The following is a list of the "B01" codes of MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- animals, inbred strains

--- animals, congenic --- mice, congenic --- mice, inbred strains --- mice, inbred a --- mice, inbred akr --- mice, inbred balb c --- mice, inbred c3h --- mice, inbred c57bl --- mice, inbred mdx --- mice, inbred cba --- mice, inbred cftr --- mice, inbred dba --- mice, inbred hrs --- mice, inbred icr --- mice, inbred mrl lpr --- mice, inbred nod --- mice, inbred nzb --- mice, inbred sencar --- rats, inbred strains --- rats, inbred aci --- rats, inbred bb --- rats, inbred bn --- rats, inbred buf --- rats, inbred dahl --- rats, inbred f344 --- rats, inbred lec --- rats, inbred lew --- rats, inbred oletf --- rats, inbred shr --- rats, inbred wf --- rats, inbred wky

--- animals, laboratory

--- animals, congenic --- mice, congenic --- animals, inbred strains --- animals, congenic --- mice, congenic --- mice, inbred strains --- mice, inbred a --- mice, inbred akr --- mice, inbred balb c --- mice, inbred c3h --- mice, inbred c57bl --- mice, inbred mdx --- mice, inbred cba --- mice, inbred cftr --- mice, inbred dba --- mice, inbred hrs --- mice, inbred icr --- mice, inbred mrl lpr --- mice, inbred nod --- mice, inbred nzb --- mice, inbred sencar --- rats, inbred strains --- rats, inbred aci --- rats, inbred bb --- rats, inbred bn --- rats, inbred buf --- rats, inbred dahl --- rats, inbred f344 --- rats, inbred lec --- rats, inbred lew --- rats, inbred oletf --- rats, inbred shr --- rats, inbred wf --- rats, inbred wky

--- animals, poisonous

--- fishes, poisonous

--- chimera

Chimera (genetics)

A chimera or chimaera is a single organism that is composed of two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated from different zygotes involved in sexual reproduction. If the different cells have emerged from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic...

--- transplantation chimera --- radiation chimera

--- organisms, genetically modified

--- animals, genetically modified --- mice, transgenic --- mice, knockout

--- chordata, nonvertebrate

--- hyperotreti --- hagfish

Hagfish

Hagfish, the clade Myxini , are eel-shaped slime-producing marine animals . They are the only living animals that have a skull but not a vertebral column. Along with lampreys, hagfish are jawless and are living fossils whose next nearest relatives include all vertebrates...

es --- urochordata --- ciona intestinalis

Ciona intestinalis

Ciona intestinalis is a urochordata , a tunicate widely distributed in Northern European waters. As an invasive species, it has also spread to other parts of the world....

--- vertebrate

Vertebrate

Vertebrates are animals that are members of the subphylum Vertebrata . Vertebrates are the largest group of chordates, with currently about 58,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds...

s

--- amphibia --- anura --- bufonidae --- bufo arenarum --- bufo bufo --- bufo marinus --- pipidae

Pipidae

The Pipidae are a family of primitive, tongueless frogs. The thirty species in the family Pipidae are found in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa ....

 --- xenopus

Xenopus

Xenopus is a genus of highly aquatic frogs native to Sub-Saharan Africa. There are 19 species in the Xenopus genus...

 --- xenopus laevis --- ranidae --- rana catesbeiana --- rana esculenta --- rana pipiens --- rana ridibunda --- rana temporaria --- urodela --- ambystomatidae --- ambystoma --- ambystoma mexicanum --- proteidae --- necturus

Necturus

Necturus is a genus of aquatic salamander only found in the eastern United States. They are commonly known as Waterdogs and Mudpuppies...

 --- necturus maculosus --- salamandridae

Salamandridae

Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Currently, 74 species have been identified in the northern hemisphere - Europe, Asia, the northern tip of Africa and North America...

 --- notophthalmus

Notophthalmus

Notophthalmus is a genus of newts known commonly as North American newts. There are three species.- Species :*Black-Spotted Newt, Notophthalmus meridionalis *Striped Newt, Notophthalmus perstriatus...

 --- notophthalmus viridescens --- pleurodeles

Pleurodeles

The Ribbed Newts is a group of three newt species:*Algerian Ribbed Newt *Edough Ribbed Newt *Iberian Ribbed Newt...

 --- salamandra

Salamandra

Salamandra is a genus of six species of salamanders localized in central and southern Europe, Northern Africa, and western Asia.-List of species:* Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883* Salamandra atra Laurenti, 1768 — Alpine Salamander...

 --- triturus

Triturus

Triturus is a genus of newt, commonly known as the crested or marbled newts, depending on the species. They are found across most of Europe, parts of Russia and the Middle East...

 --- bird

Bird

Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...

s --- anseriformes

Anseriformes

The order Anseriformes contains about 150 living species of birds in three extant families: the Anhimidae , Anseranatidae , and the Anatidae, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans.All species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at...

 --- duck

Duck

Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the Anatidae family of birds, which also includes swans and geese. The ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the Anatidae family; they do not represent a monophyletic group but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered...

s --- geese --- charadriiformes

Charadriiformes

Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 350 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most Charadriiformes live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals; however, some are pelagic , some occupy deserts and a few are found in thick...

 --- columbiformes

Columbiformes

Columbiformes are an avian order that includes the very widespread and successful doves and pigeons, classified in the family Columbidae, and the extinct Dodo and the Rodrigues Solitaire, long classified as a second family Raphidae. 313 species, found worldwide, comprise the Columbiformes order....

 --- columbidae --- falconiformes

Falconiformes

The order Falconiformes is a group of about 290 species of birds that comprises the diurnal birds of prey. Raptor classification is difficult and the order is treated in several ways.- Classification problems :...

 --- eagle

Eagle

Eagles are members of the bird family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera which are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than 60 species occur in Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just two species can be found in the United States and Canada, nine more in...

s --- hawk

Hawk

The term hawk can be used in several ways:* In strict usage in Australia and Africa, to mean any of the species in the subfamily Accipitrinae, which comprises the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis and Megatriorchis. The large and widespread Accipiter genus includes goshawks,...

s --- galliformes

Galliformes

Galliformes are an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding domestic or game bird, containing turkey, grouse, chicken, New and Old World Quail, ptarmigan, partridge, pheasant, and the Cracidae. Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds, landfowl, gallinaceous birds or galliforms...

 --- chicken

Chicken

The chicken is a domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the Red Junglefowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, and with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of bird...

s --- quail

Quail

Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally considered in the order Galliformes. Old World quail are found in the family Phasianidae, while New World quail are found in the family Odontophoridae...

 --- colinus

Colinus

Colinus is a genus of birds in the New World quail family, Odontophoridae. Members of the genus are commonly known as bobwhites.-Species:* Colinus cristatus – Crested Bobwhite...

 --- coturnix

Coturnix

Coturnix is a genus of Old World quail in Phasianidae.- Species list :*Blue Quail, Coturnix adansonii*King Quail, Coturnix chinensis*Rain Quail, Coturnix coromandelica*Harlequin Quail, Coturnix delegorguei*Common Quail, Coturnix coturnix...

 --- turkey

Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

s --- palaeognathae --- dromaiidae --- rheiformes --- struthioniformes --- poultry

Poultry

Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of producing eggs, meat, and/or feathers. These most typically are members of the superorder Galloanserae , especially the order Galliformes and the family Anatidae , commonly known as "waterfowl"...

 --- chicken

Chicken

The chicken is a domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the Red Junglefowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, and with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of bird...

s --- duck

Duck

Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the Anatidae family of birds, which also includes swans and geese. The ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the Anatidae family; they do not represent a monophyletic group but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered...

s --- geese --- turkey

Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

s --- passeriformes --- songbird

Songbird

A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Passeri of the perching birds . Another name that is sometimes seen as scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin oscen, "a songbird"...

s --- crow

Crow

Crows form the genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. Ranging in size from the relatively small pigeon-size jackdaws to the Common Raven of the Holarctic region and Thick-billed Raven of the highlands of Ethiopia, the 40 or so members of this genus occur on all temperate continents and several...

s --- finch

Finch

The true finches are passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. They are predominantly seed-eating songbirds. Most are native to the Northern Hemisphere, but one subfamily is endemic to the Neotropics, one to the Hawaiian Islands, and one subfamily – monotypic at genus level – is found...

es --- canaries

Serinus

The genus Serinus is a large genus of birds in the finch family Fringillidae found mostly in the Afrotropical region with some outlying species in Europe and Asia. The genus contains several species groups including canaries, seedeaters and the African siskins...

 --- sparrow

Sparrow

The sparrows are a family of small passerine birds, Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, or Old World sparrows, names also used for a genus of the family, Passer...

s --- starling

Starling

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae. The name "Sturnidae" comes from the Latin word for starling, sturnus. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called mynas, and many African species are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent...

s --- swallow

Swallow

The swallows and martins are a group of passerine birds in the family Hirundinidae which are characterised by their adaptation to aerial feeding...

s --- psittaciformes --- cockatoo

Cockatoo

A cockatoo is any of the 21 species belonging to the bird family Cacatuidae. Along with the Psittacidae and the Strigopidae , they make up the parrot order Psittaciformes . Placement of the cockatoos as a separate family is fairly undisputed, although many aspects of the other living lineages of...

s --- parrot

Parrot

Parrots, also known as psittacines , are birds of the roughly 372 species in 86 genera that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three families: the Psittacidae , the Cacatuidae and the Strigopidae...

s --- agapornis --- amazona --- parakeet

Parakeet

Parakeet is a term for any one of a large number of unrelated small to medium sized species of parrot, that generally have long tail feathers...

s --- melopsittacus --- psittacula

Psittacula

Members of the parrot genus Psittacula or Afro-Asian Ringnecked parakeets as they are commonly known in aviculture originates found from Africa to South-East Asia. It is a widespread group, with a clear concentration of species in south Asia, but also with representatives in Africa and the islands...

 --- raptor

Bird of prey

Birds of prey are birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing, using their keen senses, especially vision. They are defined as birds that primarily hunt vertebrates, including other birds. Their talons and beaks tend to be relatively large, powerful and adapted for tearing and/or piercing flesh....

s --- falconiformes

Falconiformes

The order Falconiformes is a group of about 290 species of birds that comprises the diurnal birds of prey. Raptor classification is difficult and the order is treated in several ways.- Classification problems :...

 --- eagle

Eagle

Eagles are members of the bird family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera which are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than 60 species occur in Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just two species can be found in the United States and Canada, nine more in...

s --- hawk

Hawk

The term hawk can be used in several ways:* In strict usage in Australia and Africa, to mean any of the species in the subfamily Accipitrinae, which comprises the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis and Megatriorchis. The large and widespread Accipiter genus includes goshawks,...

s --- strigiformes --- spheniscidae --- strigiformes --- fish

Fish

Fish are a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups...

es --- batrachoidiformes --- catfish

Catfish

Catfishes are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the heaviest and longest, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia and the second longest, the wels catfish of Eurasia, to detritivores...

es --- ictaluridae

Ictaluridae

The Ictaluridae, sometimes called Ictalurids, are a family of catfish native to North America, where they are important food fish and sometimes as a sport fish. They include fish commonly known as bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish....

 --- cypriniformes

Cypriniformes

The Cypriniformes are an order of ray-finned fish, including the carps, minnows, loaches and relatives. This order contains 5-6 families, over 320 genera, and more than 3,250 species, with new species being described every few months or so, and new genera being recognized regularly...

 --- cyprinidae --- carp

Carp

Carp are various species of oily freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes are traditionally grouped with the Characiformes, Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes to create the superorder Ostariophysi, since these groups have certain...

s --- goldfish

Goldfish

The goldfish is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish....

 --- zebrafish --- eel

Eel

Eels are an order of fish, which consists of four suborders, 20 families, 111 genera and approximately 800 species. Most eels are predators...

s --- anguilla

Anguilla

Anguilla is a British overseas territory and overseas territory of the European Union in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin...

 --- elasmobranchii

Elasmobranchii

Elasmobranchii is a subclass of Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish, that includes the sharks and the rays and skates .-Evolution:...

 --- shark

Shark

Sharks are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago....

s --- dogfish

Squaliformes

Squaliformes is an order of sharks that includes about 97 species in seven families.Members of the order have two dorsal fins, which usually possess spines, no anal fin or nictitating membrane, and five gill slits. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size...

 --- squalus --- squalus acanthias --- skates (fish) --- torpedo

Torpedo

The modern torpedo is a self-propelled missile weapon with an explosive warhead, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater towards a target, and designed to detonate either on contact with it or in proximity to it.The term torpedo was originally employed for...

 --- electric fish

Electric fish

An electric fish is a fish that can generate electric fields. It is said to be electrogenic; a fish that has the ability to detect electric fields is said to be electroreceptive. Most electrogenic fish are also electroreceptive. Electric fish species can be found both in the sea and in freshwater...

 --- gymnotiformes

Gymnotiformes

The Gymnotiformes are a group of teleost bony fishes commonly known as the Neotropical or South American knifefishes. They have long bodies and swim using undulations of their elongated anal fin...

 --- electrophorus

Electrophorus

An electrophorus is a capacitive generator used to produce electrostatic charge via the process of electrostatic induction. A first version of it was invented in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke,...

 --- skates (fish) --- torpedo

Torpedo

The modern torpedo is a self-propelled missile weapon with an explosive warhead, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater towards a target, and designed to detonate either on contact with it or in proximity to it.The term torpedo was originally employed for...

 --- esociformes

Esociformes

Esociformes is a small order of ray-finned fish, with two families, the Umbridae and the Esocidae . The pikes of genus Esox give the order its name. There are ten species — five in each family....

 --- esocidae --- umbridae

Umbridae

Umbridae are a family of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish, that inhabit freshwater environments in temperate regions across the northern hemisphere...

 --- fishes, poisonous --- flatfish

Flatfish

The flatfish are an order of ray-finned fish, also called the Heterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through and around the head during development...

es --- flounder

Flounder

The flounder is an ocean-dwelling flatfish species that is found in coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.-Taxonomy:There are a number of geographical and taxonomical species to which flounder belong.*Western Atlantic...

 --- gadiformes

Gadiformes

Gadiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, also called the Anacanthini, that includes the cod and its allies. Many major food fish are in this order. They are found in marine waters throughout the world, and there are also a small number of freshwater species.Common characteristics include the...

 --- gadus morhua --- hagfish

Hagfish

Hagfish, the clade Myxini , are eel-shaped slime-producing marine animals . They are the only living animals that have a skull but not a vertebral column. Along with lampreys, hagfish are jawless and are living fossils whose next nearest relatives include all vertebrates...

es --- lamprey

Lamprey

Lampreys are a family of jawless fish, whose adults are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. Translated from an admixture of Latin and Greek, lamprey means stone lickers...

s --- petromyzon --- osmeriformes

Osmeriformes

Osmeriformes is an order of ray-finned fish that includes the true or freshwater smelts and allies, such as the galaxiids and noodlefishes; they are also collectively called osmeriforms. They belong to the teleost superorder Protacanthopterygii, which also includes pike and salmon, among others...

 --- perciformes

Perciformes

The Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, is one of the largest orders of vertebrates, containing about 40% of all bony fish. Perciformes means perch-like. They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and comprise over 7,000 species found in almost all aquatic environments...

 --- bass

Bass (fish)

Bass is a name shared by many different species of popular gamefish. The term encompasses both freshwater and marine species. All belong to the large order Perciformes, or perch-like fishes, and in fact the word bass comes from Middle English bars, meaning "perch."-Types of basses:*The temperate...

 --- cichlid

Cichlid

Cichlids are fishes from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes. Cichlids are members of a group known as the Labroidei along with the wrasses , damselfish , and surfperches . This family is both large and diverse. At least 1,300 species have been scientifically described, making it one of...

s --- tilapia

Tilapia

Tilapia , is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the tilapiine cichlid tribe. Tilapia inhabit a variety of fresh water habitats, including shallow streams, ponds, rivers and lakes. Historically, they have been of major importance in artisan fishing in Africa and the...

 --- perch

Perch

Perch is a common name for fish of the genus Perca, freshwater gamefish belonging to the family Percidae. The perch, of which there are three species in different geographical areas, lend their name to a large order of vertebrates: the Perciformes, from the Greek perke meaning spotted, and the...

es --- sea bream --- tuna

Tuna

Tuna is a salt water fish from the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus. Tuna are fast swimmers, and some species are capable of speeds of . Unlike most fish, which have white flesh, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to dark red. The red coloration derives from myoglobin, an...

 --- salmoniformes --- salmonidae

Salmonidae

Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only living family currently placed in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes and graylings...

 --- salmon

Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of fish in the family Salmonidae. Several other fish in the same family are called trout; the difference is often said to be that salmon migrate and trout are resident, but this distinction does not strictly hold true...

 --- oncorhynchus

Oncorhynchus

Oncorhynchus is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmons and Pacific trouts. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek onkos and rynchos , in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season .-Range:Salmon and trout with ranges generally in waters...

 --- oncorhynchus keta --- oncorhynchus kisutch --- salmo salar --- trout

Trout

Trout is the name for a number of species of freshwater and saltwater fish belonging to the Salmoninae subfamily of the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family as trout. Most salmon species spend almost all their lives in salt water...

 --- oncorhynchus

Oncorhynchus

Oncorhynchus is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmons and Pacific trouts. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek onkos and rynchos , in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season .-Range:Salmon and trout with ranges generally in waters...

 --- oncorhynchus mykiss --- smegmamorpha --- beloniformes

Beloniformes

The Beloniformes are an order of five families of freshwater and marine ray-finned fish: the Adrianichthyidae ; Belonidae ; Exocoetidae ; Hemiramphidae ; and the Scomberesocidae...

 --- oryzias

Oryzias

Oryzias is a genus of fish in the Adrianichthyidae family.It contains the following species:* Oryzias latipes * Oryzias bonneorum Parenti, 2008* Oryzias carnaticus...

 --- cyprinodontiformes

Cyprinodontiformes

The Cyprinodontiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising mostly small, fresh-water fish. Many popular aquarium fish, such as killifish and live-bearers, are included. They are closely related to the Atheriniformes and are occasionally included with them...

 --- fundulidae

Fundulidae

Fundulidae is the family of topminnows and North American killifishes. The 46 species are native to North America as far south as Yucatan, and to the islands of Bermuda and Cuba, occurring in both freshwater and marine environments....

 --- killifish

Killifish

A killifish is any of various oviparous cyprinodontiform fish . Altogether, there are some 1270 different species of killifish, the biggest family being Rivulidae, containing more than 320 species...

es --- poecilia

Poecilia

Poecilia is a genus of euryhaline brackish water fish in family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. The type species is P. vivipara. Live-bearers, the Poecilia species are collectively known as mollies, with the exception of Endler's livebearer and the famous guppy...

 --- tetraodontiformes

Tetraodontiformes

The Tetraodontiformes are an order of highly derived ray-finned fish, also called the Plectognathi. Sometimes these are classified as a suborder of the Perciformes...

 --- takifugu

Takifugu

Takifugu is a genus of pufferfish, often better known by the Japanese name . There are 25 species belonging to the genus Takifugu, which can be found worldwide from about 45° latitude north to 45° latitude south, mostly in salt water. Their diet consists mostly of algae, molluscs, invertebrates...

 --- mammal

Mammal

Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...

s --- artiodactyla --- ruminant

Ruminant

A ruminant is a mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first compartment of the stomach, principally through bacterial actions, then regurgitating the semi-digested mass, now known as cud, and chewing it again...

s --- antelope

Antelope

Antelope is a term referring to many even-toed ungulate species indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia. Antelopes comprise a miscellaneous group within the family Bovidae, encompassing those old-world species that are neither cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, nor goats...

s --- bison

Bison

Members of the genus Bison are large, even-toed ungulates within the subfamily Bovinae. Two extant and four extinct species are recognized...

 --- buffaloes

American Bison

The American bison , also commonly known as the American buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds...

 --- camelids, new world --- camel

Camel

A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as humps on its back. There are two species of camels: the dromedary or Arabian camel has a single hump, and the bactrian has two humps. Dromedaries are native to the dry desert areas of West Asia,...

s --- cattle

Cattle

Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...

 --- deer

Deer

Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. Species in the Cervidae family include white-tailed deer, elk, moose, red deer, reindeer, fallow deer, roe deer and chital. Male deer of all species and female reindeer grow and shed new antlers each year...

 --- muntjacs --- reindeer

Reindeer

The reindeer , also known as the caribou in North America, is a deer from the Arctic and Subarctic, including both resident and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous, some of its subspecies are rare and one has already gone extinct.Reindeer vary considerably in color and size...

 --- goat

Goat

The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over three hundred distinct breeds of...

s --- rupicapra

Rupicapra

Rupicapra is a genus of the family Bovidae , which contains two species:*Chamois *Pyrenean Chamois .-External links and references:...

 --- sheep --- sheep, bighorn --- sheep, domestic --- swine --- sus scrofa --- swine, miniature --- carnivora

Carnivora

The diverse order Carnivora |Latin]] carō "flesh", + vorāre "to devour") includes over 260 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, while the word "carnivore" can refer to any meat-eating animal...

 --- canidae

Canidae

Canidae is the biological family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals that includes wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and domestic dogs. A member of this family is called a canid . The Canidae family is divided into two tribes: Canini and Vulpini...

 --- coyote

Coyote

The coyote , also known as the American jackal or the prairie wolf, is a species of canine found throughout North and Central America, ranging from Panama in the south, north through Mexico, the United States and Canada...

s --- dog

Dog

The domestic dog is a domesticated form of the gray wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties. The dog may have been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been the most widely kept working, hunting, and companion animal in...

s --- fox

Fox

Fox is a common name for many species of omnivorous mammals belonging to the Canidae family. Foxes are small to medium-sized canids , characterized by possessing a long narrow snout, and a bushy tail .Members of about 37 species are referred to as foxes, of which only 12 species actually belong to...

es --- jackal

Jackal

Although the word jackal has been historically used to refer to many small- to medium-sized species of the wolf genus of mammals, Canis, today it most properly and commonly refers to three species: the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal of sub-Saharan Africa, and the golden jackal of...

s --- raccoon dog

Raccoon Dog

The raccoon dog , also known as the magnut or tanuki, is a canid indigenous to east Asia. It is the only extant species in the genus Nyctereutes...

s --- wolves --- felidae

Felidae

Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. Felids are the strictest carnivores of the thirteen terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the...

 --- acinonyx

Acinonyx

Acinonyx is a genus of mammals from the family Felidae. It is currently distributed in Africa and Asia, but at one time was also present in Europe. The cheetah is the only extant species in the genus. Wozencraft put the genus Acinonyx in their own monophyletic subfamily, Acinonychinae. Salles ,...

 --- felis

Felis

Felis is a genus of cats in the family Felidae, including the familiar domestic cat and its closest wild relatives. The wild species are distributed widely across Europe, southern and central Asia, and Africa; the domestic cat has been introduced worldwide.Members of the genus Felis are all small...

 --- cat

Cat

The cat , also known as the domestic cat or housecat to distinguish it from other felids and felines, is a small, usually furry, domesticated, carnivorous mammal that is valued by humans for its companionship and for its ability to hunt vermin and household pests...

s --- lynx

Lynx

A lynx is any of the four Lynx genus species of medium-sized wildcats. The name "lynx" originated in Middle English via Latin from Greek word "λύγξ", derived from the Indo-European root "*leuk-", meaning "light, brightness", in reference to the luminescence of its reflective eyes...

 --- panthera

Panthera

Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae , which contains four well-known living species: the tiger, the lion, the jaguar, and the leopard. The genus comprises about half of the Pantherinae subfamily, the big cats...

 --- lion

Lion

The lion is one of the four big cats in the genus Panthera, and a member of the family Felidae. With some males exceeding 250 kg in weight, it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger...

s --- tiger

Tiger

The tiger is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to and weighing up to . Their most recognizable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with lighter underparts...

s --- puma --- herpestidae --- hyaenidae --- mephitidae --- mustelidae

Mustelidae

Mustelidae , commonly referred to as the weasel family, are a family of carnivorous mammals. Mustelids are diverse and the largest family in the order Carnivora, at least partly because in the past it has been a catch-all category for many early or poorly differentiated taxa...

 --- ferret

Ferret

The ferret is a domesticated mammal of the type Mustela putorius furo. Ferrets are sexually dimorphic predators with males being substantially larger than females. They typically have brown, black, white, or mixed fur...

s --- mink

Mink

There are two living species referred to as "mink": the European Mink and the American Mink. The extinct Sea Mink is related to the American Mink, but was much larger. All three species are dark-colored, semi-aquatic, carnivorous mammals of the family Mustelidae, which also includes the weasels and...

 --- otter

Otter

The Otters are twelve species of semi-aquatic mammals which feed on fish and shellfish, and also other invertebrates, amphibians, birds and small mammals....

s --- pinnipedia --- fur seal

Fur seal

Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family. One species, the northern fur seal inhabits the North Pacific, while seven species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere...

s --- sea lion

Sea Lion

Sea lions are pinnipeds characterized by external ear-flaps, long fore-flippers, the ability to walk on all fours, and short thick hair. Together with the fur seal, they comprise the family Otariidae, or eared seals. There are six extant and one extinct species in five genera...

s --- seals, earless --- phoca

Phoca

Phoca is a genus of the earless seals, within the Family Phocidae. It now contains just two species, the Common Seal and the Spotted Seal...

 --- walrus

Walrus

The walrus is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean and sub-Arctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. The walrus is the only living species in the Odobenidae family and Odobenus genus. It is subdivided into three subspecies: the Atlantic...

es --- procyonidae

Procyonidae

Procyonidae is a New World family of the order Carnivora. It includes the raccoons, coatis, kinkajous, olingos, ringtails and cacomistles. Procyonids inhabit a wide range of environments, and are generally omnivorous.-Characteristics:...

 --- raccoon

Raccoon

Procyon is a genus of nocturnal mammals, comprising three species commonly known as raccoons, in the family Procyonidae. The most familiar species, the common raccoon , is often known simply as "the" raccoon, as the two other raccoon species in the genus are native only to the tropics and are...

s --- ursidae --- viverridae --- cetacea

Cetacea

The order Cetacea includes the marine mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetus is Latin and is used in biological names to mean "whale"; its original meaning, "large sea animal", was more general. It comes from Ancient Greek , meaning "whale" or "any huge fish or sea...

 --- dolphin

Dolphin

Dolphins are marine mammals that are closely related to whales and porpoises. There are almost forty species of dolphin in 17 genera. They vary in size from and , up to and . They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves, and are carnivores, mostly eating...

s --- bottle-nosed dolphin --- common dolphin

Common dolphin

The common dolphin is the name given to two species of dolphin making up the genus Delphinus.Prior to the mid-1990s, most taxonomists only recognised one species in this genus, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis...

s --- stenella

Stenella

Stenella is a genus of aquatic mammals in Delphinidae, the family informally known as the oceanic dolphins.Currently five species are recognised in this genus:*Pantropical Spotted Dolphin, S. attenuata*Atlantic Spotted Dolphin, S. frontalis...

 --- whale, killer --- whales, pilot --- porpoise

Porpoise

Porpoises are small cetaceans of the family Phocoenidae; they are related to whales and dolphins. They are distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" has been used to refer to any small dolphin, especially by sailors and fishermen...

s --- phocoena --- whale

Whale

Whale is the common name for various marine mammals of the order Cetacea. The term whale sometimes refers to all cetaceans, but more often it excludes dolphins and porpoises, which belong to suborder Odontoceti . This suborder also includes the sperm whale, killer whale, pilot whale, and beluga...

s --- balaenoptera

Balaenoptera

Balaenoptera is a genus of Balaenopteridae, the Rorqual whales, and contains eight species. The species Balaenoptera omurai was published in 2003...

 --- fin whale

Fin Whale

The fin whale , also called the finback whale, razorback, or common rorqual, is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales. It is the second longest whale and the sixth largest living animal after the blue whale, bowhead whale, and right whales, growing to nearly 27 metres long...

 --- minke whale

Minke Whale

Minke whale , or lesser rorqual, is a name given to two species of marine mammal belonging to a clade within the suborder of baleen whales. The minke whale was given its official designation by Lacepède in 1804, who described a dwarf form of Balænoptera acuto-rostrata...

 --- beluga whale --- bowhead whale

Bowhead Whale

The bowhead whale is a baleen whale of the right whale family Balaenidae in suborder Mysticeti. A stocky dark-colored whale without a dorsal fin, it can grow to in length. This thick-bodied species can weigh to , second only to the blue whale, although the bowhead's maximum length is less than...

 --- humpback whale

Humpback Whale

The humpback whale is a species of baleen whale. One of the larger rorqual species, adults range in length from and weigh approximately . The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with unusually long pectoral fins and a knobbly head. It is an acrobatic animal, often breaching and slapping the...

 --- sperm whale

Sperm Whale

The sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, is a marine mammal species, order Cetacea, a toothed whale having the largest brain of any animal. The name comes from the milky-white waxy substance, spermaceti, found in the animal's head. The sperm whale is the only living member of genus Physeter...

 --- chiroptera --- elephant

Elephant

Elephants are large land mammals in two extant genera of the family Elephantidae: Elephas and Loxodonta, with the third genus Mammuthus extinct...

s --- hyraxes --- insectivora

Insectivora

The order Insectivora is a now-abandoned biological grouping within the class of mammals...

 --- hedgehog

Hedgehog

A hedgehog is any of the spiny mammals of the subfamily Erinaceinae and the order Erinaceomorpha. There are 17 species of hedgehog in five genera, found through parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Zealand . There are no hedgehogs native to Australia, and no living species native to the Americas...

s --- mole

Mole (animal)

Moles are small cylindrical mammals adapted to a subterranean lifestyle. They have velvety fur; tiny or invisible ears and eyes; and short, powerful limbs with large paws oriented for digging. The term is especially and most properly used for the true moles, those of the Talpidae family in the...

s --- shrew

Shrew

A shrew or shrew mouse is a small molelike mammal classified in the order Soricomorpha. True shrews are also not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.Although its external appearance is generally that of...

s --- lagomorpha

Lagomorpha

The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families, the Leporidae , and the Ochotonidae...

 --- hare

Hare

Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus Lepus. Hares less than one year old are called leverets. Four species commonly known as types of hare are classified outside of Lepus: the hispid hare , and three species known as red rock hares .Hares are very fast-moving...

s --- rabbit

Rabbit

Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world...

s --- marsupialia --- macropodidae --- opossums --- didelphis

Didelphis

The six species in the genus Didelphis, commonly known as large American opossums, are members of the Didelphimorphia order....

 --- monodelphis --- phalangeridae

Phalangeridae

Phalangeridae is a family of nocturnal marsupials native to Australia and New Guinea, including the cuscuses, brushtail possums, and their close relatives...

 --- trichosurus --- phascolarctidae

Phascolarctidae

Phascolarctidae is a family of marsupials of the order Diprotodontia, consisting of only one extant species, the Koala, six well known fossil species, with another 5 less well known fossil species, and 2 fossil species whose taxonomy is debatable but is put in this group...

 --- potoroidae

Potoroidae

The marsupial family Potoroidae includes the bettongs, potoroos, and two of the rat-kangaroos. All are rabbit-sized, brown, jumping marsupials and resemble a large rodent or a very small wallaby.- Characteristics :...

 --- monotremata --- echidna

Echidna

Echidnas , also known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. There are four extant species, which, together with the platypus, are the only surviving members of that order and are the only extant mammals that lay eggs...

 --- platypus

Platypus

The platypus is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young...

 --- perissodactyla --- equidae

Equidae

Equidae is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus Equus...

 --- horse

Horse

The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus, or the wild horse. It is a single-hooved mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today...

s --- primate

Primate

A primate is a mammal of the order Primates , which contains prosimians and simians. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment...

s --- haplorhini --- catarrhini

Catarrhini

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the higher primates . It contains the Old World monkeys and the apes, which in turn are further divided into the lesser apes or gibbons and the great apes, consisting of the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans...

 --- cercopithecidae --- cercopithecinae

Cercopithecinae

The Cercopithecinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkeys, that includes in its roughly 71 species the baboons, the macaques and the vervet monkeys...

 --- cercocebus --- cercocebus atys --- cercopithecus --- cercopithecus aethiops --- erythrocebus --- erythrocebus patas --- macaca

Macaque

The macaques constitute a genus of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. - Description :Aside from humans , the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to Afghanistan and, in the case of the barbary macaque, to North Africa...

 --- macaca fascicularis --- macaca mulatta --- macaca nemestrina --- macaca radiata --- mandrillus

Mandrillus

Mandrillus is the genus of the mandrill and its close relative the drill. These two species are closely related to the baboons, and until recently were lumped together as a single species of baboon. Both Mandrillus species have long furrows on either side of their elongated snouts. The adult male...

 --- papio --- papio anubis --- papio cynocephalus --- papio hamadryas --- papio papio --- papio ursinus --- theropithecus --- colobinae

Colobinae

Colobinae is a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 59 species in 10 genera, including the skunk-like black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into...

 --- colobus --- hominidae

Hominidae

The Hominidae or include them .), as the term is used here, form a taxonomic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees , gorillas , humans , and orangutans ....

 --- gorilla gorilla --- human

Human

Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...

s --- pan paniscus --- pan troglodytes --- pongo pygmaeus --- hylobatidae --- hylobates

Hylobates

The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. It was once considered the only genus, but recently its subgenera have been elevated to the genus level. Hylobates remains the most speciose and widespread of gibbon genera, ranging from southern China to western and central Java...

 --- platyrrhini --- atelidae

Atelidae

Atelidae is one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. It was formerly included in the family Cebidae. Atelids are generally larger monkeys; the family includes the howler, spider, woolly and woolly spider monkeys...

 --- callitrichidae --- callimico --- callithrix

Callithrix

Callithrix is a genus of New World Monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic forest marmosets. The genera Mico and Callibella were formerly considered a subgenus of the genus Callithrix...

 --- leontopithecus --- saguinus --- cebidae

Cebidae

The Cebidae is one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. It includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. These species are found throughout tropical and subtropical South and Central America.-Characteristics:...

 --- alouattinae --- alouatta --- aotinae --- aotus trivirgatus --- cebinae --- cebus

CEBus

CEBus, short for Consumer Electronics Bus, also known as EIA-600, is a set of electrical standards and communication protocols for electronic devices to transmit commands and data...

 --- saimirinae --- saimiri --- tarsii --- tarsiidae --- strepsirhini --- cheirogaleidae

Cheirogaleidae

Cheirogaleidae is the family of strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf and mouse lemurs. Like all other lemurs, cheirogaleids live exclusively on the island of Madagascar.-Characteristics:...

 --- lemuridae

Lemuridae

Lemuridae is a family of prosimian primates native to Madagascar, and one of five families commonly known as lemurs. These animals were thought to be the evolutionary predecessors of monkeys and apes, but this is no longer considered correct...

 --- lemur

Lemur

Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. They are named after the lemures of Roman mythology due to the ghostly vocalizations, reflective eyes, and the nocturnal habits of some species...

 --- lorisidae

Lorisidae

Lorisidae is a family of strepsirrhine primates. The lorisids are all slim arboreal animals and include the lorises, pottos and angwantibos. Lorisids live in tropical, central Africa as well as in south and southeast Asia....

 --- galago

Galago

Galagos , also known as bushbabies, bush babies or nagapies , are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa, and make up the family Galagidae...

 --- rodentia --- chinchilla

Chinchilla

Chinchillas are crepuscular rodents, slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, and are native to the Andes mountains in South America. Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae....

 --- dipodomys --- gopher

Pocket gopher

The pocket gophers are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae. These are the "true" gophers, though several ground squirrels of the family Sciuridae are often called gophers as well...

s --- guinea pig

Guinea pig

The guinea pig , also called the cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Despite their common name, these animals are not in the pig family, nor are they from Guinea...

s --- mole rats --- spalax --- muridae

Muridae

Muridae is the largest family of mammals. It contains over 600 species found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. They have been introduced worldwide. The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives....

 --- arvicolinae

Arvicolinae

The Arvicolinae are a subfamily of rodents that includes the voles, lemmings, and muskrats. They are most closely related to the other subfamilies in the Cricetidae . Some authorities place the subfamily Arvicolinae in the family Muridae along with all other members of the superfamily Muroidea...

 --- cricetinae --- cricetulus --- mesocricetus

Mesocricetus

Mesocricetus is a genus of Old World hamsters, including the Golden hamster or Syrian hamster, the first hamster to be introduced as a domestic pet and still the most popular species for that purpose....

 --- phodopus --- gerbillinae --- murinae

Murinae

The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae and Muridae, and is larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the...

 --- mice

MICE

-Fiction:*Mice , alien species in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy*The Mice -Acronyms:* "Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions", facilities terminology for events...

 --- mice, congenic --- mice, inbred strains --- mice, inbred a --- mice, inbred akr --- mice, inbred balb c --- mice, inbred c3h --- mice, inbred c57bl --- mice, inbred mdx --- mice, inbred cba --- mice, inbred cftr --- mice, inbred dba --- mice, inbred hrs --- mice, inbred icr --- mice, inbred mrl lpr --- mice, inbred nod --- mice, inbred nzb --- mice, inbred sencar --- mice, mutant strains --- mice, biozzi --- mice, inbred mdx --- mice, jimpy --- mice, knockout --- mice, neurologic mutants --- mice, nude --- mice, obese --- mice, quaking --- mice, scid --- mice, transgenic --- mice, knockout --- rat

Rat

Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus...

s --- rats, inbred strains --- rats, inbred aci --- rats, inbred bb --- rats, inbred bn --- rats, inbred buf --- rats, inbred dahl --- rats, inbred f344 --- rats, inbred lec --- rats, inbred lew --- rats, inbred oletf --- rats, inbred shr --- rats, inbred wf --- rats, inbred wky --- rats, long-evans --- rats, mutant strains --- rats, brattleboro

Brattleboro rat

The Brattleboro rat is a strain of laboratory rat descended from a litter born in West Brattleboro, Vermont in 1961 without the ability to produce the hormone vasopressin, which helps control kidney function. The rats' lack of vasopressin was the result of a naturally occurring genetic mutation.The...

 --- rats, gunn --- rats, nude --- rats, zucker --- rats, sprague-dawley --- rats, wistar --- sigmodontinae

Sigmodontinae

The subfamily Sigmodontinae is one of the most diverse groups of mammals. It includes New World rats and mice, with at least 376 species. Many authorities include the Neotominae and Tylomyinae as part of a larger definition of Sigmodontinae. When those genera are included, the species count...

 --- peromyscus

Peromyscus

The genus Peromyscus contains the animal species commonly referred to as deer mice. This is a genus of New World mouse only distantly related to the common house mouse and laboratory mouse, Mus musculus...

 --- spalax --- myoxidae --- octodon

Octodon

Octodon is a genus of octodontid rodents, of which the best-known member is the degu O. degus. The full list of species is:* O. bridgesi, Bridge's Degu, found in Argentina and Chile...

 --- porcupine

Porcupine

Porcupines are rodents with a coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend or camouflage them from predators. They are indigenous to the Americas, southern Asia, and Africa. Porcupines are the third largest of the rodents, behind the capybara and the beaver. Most porcupines are about long, with...

s --- sciuridae --- marmota --- scandentia --- tupaiidae

Tupaiidae

Tupaiidae is one of two families of treeshrews, the other family being Ptilocercidae. It contains 4 genera and 19 species.-Taxonomy:*Order: Scandentia** Family Tupaiidae*** Genus Anathana**** Madras Treeshrew, Anathana ellioti...

 --- tupaia

Tupaia (genus)

Tupaia is a genus of treeshrew in the Tupaiidae family.The genus was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821, as having an elongated snout, 8 to 10 incisors, well developed limbs, five-toed naked feet, and the sole furnished with projecting pads and sharp claws, with a habit and tail of...

 --- sirenia

Sirenia

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. Four species are living, in two families and genera. These are the dugong and manatees...

 --- dugong

Dugong

The dugong is a large marine mammal which, together with the manatees, is one of four living species of the order Sirenia. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller's sea cow , was hunted to extinction in the 18th century...

 --- trichechus --- trichechus inunguis --- trichechus manatus --- xenarthra

Xenarthra

The superorder Xenarthra is a group of placental mammals , existent today only in the Americas and represented by anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. The origins of the order can be traced back as far as the Paleogene in South America...

 --- armadillo

Armadillo

Armadillos are New World placental mammals, known for having a leathery armor shell. Dasypodidae is the only surviving family in the order Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra along with the anteaters and sloths. The word armadillo is Spanish for "little armored one"...

s --- sloth

Sloth

Sloths are the six species of medium-sized mammals belonging to the families Megalonychidae and Bradypodidae , part of the order Pilosa and therefore related to armadillos and anteaters, which sport a similar set of specialized claws.They are arboreal residents of the jungles of Central and South...

s --- reptile

Reptile

Reptiles are members of a class of air-breathing, ectothermic vertebrates which are characterized by laying shelled eggs , and having skin covered in scales and/or scutes. They are tetrapods, either having four limbs or being descended from four-limbed ancestors...

s --- alligator

Alligator

An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. There are two extant alligator species: the American alligator and the Chinese alligator ....

s and crocodile

Crocodile

A crocodile is any species belonging to the family Crocodylidae . The term can also be used more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia: i.e...

s --- dinosaur

Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous , when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of...

s --- lizard

Lizard

Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with nearly 3800 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica as well as most oceanic island chains...

s --- iguana

Iguana

Iguana is a herbivorous genus of lizard native to tropical areas of Central America and the Caribbean. The genus was first described in 1768 by Austrian naturalist Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in his book Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena...

s --- snake

Snake

Snakes are elongate, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales...

s --- boidae --- colubridae --- elapidae

Elapidae

Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, terrestrially in Asia, Australia, Africa, North America and South America and aquatically in the Pacific and Indian Oceans...

 --- bungarus

Bungarus

Bungarus, commonly referred to as kraits , is a genus of venomous elapid snakes found in South and South-East Asia. There are 12 species and 5 subspecies recognized.- Distribution :...

 --- cobra

Cobra

Cobra is a venomous snake belonging to the family Elapidae. However, not all snakes commonly referred to as cobras are of the same genus, or even of the same family. The name is short for cobra capo or capa Snake, which is Portuguese for "snake with hood", or "hood-snake"...

 --- hydrophiidae --- viperidae

Viperidae

The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes found all over the world, except in Antarctica, Australia, Ireland, Madagascar, Hawaii, various other isolated islands, and above the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of venom. Four...

 --- agkistrodon

Agkistrodon

Agkistrodon is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in North America from the United States south to northern Costa Rica. The name is derived from the Greek words ἄγκιστρον 'fishhook' and ὁδοὐς 'tooth', and is likely a reference to the fangs...

 --- bothrops

Bothrops

Bothrops is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in Central and South America. The generic name is derived from the Greek words bothros and ops that mean "pit" and "eye" or "face"; an allusion to the heat-sensitive loreal pit organs. Members of this genus are responsible for more human deaths in the...

 --- crotalus

Crotalus

Crotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found only in the Americas from southern Canada to northern Argentina. The name is derived from the Greek word krotalon, which means "rattle" or "castanet", and refers to the rattle on the end of the tail which makes this group so distinctive...

 --- russell's viper

Daboia

Daboia is a monotypic genus of venomous Old World viper. The single species, D. russelii, is found in Asia throughout the Indian subcontinent, much of Southeast Asia, southern China and Taiwan...

 --- trimeresurus

Trimeresurus

Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in Asia from Pakistan, through India, China, throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Currently 35 species are recognized...

 --- turtle

Turtle

Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines , characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a shield...

s

--- annelida

--- leech

Leech

Leeches are segmented worms that belong to the phylum Annelida and comprise the subclass Hirudinea. Like other oligochaetes such as earthworms, leeches share a clitellum and are hermaphrodites. Nevertheless, they differ from other oligochaetes in significant ways...

es --- hirudo medicinalis --- oligochaeta

Oligochaeta

Oligochaeta is a subclass of animals in the biological phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, and this includes all of the various earthworms...

 --- polychaeta

--- arthropod

Arthropod

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton , a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others...

s

--- arachnida --- acari --- mite

Mite

Mites, along with ticks, are small arthropods belonging to the subclass Acari and the class Arachnida. The scientific discipline devoted to the study of ticks and mites is called acarology.-Diversity and systematics:...

s --- acaridae

Acaridae

The Acaridae are a family of mites. Common forms include some mold mites, for example the grain mite. Genera in the family include:Fagacarinae Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979* Fagacarus Fain & R. A...

 --- psoroptidae

Psoroptidae

Psoroptidae is a family of mites....

 --- pyroglyphidae

Pyroglyphidae

Pyroglyphidae is a family of mites....

 --- dermatophagoides farinae --- dermatophagoides pteronyssinus --- sarcoptidae

Sarcoptidae

Sarcoptidae is a family of mites, of which the most prominent are in the Genus Sarcoptes. Sarcoptic mange is caused by digging mites in that genus....

 --- sarcoptes scabiei

Sarcoptes scabiei

Sarcoptes scabiei or the itch mite is a parasitic arthropod that burrows into skin and causes scabies. Animals affected include not only human but also wild and domesticated dogs and cats in which it is one cause of mange...

 --- tetranychidae --- trombiculidae

Trombiculidae

Trombiculidae is a family of mites called trombiculid mites Trombiculidae is a family of mites called trombiculid mites Trombiculidae is a family of mites called trombiculid mites (also called berry bugs; harvest mites; red bugs; scrub-itch mites; and aoutas.   In their larval stage, those...

 --- tick

Tick

Ticks are small arachnids in the order Ixodida, along with mites, constitute the subclass Acarina. Ticks are ectoparasites , living by hematophagy on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians...

s --- argasidae

Argasidae

Argasidae is a family of ticks containing the soft ticks. They lack the hard scutum that is present in the hard ticks . The capitulum is located on the underside of the animal's body and is not readily visible...

 --- argas

Argas

Argas is a genus of tick.-Species:* Argas abdussalami Hoogstraal & McCarthy, 1965* Argas acinus Whittick, 1938* Argas africolumbae Hoogstraal, Kaiser, Walker, Ledger, Converse & Rice, 1975...

 --- ornithodoros

Ornithodoros

Ornithodoros is a genus in the soft-bodied tick family, Argasidae. The Linnean name derives from ornithos and doros , meaning "bird" and "gift," respectively...

 --- ixodidae

Ixodidae

Ixodidae is a family of ticks containing the hard ticks.-Description:They are distinguished from the other main family of ticks, the soft ticks by the presence of a scutum or hard shield...

 --- dermacentor

Dermacentor

Dermacentor is a genus of hard-bodied ticks.-Species:* Dermacentor abaensis Teng, 1963* Dermacentor albipictus Packard, 1869* Dermacentor andersoni Stiles 1908* Dermacentor asper Arthur, 1960...

 --- ixodes

Ixodes

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks . It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans . Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for causing Lyme disease...

 --- rhipicephalus

Rhipicephalus

Rhipicephalus is a genus of tick.-Species:* Rhipicephalus annulatus Say, 1821* Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann 1901* Rhipicephalus aquatilis Walker, Keirans & Pegram, 1993* Rhipicephalus armatus Pocock, 1900...

 --- rhipicephalus sanguineus

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, is a species of tick which is found world-wide, but more commonly in warmer climates. This species is unusual among ticks in that its entire life cycle can be completed indoors.-Hosts:...

 --- scorpion

Scorpion

Scorpions are predatory arthropod animals of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. They have eight legs and are easily recognized by the pair of grasping claws and the narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back, ending with a venomous stinger...

s --- spider

Spider

Spiders are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms...

s --- black widow spider

Black widow spider

Latrodectus mactans, the Southern black widow, is a highly venomous species of spider in the genus Latrodectus. They are well known for the distinctive black and red coloring of the female of the species and for the fact that she will occasionally eat her mate after reproduction. The species is...

 --- crustacea --- amphipoda

Amphipoda

Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. The name amphipoda means "different-footed", and refers to the different forms of appendages, unlike isopods, where all the legs are alike. Of the 7,000 species, 5,500 are classified...

 --- anostraca --- artemia --- arguloida --- cladocera

Cladocera

Cladocera is an order of small crustaceans commonly called water fleas. Around 620 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed. They are ubiquitous in inland aquatic habitats, but rare in the oceans. Most are long, with a down-turned head, and a carapace covering the apparently...

 --- daphnia

Daphnia

Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style...

 --- copepoda --- decapoda (crustacea) --- anomura

Anomura

Anomura is a group of decapod crustaceans, including hermit crabs and others. Although the names of many anomurans includes the word crab, all true crabs are in the sister group to the Anomura, the Brachyura .-Description:The name Anomala reflects the unusual variety of forms in this group;...

 --- astacoidea --- brachyura --- crangonidae

Crangonidae

The family Crangonidae is a taxon of shrimps, of the superfamily Crangonoidea, including the commercially important species Crangon crangon. Its type genus is Crangon...

 --- nephropidae --- palaemonidae

Palaemonidae

Palaemonidae is a family of crustaceans of the order Decapoda. They belong to the infraorder Caridea, which contains the true shrimp; while some freshwater palaemonid species are known as "prawns", the family belongs to the suborder Pleocyemata like all true shrimp, whereas the true prawns are...

 --- palinuridae --- pandalidae

Pandalidae

The family Pandalidae is a taxon of Caridean shrimp. These species are commonly called pandalid shrimps. They are edible and have high economic value. They are characterized by the subdivided carpus of the second pereiopod and, mainly, by the lack of the chelae of the first pereiopod...

 --- penaeidae

Penaeidae

Penaeidae is a family of prawns, although they are often referred to as penaeid shrimp. It contains many species of economic importance, such as the tiger prawn , whiteleg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp and Indian prawn. Many prawns are the subject of commercial fishery, and farming, both in marine...

 --- euphausiacea --- isopoda

Isopoda

Isopods are an order of peracarid crustaceans, including familiar animals such as woodlice and pill bugs. The name Isopoda derives from the Greek roots and...

 --- thoracica

Thoracica

Thoracica is a superorder of crustaceans which contains the most familiar species of barnacles found on rocky coasts, such as Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus. They have six well-developed limbs, and may be either stalked or sessile. The carapace is heavily calcified...

 --- horseshoe crab

Horseshoe crab

The Atlantic horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is a marine chelicerate arthropod. Despite its name, it is more closely related to spiders, ticks, and scorpions than to crabs. Horseshoe crabs are most commonly found in the Gulf of Mexico and along the northern Atlantic coast of North America...

s --- insect

Insect

Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...

s --- beetle

Beetle

Coleoptera is an order of insects commonly called beetles. The word "coleoptera" is from the Greek , koleos, "sheath"; and , pteron, "wing", thus "sheathed wing". Coleoptera contains more species than any other order, constituting almost 25% of all known life-forms...

s --- fireflies

Firefly

Lampyridae is a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera. They are winged beetles, and commonly called fireflies or lightning bugs for their conspicuous crepuscular use of bioluminescence to attract mates or prey. Fireflies produce a "cold light", with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies...

 --- tenebrio --- tribolium --- weevil

Weevil

A weevil is any beetle from the Curculionoidea superfamily. They are usually small, less than , and herbivorous. There are over 60,000 species in several families, mostly in the family Curculionidae...

s --- cockroach

Cockroach

Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattaria or Blattodea, of which about 30 species out of 4,500 total are associated with human habitations...

es --- blattellidae

Blattellidae

The Blattellidae is a family of the order Blattaria . This family contains many of the smaller common household cockroaches, among others...

 --- periplaneta

Periplaneta

Periplaneta is a genus of cockroaches....

 --- diptera

Diptera

Diptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...

 --- ceratopogonidae

Ceratopogonidae

Ceratopogonidae, or biting midges , are a family of small flies in the order Diptera...

 --- chironomidae

Chironomidae

Chironomidae are a family of nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae...

 --- culicidae --- aedes

Aedes

Aedes is a genus of mosquito originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents excluding Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity. Aedes albopictus, a most invasive species was recently spread to the New World, including the U.S., by the used...

 --- anopheles

Anopheles

Anopheles is a genus of mosquito. There are approximately 460 recognized species: while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas...

 --- anopheles gambiae

Anopheles gambiae

Anopheles gambiae is a complex of at least seven morphologically distinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles. This complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and the most efficient malaria vectors known.This species...

 --- culex

Culex

Culex is a genus of mosquito, and is important in that several species serve as vectors of important diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and avian malaria....

 --- ochlerotatus

Ochlerotatus

Ochlerotatus is a genus of mosquito. It was formerly part of Aedes, but now they are two separate genera....

 --- drosophilidae

Drosophilidae

Drosophilidae is a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes fruit flies. Another family of flies called Tephritidae also includes fruit flies. The best known species of Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, within the genus Drosophila, and this species Is used extensively for...

 --- drosophila

Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit...

 --- drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of Diptera, or the order of flies, in the family Drosophilidae. The species is known generally as the common fruit fly or vinegar fly. Starting from Charles W...

 --- glossinidae --- tsetse flies --- muscidae

Muscidae

Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea. The apical segment of the antennae of Muscidae are plumose, and the basal portion is smooth....

 --- houseflies --- psychodidae

Psychodidae

The nematoceran family Psychodidae are small true flies with short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance...

 --- phlebotomus

Phlebotomus

Phlebotomus is a genus of "sand fly" in the Dipteran family Psychodidae. In the past, they have sometimes been considered to belong in a separate family, Phlebotomidae, but this alternative classification has not gained wide acceptance.-Epidemiology:...

 --- simuliidae --- tephritidae

Tephritidae

Tephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as "fruit flies", the other family being Drosophilidae. Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus Drosophila , which is often called the "common fruit fly". There are nearly 5,000 described species of tephritid...

 --- ceratitis capitata

Ceratitis capitata

Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly, or medfly for short, is a species of fruit fly capable of causing extensive damage to a wide range of fruit crops...

 --- flea

Flea

Flea is the common name for insects of the order Siphonaptera which are wingless insects with mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood...

s --- hemiptera

Hemiptera

Hemiptera is an order of insects most often known as the true bugs , comprising around 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others...

 --- aphid

Aphid

Aphids, also known as plant lice and in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, blackflies or whiteflies, are small sap sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Aphids are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions...

s --- heteroptera

Heteroptera

Heteroptera is a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the Hemiptera. Sometimes called "true bugs", that name more commonly refers to Hemiptera as a whole, and "typical bugs" might be used as a more unequivocal alternative since among the Hemiptera the heteropterans are most consistently and...

 --- cimicidae --- bedbug

Bedbug

Cimicidae are small parasitic insects. The most common type is Cimex lectularius. The term usually refers to species that prefer to feed on human blood...

s --- reduviidae

Reduviidae

Reduviidae is a large, cosmopolitan family of predatory insects in the suborder Heteroptera...

 --- triatominae

Triatominae

The members of Triatominae , a subfamily of Reduviidae, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs, assassin bugs or triatomines. Most of the 130 or more species of this subfamily are haematophagous, i.e. feed on vertebrate blood; a very few species feed on other invertebrates...

 --- panstrongylus

Panstrongylus

The Genus Panstrongylus Berg, 1879 belongs to the subfamily Triatominae.-Species:Panstrongylus chinai Panstrongylus diasi Pinto & Lent, 1946Panstrongylus geniculatus...

 --- rhodnius

Rhodnius

Rhodnius is a genus of bugs in the subfamily Triatominae, important vectors of Chagas disease. They were important models for Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's studies of insect physiology, specifically growth and development.-Species:...

 --- triatoma

Triatoma

Triatoma is a genus of assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae The members of Triatoma are blood-sucking insects that can transmit serious diseases, such as Chagas disease....

 --- hymenoptera

Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. There are over 130,000 recognized species, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the heavy wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν : membrane and...

 --- ant

Ant

Ants are social insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants. More than...

s --- bee

Bee

Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, and are known for their role in pollination and for producing honey and beeswax. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea, presently classified by the unranked taxon name Anthophila...

s --- wasp

Wasp

The term wasp is typically defined as any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant. Almost every pest insect species has at least one wasp species that preys upon it or parasitizes it, making wasps critically important in natural control of their...

s --- isoptera --- lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...

 --- butterflies --- moth

Moth

A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Moths form the majority of this order; there are thought to be 150,000 to 250,000 different species of moth , with thousands of species yet to be described...

s --- bombyx

Bombyx

Bombyx is the genus of true silkmoths or mulberry silkmoths of the family Bombycidae. It traditionally contained two species as well as one natural hybrid and one human-dependent hybrid.-Species:* Bombyx horsfieldi...

 --- manduca

Manduca

Manduca is a moth genus of the Sphingidae family. The Carolina Sphinx is often used in biological research....

 --- spodoptera

Spodoptera

Spodoptera is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family. Many are known as pest insects. The larvae are sometimes called armyworms.Species include:* Spodoptera abyssinia Guenée, 1852...

 --- lice --- anoplura --- pediculus --- phthirus --- mallophaga --- mantodea --- orthoptera

Orthoptera

Orthoptera is an order of insects with paurometabolous or incomplete metamorphosis, including the grasshoppers, crickets and locusts.Many insects in this order produce sound by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps...

 --- grasshopper

Grasshopper

The grasshopper is an insect of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. To distinguish it from bush crickets or katydids, it is sometimes referred to as the short-horned grasshopper...

s --- locusta migratoria --- gryllidae

--- chordata, nonvertebrate

--- hyperotreti --- hagfish

Hagfish

Hagfish, the clade Myxini , are eel-shaped slime-producing marine animals . They are the only living animals that have a skull but not a vertebral column. Along with lampreys, hagfish are jawless and are living fossils whose next nearest relatives include all vertebrates...

es --- urochordata --- ciona intestinalis

Ciona intestinalis

Ciona intestinalis is a urochordata , a tunicate widely distributed in Northern European waters. As an invasive species, it has also spread to other parts of the world....

--- cnidaria

Cnidaria

Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marine environments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Their bodies consist of mesoglea, a non-living jelly-like substance,...

--- anthozoa

Anthozoa

Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria that contains the sea anemones and corals. Unlike other cnidarians, anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development. Instead, they release sperm and eggs that form a planula, which attaches to some substrate on which the cnidarian grows...

 --- renilla --- sea anemone

Sea anemone

Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria; they are named after the anemone, a terrestrial flower. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Zoantharia. Anthozoa often have large polyps that allow for digestion of larger...

s --- cubozoa --- hydrozoa

Hydrozoa

Hydrozoa are a taxonomic class of very small, predatory animals which can be solitary or colonial and which mostly live in saltwater. A few genera within this class live in freshwater...

 --- hydra --- scyphozoa

Scyphozoa

Scyphozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria, sometimes referred to as the "true jellyfish".The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word skyphos , denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the cup shape of the organism....

 --- sea nettle, east coast

--- echinodermata

--- sea cucumbers --- cucumaria

Cucumaria

Cucumaria is a genus of sea cucumbers.-Selected species:* Orange-footed sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa* Orange sea cucumber, Cucumaria miniata* Cucumaria echinata...

 --- holothuria

Holothuria

Holothuria is a genus of marine animals of Holothuroidea, found in tropical and temperate regions coastal waters. They are soft bodied, armless invertebrates that dwell on the ocean floor, the form resembles a cucumber....

 --- stichopus --- sea urchin

Sea urchin

Sea urchins or urchins are small, spiny, globular animals which, with their close kin, such as sand dollars, constitute the class Echinoidea of the echinoderm phylum. They inhabit all oceans. Their shell, or "test", is round and spiny, typically from across. Common colors include black and dull...

s --- anthocidaris --- arbacia

Arbacia

Arbacia is a genus of sea urchins.Arbaciaby Dave Grant"Sometimes you see queer things...spiny sea urchins, for instance…in aslow motion parade...

 --- hemicentrotus

Hemicentrotus

Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus is a species of sea urchin, the only species in the genus Hemicentrotus. It is found along the coasts of Korea and China, and in Japan from Kyūshū to Ishikari Bay. It is edible, and is harvested from Kyūshū to Fukui, in the Sea of Japan....

 --- lytechnius --- paracentrotus --- strongylocentrotus

Strongylocentrotus

Strongylocentrotus is a genus of sea urchins in the family Strongylocentrotidae containing several species. Among them:* Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis - green sea urchin...

 --- strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico to British Columbia, Canada. This sea urchin species is deep purple in color and lives in lower intertidal and nearshore subtidal communities...

 --- starfish --- asterias

Asterias

Asterias is a genus of the Asteriidae family of sea stars. It includes several of the best-known species of sea stars, including the common starfish, Asterias rubens, and the northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis.-Species:...

 --- asterina

Asterina

Asterina is a genus of small sea stars within the family Asterinidae. It has over thirty described species.The species occurring in Australian waters Asterina is a genus of small sea stars within the family Asterinidae. It has over thirty described species.The species occurring in Australian waters...

--- helminths

--- acanthocephala

Acanthocephala

Acanthocephala is a phylum of parasitic worms known as acanthocephales, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an evertable proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host...

 --- moniliformis

Moniliformis

Moniliformis is a genus of parasitic worm, from the family Moniliformidae.Although unusual, human infection by Moniliformis moniliformis has been observed in the United States and Iran...

 --- nematoda --- adenophorea

Adenophorea

Adenophorea or Aphasmidia was a class of nematodes . It has been by and large abandoned by modern taxonomy, because there is strong evidence for it being a motley paraphyletic group of unrelated lineages of roundworms....

 --- enoplida --- dioctophymatoidea --- mermithoidea --- trichuroidea --- capillaria

Capillaria (genus)

Capillaria is a genus of nematodes in the family Trichinellidae. Some species formerly placed in this genus are now classified in Aonchotheca.-Species:Species in the genus Capillaria include:* Capillaria aerophila*Capillaria gastrica...

 --- trichinella

Trichinella

Trichinella is the genus of parasitic roundworms of the phylum Nematoda that cause trichinosis . Members of this genus are often called trichinella or trichina worms...

 --- trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis is a nematode parasite, occurring in rats, pigs, bears and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. It is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm" due to it being found commonly in undercooked pork products...

 --- trichuris

Trichuris

The roundworm family Trichuridae includes as type genus Trichuris, often referred to as whipworms...

 --- secernentea

Secernentea

Secernentea are the main class of nematodes, characterised by numerous caudal papillae and an excretory system possessing lateral canals. Like all nematodes, they have no circulatory or respiratory system....

 --- ascaridida

Ascaridida

The order Ascaridida includes several families of parasitic roundworms with three "lips" on the anterior end. They were formerly placed in the subclass Rhabditia by some, but morphological and DNA sequence data rather unequivocally assigns them to the Spiruria...

 --- ascaridoidea --- anisakis

Anisakis

Anisakis is a genus of parasitic nematodes, which have a life cycle involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis...

 --- ascaridia

Ascaridia

-Introduction:Ascaridia is the name of a genus of parasitic nematodes. Members of the genus are primarily intestinal parasites of birds. There are three well known species, namely, A. galli found mostly in chicken, A. dissimilis in turkeys, and A. columbae in pigeons. Lesser known species such as...

 --- ascaris

Ascaris

Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the "giant intestinal roundworms". One species, A. suum, typically infects pigs, while another, A. lumbricoides, affects human populations, typically in sub-tropical and tropical areas with poor sanitation. A...

 --- ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris lumbricoides is the giant roundworm of humans, belonging to the phylum Nematoda. An ascarid nematode, it is responsible for the disease ascariasis in humans, and it is the largest and most common parasitic worm in humans. One-sixth of the human population is estimated to be infected by this...

 --- ascaris suum --- toxascaris --- toxocara --- toxocara canis

Toxocara canis

Toxocara canis is worldwide distributed helminth parasite of dogs and other canids. T. canis are gonochorists, adult worms measure from 9 to 18 cm, are yellow-white in color, and occur in the intestine of the definitive host. In adult dogs, the infection is usually asymptomatic. By the...

 --- oxyurida

Oxyurida

Oxyurida is an order of nematode worms of the class Secernentea. It consists of four families, one of which contains the human pinworm ....

 --- oxyuroidea --- enterobius --- rhabditida

Rhabditida

Rhabditida is an order of free-living, zooparasitic and phytoparasitic microbivorous nematodes .Order include 8 superfamilies.Diagnosis:...

 --- rhabdiasoidea --- strongyloides --- strongyloides ratti --- strongyloides stercoralis

Strongyloides stercoralis

Strongyloides stercoralis, also known as the threadworm, is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the disease of strongyloidiasis....

 --- rhabditoidea --- caenorhabditis

Caenorhabditis

Caenorhabditis is a genus of nematodes which live in bacteria-rich environments like compost piles and decaying dead animals. It contains the noted model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and several other species for which a genome sequence is either available or currently being determined. The two...

 --- caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living, transparent nematode , about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model...

 --- spirurida

Spirurida

Spirurida is an order of spirurian nematodes. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system.Some Spirurida, like the genus Gongylonema, can cause disease in humans...

 --- camallanina --- dracunculoidea --- dracunculus nematode --- spirurina --- filarioidea

Filarioidea

Filarioidea is a superfamily of nematode.A specific member is known as "Filaria".Infections with Filarioidea cause Filariasis.It includes the family Onchocercidae....

 --- brugia --- brugia malayi

Brugia malayi

Brugia malayi is a nematode , one of the three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a condition characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. The two other filarial causes of lymphatic filariasis are Wuchereria bancrofti and...

 --- brugia pahangi

Brugia pahangi

Brugia pahangi is an important parasite. It is a microfilarial nematode known to infect the lymph vessels of domestic cats and wild animals....

 --- dipetalonema --- dirofilaria

Dirofilaria

Dirofilaria is a genus of roundworm . These worms cause Dirofilariasis in humans defined as infection by filarial nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria....

 --- dirofilaria immitis --- loa

Loa

The Loa are the spirits of the voodoo religion practiced in Louisiana, Haiti, Benin, and other parts of the world. They are also referred to as Mystères and the Invisibles, in which are intermediaries between Bondye —the Creator, who is distant from the world—and humanity...

 --- mansonella

Mansonella

Mansonella perstans is a vector-borne human filarial nematode, transmitted by tiny blood-sucking flies called midges. . Mansonella perstans is one of two filarial nematodes that cause Serous Cavity Filariasis in humans. The other filarial nematode is Mansonella ozzardi...

 --- microfilaria

Microfilaria

The microfilaria is a stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family Onchocercidae. In these species, the adults live in the circulatory system of vertebrates while the early larval stages develop in blood-feeding arthropod vectors...

 --- onchocerca

Onchocerca

Onchocerca is a genus of roundworm. It contains one human parasite - Onchocerca volvulus - which is responsible for the neglected disease Onchocerciasis, also known as "River Blindness" because the infected humans tend to live near rivers where host black flies live...

 --- onchocerca volvulus

Onchocerca volvulus

Onchocerca volvulus is a nematode that causes onchocerciasis or "river blindness" mostly in Africa. Long-term corneal inflammation, or keratitis, leads to thickening of the corneal stroma which ultimately leads to blindness. Humans are the only definitive host for O. volvulus. The intermediate host...

 --- setaria nematode --- wuchereria --- wuchereria bancrofti

Wuchereria bancrofti

Filaria, is a parasitic filarial nematode spread by a mosquito vector. It is one of the three parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis, an infection of the lymphatic system by filarial worms. It affects over 120 million people, primarily in Africa, South America, and other tropical and...

 --- spiruroidea

Spiruroidea

Spiruroidea is a grouping of Spirurida.They are nematodes....

 --- thelazioidea

Thelazioidea

Thelazioidea is a superfamily of spirurian nematodes in the large order Spirurida. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system.Among the families placed here, only the Rhabdochonidae are notably diverse...

 --- gnathostoma

Gnathostoma

Not to be confused with Gnathostomata , a Vertebrate Superclass.Gnathostoma is a genus of parasitic nematodes. The species Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma hispidum can cause gnathostomiasis.-Species:...

 --- strongylida

Strongylida

The Suborder Strongylida includes many of the important nematodes found in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants, horses, and swine, as well as the lungworms of ruminants and, the hookworms of dogs and cats.This Suborder includes The Suborder Strongylida includes many of the important nematodes...

 --- ancylostomatoidea --- ancylostoma

Ancylostoma

Ancylostoma is a genus that includes some species of hookworm.Species include:Ancylostoma is a genus that includes some species of hookworm.Species include:Ancylostoma is a genus that includes some species of hookworm....

 --- necator --- necator americanus

Necator americanus

Necator americanus is a species of Necator. It is a class within the phylum Nematodes and commonly known as New World hookworm. It is a parasitic nematode worm that lives in the small intestine of hosts such as humans, dogs and cats. It is responsible for Necatoriasis...

 --- heligmosomatoidea --- nematospiroides --- nematospiroides dubius --- nippostrongylus --- metastrongyloidea --- angiostrongylus

Angiostrongylus

Angiostrongylus is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Metastrongylidae.- Species :Species in the genus* Angiostrongylus cantonensis * Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Cespedes, 1971...

 --- angiostrongylus cantonensis --- strongyloidea --- oesophagostomum

Oesophagostomum

Oesophagostomum species are free-living nematodes of the family Strongyloidae. These worms occur in Africa, Brazil, China, Indonesia and the Philippines. The majority of human infection with Oesophagostomum is localized to northern Togo and Ghana...

 --- strongylus --- trichostrongyloidea --- dictyocaulus

Dictyocaulus

Dictyocaulus is a genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle. Dictyocaulus arnfeldii is the lungworm of horses, and Dictyocaulus viviparus is the lungworm affecting ruminants....

 --- haemonchus --- ostertagia --- trichostrongylus

Trichostrongylus

Trichostrongylus species are nematodes , which are ubiquitous among herbivores worldwide, including cattle, sheep, donkeys, goats, deer, and rabbits ....

 --- tylenchida

Tylenchida

Tylenchida is an order of nematodes.- List of families :* Superfamily Criconematoidea** Criconematidae** Tylenchulidae* Superfamily Tylenchoidea** Anguinidae ** Belonolaimidae** Dolichodoridae** Ecphyadophoridae** Hoplolaimidae...

 --- tylenchoidea

Tylenchoidea

Tylenchoidea is a superfamily of roundworms. Its members are either plant parasites or detritivores....

 --- platyhelminths --- cestoda

Cestoda

This article describes the flatworm. For the medical condition, see Tapeworm infection.Cestoda is the name given to a class of parasitic flatworms, commonly called tapeworms, of the phylum Platyhelminthes. Its members live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults, and often in the bodies...

 --- diphyllobothrium --- sparganum --- echinococcus

Echinococcus

The genus Echinococcus includes six species of cyclophyllid tapeworms to date, of the family Taeniidae. Infection with Echinococcus results in hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis....

 --- echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus, also called the Hydatid worm or Hyper Tape-worm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that parasitizes the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes hydatid disease...

 --- echinococcus multilocularis

Echinococcus multilocularis

Echinococcus multilocularis is a cyclophyllid tapeworm that, along with some other members of the Echinococcus genus , produces the disease known as echinococcosis in certain terrestrial mammals, including wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes, domestic dogs and humans. Unlike E. granulosus, E...

 --- hymenolepis

Hymenolepis

Hymenolepis is a genus of cyclophyllid tapeworms responsible for hymenolepiasis.Species include:*Hymenolepis nana*Hymenolepis diminuta*Hymenolepis microstoma- History :...

 --- hymenolepis diminuta

Hymenolepis diminuta

Hymenolepis diminuta, also known as rat tapeworm, is a species of Hymenolepis tapeworm that causes hymenolepiasis. It has slightly bigger eggs and proglottids than H. nana and infects mammals using insects as intermediate hosts...

 --- hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis nana

Dwarf tapeworm is a cosmopolitan species that is one of the most common cestodes of humans in the world, especially among children. It can be found throughout the world, but is usually most common in temperate zones...

 --- mesocestoides --- spirometra

Spirometra

Spirometra is a genus of Pseudophyllid cestode that reproduces in canines and felines but which can cause pathology in humans. As an adult, this tapeworm lives in the small intestine of its definitive host and produces eggs that pass with the animal's feces. The eggs hatch into coracidia which...

 --- sparganum --- taenia

Taenia

Taenia can refer to:* Taenia of Doric columnsIn medicine and anatomy* Taenia coli of the large intestine* Taenia thalami of the mammal brain* Taenia of fourth ventricle of the mammal brain...

 --- cysticercus --- taenia saginata

Taenia saginata

Taenia saginata, also known as Taeniarhynchus saginata or the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans, causing taeniasis in humans. Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene, human feces are improperly disposed of, meat inspection...

 --- taenia solium --- trematoda

Trematoda

Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes that contains two groups of parasitic flatworms, commonly referred to as "flukes".-Taxonomy and biodiversity:...

 --- dicrocoeliidae --- dicrocoelium --- echinostomatidae --- echinostoma

Echinostoma

Echinostoma is an important genus that includes many parasites.Human echinostomiasis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by one of at least sixteen trematode flukes from the genus Echinostoma. Found largely in southeast Asia and the Far East, mainly in cosmopolitan areas. It has extensive...

 --- fasciolidae

Fasciolidae

Fasciolidae is a family of trematodes and includes several veterinary and medical important parasites. Family Fasciolidae is divided into 5 genera. Flukes of the family are localized in liver, gall bladder, and the intestine...

 --- fasciola

Fasciola

Fasciola is a genus of trematodes which includes economically important parasite species. Members of genus Fasciola belongs to liver flukes. They causes the disease fasciolosis.- Species :*Fasciola hepatica*Fasciola gigantica...

 --- fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes that infects the livers of various mammals, including humans. The disease caused by the fluke is called fascioliasis . F...

 --- heterophyidae

Heterophyidae

Heterophyidae is a family of intestinal flukes of the class trematoda.Tegument covered by spines. Oral sucker not armed or armed by cyrcumoral spines. Pharynx presented. Genital synus presented. Ventral and genital suckers ussualy not combined. Cirrus and bursa absent. Two testes located in...

 --- opisthorchidae --- clonorchis sinensis

Clonorchis sinensis

Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a human liver fluke in the class Trematoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes. This parasite lives in the liver of humans, and is found mainly in the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile...

 --- opisthorchis

Opisthorchis

Opisthorchis is a genus of flukes in the family Opisthorchiidae.-Species:Species in the genus Opisthorchis include:* Opisthorchis felineus * Opisthorchis gomtii Mehra, 1941* Opisthorchis parasiluri Long & Lee...

 --- paramphistomatidae --- schistosomatidae

Schistosomatidae

Schistosomatidae is a family of digenetic trematodes with complex parasitic life cycles. Immature developmental stages of schistosomes are found in molluscs and adults occur in vertebrates. The best studied group, the blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, infect and cause disease in humans...

 --- schistosoma

Schistosoma

A genus of trematodes, Schistosoma, commonly known as blood-flukes and bilharzia, includes flatworms which are responsible for a highly significant parasitic infection of humans by causing the disease schistosomiasis, and are considered by the World Health Organization as the second most...

 --- schistosoma haematobium

Schistosoma haematobium

Schistosoma haematobium is an important digenetic trematode, and is found in the Middle East, India, Portugal and Africa. It is a major agent of schistosomiasis; more specifically, it is associated with urinary schistosomiasis....

 --- schistosoma japonicum

Schistosoma japonicum

Schistosoma japonicum is an important parasite and one of the major infectious agents of schistosomiasis.This parasite has a very wide host range, infecting at least 31 species of wild mammals, including 9 carnivores, 16 rodents, one primate , two insectivores and three artiodactyls and therefore...

 --- schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma mansoni is a significant parasite of humans, a trematode that is one of the major agents of the disease schistosomiasis. The schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni is intestinal schistosomiasis....

 --- troglotrematidae --- paragonimus

Paragonimus

Paragonimus is an important genus of flatworms, or platyhelminths, that includes Paragonimus westermani, an infectious lung fluke endemic to Asia....

 --- paragonimus westermani

Paragonimus westermani

Paragonimus westermani is a lung fluke and is most prominent in Asia and South America. It was discovered from two Bengal tigers that died in zoos in Europe in 1878...

 --- turbellaria

Turbellaria

The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes , and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from to in length...

 --- planarians --- rotifera

--- mollusca

Mollusca

The Mollusca , common name molluscs or mollusksSpelled mollusks in the USA, see reasons given in Rosenberg's ; for the spelling mollusc see the reasons given by , is a large phylum of invertebrate animals. There are around 85,000 recognized extant species of molluscs. Mollusca is the largest...

--- bivalvia

Bivalvia

Bivalvia is a taxonomic class of marine and freshwater molluscs. This class includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and many other families of molluscs that have two hinged shells...

 --- arcidae --- scapharca --- cardiidae --- corbicula

Corbicula

Corbicula is a genus of freshwater and brackish water clams, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Corbiculidae, the basket clams.The genus name is derived from Latin corbis "basket", referring to the shape and ribs of the shell....

 --- dreissena

Dreissena

Dreissena is a genus of small freshwater mussels in the family Dreissenidae.-Species:* Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel** Dreissena polymorpha polymorpha** Dreissena polymorpha andrusovi* Dreissena bugensis, the quagga mussel...

 --- mercenaria

Mercenaria

Mercenaria is a genus of edible saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Veneridae, the Venus clams.The genus Mercenaria includes the quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, the northern quahog or hard clam, and M. campechiensis, the southern quahog...

 --- mya

Soft-shell clam

Soft-shell clams, scientific name Mya arenaria, popularly called "steamers", "softshells", "longnecks", "piss clams", "Ipswich clams", or "Essex clams" are a species of edible saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Myidae....

 --- mytilidae

Mytilidae

Mytilidae is a family of small to large saltwater mussels, marine bivalve mollusks in the order Mytiloida. It is the only family in the order...

 --- mytilus

Mytilus

Mytilus was an Illyrian king of the Dardanian Kingdom. Mytilus is probably the son of Monunius.Mytilus is the second Illyrian monarch to have struck in 270 BC coins bearing his name after Monunius...

 --- mytilus edulis --- perna

Perna

Perna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Ostrowy, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Kutno and north of the regional capital Łódź.-References:...

 --- ostreidae

Ostreidae

Ostreidae are the true oysters, and include most species that are commonly eaten under the name oyster. Pearl oysters are not true oysters and belong to the distinct order Pterioida....

 --- crassostrea

Crassostrea

Crassostrea is a genus of true oysters containing the most important oysters used for food.- Species :* Crassostrea ** †Crassostrea alabamiensis...

 --- ostrea

Ostrea

Ostrea is a genus of oyster in the family Ostreidae. Evidence of a number of species of this genus in the geological fossil record demonstrates the ancient nature of this genus, and also gives testimony to the species that co-existed with members of the Ostrea genus...

 --- pectinidae

Pectinidae

The Pectinidae are a family of bivalve mollusks including the scallop and closely related to the clam and oyster. They are hermaphrodite, and the male gonads mature first. Pectinidae can live attached by means of a filament they secrete, or are simply recumbent. Their valves can propel them...

 --- pecten

Pecten

Pecten is Latin for "honeycomb." Its genitive form is pectinis, which yields the root pectin-.Pecten may refer to:*Pecten , any honeycomb structure in animals...

 --- pinctada --- spisula

Spisula

Spisula is a genus of medium-sized to large marine bivalve mollusks or clams in the family Mactridae, commonly known as triangle shells or surf clams.-Species:Species in the genus Spisula include:...

 --- unionidae

Unionidae

Unionidae is a family of freshwater mussels, the largest in the order Unionoida, the bivalve mollusks sometimes known as river mussels, naiads, or simply as unionids.The range of distribution for this family is world-wide...

 --- anodonta

Anodonta

Anodonta is a genus of medium-sized to large freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs in the family Unionidae.-Species:Species in this genus include:* Duck mussel, Anodonta anatina Linné, 1758* Anodonta beringiana Middendorff, 1851...

 --- unio

Unio

Unio can refer to:* Unio, a genus in the family Unionidae * UNIO Satu Mare, machine building company from Romania* Utdanningsgruppenes Hovedorganisasjon , a national trade union center in Norway....

 --- cephalopoda --- decapodiformes

Decapodiformes

Decapodiformes is a superorder of Cephalopoda, which includes all species with ten limbs; the name derives from the Greek word meaning ten feet. The ten limbs are divided into 8 short arms and 2 long tentacles. It is presumed that an ancestral coleoid had five identical pairs of limbs, and that one...

 --- loligo

Loligo

Loligo is a genus of squids and one of the most representative and widely distributed groups of myopsid squids.The genus was first described by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1798. However, the name had been used earlier than Lamarck and might even have been used by Pliny...

 --- sepia

Sepia

-Marine life:* Sepia , a genus of cuttlefish* Cephalopod ink, a dark pigment released into water by Sepia cuttlefish-Media and entertainment:* Sepia , an African Americans focused Photojournalism magazine...

 --- nautilus

Nautilus

Nautilus is the common name of marine creatures of cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole extant family of the superfamily Nautilaceae and of its smaller but near equal suborder, Nautilina. It comprises six living species in two genera, the type of which is the genus Nautilus...

 --- octopodiformes

Octopodiformes

Octopodiformes is a superorder of the subclass Coleoidea. It comprises the octopuses and the vampire squid. All members of Octopodiformes have 8 arms.-Classification:*Class Cephalopoda**Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus**Subclass †Ammonoidea: ammonites...

 --- gastropoda

Gastropoda

The Gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca. The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to quite large...

 --- aplysia

Aplysia

Aplysia is a genus of medium-sized to extremely large sea slugs, specifically sea hares, which are one clade of large sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks. The general description of sea hares can be found in the article on the superfamily Aplysioidea....

 --- clione

Clione

Clione is a genus of small floating sea slugs, pelagic marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clionidae, the sea angels.Clione is the type genus of the family Clionidae.- Species :Species within the genus Clione include:...

 --- conus snail --- hermissenda

Hermissenda

Hermissenda is a genus of small sea slugs, aolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Glaucidae.- References :*...

 --- pleurobranchaea

Pleurobranchaea

Pleurobranchaea is a genus of sea slugs, specifically sidegill slugs or Notaspideans. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pleurobranchidae....

 --- snail

Snail

Snail is a common name applied to most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage. When the word is used in its most general sense, it includes sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. The word snail without any qualifier is however more often...

s --- biomphalaria

Biomphalaria

Biomphalaria is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.Biomphalaria is the type genus of the tribe Biomphalariini....

 --- bulinus

Bulinus

Bulinus is a genus of small tropical freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ramshorn snails and their allies....

 --- helix (snails) --- lymnaea

Lymnaea

Lymnaea is a genus of small to large-sized air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.Lymnaea is the type genus of the family Lymnaeidae.-Species:...

 --- tritonia sea slug --- polyplacophora

--- porifera

--- agelas --- axinella

Axinella

Axinella is a genus of sponges in the family Axinellidae. Species of Axinella occur in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Most of these sponges are smaller than 20 cm, and have a yellow or orange colour.- List of species :...

 --- callyspongia --- crambe sponge --- dysidea --- geodia

Geodia

Geodia is a genus of sea sponge belonging to the family Geodiidae. It is the type genus of its taxonomic family.This genus is characterized by a high density of siliceous spicules...

 --- haliclona

Haliclona

Haliclona is a genus of demosponge in the family Chalinidae.-Subgenera:The genus is divided into several subgenera as follows:* Haliclona Gray, 1867* Haliclona de Laubenfels, 1932...

 --- petrosia --- plakortis --- suberites

Suberites

Suberites is a genus of sea sponges in the family Suberitidae.-Species:Species in this genus include:* Suberites affinis Brøndsted, 1923* Suberites anastomosus Brøndsted, 1924* Suberites aurantiacus...

 --- theonella --- xestospongia

--- protozoa

Protozoa

Protozoa are a diverse group of single-cells eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. Throughout history, protozoa have been defined as single-cell protists with animal-like behavior, e.g., movement...

--- apicomplexa

Apicomplexa

The Apicomplexa are a large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals. Motile structures such as flagella or...

 --- coccidia

Coccidia

Coccidia is a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa....

 --- eimeriida --- cryptosporidiidae --- cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan that can cause gastro-intestinal illness with diarrhea in humans.Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated in HIV positive patients presenting with diarrhea...

 --- cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several protozoal species that cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of the mammalian intestinal tract....

 --- eimeriidae

Eimeriidae

Eimeriidae is a family of Apicomplexa. It contains the following genera:*Alveocystis Bel'tenev, 1980*Atoxoplasma Garnham, 1950*Barrouxia Schneider, 1885*Caryospora Léger, 1904*Cyclospora Schneider, 1881*Diaspora Léger, 1898...

 --- cyclospora

Cyclospora

Cyclospora is a genus of apicomplexan parasites. It includes the species Cyclospora cayetanensis, the causative agent of Cyclosporiasis....

 --- eimeria

Eimeria

Eimeria is a genus of Apicomplexan parasites that includes various species responsible for the poultry disease coccidiosis. The genus is named for the German zoologist Theodor Eimer...

 --- eimeria tenella

Eimeria tenella

Eimeria tenella is a species of Eimeria that causes hemorrhagic cecal coccidiosis in young poultry.This species has a monoxeous life cycle with the definitive host as chickens; it is extremely host-specific...

 --- isospora

Isospora

Isospora is a genus of internal parasites classified under Coccidia.It is responsible for the condition isosporiasis.At least 248 species have been described in this genus, but most of them are little studied and it is doubtful whether all should be recognized as distinct species...

 --- sarcocystidae

Sarcocystidae

Sarcocystidae is a family of Apicomplexa associated with a variety of diseases in humans and other animals.Types include:* Toxoplasma** Toxoplasma gondii* Besnoitia** Besnoitia bennetti** Besnoitia besnoiti** Besnoitia tarandi...

 --- neospora

Neospora

Neospora is an important pathogen in cattle and dogs. It was not discovered until 1984 in Norway, where it was found in dogs. It is highly transmissible and some herds can have up to a 90% prevalence. Neospora causes abortions in cattle and up to 33% of pregnancies can result in aborted fetuses on...

 --- sarcocystis

Sarcocystis

Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoa. Species in this genus infect reptiles, birds and mammals. The name is dervived from Greek: sarx = flesh and kystis = bladder.There are about 130 recognised species in this genus...

 --- toxoplasma --- eucoccidiida --- haemosporida --- plasmodium

Plasmodium

Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protists. Infection by these organisms is known as malaria. The genus Plasmodium was described in 1885 by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. Currently over 200 species of this genus are recognized and new species continue to be described.Of the over 200 known...

 --- plasmodium berghei

Plasmodium berghei

Plasmodium berghei is a unicellular parasite and it infects mammals other than humans.P. berghei is one of the four Plasmodium species that have been described in African murine rodents....

 --- plasmodium chabaudi

Plasmodium chabaudi

Plasmodium chabaudi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia.Like all Plasmodium species P. chabaudi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are rodents.- Description :...

 --- plasmodium cynomolgi --- plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria caused by this species is the most dangerous form of malaria, with the highest rates of complications and mortality...

 --- plasmodium gallinaceum

Plasmodium gallinaceum

Plasmodium gallinaceum is a species of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in poultry.- Description :...

 --- plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia. It causes malaria in long-tailed macaques , but it may also infect humans, either naturally or artificially....

 --- plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most malarial infection. While found worldwide, it is a so-called "benign malaria" and is not nearly as dangerous as that...

 --- plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are responsible for most malaria. It is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P...

 --- plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria, P. vivax is one of the four species of malarial parasite that commonly infect humans. It is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, which is the deadliest of the...

 --- plasmodium yoelii

Plasmodium yoelii

Plasmodium yoelii is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia.Like all Plasmodium species P. yoelii has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.- Notes :...

 --- piroplasmia --- piroplasmida

Piroplasmida

Piroplasms are protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa. They divide by binary fission and as sporozoan parasites they possess sexual and asexual phases...

 --- babesia

Babesia

Babesia is a protozoan parasite of the blood that causes a hemolytic disease known as Babesiosis. There are over 100 species of Babesia identified; however only a handful have been documented as pathogenic in humans....

 --- babesia bovis

Babesia bovis

Babesia bovis is a single-celled protozoan parasite of cattle which occasionally infects humans. It is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which also includes the malaria parasite. The disease it and other members of the genus Babesia causes is a hemolytic anemia known as Babesiosis and...

 --- babesia microti --- theileria

Theileria

Theileria is a genus of parasitic protozoan that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa and is closely related to Plasmodium. Two Theileria species, T. annulata and T. parva, are important cattle parasites. T. annulata causes tropical theileriosis and T. parva causes East Coast fever. Theileria are...

 --- theileria annulata --- theileria parva

Theileria parva

Theileria parva is a parasitic protozoan, named in honour of Arnold Theiler, that causes East Coast fever in cattle, a costly disease in Africa. The main vector for T. parva is the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus...

 --- blood-borne pathogens --- ciliophora --- kinetofragminophorea --- trichostomatida --- trichostomatina --- balantidium --- oligohymenophorea

Oligohymenophorea

The Oligohymenophorea are a large class of ciliate protozoa. There is typically a ventral groove containing the mouth and distinct oral cilia, separate from those of the body. These include a paroral membrane to the right of the mouth and membranelles, usually three in number, to its left. The...

 --- hymenostomatida --- peniculina --- paramecium

Paramecium

Paramecium is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa, which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 0.05 to 0.35 mm in length. Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion at speeds of approximately 12 body...

 --- paramecium aurelia

Paramecium aurelia

Paramecium aurelia are unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora. They are covered in cilia which help in movement and feeding.Paramecium can reproduce sexually, asexually, or by the process of endomixis...

 --- paramecium caudatum

Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium caudatum are unicellular organisms belonging to the genus of Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora. They they can reach 0.25mm in length and are covered with minute hair-like projections called cilia. The cilia are used in locomotion and feeding. They are often called slipper animalcules...

 --- paramecium tetraurelia --- tetrahymenina --- tetrahymena

Tetrahymena

Tetrahymena are free-living ciliate protozoa that can also switch from commensalistic to pathogenic modes of survival. They are common in fresh-water. Tetrahymena species used as model organisms in biomedical research are T. thermophila and T. pyriformis.- T...

 --- tetrahymena pyriformis --- tetrahymena thermophila --- polymenophorea --- hypotrichida --- sporadotrichina --- euplotes --- oxytricha --- haplosporida --- myxomycetes --- physarida --- physarum

Physarum

Physarum is a genus of slime molds containing the following species:*Physarum albescens*Physarum album*Physarum bivalve*Physarum bogoriense*Physarum cinereum*Physarum compressum*Physarum confertum...

 --- physarum polycephalum

Physarum polycephalum

Physarum polycephalum belongs to the supergroup Amoebozoa, phylum Mycetozoa, and class Myxogastria. P. polycephalum, often referred to as the “many-headed slime,” is a slime mold that inhabits shady, cool, moist areas, such as decaying leaves and logs...

 --- phytoplankton

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν , meaning "plant", and πλαγκτός , meaning "wanderer" or "drifter". Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye...

 --- sarcomastigophora

Sarcomastigophora

The phylum Sarcomastigophora belongs to the Protist kingdom and it includes many unicellular or colonial, autotrophic, or heterotrophic organisms. The two main subphyla are Mastigophora and Sarcodina. A third is Opalinata....

 --- mastigophora --- phytomastigophorea --- dinoflagellida --- pfiesteria piscicida

Pfiesteria piscicida

Pfiesteria piscicida is a dinoflagellate species of the genus Pfiesteria that some researchers claim is responsible for many harmful algal blooms in the 1980s and 1990s on the coast of North Carolina and Maryland...

 --- euglenida --- euglena

Euglena

Euglena is a genus of unicellular flagellate protists. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the phylum Euglenozoa , a diverse group containing some 44 genera and at least 800 species. Species of Euglena are found in fresh and salt waters...

 --- euglena gracilis --- volvocida --- chlamydomonas

Chlamydomonas

Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae. They are unicellular flagellates. Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics...

 --- chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single celled green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella. They have a cell wall made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an "eyespot" that senses light.Although widely distributed...

 --- zoomastigophora

Zoomastigophora

Zoomastigophora refers to the phylum more commonly known as Zooflagellates under the Kingdom Protista. They are single-celled, eukaryote, and heterotrophic and may form symbiotic relationships with other organisms, an example of which is Trichomonas....

 --- diplomonadida --- giardia

Giardia

Giardia is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Metamonada in the supergroup "Excavata" that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing giardiasis, commonly known as Beaver fever...

 --- giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. The giardia parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc, and reproduces via binary fission...

 --- kinetoplastida --- trypanosomatina --- crithidia

Crithidia

Crithidia are members of the trypanosome protozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium...

 --- crithidia fasciculata

Crithidia fasciculata

Crithidia fasciculata is a species of parasitic protist. C. fasciculata, like other species of Crithidia have a single host life cycle with insect host, in the case of C. fasciculata this is the mosquito. C. fasciculata have low host species specificity and can infect many species of mosquito.-Life...

 --- leishmania

Leishmania

Leishmania is a genus of Trypanosomatid protozoa, and is the parasite responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. It is spread through sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects...

 --- leishmania braziliensis

Leishmania braziliensis

Leishmania braziliensis is a Leishmania species.It is associated with leishmaniasis.-Signs and Symptoms:Within a few months of infection, an ulcer forms. After healing there is an asymptomatic phase for three to twenty years...

 --- leishmania donovani

Leishmania donovani

Leishmania donovani is a species of Leishmania. It is an important cause of visceral leishmaniasis. The reference genome of L. donovani extracted in the south eastern Nepal was published in 2011...

 --- leishmania enriettii --- leishmania guyanensis --- leishmania infantum

Leishmania infantum

Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean region of the Old World and in Latin America, where it has been called Leishmania chagasi. It is also an unusual cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Wild canids and domestic dogs are the natural...

 --- leishmania major

Leishmania major

Leishmania major is a species of Leishmania.It is associated with zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.The genome has been sequenced....

 --- leishmania mexicana

Leishmania mexicana

Leishmania mexicana is a Leishmania species.It is associated with leishmaniasis.Leishmania mexicana is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a less dangerous form of leishmeniasis. Given its name, this parasitic form occurs in South and Central America. Infection of L...

 --- leishmania tropica

Leishmania tropica

Leishmania tropica is a species of flagellate parasites that infects humans and rodents. It can cause a disease called oriental sore which is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis.Leishmania tropica is a single-celled trypanosome parasite responsible for causing cutaneous Leishmaniasis.[1]...

 --- trypanosoma

Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids , a monophyletic group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. The name is derived from the Greek trypano and soma because of their corkscrew-like motion. All trypanosomes are heteroxenous and are transmitted via a vector...

 --- trypanosoma brucei brucei --- trypanosoma brucei gambiense --- trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense --- trypanosoma congolense --- trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoid trypanosomes. This species causes the trypanosomiasis diseases in humans and animals in America...

 --- trypanosoma lewisi --- trypanosoma vivax --- trichomonadida --- dientamoeba --- trichomonas

Trichomonas

Trichomonas is a genus of anaerobic protists that are parasites of vertebrates. They are included with the parabasalids.Species of Trichomonas include:*Trichomonas vaginalis, an organism generally living inside the vagina of humans...

 --- trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan, a form of microorganism. The parasitic microorganism is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, and is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries. Infection rates between men and women are the...

 --- tritrichomonas

Tritrichomonas

Tritrichomonas is a genus of single celled flagellated protozoan parasites, some of whose species are known to be pathogens of the bovine reproductive tract as well as the intestinal tract of felines.-Species:...

 --- tritrichomonas foetus

Tritrichomonas foetus

Tritrichomonas foetus is a single celled flagellated protozoan parasite that is known to be a pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract as well as the intestinal tract of cats. In cattle, the organism is transmitted to the female vagina and uterus from the foreskin of the bull where the parasite...

 --- sarcodina --- eumycetozoea --- dictyosteliida --- dictyostelium

Dictyostelium

Dictyostelium are Dictyostelid single celled eukaryotic, phagotrophic bacterivores usually present and often abundant in terrestrial ecosystems and are a normal component of the microflora in cells that help in soil balance between bacteria and soils. The amoeba are often grouped as slime mold ....

 --- physarida --- physarum

Physarum

Physarum is a genus of slime molds containing the following species:*Physarum albescens*Physarum album*Physarum bivalve*Physarum bogoriense*Physarum cinereum*Physarum compressum*Physarum confertum...

 --- physarum polycephalum

Physarum polycephalum

Physarum polycephalum belongs to the supergroup Amoebozoa, phylum Mycetozoa, and class Myxogastria. P. polycephalum, often referred to as the “many-headed slime,” is a slime mold that inhabits shady, cool, moist areas, such as decaying leaves and logs...

 --- lobosea

Lobosea

Lobosea is a group of Amoebozoa. An example is Arcellinida.Sensu strico, it can refer to Tubulinea. However, sensu lato, it can also refer more generally to a paraphyletic group of lobose Amoebozoa. Formal classification of lobose amoebae remains speculative, and the older, less specific terms...

 --- amoebida --- acanthopodina --- acanthamoeba

Acanthamoeba

Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae, one of the most common protozoa in soil, and also frequently found in fresh water and other habitats. The cells are small, usually 15 to 35 μm in length and oval to triangular in shape when moving. The pseudopods form a clear hemispherical lobe at the anterior,...

 --- acanthamoeba castellanii --- blastocystina --- blastocystis

Blastocystis

Blastocystis is a genus of single-celled protozoan parasites belonging to a group of organisms known as the Stramenopiles that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds...

 --- blastocystis hominis --- tubulina --- amoeba

Amoeba

Amoeba is a genus of Protozoa.History=The amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757. Early naturalists referred to Amoeba as the Proteus animalcule after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape...

 --- endolimax

Endolimax

Endolimax is a genus of amoebozoa that are found in the intestines of various animals, including the species E. nana found in humans. Originally thought to be non-pathogenic, studies suggest it can cause intermittent or chronic diarrhea...

 --- entamoeba

Entamoeba

Entamoeba is a genus of Amoebozoa found as internal parasites or commensals of animals.In 1875, Fedor Lösch described the first proven case of amoebic dysentery in St Petersburg, Russia. He referred to the amoeba he observed microscopically as 'Amoeba coli'; however it is not clear whether he was...

 --- entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and other primates, E. histolytica is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide...

 --- hartmannella

Hartmannella

Hartmannella is a genus of Amoebozoa, including the following species:*Hartmannella abertawensis*Hartmannella agricola*Hartmannella cantabrigiensis*Hartmannella crumpae*Hartmannella hibernica*Hartmannella hyalina...

 --- schizopyrenida

Schizopyrenida

Schizopyrenida is an order of Heterolobosea.It contains Naegleria fowleri....

 --- naegleria

Naegleria

Naegleria is a eukaryotic genus. The genus was named after French zoologist Mathieu Naegler.Species include:* Naegleria fowleri, which causes a rare and generally fatal disease in humans* Naegleria gruberi-External links:...

 --- naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living excavate form of protist typically found in warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It is also found in soil, near warm-water discharges of industrial plants, and unchlorinated swimming pools in an amoeboid or temporary...

 --- spore

Spore

In biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many bacteria, plants, algae, fungi and some protozoa. According to scientist Dr...

s --- spores, protozoan --- oocysts --- sporozoites