4-6-2 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Whyte notation

The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte and came into use in the early twentieth century encouraged by an editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal...

for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement

Wheel arrangement

In rail transport, a wheel arrangement is a system of classifying the way in which wheels are distributed beneath a locomotive.. Several notations exist to describe the wheel assemblies of a locomotive by type, position, and connections, with the adopted notations varying by country...

of four leading wheel

Leading wheel

The leading wheel or leading axle of a steam locomotive is an unpowered wheel or axle located in front of the driving wheels. The axle or axles of the leading wheels are normally located in a truck...

s on two axles (usually in a leading truck), six powered and coupled driving wheel

Driving wheel

On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons...

s on three axles, and two trailing wheel

Trailing wheel

On a steam locomotive, a trailing wheel or trailing axle is generally an unpowered wheel or axle located behind the driving wheels. The axle of the trailing wheels was usually located on a trailing truck...

s on one axle (usually in a trailing truck).

These locomotives are also known as Pacifics. On many railways, Pacific steam locomotives provided the motive power for express passenger trains throughout much of the early to mid 20th century before either being superseded by larger types in the late 1940s or 1950s or else replaced by diesel

Diesel locomotive

A diesel locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine, a reciprocating engine operating on the Diesel cycle as invented by Dr. Rudolf Diesel...

and electric locomotive

Electric locomotive

An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or an on-board energy storage device...

s during the 1950s and 1960s. Nevertheless new pacific designs continued to be built until the mid 1950s.

Other equivalent classifications are:

UIC classification
UIC classification
The UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements describes the wheel arrangement of locomotives, multiple units and trams. It is set out in the International Union of Railways "Leaflet 650 - Standard designation of axle arrangement on locomotives and multiple-unit sets". It is used in much...

: 2C1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification), refined by 2′C′1′ or 2′C1′ depending on the mounting of the final axle.
French classification: 231 (also known as Spanish classification
Spanish classification
With the Spanish classification system for locomotive wheel arrangements, the system for steam machines.- Steam :With steam locomotives, there are three digits normally and more with articulated locomotives...

)
Turkish classification
Turkish classification
In the Turkish classification system for railway locomotives, the number of powered axles are followed by the total number of axles. It is identical to the Swiss system except that the latter places a slash between the two numbers.Thus0-6-0 becomes 33...

: 36
Swiss classification: 3/6
Russian classification: 2-3-1

Background

The introduction of the 4-6-2 design in 1901 has been described as 'a veritable "milestone" in locomotive progress'. The type, is generally considered to be an enlargement of the 'Atlantic' 4-4-2

4-4-2 (locomotive)

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle...

, although it also had a direct relationship to the Ten-Wheeler (4-6-0) as well. The success of the type can be attributed to a combination of its four-wheel leading truck (which provided better stability at speed than a 2-6-2

2-6-2

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, six coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels.Other equivalent classifications are:...

); six driving wheels (which allowed for a larger boiler and the application of more power than the earlier "Atlantic" design); and a two-wheel trailing truck (which permitted the firebox to be sited behind the high driving wheels thereby allowing it to be both wide and deep). This was an improvement over the 4-6-0

4-6-0

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles in a leading truck, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. This wheel arrangement became the second-most popular...

which either had a narrow and deep firebox between the driving wheels or a wide and shallow one above.

History

The two earliest 4-6-2 locomotives were both experimental designs which were not perpetuated. In 1887 the Lehigh Valley Railroad

Lehigh Valley Railroad

The Lehigh Valley Railroad was one of a number of railroads built in the northeastern United States primarily to haul anthracite coal.It was authorized April 21, 1846 in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and incorporated September 20, 1847 as the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railroad...

tried a 4-6-0 design with 'Strong's Patent Firebox' a cylindrical device behind the cab, which required an extension of the frames and two additional trailing wheels to support it. In 1889 the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad

The Milwaukee Road, officially the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad , was a Class I railroad that operated in the Midwest and Northwest of the United States from 1847 until its merger into the Soo Line Railroad on January 1, 1986. The company went through several official names...

rebuilt a conventional 4-6-0 with trailing wheels as a means of reducing its axle load.

The first 'true Pacific' with a large firebox was ordered by the New Zealand Railways Department

New Zealand Railways Department

The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway system. The Department was created in 1880 and was reformed in 1981 into the New...

(NZR) from the Baldwin Locomotive Works

Baldwin Locomotive Works

The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally, and later in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Although the company was very successful as a producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of...

of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1901. The NZR Chief Mechanical Engineer, A. L. Beattie

A. L. Beattie

Alfred Luther Beattie , typically referred to as A. L. Beattie, was a pioneering locomotive engineer. Born in Yorkshire, England, he gained fame as the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the New Zealand Railways Department between 1900 and 1913...

, ordered 13 Q class

NZR Q class (1901)

The NZR Q class was an important steam locomotive not only in the history of New Zealand's railway network but also in worldwide railways in general. Designed by New Zealand Government Railways' Chief Mechanical Engineer A. L. Beattie and ordered from the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1901, they...

locomotives with a suffiently large firebox

Firebox

In a steam engine, the firebox is the area where the fuel is burned, producing heat to boil the water in the boiler. Most are somewhat box-shaped, hence the name.-Railway locomotive firebox :...

that would be able to burn poor lignite

Lignite

Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad,is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere between coal and peat...

coal

Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...

from eastern South Island

South Island

The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean...

mines efficiently. The layout proved to be so successful that it was soon afterwards offered by Baldwin to its other customers, and was soon widely adopted by designers throughout the world.

The Pacific became the major express passenger locomotive type on many railways throughout the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. Examples were also built for fast freight and mixed traffic

Mixed-traffic locomotive

A mixed-traffic locomotive is one designed to be capable of hauling both passenger trains and freight trains. The term is mostly used in the United Kingdom and those nations following British practice...

duties. However, due to the increased weight of trains during the 1940s enlarged versions of the type became necessary in the USA and elsewhere. The most notable of these was the 4-6-4

4-6-4

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles .Other equivalent classifications are:UIC classification:...

"Hudson", which had a four-wheel trailing truck that permitted a larger firebox (though at the loss of adhesive weight

Adhesive weight

Adhesive weight is the amount of a locomotive's weight that is applied to the driving wheels and so capable of delivering traction. The more weight applied to the driving wheels, the greater the locomotive's ability to haul a load. But if the weight on the driving wheels exceeds the axle load of...

); and the 4-8-2

4-8-2

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle...

"Mountain", which used an extra pair of driving wheels to deliver more power to the rails. Nevertheless the 'Pacific' type remained widely used on express passenger trains until the end of steam traction. The last examples were built in the UK and Japan in the mid 1950s. For example, British Railways introduced its standard class 7

BR standard class 7

The BR Standard Class 7, otherwise known as the Britannia Class, is a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways for mixed traffic duties. Fifty-five were constructed between 1951 and 1954. The design was a result of the 1948 locomotive exchanges...

and class 6

BR standard class 6

The Standard class 6, otherwise known as the Clan Class, was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific tender steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Ten locomotives were constructed between 1951 and 1952, with a further 15 planned for construction...

designs in 1951 AND 1952 and the final UK design, the BR Standard Class 8 in 1954.

However, the story of the 4-6-2 type did not end in the 1960s. Large numbers have been preserved in working order. One further main-line example of the LNER Peppercorn design

LNER Peppercorn Class A1

The London and North Eastern Railway Peppercorn Class A1 is a type of express passenger steam locomotive. Forty-nine original Peppercorn Class A1s were built to the design of Arthur Peppercorn during the early British Railways era, but all were scrapped with the discontinuation of steam,...

designated class A1, 60163 Tornado

LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado

60163 Tornado is a main-line steam locomotive built in Darlington, England. Completed in 2008, Tornado was the first such locomotive built in the United Kingdom since Evening Star, the last steam locomotive built by British Railways, in 1960...

, was completed at Darlington

Darlington

Darlington is a market town in the Borough of Darlington, part of the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It lies on the small River Skerne, a tributary of the River Tees, not far from the main river. It is the main population centre in the borough, with a population of 97,838 as of 2001...

by the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust

A1 Steam Locomotive Trust

The A1 Steam Locomotive Trust is a Darlington, England based charitable trust formed in 1990 for the primary purpose of completing the next stage of the locomotive heritage movement, the building a new steam locomotive. This project became the construction of 60163 Tornado, carried out by...

in 2008. Designed to meet modern safety and certification standards, Tornado runs on the UK rail network

Network Rail

Network Rail is the government-created owner and operator of most of the rail infrastructure in Great Britain .; it is not responsible for railway infrastructure in Northern Ireland...

and on mainline-connected heritage railway

Heritage railway

thumb|right|the Historical [[Khyber train safari|Khyber Railway]] goes through the [[Khyber Pass]], [[Pakistan]]A heritage railway , preserved railway , tourist railway , or tourist railroad is a railway that is run as a tourist attraction, in some cases by volunteers, and...

Origin of the name

There are different opinions concerning the origin of the name "Pacific". The design was a natural enlargement of the existing Baldwin 'Atlantic' type 4-4-2

4-4-2 (locomotive)

, but the nickname may also be in recognition of the fact that a New Zealand designer had first proposed it. An alternative suggestion was from the widespread use of the type during the 1920s on the Missouri Pacific Railroad

Missouri Pacific Railroad

The Missouri Pacific Railroad , also known as the MoPac, was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers, including the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway , Texas and Pacific...

Regional variations

The pacific type was used on mainline railways throughout the world. The following accounts illustrate some of the main types in use. It is arranged chronologically by the continent, and then by the country which first used them.

Australasia

The railways of New Zealand and Australia were the first in the world to run large numbers of 'pacific' locomotives introducing designs in 1901 and 1902 respectively, and operating them until the 1960s.

New Zealand

The original thirteen Q class built by Baldwin in 1901 for the New Zealand Railways Department

New Zealand Railways Department

(NZR), which are mentioned above, worked until withdrawal in 1957: none has been preserved. These were followed by 58 locomotives of the A class

NZR A class (1906)

The A class were steam locomotives built in 1906 with a 4-6-2 wheel arrangement for New Zealand's national railway network, and described by some as the most handsome engines to run on New Zealand rails. The class should not be confused with the older and more obscure A class of 1873. They were...

, built in 1906 by the NZR Addington Workshops

Addington Workshops

The Addington Railway Workshops was a major railway facility established in the Christchurch suburb of Addington in May 1880 by the New Zealand Railways Department. The workshops were previously in Carlyle Street and closed in 1990.-Description:...

and by A & G Price

A & G Price

A & G Price Limited is an engineering firm and locomotive manufacturer in Thames, New Zealand, established in 1868. In 2004 a precision formed yacht keel division was formed to make the Maximus canting keel...

(two of which are preserved). A further ten locomotives of A^A class

NZR Aa class

The AA class consisted of ten steam locomotives built to operate on New Zealand's national rail network. Built to a similar design to the A class of 1906, they had a wheel arrangement of 4-6-2 and were suited to hauling freight services. Ordered and built in 1914, all ten entered service in New...

were built by Baldwin in 1914.

The most notable 4-6-2 class in New Zealand was the A^B class

NZR Ab class

The NZR AB class was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific tender steam locomotive that operated on New Zealand's national railway system. Originally an improvement on the 1906 A class, 141 were built between 1915 and 1927 by NZR's Addington Workshops, A & G Price Limited of Thames, New Zealand, and North...

built between 1915 and 1927 by NZR Addington, A & G Price, and by the North British Locomotive Works. These were reputed to be the first locomotives to generate one horsepower for every 100 lb of weight, and went on to be the largest class of steam locomotives in New Zealand, with a total of 141 built. Although superseded on the principal express and heaviest freight trains during the 1930s, they remained in use on secondary duties. A^B class locomotives lasted until 1969, two years before the end of steam locomotive operations in New Zealand. As a result, seven have been preserved.

One further type was the G class

NZR G class (1928)

The NZR G class was a type of Garratt steam locomotive used in New Zealand, the only such Garratt type steam locomotives ever used by New Zealand Government Railways. They were ordered to deal with traffic growth over the heavy gradients of the North Island Main Trunk and to do away with the use of...

, 6 locomotives rebuilt from three unsuccessful G class 4-6-2+2-6-4

4-6-2+2-6-4

A 4-6-2+2-6-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is a Garratt articulated locomotive.Other equivalent classifications are:...

Garratt

A Garratt is a type of steam locomotive that is articulated in three parts. Its boiler is mounted on the centre frame, and two steam engines are mounted on separate frames, one on each end of the boiler. Articulation permits larger locomotives to negotiate curves and lighter rails that might...

locomotives in 1937 by NZR Hillside. The rebuilds were not considered successful

Australia

The first 4-6-2 tender locomotives in Australia were 20 American style Ec class 4-6-2s (with tenders) built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works

Baldwin Locomotive Works

in Pennsylvania, USA in 1901. They were designed for heavy goods and passenger traffic, but were converted from 1923 into light-lines L-class engines, but retained their 4-6-2 wheel arrangement. The E class

WAGR E Class

The WAGR E class were a type of sixty-five steam-locomotives built for the Western Australian Government Railways narrow-gauge network by three British manufacturers Nasmyth, Wilson and Company, Vulcan Foundry, and the North British Locomotive Company, from 1902...

built by Nasmyth, Wilson & Co., North British Locomotive Co. and the Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry was a British locomotive builder sited at Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire .-History:It was originally opened in 1832 as Charles Tayleur and Company to produce girders for bridges, switches and crossings, and other ironwork following the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway...

during 1902-12 was the first of the type ordered in any quantity (65 examples), but it was not until the P class of 1924 that Western Australia

Western Australia

Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...

received what many considered a 'true' Pacific - a large, well balanced locomotive designed primarily for fast passenger traffic.

The P class

WAGR P and Pr Classes

The WAGR P and Pr classes are two classes of 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotives designed for express passenger service on the Western Australian Government Railways 1067mm narrow gauge mainline network. The initial designs were prepared by E.S...

consisted of 25 locomotives built in 1924 and 1925 by the North British Locomotive Company

North British Locomotive Company

The North British Locomotive Company was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp Stewart and Company , Neilson, Reid and Company and Dübs and Company , creating the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe.Its main factories were...

and locally at the WAGR Midland Railway Workshops

Midland Railway Workshops

The Midland Railway Workshops in Midland, Western Australia were the main workshops for the Western Australian Government Railways for over 80 years.-History:...

. Eight of these were later converted into the Pr class

WAGR P and Pr Classes

between 1941 and 1944 (one preserved). The first batch of 10 Pr 'River' class locomotives were built in 1938 at the Midland Railway Workshops. The P-class engines revolutionised express passenger travel in Western Australia, drastically reducing passenger travel times between destinations. The U class of 14 oil burning locomotives purchased as surplus war-work engines from the North British Locomotive following World War II in 1946, (one preserved.) The final pacific design was the Pm/Pmr class of 35 locomotives introduced in 1950, five of which have been preserved. These were intended to replace the Pr class but were quickly relegated to goods workings after proving rigid steamers. Other pacific-type locomotives operated by the WAGR included the 20-strong C-class 4-6-0's introduced in 1902 which were subsequently (from 1909) converted to 4-6-2s. In total, the WAGR operated at least 223 4-6-2 steam locomotives - proving far and away its most numerous wheel arrangement.

The Midland Railway of Western Australia

Midland Railway of Western Australia

The Midland Railway of Western Australia was a privately built and operated railway in Western Australia, operated by the British-owned Midland Railway Company of Western Australia...

followed the WAGR by introducing five 1067 mm gauge locomotives built by Kitson and Company.

In the late 1920s, heavy Pacific locomotives were introduced by both South Australian Railways

South Australian Railways

South Australian Railways built and operated railways in South Australia from 1854 to the incorporation of its non-urban railways into the Australian National Railways Commission in 1975, together with the former Commonwealth Railways and the former Tasmanian Government Railways...

and Victorian Railways

Victorian Railways

The Victorian Railways operated railways in the Australian state of Victoria from 1859 to 1983. The first railways in Victoria were private companies, but when these companies failed or defaulted, the Victorian Railways was established to take over their operations...

in response to increasingly heavy passenger trains and demand for faster services. Although similar in size, power, and top speed, the designs reflected different approaches. The SAR 600 class reflected contemporary American locomotive practice both in design features and appearance, with two large 24 × 28 in (610 x 710 mm) cylinders. The VR S class

Victorian Railways S class

The S class was an express passenger steam locomotive that ran on Victorian Railways from 1928 to 1954. Built when the VR was at its zenith and assigned to haul premier interstate express passenger services, the S class remained the VR's most prestigious locomotive class until the advent of diesel...

showed a strong British LNER

LNER Class A1/A3

The London and North Eastern Railway LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3 locomotives represented two distinct stages in the history of the British 4-6-2 "Pacific" steam locomotives designed by Nigel Gresley...

influence, with three 20½ x 28 in (521 x 710 mm) cylinders, and Gresley conjugated valve gear

Gresley conjugated valve gear

The Gresley conjugated valve gear is a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft...

driving the third (inside) cylinder.

The New South Wales Government Railways

New South Wales Government Railways

The New South Wales Government Railways was the government department that operated the New South Wales Government's railways until the establishment of the Public Transport Commission in 1972. Although later known officially as the Department of Railways, New South Wales, it was still generally...

introduced the C38 class for express passenger service in 1943. These two-cylinder Pacifics had a free-steaming 245 psi boiler and were renowned for their performance. Class leader 3801

3801 (NSW steam locomotive)

3801 is Australia's best known and most widely travelled steam locomotive. The streamlined locomotive was designed to haul express trains such as the Newcastle Flyer and Melbourne Limited for the New South Wales Government Railways . 3801 is the only steam locomotive to visit every mainland state...

has achieved considerable fame in preservation, with notable feats such as a transcontinental journey from Sydney

Sydney

Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...

to Perth

Perth, Western Australia

Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia and the fourth most populous city in Australia. The Perth metropolitan area has an estimated population of almost 1,700,000....

in 1970.

The South Australian Railways

South Australian Railways

SAR owned twenty Pacific type locomotives. The first ten were of the 600 class

South Australian Railways 600 class

The South Australian Railways 600 class is a class of ten 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives built in 1925, designed to operate on 1600 mm gauge lines.-History:...

supplied by Armstrong Whitworth

Armstrong Whitworth

Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd was a major British manufacturing company of the early years of the 20th century. Headquartered in Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne, Armstrong Whitworth engaged in the construction of armaments, ships, locomotives, automobiles, and aircraft.-History:In 1847,...

of Great Britain in 1922. The remainder were of the 620 class

South Australian Railways 620 class

The South Australian Railways 620 class is a class of 10 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives built in the late 1930s, designed to operate on lightly laid 60-pound lines.- Development of the 620 class :...

built at Islington Workshops in 1936-8.

The Victorian Government Railways VR

Victorian Railways

had only four S class

Victorian Railways S class

Pacific type locomotives on its locomotive roster, built at Newport Works 1928-1930.

The Tasmanian Government Railways

Tasmanian Government Railways

The Tasmanian Government Railways was the former Government of Tasmania managed operator of mainline railways in Tasmania, Australia...

owned 14 Pacific type locomotives built by the Perry Engineering Co, Adelaide

Adelaide

Adelaide is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million...

, Four locomotives of class R1 - R4 were also built for passenger trains. The final batch of Pacific type locomotives arrived in Tasmania in 1952. The British locomotive builder Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns

Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns

Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Ltd was a locomotive builder with works in North East England.-History:The company was formed in September 1937 when Robert Stephenson and Company, which was based in Darlington took over the locomotive building department of Hawthorn Leslie and Company, based in...

built ten locomotives in 1951 of class M 1 - M10 were used in all trains on major lines in northern Tasmania

Tasmania

Tasmania is an Australian island and state. It is south of the continent, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania—the 26th largest island in the world—and the surrounding islands. The state has a population of 507,626 , of whom almost half reside in the greater Hobart...

.

Queensland Railways ordered 35 1067 mm gauge 4-6-2 locomotives from the Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

in 1950 The Queensland BB18¼ class no. 1089, built in 1956, was the last main-line steam locomotive built in Australia.

America

Before Baldwin had completed the original order from New Zealand, their engineers could see the advantages of the new locomotive type and so they incorporated the type into their standard designs for other customers.

Pacifics quickly became the predominant steam passenger power in North America during the first half of the 20th century. Between 1902 and 1930, about 6800 locomotives of the type were built for US and Canadian service and about 7300 were built by U.S. manufacturers, who also exported their products. Around 45% of these were built by the American Locomotive Company

American Locomotive Company

The American Locomotive Company, often shortened to ALCO or Alco , was a builder of railroad locomotives in the United States.-Early history:...

(Alco), which became the main builder of the type and 28% by Baldwin. Large numbers were also used in South America, most of which were supplied by UK, US and German manufacturers.

USA

The largest single user of the type in the USA was the Pennsylvania Railroad

Pennsylvania Railroad

The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the "Pennsy", the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania....

(PRR), which had 697, including 425 class K4s

PRR K4s

The Pennsylvania Railroad's K4s 4-6-2 "Pacific" was their premier passenger-hauling steam locomotive from 1914 through the end of steam on the PRR in 1957....

, the largest single class of locomotive built in the United States. The railroad bought its first experimental Class K-28 4-6-2 in 1907 from Alco. After extensive testing a further 257 "Pacifics" were built by the PRR in Altoona, Pennsylvania

Altoona, Pennsylvania

-History:A major railroad town, Altoona was founded by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1849 as the site for a shop complex. Altoona was incorporated as a borough on February 6, 1854, and as a city under legislation approved on April 3, 1867, and February 8, 1868...

, Alco and Baldwin, between 1910 and 1913, in different versions designated K-2, K-2a, K-2b, and K-3.

In 1911, the PRR ordered a K-29 Class experimental 4-6-2 from Alco, with a larger boiler, superheater

Superheater

A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into dry steam used for power generation or processes. There are three types of superheaters namely: radiant, convection, and separately fired...

, Mechanical stoker and other innovations. A similar K-4s

PRR K4s

The Pennsylvania Railroad's K4s 4-6-2 "Pacific" was their premier passenger-hauling steam locomotive from 1914 through the end of steam on the PRR in 1957....

locomotive was built by the PRR in 1914, but it was not until 1917 before further examples could be built. Between 1917 and 1928 the PRR built 349 K-4s and Baldwin a further 75.

The last PRR "Pacifics" were two large experimental K-5

PRR K5

The Pennsylvania Railroad's class K5 was an experimental 4-6-2 "Pacific" type, built in 1929 to see if a larger Pacific than the standard K4s was worthwhile. Two prototypes were built, #5698 at the PRR's own Altoona Works, and #5699 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Although classified identically,...

locomotives from 1929. No. 5698 was built at PRR Altoona Works with Walschaerts valve gear, and No. 5699 by Baldwin with Caprotti valve gear

Caprotti valve gear

The Caprotti valve gear is a type of steam engine valve gear invented in the early 1920's by Italian architect and engineer Arturo Caprotti. It uses camshafts and poppet valves rather than the piston valves used in other valve gear...

. Although successful these were not replicated as larger 4-8-2

4-8-2

were beginning to be introduced. Number 5698 was dropped from the roster in October 1952 and 5699 was retired in September 1953.

The pacific type began to be supplanted on top-flight service on many US lines by larger 4-6-4

4-6-4

"Hudson" types during the 1930s, and by 4-8-2

4-8-2

"Mountain" or 4-8-4

4-8-4

Under the Whyte notation classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles .Other equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 2D2...

"Northern" locomotives in the 1940s as train weights increased. But the type remained in common use until the 1950s. One notable 4-6-2, Soo Line 2719

Soo Line 2719

Soo Line 2719 is a restored 4-6-2 steam locomotive that was originally operated by the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway . The 2719 was used to haul the Soo Line's last steam-powered train, on a June 21, 1959, round-trip excursion between Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Ladysmith,...

which hauled the last of Soo Line Railroad

Soo Line Railroad

The Soo Line Railroad is the primary United States railroad subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway , controlled through the Soo Line Corporation, and one of seven U.S. Class I railroads. Although it is named for the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste...

's steam-powered trains in 1959, was preserved and has been restored to operating condition for excursions.

Canada

The Canadian Pacific Railway

Canadian Pacific Railway

The Canadian Pacific Railway , formerly also known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railway founded in 1881 and now operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a corporate restructuring in 2001...

(CPR) employed several Pacific classes beginning with 39 Class G1 built 1906-1914 by CPR at its Angus Workshops

CPR Angus Shops

The CPR Angus Shops in Montreal were a railcar manufacturing, repairing and selling facility of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The most of its production consisted of passenger cars, freight cars and locomotives. Built in 1904, and named for founder, Richard B...

and by the Montreal Locomotive Works

Montreal Locomotive Works

Montreal Locomotive Works was a Canadian railway locomotive manufacturer which existed under several names from 1883–1985, producing both steam and diesel locomotives. For a number of years it was a subsidiary of the American Locomotive Company...

. After 1921, 166 examples of a new G2 class with a superheater

Superheater

were built by Alco Schenectady

Schenectady Locomotive Works

The Schenectady Locomotive Works built railroad locomotives from its founding in 1848 through its merger into American Locomotive Company in 1901.After the 1901 merger, ALCO made the Schenectady plant its headquarters in Schenectady, New York....

, CPR shops, and Montreal Loco Works, the last of which remained in service until 1961.

After the First World War the CPR needed heavier mixed traffic locomotives as steel passenger cars replaced the older wooden ones on its main lines resulting in the introduction of 23 G3a 4-6-2s with 75-inch driving wheels, built by Angus Workshops for service over flat terrain and five G4 with smaller 70-inch drivers built by Montreal Locomotive Works for hilly terrain in 1919. A further 152 G3s were built in further batches between 1926 and 1948. The locomotives were withdrawn between 1954 and 1965.

One hundred and two examples of the G5 class were built after 1944. The first two were built by at the Angus works; others by Montreal Locomotive Works and Canadian Locomotive Company

Canadian Locomotive Company

The Canadian Locomotive Company, commonly referred to as CLC, was a Canadian manufacturer of railway locomotives located in Kingston, Ontario. Its works were located on Ontario Street and Gore Street on Kingston's waterfront....

. "They proved as fast and as efficient as they were handsome," says OS Nock (RWC VI, pl 33), "and 'saw steam out' on many secondary lines of the CPR."

Newfoundland

The Reid-Newfoundland Company Limited (which operated the railways in Newfoundland) took delivery of ten 42-inch drivered pacifics between 1920 and 1929. They were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works, Montreal Locomotive Works and Alco-Schenectady. Numbered 190 to 199 they had two 18 by 24 in (457.2 by 609.6 mm) cylinders and weighed 56.3 tons. They all passed to the Government-owned Newfoundland Railway, and then to Canadian National Railways when Newfoundland joined to Confederation of Canada. CN renumbered them 591 to 599 and classified them as J-8-a (BLW 54398–54401, 54466–54467 of 1920), J-8-b (BLW 59531 and MLW 67129, both of 1926) and J-8-c (Alco-S 67941–67942 of 1929). The NR 193 (later CN 593) is preserved and on display at the Humbermouth Historic Train Site in Newfoundland, the only surviving Newfoundland steam locomotive.

They were the only Pacific type locomotives built to operate on 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm) gauge in North America.

Mexico

CNR

Canadian National Railway

The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. CN's slogan is "North America's Railroad"....

sold a 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm) gauge Pacific (former number 591) to FC Nacional de Mexico where it received new number 139.

Argentina

The Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

built twenty pacfics for the former Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway

Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway

The Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway was one of the Big Four broad gauge, , British-owned companies that built and operated railway networks in Argentina...

in 1926, (two of which still survive). A further one 12B class loco was built in 1930, and 12K class were built by Vulcan in 1938.

The Central Argentine Railway

Central Argentine Railway

The Central Argentine Railway was one of the Big Four broad gauge, , British-owned companies that built and operated railway networks in Argentina...

(F.C.C.A) ordered a class twenty large three-cylinder class 20 PS 11 locomotives, with Caprotti valve gear

Caprotti valve gear

in 1930, which were then the most powerful locomotives on the F.C.C.A. In 1939 one of these set up a South American speed record averaging 65.7 mph on the 'El Cordobes' express on the 188 mile non-stop run from Rosario

Rosario

Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located northwest of Buenos Aires, on the western shore of the Paraná River and has 1,159,004 residents as of the ....

to Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...

.

The Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

built a further fifty of the modernised PS12 version of this design for the nationalised Ferrocarriles Argentinos

Ferrocarriles Argentinos

Ferrocarriles Argentinos was a public company that managed the entire Argentine railway system for nearly 45 years. It was formed in 1948 when all the private railway companies were nationalised during Perón's first presidential term, and transformed into the Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado...

between 1950 and 1953.

Africa

Africa was the third continent upon which pacifics were regularly used, following their introduction in 1903. The earliest examples were however built in Britain and the USA, and later by Germany.

South Africa

The first two Pacific locomotives in South Africa were two light 'Karoo' type Class 5A

South African Class 5A 4-6-2

In 1903 the Cape Government Railways placed two Karoo Class steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific wheel arrangement in passenger service. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and reclassified to Class 5A....

Pacifics designed by H.M. Beaty and built by Kitson and Company in 1903 for the Cape Government Railways

Cape Government Railways

The Cape Government Railways was the government-owned railway operator in the Cape Colony from 1874 until the creation of the South African Railways in 1910.-Private railways:...

. A further four (SAR Class 5B

South African Class 5B 4-6-2

In 1904 the Cape Government Railways placed four Karoo Class 4-6-2 Pacific passenger steam locomotives in service. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and classified as Class 5B.-Manufacturer:...

) were delivered in 1904 by Beyer, Peacock and Company

Beyer, Peacock and Company

Beyer, Peacock and Company was an English railway Locomotive manufacturer with a factory in Gorton, Manchester. Founded by Charles Beyer and Richard Peacock, it traded from 1854 until 1966...

. Four slightly larger 'Improved Karoo' (SAR Class 5) were built by the Vulcan Foundry in 1912. One of these locomotives, No. 523, is preserved at De Aar

Other 4-6-2 designs were being delivered to South Africa in 1904. The Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

built five Class 9

South African Class 9 4-6-2

In 1904 the Central South African Railways placed five Class 9 steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific wheel arrangement in service. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered but retained their Class 9 classification.-Manufacturer:Five 4-6-2 Pacific...

locomotives to the design of P.A. Hyde for the Central South African Railways

Central South African Railways

From 1902 to 1904, the area of power of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Percy Girouard later also included the lines of The Netherlands-South African Railway Company; together this dominion covered all lines in the Transvaal that belonged to NZASM ....

(CSAR). The North British Locomotive Company

North British Locomotive Company

built fifteen Class 10

South African Class 10 4-6-2

In 1904 the Central South African Railways placed fifteen Class 10 steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific wheel arrangement in service. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered but retained their Class 10 classification.-Manufacturer:Fifteen 4-6-2...

locomotives for the CSAR in the same year. A further order for ten Pacifics was placed with North British in 1910, five of which used saturated steam and five with superheater

Superheater

s, these became classes 10A and 10B respectively. The next batch was twelve class 10C Pacifics built by North British in 1910–1911. These had 1450 millimetre diameter driving wheels. In addition Alco delivered one class 10D locomotive with bar frames to CSAR in 1910.

Pacific locomotives were also delivered to SAR in 1920s, designated Class 16

South African Class 16 4-6-2

In 1914 the South African Railways placed twelve Class 16 steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific wheel arrangement in passenger train service.-Manufacturer:The Class 16 4-6-2 Pacific locomotive was designed by D.A...

and divided into subclasses depending on the builder and varying dimensions. Class 16D

South African Class 16D 4-6-2

In 1925 the South African Railways placed two Class 16D locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific wheel arrangement in passenger train service. Five more were placed in service in 1926.-Manufacturer:...

Pacifics were built by Baldwin, and were the first examples of American steam power in South Africa. They had many features common in the USA but not previously used by SAR, such as arch tubes, self cleaning smokeboxes and grease lubrication. In 1928 orders were placed with the German builders Hohenzollern

Hohenzollern Locomotive Works

The Hohenzollern Locomotive Works was a German locomotive-building company which operated from 1872 to 1929...

and Henschel for Pacific type locomotives fitted also with latest German features for (then) modern passenger steam locomotives.

The Class 16E

South African Class 16E 4-6-2

In 1935 the South African Railways placed six Class 16E steam locomotives with a Pacific wheel arrangement in passenger train service.-Manufacturer:...

variant's drivers were 6 feet (1.829 m) in diameter and had Poppet valve

Poppet valve

A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. The shaft guides the plug portion by sliding through a valve guide...

s. The six locomotives were introduced in 1930, and one achieved 85 miles per hour (136.8 km/h). The class had the highest boilers on South African rails, with the centre-line 9 in 3 in (2.82 m) above rail level. In ordinary service the Class 16D and 16E Pacifics worked most famous named SAR express trains between Cape Town

Cape Town

Cape Town is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape. As the seat of the National Parliament, it is also the legislative capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality...

and Johannesburg

Johannesburg

Johannesburg also known as Jozi, Jo'burg or Egoli, is the largest city in South Africa, by population. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa...

, a rail distance of 1536 kilometres (954.4 mi) with only one change of locomotive at Beaufort West

Beaufort West

Beaufort West is a town in the Western Cape province in South Africa. It is the largest town in the arid Great Karoo region, and forms part of the Beaufort West Local Municipality, with 37 000 inhabitants in 2001....

. The other Class 16 variants with 4-6-2 drivers were not as large or as fast as the Es. Class 16 Pacifics were withdrawn from ordinary service service in 1975. Some were sold to industry and one is preserved to haul special trains.

Standard Gauge Locomotives

Chemins de Fer Bone a Guelma placed in service in 1914 five standard (1435 mm) gauge Pacific type locomotives at Tunis

Tunis

Tunis is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants....

, built by Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques

Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques

The Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques [Society of Alsatian mechanical engineering] was an engineering company with its headquarters in Mulhouse, Alsace which produced railway locomotives, textile and printing machinery, diesel engines, boilers, lifting equipment, firearms and mining...

(SACM works nos. 6599-6603). They were numbered 181 - 185, later to become Chemins de Fer Tunisiens 231.181 - 231.185. A further four were supplied in 1923 and three in 1938 (SACM works numbers 7374-7376 and 7568-7571). They worked from Tunis to Ghardiamou on Algerian / Tunisian border 211 km, hauling the Tunis - Algiers

Algiers

' is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000...

direct express pair of trains and some semi-fast passenger trains between Tunis and Bizerta 98 km. They hauled all principal express and passenger trains between Tunis Ville and Ghardimaou until 1951 when main line diesels arrived. They were relegated to secondary trains and all were withdrawn from service circa 1954–1955.

Metre gauge locomotives

Chemins de Fer Bone a Guelma also ordered five 1000 mm (metre) gauge locomotives from SACM in 1914 (works numbers 6584-6588) which were a great success. Tunisian Railways ordered three more in 1928 (works numbers 7499-7501). These were used on the main line south from Tunis to Sousse

Sousse

Sousse is a city in Tunisia. Located 140 km south of the capital Tunis, the city has 173,047 inhabitants . Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf of Hammamet, which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The name may be of Berber origin: similar names are found in Libya and in...

(149 km) and Sfax

Sfax

Sfax is a city in Tunisia, located southeast of Tunis. The city, founded in AD 849 on the ruins of Taparura and Thaenae, is the capital of the Sfax Governorate , and a Mediterranean port. Sfax has population of 340,000...

(279 km). They provided the fastest metre gauge service in the world, between World War I and World War II. Speeds over 100 km/h (62.1 mph) were common in ordinary service with driving wheels of 1500 mm diameter and cylinders (2) 465 x 610 mm. Engine weight in working order was 56.6 metric ton. When Tunisian Railways were dieselised in 1951–1955 these locomotives were withdrawn from service and stored. But as late as in 1951–1952 they achieved speeds up to 110 km/h (68.8 mph). In 1958 Nos. 231.801, 805, 808, 807 were sold to Spain to the Ferrocarril La Robla. Those which remained in Tunisia were scrapped in 1959.

Mozambique

The first three '300 class' Pacific locomotives were ordered from Baldwin in 1919 (works nos. 52201 - 52203), by the Caminhos de Ferro de Lourenço Marques (CFM) in Portuguese Mozambique

Mozambique

Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest...

. They hauled passenger trains between Lourenço Marques

Maputo

Maputo, also known as Lourenço Marques, is the capital and largest city of Mozambique. It is known as the City of Acacias in reference to acacia trees commonly found along its avenues and the Pearl of the Indian Ocean. It was famous for the inscription "This is Portugal" on the walkway of its...

and Ressano Garcia 88 km, and also crossed the South African border to the South African Komatipoort

Komatipoort

Komatipoort is a town situated at the confluence of the Crocodile and Komati Rivers in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. The town is 8km from the Crocodile Bridge Gate into the Kruger Park, and just 5km from the Mozambique border and 65km from the Swazi border. It is a small, quiet town with some...

border station (93 km from Lourenço Marques) where SAR locomotives took over and continued to Pretoria

Pretoria

Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities, serving as the executive and de facto national capital; the others are Cape Town, the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein, the judicial capital.Pretoria is...

. Two more were added to stock in 1923 (works nos. 57397 - 57398.) The Henschel Pacifics weighed 73.75 ton in working order (total weight with two bogie tender was 128 tons). Cylinders 480 x 660 mm. Diameter of driving wheels 1524 mm (5 ft). Grate area 3.80 sq.metre.

A further order was placed with Henschel in 1955 for four additional Pacifics for the Beira

Beira, Mozambique

Beira is the second largest city in Mozambique. It lies in the central region of the country in Sofala Province, where the Pungue River meets the Indian Ocean. Beira had a population of 412,588 in 1997, which grew to an estimated 546,000 in 2006...

-Machipanda

Machipanda

- External links :*...

line. Henschel also supplied three more modern Pacific type locomotives to CFM in 1955. When they arrived their older American courterparts were removed to haul Lourenço Marques local suburban services. All Pacifics were allocated to Lourenço Marques shed for whole of their lives. All were still in service in 1971. These locomotives were good examples of Pacific type "Cape" 1067 mm gauge passenger locomotives in Southern Africa

Southern Africa

Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...

Abyssinia / Ethiopia

The French owned 784 km metre (1000 mm) gauge Chemin de Fer Franco Ethiopien Djibouti - Addis Abeba

Imperial Railway Company of Ethiopia

Rail transport in Ethiopia currently consists only of a line from Djibouti to Dire Dawa. The line continues from Dire Dawa to Addis Ababa, but is no longer operational...

had four Pacific type locomotives on its roster. The first one was bought from Forges, Usines et Fonderies de Haine-Saint-Pierre
Nicaise et Delcuve
Nicaise et Delcuve was a Belgian metal engineering company based in La Louvière, Belgium.-History:In 1855 in La Louvière the company Parmentier, Nicaise et Cie. was formed, including various mechanical engineering factories from the région du Centre in the province of Hainaut including the SA de...

in Belgium in 1923. In 1914, prior to the First World War, this locomotive had been ordered by the Spanish railway Ferrocarril Madrid - Aragon but for unknown reasons was not delivered. The locomotive used saturated steam and had 1250 mm driving wheels; it was well suited to run the 473 km between Addis Abeba and Dire Dawa

Dire Dawa

Dire Dawa is one of two chartered cities in Ethiopia . This chartered city is divided administratively into two woredas, the city proper and the non-urban woreda of Gurgura....

in Ethiopia. Three more similar but superheated

Superheater

Pacific locomotives were ordered in 1936. They arrived after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

and were allocated to Addis Abeba and Dire Dawa sheds. They continued to haul passenger trains until the main line diesels arrived in 1956. All were soon withdrawn from service and scrapped in early 1960s.

Nigeria

Between 1926 and 1928 Nigerian gauge Railways ordered ten class 405 Pacifics from Nasmyth, Wilson & Co., Manchester

Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Manchester was 498,800. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas, the metropolitan county of Greater...

for "express" services between 1126 km (699.7 mi) Lagos

Lagos

Lagos is a port and the most populous conurbation in Nigeria. With a population of 7,937,932, it is currently the third most populous city in Africa after Cairo and Kinshasa, and currently estimated to be the second fastest growing city in Africa...

and Kano

Kano

Kano is a city in Nigeria and the capital of Kano State in Northern Nigeria. Its metropolitan population is the second largest in Nigeria after Lagos. The Kano Urban area covers 137 sq.km and comprises six Local Government Area - Kano Municipal, Fagge, Dala, Gwale, Tarauni and Nassarawa - with a...

. (Nasmyth, Wilson Nos 1472-1476 (1926), and 1533-1536 (1928). Nos 405-414) They used saturated steam and had 18 by 26 in (457.2 by 660.4 mm) outside cylinders and 5 in 0 in (1.52 m) driving wheels. They hauled named trains like "North Mail" and "Boat Express" both averaging only 35 km/h (22 mph) between stops. All ten were named. They were ousted from principal passenger trains when first line diesel locomotives arrived, but remained in less important secondary train service well in the 1970s.

Malawi

Former Nyasaland

Nyasaland

Nyasaland or the Nyasaland Protectorate, was a British protectorate located in Africa, which was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Since 1964, it has been known as Malawi....

Railway obtained six class F ex British War Department Pacific type 1067 mm gauge locomotives in 1946 to work on Trans-Zambesi Railway TZR. These had been built by the North British Locomotive Company

North British Locomotive Company

in 1942 (Works numbers 24850/2-3/6/8) They were numbered TZR 25-30. All were still in service in 1973.

Egypt

Prior to 1954, the Egypt State Railways used 4-4-2 or 4-6-0

4-6-0

types on express passenger trains. However, in 1953 a locomotive capable of hauling 550-tonne trains the 150 km from Cairo

Cairo

Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...

to Alexandria

Alexandria

Alexandria is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.1 million, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country; it is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. It is Egypt's largest seaport, serving...

in two hours. These were originally going to be 4-6-4

4-6-4

Hudson locomotives but the specification was eased to suit a 500-tonne train load, enabling the Pacific type to be used. They were ordered from Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques

Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques

at Grafenstaden, France. The class was unusual as they were designed oil burning, with a long narrow firebox and combustion chamber fitted between plate frames. They had a short life in express train service. The 1956 war spoiled the fast running in Egypt. The Pacifics were transferred to haul slower night express trains to Luxor

Luxor

Luxor is a city in Upper Egypt and the capital of Luxor Governorate. The population numbers 487,896 , with an area of approximately . As the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open air museum", as the ruins of the temple...

and Aswan

Aswan

Aswan , formerly spelled Assuan, is a city in the south of Egypt, the capital of the Aswan Governorate.It stands on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract and is a busy market and tourist centre...

. At least some remained into service up to 1967.

Europe

It was several years after their introduction in the New World

New World

The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically America and sometimes Oceania . The term originated in the late 15th century, when America had been recently discovered by European explorers, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the European middle...

and Africa that the pacific type appeared in Europe. The earliest examples were two French prototypes, introduced in 1907, and designed by the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans

Pô

-External links: Burkina Faso Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism's web site for this area...

(PO) to overcome the insufficient power of their atlantics

4-4-2 (locomotive)

. Within a few weeks these had been followed by a German pacific type designed in 1905 but did not enter service until late 1907, and a UK type introduced in January 1908. By the First World War the type was being widely used on the railways of Continental Europe

Continental Europe

Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European islands....

France

See List of French 'Pacific' steam locomotives

Following the two successful Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans (Compagnie du PO) prototypes in 1907, a further 1362 pacifics were built for the major French railway companies, (including those acquired from Germany following the terms of the Armistice in 1918). The 'PO' ordered a further ninety-eight locomotives in 1908–1910, and eighty-nine in 1909 - 1910. A further fifty were ordered from Alco in 1921 and forty of the type TP-État were bought in 1923. The company was particularly famous for the 'Chapelon pacifics' of 1929-1932.

The Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest
Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest
The Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest , often referred to simply as L'Ouest or Ouest, was an early French railway company.- Birth of the company :...

(Compagnie de l'Ouest) followed with two prototype locomotives in 1908 but did not continue with the pacific type. The Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine

Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine

The Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine were the first railways owned by the German Empire.They emerged in 1871, after France had ceded the region of Alsace-Lorraine to the German Empire under the terms of the peace treaty following the Franco-Prussian War...

built eight Pacific locomotives in 1909 at a time when the railway was under German control, these became French locomotives in 1920 (see List of Alsace-Lorraine locomotives.

The Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée
Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée
The Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée was a French railway company ....

(Compagnie du PLM) was the largest French user of Pacific locomotives owning 462, built between 1909 and 1932. These were both compound and simple locomotives

Compound locomotive

A compound engine unit is a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages.A typical arrangement for a compound engine is that the steam is first expanded in a high-pressure cylinder, then having given up heat and losing pressure, it exhausts directly into one or more larger...

and with and without superheater

Superheater

s. Large numbers were later rebuilt as compounds or else to incorporate superheaters, by both the PLM and the SNCF.

It is paradoxical that the Eastern Railway (Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est
Chemins de fer de l'Est
The Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est , often referred to simply as the Est company, was an early French railway company. The company was formed in 1853 by fusion from Compagnie de Paris à Strasbourg, operating the Paris-Strasbourg line, and Compagnie du chemin de fer de Montereau à Troyes...

) never built a 4-6-2, preferring its ten wheelers

4-6-0

until it progressed straight to the much larger Mountain

4-8-2

type. The Est nevertheless bought pacifics to the designs of other companies including 40 class 11 s (TP-État type) in 1921-3, and 12 class 12 s ("Chapelon" rebuilds) in 1934. The Compagnie du Nord
Chemin de Fer du Nord
Chemin de Fer du Nord , often referred to simply as the Nord company, was a rail transport company created in September 1845, in Paris, France. It was owned by among others de Rothschild Frères of France, N M Rothschild & Sons of London, England, Hottinger, Laffitte and Blount...

built 139 locomotives from 1912 including the various so-called "Superpacific types" of 1923-1931. The company also ordered "Chapelon" type rebuilds from the PO in 1934, and newly built locomotives 1936-1938.

The Chemins de Fer de l'État owned 352 pacific locomotives some of which were transferred from the Bavarian Railways and Wurthemberg Railways as Armistice reparations in 1918. The Chemin de Fer du Midi
Chemin de Fer du Midi
The Chemin de Fer du Midi, often abbreviated to CF du Midi, was an early French railway company.In 1934 it merged with the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans to become part of the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi ....

likewise owned forty locomotives.

After nationalisation in 1938, the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (SNCF) built no more pacifics, though it continued to rebuild some of the existing stock on lines already established by the old companies, particularly in continuing to apply the great improvements brought about by the work of André Chapelon

André Chapelon

André Chapelon was a noted French mechanical engineer and designer of advanced steam locomotives. Engineer of Ecole Centrale Paris, he was one of very few locomotive designers who brought a rigorous scientific method to their design, and he sought to apply up-to-date knowledge and theories in...

Germany

The first Pacific for a German railway was the Badische IV f class for the Royal Bavarian State Railways

Royal Bavarian State Railways

As a nation-state, Germany did not come into being until the creation of the German Empire in 1871 from the various German-speaking states such as Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Baden and Württemberg. By then each of the major states had formed its own state railway and these continued to remain...

designed by Maffei in 1905. However, due to manufacturing delays they were not introduced until 1907, shortly after the first French pacifics. They were four-cylinder compound locomotive

Compound locomotive

s of the Von Borries type. After the three initial Maffei locomotives, a further 32 were built by Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe

Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe

The Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe was a locomotive and railway wagon manufacturer in the early days of the German railways. It was based at Karlsruhe in what is now the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwestern Germany....

1907-1913 under license.
The most successful early class was however the Bavarian S 3/6

Bavarian S 3/6

The Class S 3/6 steam locomotives of the Royal Bavarian State Railways were express train locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific or 2'C1' wheel arrangement....

class, designed by Anton Hammel und Heinrich Leppla of Maffei. This was a development of the smaller Baden IV f, with a four-cylinder compound 159 were built between 1908 and 1931; the last of which was retired from ordinary service in 1969.
Various pre World War I pacific locomotives from different state railway companies were grouped together by Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn was the name of the following two companies:* Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German Imperial Railways during the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the immediate aftermath...

as Class 18, with several subclasses (thus Bavarian S 3/6 became DRG 18.4).

During the 1920s and 1930 Deutsche Reichsbahn continued to build new pacific designs such as the Class 01.10

DRG Class 01.10

The locomotives of DRB Class 01.10 were standard locomotives used for express train services by the Deutsche Reichsbahn...

and Class 03.10

DRG Class 03.10

The German Class 03.10 engines were standard steam locomotives belonging to the Deutsche Reichsbahn and designed for hauling express trains.- History :...

subclasses, with three cylinders instead of two. Ten members of the 03.10 class remained in Poland after the Second World War and formed PKP class Pm3. The Class 01

DRG Class 01

The Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft's BR 01 steam locomotives were the first standardised steam express passenger locomotives built by the unified German railway system. They were of 4-6-2 "Pacific" wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, or 2′C1′ h2 in the UIC classification. The idea of...

(two-cylinder standard type of Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn was the name of the following two companies:* Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German Imperial Railways during the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the immediate aftermath...

), which was the first standardised steam express passenger locomotive

Einheitsdampflokomotive

The German term Einheitsdampflokomotive, sometimes shortened to Einheitslokomotive or Einheitslok, means standard steam locomotive and refers to the steam engines built in Germany after 1925 under the direction of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft...

class built by the unified German railway system, 1926–1938. The Class 02

DRG Class 02

The German DRG Class 02 engines were standard express train locomotives with the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft...

four-cylinder compound locomotive

Compound locomotive

version were less successful, being costly to maintain. Only ten were built which were rebuilt into the 01 class between 1937 and 1942. The Class 03

DRG Class 03

The Class 03 steam engines were standard express train locomotives in service with the Deutsche Reichsbahn.- History :...

was a lighter version of the 01 class ), built between 1930 and 1938.

Only two prototypes of the streamlined Class 10

DB Class 10

The steam locomotives of DB Class 10 were express train locomotives with the Deutsche Bundesbahn in Germany after the Second World War. They were nicknamed 'Black Swans' as a result of their elegant shape.- History :...

were built by Krupp

Krupp

The Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...

for Deutsche Bundesbahn

Deutsche Bundesbahn

The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany on September 7, 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft '...

) in 1957. They survived until 1968.

United Kingdom

Prior to the 1923 Grouping

Railways Act 1921

The Railways Act 1921, also known as the Grouping Act, was an enactment by the British government of David Lloyd George intended to stem the losses being made by many of the country's 120 railway companies, move the railways away from internal competition, and to retain some of the benefits which...

only five 4-6-2s had been built in the United Kingdom. The first of these was No. 111 The Great Bear

GWR 111 The Great Bear

The Great Bear, number 111, was a locomotive of the Great Western Railway. It was the first 4-6-2 Pacific locomotive used on a railway in Great Britain, and the only one of that type ever built by the GWR.- History and operation :...

introduced by the Great Western Railway

Great Western Railway

The Great Western Railway was a British railway company that linked London with the south-west and west of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, received its enabling Act of Parliament in 1835 and ran its first trains in 1838...

in 1908. This was an experimental locomotive which proved to be more powerful than the railway's requirements and also too heavy for much of its infrastructure. As a result it was scrapped in 1924 and many of the parts used to build a Castle class locomotive

GWR 4073 Class

The GWR 4073 Class or Castle class locomotives are a group of 4-6-0 steam locomotives of the Great Western Railway. They were originally designed by the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer, Charles Collett, for working the company's express passenger trains.-History:A development of the earlier...

. The Great Northern Railway

LNER Class A1/A3

(GNR) and the North Eastern Railway

LNER Class A2

The first London and North Eastern Railway Class A2 was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotive designed by Vincent Raven. Two were built by the North Eastern Railway in 1922 before the grouping and another 3 by the LNER in 1924. Their LNER numbers were 2400-2404...

each built two examples of the type in 1922, and further examples of each of these classes were built by the London and North Eastern Railway

London and North Eastern Railway

The London and North Eastern Railway was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain...

(LNER) after 1923.

The GNR

Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)

The Great Northern Railway was a British railway company established by the Great Northern Railway Act of 1846. On 1 January 1923 the company lost its identity as a constituent of the newly formed London and North Eastern Railway....

A1 Class

LNER Class A1/A3

designed by Sir Nigel Gresley (and later rebuilt into the improved A3 class) featured three cylinders and an innovative conjugated valve gear

Gresley conjugated valve gear

The Gresley conjugated valve gear is a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft...

, and eventually consisted of 79 locomotives. After initial teething problems it proved to be an excellent design and No. 4472 Flying Scotsman

LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

The LNER Class A3 Pacific locomotive No. 4472 Flying Scotsman was built in 1923 for the London and North Eastern Railway at Doncaster Works to a design of H.N. Gresley...

was the first British locomotive to be officially recorded as reaching 100 mph (161 km/h). This speed was surpassed by the streamlined A4 class

LNER Class A4

The Class A4 is a class of streamlined 4-6-2 steam locomotive, designed by Nigel Gresley for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1935. Their streamlined design gave them high-speed capability as well as making them instantly recognizable, and one of the class, 4468 Mallard, still claims the...

of 1935. No. 2509 Silver Link

LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link

Silver Link was the first London and North Eastern Railway A4 Class locomotive, built in 1935 to pull a new train called the Silver Jubilee.-History:...

reached 112 mph (180 km/h) on its inaugural run in 1935, and No. 4468 Mallard

LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard

Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. While in other respects a relatively typical member of its class, it is historically significant for being the holder of the official world speed record for steam...

touched 126 mph (203 km/h) on 3 July 1938, which is still the world speed record for steam traction. Thirty five locomotives of the class were built by 1938.
A further 89 pacific locomotives of the A1

LNER Peppercorn Class A1

, A1/1

LNER Thompson Class A1/1

The London and North Eastern Railway Thompson Class A1/1 was started in 1945 when a Class A1 went into the works for rebuilding in to the A1/1....

, A2

LNER Peppercorn Class A2

The London and North Eastern Railway Peppercorn Class A2 is a class of steam locomotive designed for express passenger work by Arthur Peppercorn, the chief designer of the LNER after Edward Thompson...

, A2/1

LNER Thompson Class A2/1

The London and North Eastern Railway Thompson Class A2/1 was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives. They were originally ordered as Class V2 locomotives, as designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, but were revised during construction into a 4-6-2 'Pacific' arrangement under the instruction of Edward Thompson...

, A2/2

LNER Thompson Class A2/2

The London and North Eastern Railway Class A2/2 was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives. The A2/2 were former members of Sir Nigel Gresley’s P2 Class of eight-coupled express passenger locomotives. Edward Thompson was appointed on the 28 April 1941 and decided to gain experience by rebuilding the...

, A2/3

LNER Thompson Class A2/3

The London and North Eastern Railway Class A2/3 was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives.They were newly constructed locomotives, fulfilling the requirement identified by Edward Thompson for a standard express passenger locomotive of the 4-6-2 arrangement with 6ft 2in driving wheels...

classes were either built or rebuilt for the LNER by Edward Thompson (engineer)

Edward Thompson (engineer)

Edward Thompson was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway between 1941 and 1946.- Biography :Edward Thompson was the son of an assistant master at Marlborough College. He was educated at Marlborough before taking the Mechanical Science Tripos at Pembroke College,...

and Arthur Peppercorn

Arthur Peppercorn

Arthur Henry Peppercorn, OBE was the last Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway.- Career :...

, although many actually appeared after 1948 under British Railways.

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway

London, Midland and Scottish Railway

The London Midland and Scottish Railway was a British railway company. It was formed on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act of 1921, which required the grouping of over 120 separate railway companies into just four...

introduced the twelve Princess Royal Class pacifics in 1933, and then enlarged the design with the streamlined Princess Coronation Class of 1937, which totalled 37 locomotives by 1947 with one further appearing in 1948 under British Railways. No. 6220 Coronation

LMS Princess Coronation Class 6220 Coronation

London Midland and Scottish Railway Princess Coronation Class No. 6220 Coronation was a British steam locomotive.- Overview :6220 was built in 1937 at Crewe Works, the first of its class of streamlined locomotives...

reached 114 mph (183 km/h) on 29 June 1937, and briefly held the British speed record for steam traction. The LMS Princess Royal Class was also used as the basis for an unusual experimental locomotive, the Turbomotive.

During World War II the Southern Railway

Southern Railway (Great Britain)

The Southern Railway was a British railway company established in the 1923 Grouping. It linked London with the Channel ports, South West England, South coast resorts and Kent...

introduced two classes of Pacific, designed by New Zealander Oliver Bulleid

Oliver Bulleid

Oliver Vaughan Snell Bulleid was a British railway and mechanical engineer best known as the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway between 1937 and the 1948 nationalisation, developing many well-known locomotives.- Early life and Great Northern Railway :He was born in Invercargill,...

, the Merchant Navy Pacific

SR Merchant Navy class

The SR Merchant Navy class , was a class of air-smoothed 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives designed for the Southern Railway of the United Kingdom by Oliver Bulleid...

and the West Country and Battle of Britain Classes

SR West Country Class

The SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes, collectively known as Light Pacifics or informally as Spam Cans, are classes of air-smoothed 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive designed for the Southern Railway by its Chief Mechanical Engineer Oliver Bulleid...

. These two classes continued to be built under British Railways and eventually totalled 30, and 110 locomotives respectively.

The 55 British Railways Standard Class 7

BR standard class 7

Britannia Pacifics were a simple expansion two-cylinder design with Walschaerts valve gear, their conservative design reflecting a requirement for a more cost-effective, lower maintenance locomotive. Ten examples of a lighter version

BR standard class 6

were introduced in 1952. The final Pacific design in the UK was No. 71000 Duke of Gloucester, built in 1954. It had many parts in common with the Britannias, but with three cylinders and Caprotti valve gear

Caprotti valve gear

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian State Railways BDZ bought its first four-cylinder simple expansion Pacific type locomotive from John Cockerill (company)

John Cockerill (company)

The John Cockerill Company was a Belgian iron, steel and manufacturing company based in Seraing in the region of Liege, founded by the British industrialist family fathered by William Cockerill....

of Belgium in 1912 (Cockerill 2823), BDZ number 21 renumbered 09.01 in 1936). It hauled express trains from Sofia

Sofia

Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 12th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.27 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.Prehistoric settlements were excavated...

to Svilengrad

Svilengrad

Svilengrad is a town in Haskovo Province, South-central Bulgaria, situated at the border of Turkey and Greece. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Svilengrad Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 18,132 inhabitants....

and was rebuilt in 1933.

In 1938 BDZ improved its express service between Sofia and Burgas and placed an order with Krupp

Krupp

in Germany for five three-cylinder (470 x 660), 1850 mm coupled wheels 100.7 ton Pacific type locomotives with maximum speed of 120 km/h (74.6 mph). Because of the Second World War the locomotives were delivered to Bulgaria only in 1941 (Krupp 2459–2463). At first they became class 07.01 - 05 but in 1942 their classification was changed to 05.01 - 05. They all survived to the end of steam traction in Bulgaria in 1980s.

Italy

Twenty locomotives of the 690 class were built by Società Italiana Ernesto Breda

Società Italiana Ernesto Breda

Società Italiana Ernesto Breda, more usually referred to simply as Breda was an Italian mechanical manufacturing company founded by Ernesto Breda in Milan in 1886. The firm originally manufactured locomotives and other railway machinery, but later branched out into armaments and aircraft. In 1962,...

, ten by Ansaldo

Gio. Ansaldo & C.

Ansaldo was one of Italy's oldest and most important engineering companies, existing for 140 years from 1853 to 1993.-From foundation to World War I:...

and three by Officine Meccaniche

Officine Meccaniche

Officine Meccaniche or OM was an Italian car and truck manufacturing company, founded in 1899 in Milan as Societa Anonima Officine Meccaniche...

at Milan

Milan

Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...

between 1911 and 1914. Between 1928 and 1931 these locomotives were rebuilt with a larger boiler to form Class 691. No 691,011 established the Italian speed record for steam locomotives at 150 km/h. The whole class was withdrawn between 1962 and 1963. One example, 691.022, has been preserved at the National Museum of the Science and of the Technology of Milan.

Austria

The only example in Austria was the class 629 tank locomotive

Tank locomotive

A tank locomotive or tank engine is a steam locomotive that carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. It will most likely also have some kind of bunker to hold the fuel. There are several different types of tank locomotive dependent upon...

, built from 1913. This highly successful type remained in service until 1975.
During the period 1938–1945 DRB

Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn was the name of the following two companies:* Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German Imperial Railways during the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the immediate aftermath...

class 03 and BMB-CMD class 387.0 Pacifics were used also on Vienna

Vienna

Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...

- Oderberg

Oderberg

Oderberg is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated 16 km east of Eberswalde, and 27 km southwest of Schwedt and in close vicinity of Berlin.-Overview:...

/ Bohumin

Bohumín

Bohumín is a town in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic on the border with Poland. The confluence of the Oder and Olza Rivers is situated just north of the town. The town lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia....

line including former 84 km BBÖ

BBO

BBO may stand for:*Big Bang Observer, planned space gravitational wave observatory*Beta barium borate crystal*Black Bag Operations*The Bridge Base Inc...

Vienna - Lundenburg / Břeclav

Breclav

Břeclav is a town in the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic, approximately 55 km southeast of Brno. It is located at the border with Lower Austria on the Dyje River. The nearest large town on Austrian territory is Hohenau an der March...

section. Class 03 Pacifics from Oderberg shed hauled Vienna - Breslau - Berlin through express trains. Sometime in 1942 class 03 Pacifics were even tried on Vienna - Salzburg

Salzburg

-Population development:In 1935, the population significantly increased when Salzburg absorbed adjacent municipalities. After World War II, numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space was created for American soldiers of the postwar Occupation, and could be used for...

express trains. They were here replaced by ex PKP

Polskie Koleje Panstwowe

is the dominant railway operator in Poland.The company was founded when the former state-owned operator was divided into several units based on the requirements laid down by the European Union...

class Pt31 1D1-h2 Mikado

Mikado

Mikado may refer to:* Mikado, alternative term for Emperor of Japan* The Mikado, a 1885 comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan- Foods :* Mikado, the European brand name for Pocky, a Japanese chocolate-covered breadstick...

locomotives. Later during World War II, in 1943 the German Pacifics were replaced by Czech built class 387.0 Pacifics. In 1945 one class 03 Pacific remained in Austria. Pacific 03.113 (Henschel 22164 / 1933) was returned to DB

DB may refer to:In science and technology:*Decibel , a logarithmic unit of measurement in acoustics and electronics*Dubnium , a chemical element*DB connector, a size of D-subminiature electrical connector...

only on 29.12.1952 and was taken in DB locomotive stock. It was withdrawn on 27.09.1966.
In addition four ex Jugoslavian State Railways JDZ Pacifics 05.012 - 015 were in 1945 in Austria. They were returned by order of the Soviet Military Administration back to Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....

in 1947.

Sweden

Swedish State Railways (SJ)

Statens Järnvägar

The Swedish State Railways or SJ, originally the Royal Railway Board , is a former government agency responsible for operating the state railways in Sweden....

ordered from Nydqvist & Holm (Nohab

NOHAB

NOHAB was a manufacturing company in the city of Trollhättan, Sweden.The company was founded by Antenor Nydqvist, Johan Magnus Lidström and Carl Olof Holm in 1847 as Trollhättans Mekaniska Verkstad as a manufacturer of turbines for hydraulic power plants...

) in 1913 ten four-cylinder compound Pacific type locomotives for Stockholm

Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...

- Malmö

Malmö

Malmö , in the southernmost province of Scania, is the third most populous city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg.Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County...

heavy express train service. (NOHAB 1020 (1914), 1061-5 (1915) 1066-70 (1916).
They had 1880 mm driving wheels and (2) 420 x 660 / (2) 630 x 660 mm cylinders. They become SJ class F

SJ F (steam locomotive)

The F was a type of Swedish steam locomotive based on the Württemberg C and built by Nydquist & Holm between 1914 and 1916. It was primarily used on the main lines between Stockholm-Gothenburg and Stockholm-Malmö...

numbers 1200–1209 and 1271. Locomotives were limited to maximum speed of 90 km/h ( 56 mph). They hauled express trains on this Southern Mainline up to the electrification of Stockholm - Malmö line in 1933. SJ tried them then on Göteborg (Gothenburg

Gothenburg

Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area...

) non electrified section, but they were not a success on this line which was also to be electrified. They were all sold to the neighbouring Danish State Railways DSB in 1937.

It was only after they were withdrawn from service in Denmark when the Pacific type locomotives returned to Sweden. DSB 964 ex SJ 1200 was presented to SJ Railway Museum at Gävle

Gävle

Gävle is a city in Sweden, the seat of Gävle Municipality and the capital of Gävleborg County. It had 71,033 inhabitants in 12/31 2010. It is the oldest city in the historical Norrland , having received its charter in 1446 from Christopher of Bavaria.-History:It is believed that the name Gävle...

in 1964 and DSB 966 ex SJ 1202 was presented by DSB Railway Museum in 1999 to SJ AB

SJ AB

SJ is a government-owned passenger train operator in Sweden. SJ was created in 2000, out of the public transport division of Statens Järnvägar, when the former government agency was divided into six separate government-owned limited companies.-Overview:SJ's operations fall broadly into subsidised...

to haul heritage trains.

Hungary

The Hungarian locomotive builder MÁVAG

MÁVAG

MÁVAG was a Hungarian rail vehicle producer. MÁVAG was the property of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the World War II MÁVAG was nationalized, and "Királyi" was removed from its name.The company employed thousands of workers. The buildings were in the VIII...

(Magyar Királyi Államvasutak Gépgyára) built several classes of 4-6-2 after 1914 both for the Hungarian State Railways

Hungarian State Railways

Hungarian State Railways is the Hungarian national railway company, with divisions "MÁV Start Zrt" and "MÁV Cargo Zrt" ....

and also for export elsewhere in Europe. MAVAG 301.016 has been preserved at the Hungarian Railway Heritage Park Museum in Budapest

Budapest

Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...

Russia/Soviet Union

Pacifics were not common in Russia. The only known examples were the 4-cylinder L-class express passenger locomotives built by Putilov Works at Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...

/ Leningrad

Leningrad

Leningrad is the former name of Saint Petersburg, Russia.Leningrad may also refer to:- Places :* Leningrad Oblast, a federal subject of Russia, around Saint Petersburg* Leningrad, Tajikistan, capital of Muminobod district in Khatlon Province...

for Vladikavkaz private railroad after 1914. Their chief designer was Vazlav Lopushinskii, who later emigrated from Soviet Russia. These locomotives were the most powerful passenger locomotives in tsarist Russia. Eighteen locomotives were built 1914-1919, allocated at Rostov on Don, Tihoretskaya, Kavkazkaya, Armavir and Mineralnaya Vody depots and hauled principal express and heavy passenger train between Rostov on Don and Vladikavkaz

Vladikavkaz

-Notable structures:In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.-Twin towns/sister cities:...

( 698 km ). All were oil fired. (Locomotive L 107 was hit by a runaway train at Novorossisk in 1920 and was never repaired.)

A further 48 class L were built after the October Revolution

October Revolution

The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...

betwee 1922 and 1926 at Putilov Works (renamed to Krasnyi Putilov). At first these coal fired locomotives were allocated to October Railway to haul principal passenger trains between Moscow and Leningrad over 650 km of double track line between the two largest cities in then Soviet Russia

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , commonly referred to as Soviet Russia, Bolshevik Russia, or simply Russia, was the largest, most populous and economically developed republic in the former Soviet Union....

. By the time train speeds in Soviet Russia were slow and the fastest train took 14 hours 30 minutes between Moscow and Leningrad. But the trains which were running (four return workings daily) were rather heavy, train loads often exceeding more than 700 (metric) tons behind tender of Pacifics. In 1936 the express trains were running at average speed of 65 km/h ( 40 mph ) making four intermediate stops, between these cities. Locomotives were usually changed at Tver Kalinin

Kalinin, Russia

Kalinin is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia:Rural localities*Kalinin, Republic of Adygea, a khutor in Maykopsky District of the Republic of Adygea*Kalinin, Ryazan Oblast, a settlement in Ukholovsky District of Ryazan Oblast...

.

When the series production of heavier 2-8-4 class IS Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...

got under way in 1937 Pacifics were transferred to join their older brother locomotives to North Caucasus

North Caucasus

The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian Seas and within European Russia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus economic region of Russia....

lines. Their roster brought them as far south as to Baku

Baku

Baku , sometimes spelled as Baki or Bakou, is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea. The city consists of two principal...

. They were changed from coal firing to oil firing. In 1941 they were allocated to North Caucasus Railway ( 17 engines ), Transcaucasian Railway ( 29 engines) and to Orenburg Railway ( 6 engines ). In 1942 during the German summer invasion to North Caucasus all class L Pacifics there were evacuated to Transcaucasian Railway. After World War II they become in 1947 class Lp and were ousted from heaviest duties. A number were withdrawn 1956–1959. The last one, Lp 151, in 1967 from Groznyi depot.

In 1945 34 members of the Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn

Deutsche Reichsbahn was the name of the following two companies:* Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German Imperial Railways during the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the immediate aftermath...

Class 03 and two streamlined class 03.10 Pacific type locomotives fell in the Russian hands in East Prussia

East Prussia

East Prussia is the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast from the 13th century to the end of World War II in May 1945. From 1772–1829 and 1878–1945, the Province of East Prussia was part of the German state of Prussia. The capital city was Königsberg.East Prussia...

RBD Königsberg. They were regauged to 1524 mm (5 ft) gauge and allocated to MPS Lithuanian Railway. They hauled express and passenger trains between Vilnius

Vilnius

Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 as of 2010. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County...

and Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea...

, and between Vilnius and Minsk

Minsk

- Ecological situation :The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Center of Radioactive and Environmental Control .During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons. The change of gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened...

. Last ones were withdrawn from service in 1957.

Portugal

Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses (CP) had two batches of Pacific 2C1-h2 class locomotives running on its broad gauge (1668 mm) lines. These were built by Henschel & Son

Henschel & Son

Henschel & Son was a German company, situated in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons....

in 1924 and 1925 respectively. These were Henschel 19880 - 19899 (renumbered CP 551 - 560) and 20435 - 20442 (renumbered to CP 501 - 508).

Pacifics Nr. 551 - 560 were used on lines south of River Tajo and Nr. 501 - 508, built for the Porto line north of Tajo. They had a deep narrow firebox

Firebox

In a steam engine, the firebox is the area where the fuel is burned, producing heat to boil the water in the boiler. Most are somewhat box-shaped, hence the name.-Railway locomotive firebox :...

. Both classes of Pacifics had same cylinders, driving wheels, and motion as the ten-wheelers (2C) of the class 351 - 370. Before World War II the CP was renowned for the speed of its trains. The track was carefully maintained, laid on 45 kg / metre (90 lb / yd) rails, and speed limit was in force, 120 km/h (75 mph) being frequently reached with steam locomotives.

The Pacifics were able to run very fast, in 1939 a four-coach train weighing 170 tons, hauled by a Pacific of class 501 - 508 locomotive, covered the 343 km (213.1 mi) from Porto to Lissabon-Campolide (Lisboa-Campolide) with stops at Papilhosa and Entroncamento

Entroncamento

Entroncamento is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 13.8 km² and a total population of 21,751 inhabitantsThe municipality is composed of 2 civil parishes, contains an important railway junction, and is located in Santarém District....

in 189 minutes at an overall speed of 107.8 km/h (67 mph), 100 km slightly falling, level or slightly rising, having been covered at speeds of 140 to 145 km/h (87 to 90 mph). In normal service, these engines could haul 400 tons behind tender at 120 km/h (75 mph) on level track. The station stops lasting less than a minute were frequent. Such was the timekeeping during the days of steam in Portugal. Unfortunately these locomotives were replaced by diesels in 1960s and disappeared from the scene in early 1970s.

Pacific Nr. 553 is preserved at the Santarém depot.

Czech Republic

There were two Pacific tender locomotives classes built in Czechoslovakia and operated by the Czechoslovak State Railways

Czechoslovak State Railways

Czechoslovak State Railways was a state-owned railway company in Czechoslovakia.The company was created in 1918, after the end of First World War and the breakup of Austria-Hungary...

between 1926 and 1967. These were the ČSD Classes 387.0

ČSD Class 387.0

The ČSD Class 387.0 were 4-6-2 express passenger steam locomotives operated by the Czechoslovak State Railways between 1926 and 1974...

and 399.0 of express passenger locomotives.

The 2100-horsepower pacific '387.0 class' was the most successful of these. Forty-three were built by the Škoda Works

Škoda Works

Škoda Works was the largest industrial enterprise in Austro-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia, one of its successor states. It was also one of the largest industrial conglomerates in Europe in the 20th century...

Plzeň in five series between 1926 and 1937, intended for the heaviest long-distance express trains. The locomotives started to be withdrawn in 1967, with last one being retired in 1974. One example, 387.043, has been preserved. This class is said to have been 'among the most successful locomotives in Europe.'

Finland

Twenty-two Pacifics classified Hr1 Nos 1000–1021 and named Ukko-Pekka, after the nickname

Nickname

A nickname is "a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name.", or a name similar in origin and pronunciation from the original name....

of Finnish President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad , December 15, 1861 – February 29, 1944) was the third President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, he played a major role in the movement for Finnish independence...

, were constructed in Finland by Tampella

Tampella

Oy Tampella Ab was a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the city of Tampere....

and Lokomo

Lokomo

Lokomo was a Finnish manufacturer of railroad equipment and steam locomotives, situated in Tampere, Finland. The Lokomo factories in Tampere produced the MIR submersibles for the Soviet Academy of Sciences.They later merged into the Metso Corporation....

between 1937 and 1957. They were the largest passenger locomotives built or used in Finland and remained the primary locomotives used for Southern Finland on express trains until 1963, when class Hr12 diesels took over. The last two built, Nos 1020 and 1021 (Lokomo 474 and 475, built in 1957) were fitted throughout with SKF

SKF

SKF, Svenska Kullagerfabriken AB , later AB SKF, is a Swedish bearing company founded in 1907, supplying bearings, seals, lubrication and lubrication systems, maintenance products, mechatronics products, power transmission products and related services globally.-History:The company was founded on...

C-type roller bearings, even coupled rod big ends and presented a fine combination of American and German locomotive building practice. They were, along with DB

Deutsche Bundesbahn

The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany on September 7, 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft '...

class 10, the last new built Pacific type locomotives in Europe.

When tested after delivery from Lokomo or Tampella each locomotive reached 140 km/h (87 mph), but in ordinary service their speed was limited to 110 km/h (68.4 mph). All locomotives were at first located at Pasila depot in Helsinki but in 1959 the last seven built were transferred to Kouvola depot. By European standards, Class Hr1 locomotives ran high annual kilometre figures in 1937–1963; from 125,000 km to 140,000 km per year per locomotive. The two fully roller bearing equipped locomotives even crossed the 150,000 kilometre mark in 1961 - the highest kilometre figure obtained by steam locomotives in Northern Europe. The only similar annual kilometres were run by European Pacific type locomotives in Germany and Peppercorn

Peppercorn

The original meaning of peppercorn is the fruit of black pepper.It may also refer to:* Peppercorn , a very small payment used to satisfy the requirements for the creation of a legal contractOther plants:*Peppercorn tree*Sichuan peppercorn...

roller-bearing class A1 locomotives 60153 - 60157 in Great Britain.

At least 12 class Hr1 locomotives are preserved (as of April 2008). Two Hr1s remain in operational condition; Hr1 1021, owned by the VR Group

VR Group

VR or VR Group is a state-owned railway company in Finland. Formerly known as Suomen Valtion Rautatiet until 1922 and Valtionrautatiet / Statsjärnvägarna until 1995...

and Hr1 1009, privately owned. Hr1 1001 is reserved for the Railway Museum in Hyvinkää and Hr1 1002 is reserved for the City of Helsinki for a possible static monument.

Poland

The Polskie Koleje Państwowe

Polskie Koleje Panstwowe

is the dominant railway operator in Poland.The company was founded when the former state-owned operator was divided into several units based on the requirements laid down by the European Union...

(PKP) class Pm36

PKP class Pm36

Pm36 is the name for a Polish experimental fast steam locomotive used by PKP.-Design:The design was ready in 1936 and the following year the first two prototypes were built. One of them had aerodynamic fairing designed by aerospace scientists from the Warsaw University of Technology, the other had...

consisted of two experimental Polish

Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...

prototype express locomotives built by Fablok

Fablok

Fablok is a Polish manufacturer of steam locomotives, based in Chrzanów. Until 1947 the official name was The First Factory of Locomotives in Poland Ltd. , Fablok being a widely used syllabic abbreviation of Fabryka Lokomotyw. It is now named "BUMAR - FABLOK S.A. "...

of Chrzanów

Chrzanów

Chrzanów is a town in south Poland with 39,704 inhabitants . It is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship and is the capital of Chrzanów County.- To 1809:...

in 1937. One of the two (No. Pm36-1) was streamlined, the other had a standard appearance in order to compare their relative performance (top speed, acceleration, coal and water consumption etc.) The Pm36-1 won a gold medal at the International Exposition of Art and Technology

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937)

The Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne was held from May 25 to November 25, 1937 in Paris, France...

in 1937.

Pm36-1 was damaged and later scrapped during World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

(probably in 1942), but Pm36-2 survived and worked for PKP

Polskie Koleje Panstwowe

is the dominant railway operator in Poland.The company was founded when the former state-owned operator was divided into several units based on the requirements laid down by the European Union...

until 1965, when it was given to the Warsaw Railway Museum, where it is now preserved.

Two 600 mm gauge miniature Pacifics, Sugar factory 1 Chełmica and Pacyfic, built by Les Ateliers Métallurgiques, Ateliers á Tubize, & Nivelles

Nivelles

Nivelles is a Walloon city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. The Nivelles municipality includes the old communes of Baulers, Bornival, Thines, and Monstreux....

(Belgium) in 1935 are preserved at the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja (Poland).

Spain

A Pacfic locomotive was ordered by the Ferrocarril Madrid - Aragon from Forges, Usines et Fonderies de Haine-Saint-Pierre
Nicaise et Delcuve
Nicaise et Delcuve was a Belgian metal engineering company based in La Louvière, Belgium.-History:In 1855 in La Louvière the company Parmentier, Nicaise et Cie. was formed, including various mechanical engineering factories from the région du Centre in the province of Hainaut including the SA de...

in Belgium in 1914, but was not delivered, presumably due to the disruption to trade caused by the First World War.

In 1958 Ferrocarril La Robla purchased four vintage 1000 mm (metre) gauge pacifics from Tunisian Railways. These had been built in 1914 by SACM. They were number 181 - 185 and served more than ten years, and scrapped in the early 1970s.

Asia

The Pacific type was introduced into Asia in 1907, the same year that it was first used in Europe. By the 1920s they were being used by many railways throughout the continent.

Malaya / Malaysia

The metre (1000 mm) gauge Malayan Railway was amongst the earliest railways in Asia to adopt Pacific type locomotives, sixty engines of Class H being built between 1907 and 1914. With a small volume of highly rated freight traffic it was possible to adopt standard engines for both passenger and freight services. Three coupled axles were enough to move the trains at moderate speeds over the whole Malayan rail network. As a result of experience gained with subsequent classes of Pacific type locomotives the design of Malayan Pacific locomotives was finalised, 68 engines of this design being eventually built. They had bar frames, steel fireboxes and three cylinders, each of 13"x24" (330x610 mm). The driving wheels were 4'6" diameter (1372 mm). Heating surface of the boiler was 1109 sq ft (103 m²) of which 218 sq ft (20.3 m²) was superheating surface. Grate area was 27 sq ft (2.5 m²). Total weight in working order was 60.5 tons. Maximum axle load was 12.9 tons. Maximum speed in ordinary service was 50 mph (80 km/h). The three cylinders were provided with rotary cam poppet valves

Poppet valve

, the camshaft

Camshaft

A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.-History:An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC. The camshaft was later described in Iraq by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata,...

being divided to two parts, independently driven from each side of the engine. This avoided complete immobilization in case of breakdown on a long stretch of single track. These locomotives were all converted to burn oil fuel.

During World War II, after the fall of Singapore

Singapore

Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...

the Japanese Southern Army

Southern Army

Southern Army may refer to one of the following.*Southern Expeditionary Army Group, part of the Imperial Japanese Army during the World War II era.*Essercito Meridionale of Giuseppe Garibaldi....

Railway Engineering Troops transferred a number of older Malayan Pacifics to operate their 471 km (292.7 mi) Taimen Rensetsu Tetsudo, the Thailand-Burma Railway. Some Pacifics were not returned to Malaya

Malay Peninsula

The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. The land mass runs approximately north-south and, at its terminus, is the southern-most point of the Asian mainland...

after the war but stayed in Thailand

Thailand

Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...

. When the rail connection was provided between Malayan and Siamese railways the Pacifics were a common sight at the head of "Singapore" and "Bangkok" expresses as well as on the other passenger trains in domestic Malayan service. After the arrival of the main line diesel electric locomotives in the latter part of the 1950s the Pacifics were transferred to less important trains. Many survived up the end of Malayan steam traction in 1970s.

Indonesia

The earliest pacific classes in Indonesia were C51 and NISM 371, made by Beyer, Peacock and Company

Beyer, Peacock and Company

Beyer, Peacock and Company was an English railway Locomotive manufacturer with a factory in Gorton, Manchester. Founded by Charles Beyer and Richard Peacock, it traded from 1854 until 1966...

and the North British Locomotive Co. in 1910.

Twenty locomotives of type C53, were delivered in 1917 and 1922. They were manufactured in the Netherlands

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...

by Werkspoor, and were designed by Dutch engineers. A combination of a 4-6-2 wheel arrangement with four cylinders was expected to provide the stability necessary to haul express trains but this hope was not achieved. There were complaints that the C53 locomotives oscillated when driven at high speed. Wear on the rear driving wheel was also a problem. The inaccessible position of the inside cylinders also led to maintenance difficulties. After independence the majority of the class were soon scrapped. The last survivor was C5317 which lasted until the final days of steam locomotive in Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

. Its last duty before retirement was to haul local passenger trains between Bangil and Surabaya Kota.

Taiwan

The first Pacific type locomotives appeared in Taiwan in 1912 when ALCo-Rogers delivered three locomotives derived from Japanese State Railways type 8900. They received numbers 200 - 202. One more locomotive number 203 was delivered in 1913. They hauled the most important passenger express pair of train between Taihoku and Takao. In 1935 five more locomotives of the Japanese State Railways class 55 were added, numbered 551 - 555. In 1938 four more were delivered numbered 556 - 559. Hitachi delivered eight more class 57 ( presumably as war reparations) to Taiwan Railway Administration

Taiwan Railway Administration

The Taiwan Railway Administration is an agency of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China responsible for managing, maintaining, and running passenger and freight service on 1097 km of conventional railroad lines in Taiwan...

. These were the last Pacific type locomotives to arrive in Taiwan or, then called, National China under Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....

administration.

India

The earliest Indian 4-6-2s were two class C locomotives built for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, nicknamed the "Toy Train", is a narrow gauge railway from New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling in West Bengal, run by the Indian Railways....

by North British Locomotive Company

North British Locomotive Company

in 1914. Both were retired in 1976. The pacific type became very common in India from the mid 1920s until the 1970s on both the broad gauge

Broad gauge

Broad-gauge railways use a track gauge greater than the standard gauge of .- List :For list see: List of broad gauges, by gauge and country- History :...

and narrow gauge

Narrow gauge

A narrow gauge railway is a railway that has a track gauge narrower than the of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow gauge railways have gauges of between and .- Overview :...

lines.

Broad Gauge

In 1924, the Locomotive Standards Committee of the Indian Government recommended eight basic types of locomotives for use on the sub-continent, three of which were 4-6-2. These were: XA class for branch line passenger, XB class for light passenger and XC class for heavy passenger.

The Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

built large numbers of all these classes for the different Indian railways between during the late 1920s and early 1930s, beginning with fourteen each for the East Indian Railway Company

East Indian Railway Company

The East Indian Railway Company, later known as the East Indian Railway , introduced railways to eastern and northern India, while the Companies such as the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, South Indian Railway, Central India Railway and the North-Western Railway operated in other parts of India...

and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in 1927.

The two XP class were built by Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

for the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) in 1937. These were experimental locomotives, the basis for India's renowned WP class

Indian locomotive class WP

Indian locomotive class WP is a class of 4-6-2 "Pacific" steam locomotives used in India. The class was introduced after World War II for passenger duties, marking the change from 'X' to 'W' for broad gauge locomotives. It was capable of doing up to and was easily recognized by the cone-shaped...

, designed by Railway Board designers in India specifically for low-calorie, high-ash Indian coal. The WP class was introduced after World War II and remained Indian Railways

Indian Railways

Indian Railways , abbreviated as IR , is a departmental undertaking of Government of India, which owns and operates most of India's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India....

(IR) most prestigious locomotive until the 1980s. A few reconditioned WPs were later sold to countries in the Middle East. There were two WL classes, the first four locomotives built by Vulcan Foundry in 1939 for the North Western Railway, and these went to Pakistan on partition. A new Indian WL class was introduced in 1955. Initially, 10 locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry.

Narrow Gauge

The Bengal Nagpur Railway had saturated C class, a superheated CS class, and a CC class comprising C class locomotives that had been converted from saturated to superheated.

The SIR ordered six YB class and 2 XB class Pacifics from the Vulcan Foundry in 1928. The Mysore State Railway had E, ES and ES/1 class 4-6-2s. The Scindia State Railway had a class of eight NM locomotives built by W. G. Bagnall in 1931. The only post-WWII 4-6-2s were the five ZP class locomotives, with 6-wheel tender, built by Nippon Sharyo

Nippon Sharyo

, , formed in 1896, is a major rolling stock manufacturer based in Nagoya, Japan. In 1996, it abbreviated its name to "日本車両" Nippon Sharyō. Its shortest abbreviation is Nissha "日車". It was a listed company on Nikkei 225 until 2004. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Nagoya Stock Exchange...

, Japan in 1954.

Japan

The Japanese Government Railways

Japanese Government Railways

The Japanese Government Railways was the national railway system directly operated by the central government of Japan until 1949. It is a predecessor of Japanese National Railways and the Japan Railways Group.- Name :...

built a number of 4-6-2 designs between 1920 and the 1940s; notably the C51 class, the first Japanese-built high-speed passenger locomotive used for express services on the Tokaido Main Line and later on regional trunk lines. Five of these were built in 1920. Other designs included the C52 (1926-9), C53 and C54 (both 1935), C55, C57

JNR Class C57

The Class C57 is a type of 4-6-2 steam locomotive built in Japan from 1937 to 1953. A total of 215 Class C57 locomotives were built.-Preserved examples:...

(1940) and C59 classes. The C57 Class C57 were JNR's last steam locomotives used until 1975 to passenger trains on Muroran Main Line between Iwamizawa and Muroran in Hokkaido. 135 were built in 1940.

Philippines

The Manila Railroad operated ten three-cylinder simple expansion Pacific locomotives built in the United States by Baldwin (works nos. 59698-59700 (1926); 60103-60105 (1927); 60946-60949 (1929). They were number 141-150 and operated the main express trains out of Manila

Manila

Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

. These were amongst the finest looking modern 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm) gauge locomotives which appeared in Asia. All were presumably destroyed during the 1944–1945 battles in Luzon

Luzon

Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...

Burma

Burma was administered as a province of British India from 1886 until 1937.
In 1932 the Vulcan Foundry

Vulcan Foundry

built three narrow gauge

Narrow gauge

A narrow gauge railway is a railway that has a track gauge narrower than the of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow gauge railways have gauges of between and .- Overview :...

4-6-2 of the YC class for the Burma Railway Company. During the Japanese occupation most of the locomotive stock was destroyed and so Vulcan Foundry built sixty YB class in 1947.

China

The Japanese introduced several classes of pacific during their occupation of Manchuria but the 'PaShiRo', became the standard and was China's most numerous class of steam passenger locomotive. Around 272 were built for the South Manchurian Railway (SMR), the Manchurian National Railway and the railways of occupied North China between 1933 and 1944. They were built by various Japanese builders including Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Company

Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Company

CNR Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Company , often abbreviated as DLoco, is a company located in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, producing railway locomotives, multiple units and diesel engines....

, Qingdao(Sifang) and the SMRs own workshops were all involved in the construction. The name "Shengli" or "Victory" was used in 1951 for all classes of pacific inherited by the new China and the 'PaShiRo' became the Shengli 6 or SL6. Sifang Works restarted production in 1956 and completed 151 locos before moving to RM construction in 1958.

The inability of the class to haul the heavier passenger trains introduced in the 1970s and 1980s saw them progressively reallocated to secondary duties over the years. By 1990, most of the survivors were concentrated in Manchuria, at Dashiqiao, Jilin and Baicheng depots.

The Japanese built Pashina locomotives used on the Asia Express

Asia Express

The Asia Express was an express train built and operated by the South Manchuria Railway from 1934 until 1943....

train between 1934 and 1943 during Japanese control of the South Manchurian Railway. These were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries

Kawasaki Heavy Industries

is an international corporation based in Japan. It has headquarters in both Chūō-ku, Kobe and Minato, Tokyo.The company is named after its founder Shōzō Kawasaki and has no connection with the city of Kawasaki, Kanagawa....

and Dalian

Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Company

, and were designated Shengli 7 (SL7) under Chinese ownership.

The RM class was China's last steam passenger design, a late 1950s development of the successful pre-war SL6 pacific, which became the standard passenger class. The class entered service in 1958 and a total of 258 were built before production ceased in 1966 numbered RM 1001 to 1258. They were gradually displaced from premier services by locos more suited to handling heavier trains in the 1970s, and finished their lives on secondary passenger duties.

Iraq

When the standard gauge Baghdad Railway

Baghdad Railway

The Baghdad Railway , was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq....

was nearing completion between Mosul

Mosul

Mosul , is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial...

and the town of Tel Kotchek on the border with Syria

Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....

, Iraqi State Railways ordered from Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns

Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns

in Great Britain four streamlined pacific locomotives to haul the international Istanbul

Istanbul

Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...

- Baghdad

Baghdad

Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...

Taurus Express

The Taurus Express was a premier passenger train operated by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits between İstanbul and Baghdad . Due to the War in Iraq, service has been temporarily suspended since 2003...

on the Iraqi stage of its journey. Three were delivered in 1941 but the fourth was lost en route. Iraqi State Railways designated the locomotives PC class

Iraqi State Railways PC class

The PC class was a type of standard gauge passenger steam locomotive on Iraqi State Railways. In 1940 the ISR completed the Baghdad Railway between Baghdad and Tel Kotchek on the border with Syria, enabling the Taurus Express to start running between Istanbul and Baghdad...

. Iraqi standard gauge railways were dieselised

Dieselisation

Dieselisation or dieselization is a term generally used for the increasingly common use of diesel fuel in vehicles, as opposed to gasoline or steam engines.-Water Transport:...

in the 1960s and the class was withdrawn from service.

Tank locomotives

The 4-6-2 wheel arrangement enjoyed limited popularity on tank locomotives built during the first two decades of the twentieth century. In this case the two trailing wheels supported the coal bunker rather than an enlarged firebox

Firebox

In a steam engine, the firebox is the area where the fuel is burned, producing heat to boil the water in the boiler. Most are somewhat box-shaped, hence the name.-Railway locomotive firebox :...

, and so the locomotive was a tank engine version of the 4-6-0

4-6-0

. Indeed many of the earliest examples were either rebuilt from, or else share the basic design as tender engines.

The first known examples of this type were the 6 Q class tank engines of the Western Australian Government Railways

Western Australian Government Railways

Western Australian Government Railways was most common name of the Western Australian government rail transport authority from 1890 to 1976. It is, in its current form, known as the Public Transport Authority of Western Australia....

introduced in 1896, although 4 of these were soon converted to 4-6-4Ts. They were followed in Natal in 1901, when a ‘K Class’ 4-6-0T (later SAR class C

South African Class C 4-6-0T

Between 1879 and 1885 the Natal Government Railways placed thirty-seven 4-6-0T tank steam locomotives in service. In 1912, when fifteen of these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and reclassified to Class C....

) was rebuilt as a 4-6-2T in order to extend its range by providing a larger bunker. Four further examples of the type were built in 1912, and classified by SAR as Class C1

South African Class C1 4-6-2T

Between 1879 and 1885 the Natal Government Railways placed thirty-seven 4-6-0T tank steam locomotives in service. In 1901 one of them was rebuilt to a 4-6-2T locomotive and in 1912, when it was assimilated into the South African Railways, it was renumbered and reclassified to Class C1...

. In Australia the Victorian Railways

Victorian Railways

Dde class

Victorian Railways Dd class

The Dd class was a passenger and mixed traffic steam locomotive that ran on Victorian Railways from 1902 to 1974...

was developed from a successful Dd class 4-6-0 design in 1908, intended for outer suburban passenger services in Melbourne

Melbourne

Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...

.
Four 4-6-2T designs were introduced in the UK during 1910–1911. Charles Bowen-Cooke

Charles Bowen-Cooke

Charles John Bowen Cooke was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Western Railway . He was the first to add superheating to the locomotives of the railway. He wrote a book called British locomotives: their history, construction; and modern development which was published in 1893,...

of the London and North Western Railway

London and North Western Railway

The London and North Western Railway was a British railway company between 1846 and 1922. It was created by the merger of three companies – the Grand Junction Railway, the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway...

introduced his 2665 class

LNWR Prince of Wales Tank Class

The London and North Western Railway Prince of Wales Tank Class was a pacific tank engine version of the Prince of Wales Class 4-6-0 steam locomotive.Bowen-Cooke's predecessor Whale had built 50 related Precursor Tank Class 4-4-2 engines...

a tank engine version of his successful Prince of Wales Class

LNWR Prince of Wales Class

The London and North Western Railway Prince of Wales Class was a class of express passenger passenger locomotive. It was in effect, a superheated version of the Experiment Class 4-6-0.They were introduced in 1911 by Charles Bowen-Cooke...

. Forty-seven were built for suburban services out of Euston station

Euston station

Euston station may refer to one of the following stations in London, United Kingdom:*Euston railway station, a major terminus for trains to the West Midlands, the North West, North Wales and part of Scotland...

. Wilson Worsdell

Wilson Worsdell

Wilson Worsdell was a British locomotive engineer who was locomotive superintendent of the North Eastern Railway from 1890 to 1910. He was the younger brother of T.W. Worsdell.-Family:...

of the North Eastern Railway introduced his Class Y

NER Class Y

The North Eastern Railway Class Y 4-6-2T tank locomotives were designed whilst Wilson Worsdell was Chief Mechanical Engineer, but none were built until 1910 by which time Vincent Raven had taken over.-Overview:...

(later LNER Class A7) in the same year, for hauling coal trains. These were developed from the NER Class X

NER Class X

The NER Class X was a class of 4-8-0T tank locomotive designed by Wilson Worsdell for the North Eastern Railway. They were intended for use as powerful shunting engines to arrange and move coal wagons for loading into ships. In total 15 were built, 10 by the NER between 1909 and 1910, and a...

(later LNER Class T1) 4-8-0T heavy shunters. D. E. Marsh

D. E. Marsh

Douglas Earle Marsh was the Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway from November 1904 until his early retirement on health grounds in July 1911.-Early career:...

of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway designed an entirely new J1 class

LB&SCR J1 class

The LB&SCR J1 and J2 classes were 4-6-2 steam tank locomotives designed by D. E. Marsh for express passenger services on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.-History:...

for London to Brighton

Brighton Main Line

The Brighton Main Line is a British railway line from London Victoria and London Bridge to Brighton. It is about 50 miles long, and is electrified throughout. Trains are operated by Southern, First Capital Connect, and Gatwick Express, now part of Southern.-Original proposals:There were no fewer...

express trains. Only one was built before his successor Lawson Billinton changed the design to create the J2 class

LB&SCR J1 class

The LB&SCR J1 and J2 classes were 4-6-2 steam tank locomotives designed by D. E. Marsh for express passenger services on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.-History:...

. The most successful and longest surviving British 4-6-2T class was the 9N class

GCR Class 9N

The Great Central Railway Class 9N, classified A5 by the LNER, was a class of 4-6-2 tank locomotives designed by John G. Robinson for suburban passenger services. They were fitted with superheaters, piston valves and Stephenson valve gear....

(later LNER A5 class) of the Great Central Railway

Great Central Railway

The Great Central Railway was a railway company in England which came into being when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897 in anticipation of the opening in 1899 of its London Extension . On 1 January 1923, it was grouped into the London and North Eastern...

designed by John G. Robinson, the last of which was survived until 1961. Four batches were built between 1911 and 1923, with a fifth batch ordered by the London and North Eastern Railway

London and North Eastern Railway

The London and North Eastern Railway was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain...

in 1926.
In the Czech Republic the 354.1 tank engine (originally KkStB Class 629 was built between 1913 and 1928, and survived until 1987. Three examples have been preserved.

By about 1920 it became apparent to designers that the 4-6-2T arrangement provided too limited a bunker size for most purposes and future large suburban tank classes were of the 4-6-4T or 2-6-4T wheel arrangement. However, in 1921–1922 Robert Urie

Robert Urie

Robert Wallace Urie was a Scottish locomotive engineer who was the last chief mechanical engineer of the London and South Western Railway....

of the London and South Western Railway

London and South Western Railway

The London and South Western Railway was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922. Its network extended from London to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter, with branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow and via Southampton to Bournemouth and Weymouth. It also had many routes connecting towns in...

built five H16 class

LSWR H16 class

The LSWR H16 class were five 4-6-2 tank locomotives designed by Robert Urie for the London and South Western Railway in 1921–1922.-Background:...

locomotives for short-distance transfer freight trains in the London area. These survived until 1962.

Cultural references

Swiss composer Arthur Honegger

Arthur Honegger

Arthur Honegger was a Swiss composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of Les six. His most frequently performed work is probably the orchestral work Pacific 231, which is interpreted as imitating the sound of a steam locomotive.-Biography:Born...

wrote his symphonic poem Pacific 231
Pacific 231
Pacific 231 is an orchestral work by Arthur Honegger, written in 1923. It is one of his most frequently performed works today.The popular interpretation of the piece is that it depicts a steam locomotive, an interpretation that is supported by the title of the piece. Honegger, however, insisted...

(1923) in honor of the locomotive, using the French designation 2-3-1, counting by axle instead of wheel.

On the television program Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends

Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends

Thomas and Friends is a British children's television series, first broadcast on the ITV network in September 1984. Until 2003, it was named Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends. This series was shot on 35mm film...

and the Railway Series, there are 6 steam locomotives with the 4-6-2 arrangement: Gordon

Gordon the Big Engine

Gordon the Big Engine is a fictional anthropomorphic tender locomotive in The Railway Series books by Rev. W. Awdry. Gordon is painted blue and carries the number 4. Gordon views himself as the most important engine because he is the biggest and he pulls the Express...

, Spencer

Spencer

-Names:*Spencer , a surname**List of people with surname Spencer*Spencer , a given name -Australia:*Spencer, New South Wales, on the Central Coast...

, Flying Scotsman

LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

The LNER Class A3 Pacific locomotive No. 4472 Flying Scotsman was built in 1923 for the London and North Eastern Railway at Doncaster Works to a design of H.N. Gresley...

, Mallard

LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard

, and Hank.

External links

1934 article on the development of the Pacific locomotive from The New Zealand Railways Magazine

South African references

RSA Government, South African Last Stronghold of Steam, SAR, Kimberley, 1978. ISBN 0-949934-24-0
Lewis, C.P. & Jorgensen. The Great Steam Trek, Struiker, Cape Town, 1978. ISBN 0-86977-101-9

Bulgarian references

A.E.Durrant: The Steam Locomotives of Eastern Europe, ISBN 0-7153-4077-8, David and Charles 1972.

Fritz Stöckl: Eisenbahnen in Sudosteuropa ISBN 3-7002-0431-X Bohman Verlag K.G. Wien 1975.

Dimiter Dejanow: Die Lokomotiven der Bulgarischen Staatsbahnen ISBN 3-85416-150-6 Verlag Josef Otto Slezak Wien 1990.

Specific

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