nigel Gresley is a preserved British steam locomotive.-Liveries:... |
North Yorkshire Moors Railway North Yorkshire Moors Railway The North Yorkshire Moors Railway is a heritage railway in North Yorkshire, England. First opened in 1836 as the Whitby and Pickering Railway, the railway was planned in 1831 by George Stephenson as a means of opening up trade routes inland from the then important seaport of Whitby. The line... |
Approved for mainline use |
In popular culture
A4s have appeared numerous times in popular culture, both during and after preservation. The class's first film appearance was 2509 Silver LinkLNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link
Silver Link was the first London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class locomotive, built in 1935 to pull a new train called the Silver Jubilee.-History:...
, which appears in a scene in the Will Hay
Will Hay
William Thomson "Will" Hay was an English comedian, actor, film director and amateur astronomer.-Early life:He was born in Stockton-on-Tees, in north east England, to William R...
film, Oh! Mr. Porter
Oh! Mr Porter
Oh! Mr Porter is an old British music hall song about a girl "going too far". It was famously part of the repertoire of singer Marie Lloyd. Written in 1893 by George LeBrunn, its lyrics include this chorus:...
, in which Hay accidentally ruins its naming ceremony. Post war, A4 No.60017 Silver Fox features heavily in the 1954 British Transport Film Elizabethan Express
Elizabethan Express
Elizabethan Express is a 1954 British Transport Film that follows The Elizabethan, a non-stop British Railways service from London to Edinburgh along the East Coast Main Line...
, which follows the revival of non-stop London to Edinburgh runs and features footage of the water trough and corridor
Corridor connection
A Corridor connection is a flexible connector fitted to the end of a railway coach to enable passage from one coach to another without falling out of the train.-Coaches:...
tender in use. A few years later, the 1959 version of The Thirty-Nine Steps
The 39 Steps (1959 film)
The 39 Steps is a 1959 British thriller film directed by Ralph Thomas, starring Kenneth More and Taina Elg. It is a remake of the 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film, based on the novel The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan....
features colour photography of A4 No.60010 Dominion of Canada
LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada
60010 Dominion of Canada is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive. She is a 4-6-2 locomotive built to the same design by Sir Nigel Gresley as the more famous Mallard. There were 35 A4 locomotives built in total...
amongst others in their post-war British Railways Brunswick green livery. This scene was subsequently parodied in the 1961 film Carry on Regardless
Carry On Regardless
Carry on Regardless was the fifth in the series of Carry On films to be made. It was released in 1961. By now a fairly regular team was established with Sid James, Kenneth Connor, Charles Hawtrey, Joan Sims and Kenneth Williams all having appeared in previous entries. Hattie Jacques - who was...
.
In The Railway Series
The Railway Series
The Railway Series is a set of story books about a railway system located on the fictional Island of Sodor. There are 42 books in the series, the first being published in 1945. Twenty-six were written by the Rev. W. Awdry, up to 1972. A further 16 were written by his son, Christopher Awdry; 14...
books by the Rev. W Awdry, the A4 No. 4468 Mallard
LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard
Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam...
is alluded to in the book Gordon the High Speed Engine by Christopher Awdry
Christopher Awdry
Christopher Awdry is an English author best known for his contributions to The Railway Series of books featuring Thomas the Tank Engine, which was started by his father, the Rev. W. Awdry. He has also produced children's books based on a number of other railways, as well as non-fiction articles...
as one of Gordon's "Doncaster cousins" who did 126 miles an hour. Mallard appears as a character in the later book Thomas and the Great Railway Show. In the subsequent television series Thomas and Friends, the A4-based character Spencer, appears occasionally. Spencer bears a strong resemblance to Silver Link and is portrayed as a rather snooty character. Olwin from the children's series, Chuggington, resembles an A4 minus the tender making her a tank engine. A painting of 22 Mallard
LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard
Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam...
by Paul Gribble appears on the cover
Album cover
An album cover is the front of the packaging of a commercially released audio recording product, or album. The term can refer to either the printed cardboard covers typically used to package sets of 10" and 12" 78 rpm records, single and sets of 12" LPs, sets of 45 rpm records , or the front-facing...
of the 1993 Blur
Blur (band)
Blur is an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1989 as Seymour, the group consists of singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's debut album Leisure incorporated the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing...
album Modern Life is Rubbish
Modern Life Is Rubbish
Modern Life Is Rubbish is the second album by English alternative rock band Blur, released in May 1993. Although their debut album Leisure had been commercially successful, Blur faced a severe media backlash soon after its release, and fell out of public favour...
.
Models
The distinctive shape of the A4 has made it an obvious choice for model manufacturers, with examples being made in the majority of the popular scales, including a wooden example for the Brio wooden railway. Notably, one of the first two Hornby Dublo locomotive models produced, in 1938, was an A4, and in 2004 HornbyHornby
- Australia :* Hornby Lighthouse, third oldest lighthouse in Australia on south head of Sydney Harbour,- Canada :* Hornby, Ontario, community in Halton Hills* Hornby Island, Canadian island in the Strait of Georgia near Vancouver Island- England :...
produced an 'OO'-scale live steam
Live steam
Live steam is steam under pressure, obtained by heating water in a boiler. The steam is used to operate stationary or moving equipment.A live steam machine or device is one powered by steam, but the term is usually reserved for those that are replicas, scale models, toys, or otherwise used for...
version, that used an electrically-heated boiler to produce steam – not previously possible in such a small model. Trix produced an OO gauge model A4 from 1970; it was re-branded as a Liliput model in 1974 and survives to this day in modified form as a Bachmann model - Kader, Bachmann's parent company, had bought Liliput in 1993.
External links
- LNER Encyclopedia Page covering the history and development of the LNER A4 Pacifics
- Detailed list of the names, numbers and production dates of LNER A4 locomotives
- Railuk database
- Screenshots from Elizabethan Express