List of language regulators
Encyclopedia
This is a list of bodies that regulate standard language
s, often called language academies. Language academies are usually motivated by linguistic purism
, and typically publish prescriptive
dictionaries, which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations.
has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary is verified and recorded
by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies.
and Ido
have been constructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and developed by communities of users. Bodies such as the Akademio de Esperanto
look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.
Standard language
A standard language is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization, during which it is organized for description in grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works...
s, often called language academies. Language academies are usually motivated by linguistic purism
Linguistic purism
Linguistic purism or linguistic protectionism is the practice of defining one variety of a language as being purer than other varieties. The ideal of purity is often opposed in reference to a perceived decline from an "ideal past" or an unwanted similarity with other languages, but sometimes simply...
, and typically publish prescriptive
Linguistic prescription
In linguistics, prescription denotes normative practices on such aspects of language use as spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and syntax. It includes judgments on what usages are socially proper and politically correct...
dictionaries, which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations.
Natural languages
| Language | Territory | Regulator(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans Afrikaans Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken natively in South Africa and Namibia. It is a daughter language of Dutch, originating in its 17th century dialects, collectively referred to as Cape Dutch .Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see , , , , , .Afrikaans was historically called Cape... |
Die Taalkommissie Die Taalkommissie Die Taalkommissie is an arm of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns that serves as the language regulator of the Afrikaans language... |
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| Albanian Albanian language Albanian is an Indo-European language spoken by approximately 7.6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, southern Serbia and northwestern Greece... |
Academy of Sciences of Albania Academy of Sciences of Albania The Academy of Sciences of Albania , founded in 1972, is the most important scientific institution in Albania. The institution includes the most distinguished scientists, also called "academics", that are involved in research centers and other organisms inside and outside Albania... , Tirana Tirana Tirana is the capital and the largest city of Albania. Modern Tirana was founded as an Ottoman town in 1614 by Sulejman Bargjini, a local ruler from Mullet, although the area has been continuously inhabited since antiquity. Tirana became Albania's capital city in 1920 and has a population of over... |
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| Arabic | |
Academy of the Arabic Language Academy of the Arabic Language There are several bodies that are called Academy of the Arabic Language:#Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus : Oldest, founded in 1919#Jordan Academy of Arabic : Founded in 1924... (مجمع اللغة العربية) Algeria Academy of the Arabic Language There are several bodies that are called Academy of the Arabic Language:#Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus : Oldest, founded in 1919#Jordan Academy of Arabic : Founded in 1924... , Syria, Egypt Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo The Academy of the Arabic Language is an academy in Cairo founded in 1934 in order to develop and regulate the Arabic language in The Republic of Egypt.- External links :*... , Jordan Jordan Academy of Arabic The Jordan Academy of Arabic is one of the Arabic language regulators based in Amman, Jordan. Besides the Jordan Academy of Arabic, there are 10 other Arabic language and literature regulators in the world... , Morocco Academy of the Arabic Language There are several bodies that are called Academy of the Arabic Language:#Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus : Oldest, founded in 1919#Jordan Academy of Arabic : Founded in 1924... , Iraq, Tunisia, Sudan, Israel |
| Aragonese Aragonese language Aragonese is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon, Spain... |
 Aragon |
Academia de l'Aragonés Academia de l'Aragonés The Academia de l'Aragonés is an organ founded on 15 July 2006 by the 2nd Congress on the Aragonese so as to be the linguistic authority for the Aragonese language. It has no official recognition by the Aragonese government... , Aragon Aragon Aragon is a modern autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces : Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza... , Spain Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... |
| Armenian Armenian language The Armenian language is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the Armenian diaspora... |
Armenian National Academy of Sciences | |
| Asturian Asturian language Asturian is a Romance language of the West Iberian group, Astur-Leonese Subgroup, spoken in the Spanish Region of Asturias by the Asturian people... |
 Asturias |
Academy of the Asturian Language Academy of the Asturian Language The Academia de la Llingua Asturiana or Academy of the Asturian Language is an organization that promotes and regulates the Asturian language, a language of the Spanish autonomous community of Asturias. Among its principal objectives are investigating and normalizing the Asturian Language,... (Academia de la Llingua Asturiana) |
| Azerbaijani Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani or Azeri or Torki is a language belonging to the Turkic language family, spoken in southwestern Asia by the Azerbaijani people, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran... |
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences , located in Baku, is the main state research organization in Azerbaijan... |
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| Bengali / Bangla Bengali language Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script... |
Bangla Academy Bangla Academy Bangla Academy , established on 3 December 1955, is the national academy for promoting Bangla language in Bangladesh. The main office of the organization is located at the Burdwan House, once a part of the campus of the University of Dhaka, beside Suhrawardy Udyan.-History:The importance of... , Dhaka Dhaka Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, had a population of over 15 million in 2010, making it the largest city... |
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 West BengalWest Bengal West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP... |
Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India... , West Bengal West Bengal West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP... |
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| Basque Basque language Basque is the ancestral language of the Basque people, who inhabit the Basque Country, a region spanning an area in northeastern Spain and southwestern France. It is spoken by 25.7% of Basques in all territories... |
 Basque Country (autonomous community) |
Euskaltzaindia Euskaltzaindia Euskaltzaindia is the official academic language regulatory institution which watches over the Basque language. It carries out research on the language, seeks to protect it, and establishes standards of use... , often translated as Royal Academy of the Basque language |
| Belarusian Belarusian language The Belarusian language , sometimes referred to as White Russian or White Ruthenian, is the language of the Belarusian people... |
Iнстытут мовы i лiтаратуры iмя Я. Коласа і Я. Купалы Institut movy i litaraturi imya Y. Kolasa i Y. Kupali Нацыянальнай Акадэміі навук Беларусі Natsiyanal’nay Akademii navuk Belarusi — J. Kolas and J. Kupala Institute of Language and Literature at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus National Academy of Sciences of Belarus The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus is the national academy of Belarus.-History:... |
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| Berber Berber languages The Berber languages are a family of languages indigenous to North Africa, spoken from Siwa Oasis in Egypt to Morocco , and south to the countries of the Sahara Desert... or Tamazight Berber languages The Berber languages are a family of languages indigenous to North Africa, spoken from Siwa Oasis in Egypt to Morocco , and south to the countries of the Sahara Desert... |
IRCAM | |
| HCA | ||
| Bulgarian Bulgarian language Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group.Bulgarian, along with the closely related Macedonian language, demonstrates several linguistic characteristics that set it apart from all other Slavic languages such as the elimination of case declension, the... |
Institute for Bulgarian Language Institute for Bulgarian Language The Institute for Bulgarian Language is the language regulator of the Bulgarian language. It was created on May 15, 1942, and is based in Sofia. The institute develops a national dictionary, publishes magazines on linguistic investigation, and offers courses, including a PhD program. It is part... at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Bulgarian Academy of Sciences The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is the National Academy of Bulgaria, established in 1869. The Academy is autonomous and has a Society of Academicians, Correspondent Members and Foreign Members... |
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| Burmese Burmese language The Burmese language is the official language of Burma. Although the constitution officially recognizes it as the Myanmar language, most English speakers continue to refer to the language as Burmese. Burmese is the native language of the Bamar and related sub-ethnic groups of the Bamar, as well as... |
Myanmar Language Commission | |
| Catalan Catalan language Catalan is a Romance language, the national and only official language of Andorra and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencian Community, where it is known as Valencian , as well as in the city of Alghero, on the Italian island... |
 Catalonia |
Institute of Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans) |
 Valencian Community |
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , also known by the acronym AVL, is an institution created on September 16, 1998 by the Valencian Parliament, which belongs to the set of official institutions that compose the Generalitat Valenciana, according to the Act of Autonomy of the Valencian... (for the Valencian Valencian Valencian is the traditional and official name of the Catalan language in the Valencian Community. There are dialectical differences from standard Catalan, and under the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua has been established as its regulator... standard) |
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| Cebuano Cebuano language Cebuano, referred to by most of its speakers as Bisaya , is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20 million people mostly in the Central Visayas. It is the most widely spoken of the languages within the so-named Bisayan subgroup and is closely related to other Filipino... |
Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters The Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters is a Philippine language regulator whose aims are to preserve and to develop the Cebuano language. In this regard, the Commission on the Filipino Language shares the same mission.... |
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| Mandarin Chinese | State Language and Letters Committee (国家语言文字工作委员会) | |
| National Languages Committee (國語推行委員會) | ||
| Promote Mandarin Council (讲华语运动理事会) | ||
| Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia The Chinese Language Standardisation Council of MalaysiaAlthough Malaysian English generally prefers -ise, Yufan's official site is ambiguous between -ise and -ize in its name... (马来西亚华语规范理事会) |
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| Cornish Cornish language Cornish is a Brythonic Celtic language and a recognised minority language of the United Kingdom. Along with Welsh and Breton, it is directly descended from the ancient British language spoken throughout much of Britain before the English language came to dominate... |
 Cornwall |
Cornish Language Partnership Cornish Language Partnership The Cornish Language Partnership is a representative body that was set up in Cornwall, United Kingdom in 2005 to promote and develop the use of the Cornish language in Cornwall... (Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek) |
| Croatian Croatian language Croatian is the collective name for the standard language and dialects spoken by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries... |
Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm is a linguistic council established for the purpose of providing orthographical and orthoepical norm for the Croatian standard language.... (Vijeće za normu hrvatskoga standardnog jezika) attached to the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics is an official institute in Croatia whose purpose is to preserve and foster the Croatian language. It traces its history back to 1948, when it was part of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts... (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje) http://www.ihjj.hr/index_en.html |
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| Czech Czech language Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century... |
Czech Language Institute Czech Language Institute The Czech Language Institute, , abbr. ÚJČ, is the regulatory body of the Czech language.Note from Czech people: Czech language institute is not regulatory body of the Czech language. The one has no rights to control or regulate Czech language. This Institute caused several hard lapses in past... (Ústav pro jazyk český Akademie věd České republiky) |
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| Danish Danish language Danish is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in the country of Denmark. It is also spoken by 50,000 Germans of Danish ethnicity in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, where it holds the status of minority language... |
Dansk Sprognævn Dansk Sprognævn Dansk Sprognævn is the official regulatory body of the Danish language as a part of the Danish Ministry of Culture, and resides at the University of Copenhagen. It was established in 1955... (Danish Language Board) |
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| Dalecarlian |  Dalarna CountyDalarna County Dalarna County is a county or län in middle Sweden. It borders the counties of Jämtland, Gävleborg, Västmanland, Örebro and Värmland. It is also bordered by the Norwegian counties of Hedmark and Sør-Trøndelag in the west... |
Ulum Dalska |
| Dari Dari (Persian) Dari or Fārsī-ye Darī in historical terms refers to the Persian court language of the Sassanids. In contemporary usage, the term refers to the dialects of modern Persian language spoken in Afghanistan, and hence known as Afghan Persian in some Western sources. It is the term officially recognized... |
Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan is the official government agency of Afghanistan that regulates the Pashto and Dari Persian languages spoken in Afghanistan. It also works with Tajikistan and Iran's official government agencies to regulate literature. The 180-person entity is divided into three... |
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| Dutch Dutch language Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second... |
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Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union Dutch Language Union The Dutch Language Union is an international institution for discussing issues regarding the Dutch language. It was founded on 9 September 1980 by the Netherlands and Belgium... ) |
| Dzongkha | Dzongkha Development Commission Dzongkha Development Commission The Dzongkha Development Commission , also called the DDC, is the pre-eminent body on matters pertaining to the Dzongkha language... |
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| Estonian Estonian language Estonian is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various émigré communities... |
Language Board at the Mother Tongue Society http://www.emakeeleselts.ee/keeletoimkond.htm (Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond) sets rules and standards, authoritative advice is given by the Institute of the Estonian Language Institute of the Estonian Language The Institute of the Estonian Language is the language regulator of the Estonian language. It was founded in 1993 as the Institute of Language and Literature was reorganized. It is based in Tallinn. Its director is currently Urmas Sutrop.... http://www.eki.ee |
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| Faroese Faroese language Faroese , is an Insular Nordic language spoken by 48,000 people in the Faroe Islands and about 25,000 Faroese people in Denmark and elsewhere... |
Faroese Language Board Faroese Language Board The Faroese Language Board is the language regulator of the Faroese language. It was founded in April 1985 and it is based in Tórshavn.... (Føroyska málnevndin) |
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| Filipino Filipino language This move has drawn much criticism from other regional groups.In 1987, a new constitution introduced many provisions for the language.Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:... |
Commission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino) website | |
| Finnish Finnish language Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland Primarily for use by restaurant menus and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a... |
Research Institute for the Languages of Finland Research Institute for the Languages of Finland The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland is a governmental linguistic research institute of Finland geared at studies of Finnish, Swedish , the Sami languages, Romani language, and the Finnish Sign Language.... |
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| French French language French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts... |
Académie française Académie française L'Académie française , also called the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution,... (French Academy) |
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 Quebec |
Office québécois de la langue française Office québécois de la langue française The Office québécois de la langue française is a public organization established on March 24, 1961 by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage... (Quebec Office of the French Language) |
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| Friulian |  Friuli–Venezia Giulia |
Agjenzie Regjonâl pe Lenghe Furlane (Regional Agency for the Friulian Language) http://www.arlef.it/ |
| Galician Galician language Galician is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is co-official with Castilian Spanish, as well as in border zones of the neighbouring territories of Asturias and Castile and León.Modern Galician and... |
 Galicia (Iberian peninsula) |
Royal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega, official) |
| German Standard German Standard German is the standard variety of the German language used as a written language, in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas... |
 South Tyrol Belgium Liechtenstein |
Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung The Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung , or RdR, is the main international body regulating the German language.With its seat being in Mannheim, Germany, the RdR was formed in 2004 as a successor to the Zwischenstaatliche Kommission für deutsche Rechtschreibung in order to comprise proponents as well... http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/ (Council for German Orthogaphy) |
| Haitian Creole | Ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la formation professionnelle (Haitian department of education) | |
| Hebrew Hebrew language Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such... |
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית) | |
| Hindi | Central Hindi Directorate Central Hindi Directorate The Central Hindi Directorate , New Delhi is the department, under the Ministry of Human Resource Development , responsible for promotion of Standard Hindi. It also regulates the use of Devanagari script and Hindi spelling in India.... (regulates use of Devanagari Devanagari Devanagari |deva]]" and "nāgarī" ), also called Nagari , is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal... script and Hindi spelling in India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... .) |
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| Hmar Hmar Hmar is the name of one of the numerous mizo/kuki/chin tribes of India, spread over a large area in the northeast. The Hmars belong to the Chin-Kuki-Mizo group of tribes, and are recognised as Scheduled Tribe under the 6th Schedule of the Constitution of India. Literally, Hmar means North or... |
Hmar Literature Society (Manipur, India) | |
| Hungarian Hungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic language, part of the Ugric group. With some 14 million speakers, it is one of the most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages in Europe.... |
Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences The Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was created in 1949, is under supervision of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1951... (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Nyelvtudományi Intézete) |
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| Icelandic Icelandic language Icelandic is a North Germanic language, the main language of Iceland. Its closest relative is Faroese.Icelandic is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages. Historically, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the... |
Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies is an institute of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Iceland which conducts research in Icelandic and related academic studies, in particular the Icelandic language and Icelandic literature, to disseminate knowledge in those areas,... |
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| Igbo Igbo language Igbo , or Igbo proper, is a native language of the Igbo people, an ethnic group primarily located in southeastern Nigeria. There are approximately 20 million speakers that are mostly in Nigeria and are primarily of Igbo descent. Igbo is a national language of Nigeria. It is written in the Latin... |
Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture The Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture was founded in 1949 by Frederick Chidozie Ogbalu for the promotion of the Igbo language and culture and has since created a standard dialect for Igbo.... |
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| Indonesian Indonesian language Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries.... |
Pusat Bahasa Pusat Bahasa The Pusat Bahasa is the institution responsible for designing and regulating the growth of the Indonesian language in Indonesia.- History :... (Language Center) |
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| Irish Irish language Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of... |
 Northern Ireland |
Foras na Gaeilge Foras na Gaeilge Foras na Gaeilge is the governing body of the Irish language, responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland. Its name can be translated into English as "The Irish Language Body", although the body has no official English-language name... |
| Italian Italian language Italian is a Romance language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia, and by immigrant communities in the Americas and Australia... |
Accademia della Crusca Accademia della Crusca The Accademia della Crusca is an Italian society for scholars and Italian linguists and philologists established in Florence. After the Accademia Cosentina, it is the oldest Italian academy still in existence... |
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| Japanese Japanese language is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists .Japanese is an... |
No official centralized regulation, but de facto De facto De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or... regulations by Agency for Cultural Affairs Agency for Cultural Affairs The is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education . It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture. As of April 2007, it is led by the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs, Tamotsu Aoki.... (文化庁) at the Ministry of Education of Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan) The , also known as MEXT or Monkashō, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government.The Meiji government created the first Ministry of Education in 1871.... (文部科学省) |
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| Kannada | Karnataka Karnataka Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava... |
Various academies and Government Government Government refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized... of Karnataka Karnataka Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava... |
| Kashubian Kashubian language Kashubian or Cassubian is one of the Lechitic languages, a subgroup of the Slavic languages.... |
Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka (Commission of the Kashubian Language) http://www.kaszubi.pl/o/rjk/?p=page&page_id=462 | |
| Kazakh Kazakh language Kazakh is a Turkic language which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak.... |
Ministry of Culture of Kazakhstan http://www.mk.gov.kz | |
| Korean Korean language Korean is the official language of the country Korea, in both South and North. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China. There are about 78 million Korean speakers worldwide. In the 15th century, a national writing... |
The National Institute of the Korean Language The National Institute of the Korean Language The National Institute of the Korean Language is the language regulator of the Korean language.It was created on January 23, 1991, by Presidential Decree No. 13163 . It is based in Seoul, South Korea.... http://www.korean.go.kr (국립국어원) |
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| Kven Kven language The Kven language is a Finnic language spoken in Northern Norway by the Kven people. For political and historical reasons it received the status of a minority language in 2005 within the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages... |
Kainun institutti - kvensk institutt Kainun institutti Kainun institutti - kvensk institutt is a center for Kven culture and language. It is located in Børselv in Porsangi municipality in Norway. It was opened in January 2007. The chair at the institute is Hilde Skanke. In total six people are employed at the institute... http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/ |
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| Ladino Ladino Ladino may refer to:*Ladino is the name used primarily in Israel for Judaeo-Spanish, a Sephardic language, primarily spoken among Sephardic Jews, or for the written form used in religious texts and translations; compare to Ashkenazic Jews' language, Yiddish*Ladino is also used for the variety of... |
Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino is a national Israeli organization created in 1997 with the goal of preserving and safeguarding Judeo-Spanish, commonly known as Ladino.... (National Authority of Ladino) http://www.aki-yerushalayim.co.il/anl/ |
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| Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and... |
 Holy See |
Latinitas Foundation Latinitas Foundation The Latinitas Foundation is an organisation dedicated to furthering the education of Latin and publication of the articles in the language. It was established in 1976 by Pope Paul VI.... (Opus Fundatum Latinitas) (Latin in the Roman Catholic Church) |
| International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy International Association for Plant Taxonomy The International Association for Plant Taxonomy promotes an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitates international communication of research between botanists, and oversees matters of uniformity and stability in plant names . The IAPT was founded on July 18, 1950 at the Seventh... : botanical Latin) |
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| International Code of Zoological Nomenclature International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals... (of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 28 members from 20 countries, mainly practicing zoological taxonomists... : zoological Latin) |
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| Latvian Latvian language Latvian is the official state language of Latvia. It is also sometimes referred to as Lettish. There are about 1.4 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and about 150,000 abroad. The Latvian language has a relatively large number of non-native speakers, atypical for a small language... |
Latvian State Language Center Latvian State Language Center The Latvian State Language Center is the language regulator of the Latvian language. It was created in 1992 and it is based in Riga. Center's functions include fining for violations in the field of use of languages. Since 2009, the Center of Terminology and Translation was included into SLC.... (Valsts Valodas Centrs) |
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| Lithuanian Lithuanian language Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad. Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, although they... |
Commission of the Lithuanian Language Commission of the Lithuanian Language The State Commission of the Lithuanian Language is the official language regulating body of the Lithuanian language.The Language Commission was put in operation in 1961 as a non-governmental entity under the auspices of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.... (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija) |
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| Lusoga | Lusoga Language Authority Lusoga Language Authority The Lusoga Language Authority is responsible for promoting a standard form of Lusoga. The group's activities include research on the Lusoga language and producing publications in Lusoga.... (LULA) |
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| Macedonian Macedonian language Macedonian is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by approximately 2–3 million people principally in the region of Macedonia but also in the Macedonian diaspora... |
Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" ( Институт за македонски јазик „Крсте Мисирков“, Institut za makedonski jazik „Krste Misirkov“) | |
| Malay Malay language Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore... |
 Brunei |
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the Malay language in Malaysia and Brunei.-History:... (The Institute of Language and Literature) |
| Maltese Maltese language Maltese is the national language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English,while also serving as an official language of the European Union, the only Semitic language so distinguished. Maltese is descended from Siculo-Arabic... |
National Council for the Maltese Language National Council for the Maltese Language The National Council for the Maltese Language was founded in April 2005 with the enactment of the Maltese Language Act in the Maltese Parliament. Its work is to regulate new words coming into Maltese and promote the standard Maltese language in education and other new sectors... (www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt) |
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| Manx Manx language Manx , also known as Manx Gaelic, and as the Manks language, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, historically spoken by the Manx people. Only a small minority of the Island's population is fluent in the language, but a larger minority has some knowledge of it... |
Coonceil ny Gaelgey | |
| Māori Maori language Māori or te reo Māori , commonly te reo , is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Māori. It has the status of an official language in New Zealand... |
Māori Language Commission Maori Language Commission New Zealand's Māori Language Commission is an autonomous crown entity set up under the Māori Language Act 1987 with the following functions:... |
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| Mirandese Mirandese language The Mirandese language is a Romance language belonging to the Astur-Leonese linguistic group, sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal, in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro and Vimioso... |
Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa The Institute of the Mirandese Language is the institution responsible for the representation, research, promotion, normativization and distribution of the Mirandese language... (Institute of the Mirandese Language) |
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| Mixtec Mixtecan languages The Mixtec language, actually multiple languages, belong to Otomanguean language family of Mexico, and are closely related to the Trique and Cuicatec languages. They are spoken by over half a million people. Identifying how many Mixtec languages there are in this complex dialect continuum poses... |
Academy of the Mixtec Language Academy of the Mixtec Language The Academy of the Mixtec Language was founded in 1997 by a group of indigenous activists from the Mixtec people, with the aim of creating mechanisms for the preservation and usage promotion of the Mixtecan languages, their indigenous languages.... (Ve'e Tu'un Sávi) |
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| Mongolian Mongolian language The Mongolian language is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner... |
Council of the official state language (Төрийн хэлний зөвлөл). Decisions have to be confirmed by the Mongolian government. http://www.legalinfo.mn/insys/lawmain.php?vlawid=1795 | |
| Nepali Nepali language Nepali or Nepalese is a language in the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family.It is the official language and de facto lingua franca of Nepal and is also spoken in Bhutan, parts of India and parts of Myanmar... |
Language Academy of Nepal | |
| Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) Norwegian language Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is the official language. Together with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants .These Scandinavian languages together with the Faroese language... |
Norwegian Language Council Norwegian Language Council The Norwegian Language Council was the regulation authority for the Norwegian language. It has been superseded by The Language Council of Norway .The council had 38 members, and created lists of acceptable word forms... |
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| Occitan | |
Associacion de Prefiguracion de l'Entitat de Regulacion de la Lenga Occitana. http://aporloc.free.fr |
| Pashto Pashto language Pashto , known as Afghani in Persian and Pathani in Punjabi , is the native language of the indigenous Pashtun people or Afghan people who are found primarily between an area south of the Amu Darya in Afghanistan and... |
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Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan is the official government agency of Afghanistan that regulates the Pashto and Dari Persian languages spoken in Afghanistan. It also works with Tajikistan and Iran's official government agencies to regulate literature. The 180-person entity is divided into three... |
| Persian Persian language Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence... |
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Academy of Persian Language and Literature Academy of Persian Language and Literature Iran's Academy of Persian Language and Literature is a body controlled by the Iranian government presiding over the use of the Persian language in Iran and other Persian speaking countries. The academy members are academics of Persian literature and linguistics from , , , and .- History :The... (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی) |
| Polish Polish language Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries... |
Polish Language Council Polish Language Council The Polish Language Council is the official language regulating organ of the Polish language. It was formed on September 9, 1996 as a Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences on the power of the law enacted by the Polish parliament .The council is composed of 36 members,... (Rada Języka Polskiego) |
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| Portuguese Portuguese language Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095... |
Academia Brasileira de Letras Academia Brasileira de Letras Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15, 1896, with the statutes being... (Brazilian Literary Academy) |
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| Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras The Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras is the language regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal.... |
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| Romanian Romanian language Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova... |
Institutul de Lingvisticǎ al Academiei Române Romanian Academy The Romanian Academy is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 acting members who are elected for life.... (Institute for Linguistics of the Romanian Academy Romanian Academy The Romanian Academy is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 acting members who are elected for life.... ) |
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| Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei Academy of Sciences of Moldova The Academy of Sciences of Moldova , established in 1946, is the main scientific organization of the Republic of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology.- Presidents :... |
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| Russian Russian language Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics... |
 Russian Empire |
Russian Academy Russian Academy The Russian Academy or Imperial Russian Academy was established in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1783 by Empress Catherine II of Russia and princess Dashkova as a research center for Russian language and Russian literature, following the example of the Académie française... (1783–1841) |
| Russian Language Institute Russian Language Institute The V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences is the language regulator of the Russian language. It is based in Moscow and it is part of the Russian Academy of Sciences.It was founded in 1944.-See also:* The V.V... of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals.... (since 1944) |
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| Scots Scots language Scots is the Germanic language variety spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster . It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language variety spoken in most of the western Highlands and in the Hebrides.Since there are no universally accepted... |
The Scots language Centre supports the Scots language. Scottish Language Dictionaries Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd Scottish Language Dictionaries is Scotland's lexicographical body for the Scots Language. SLD is responsible for the major Scots dictionaries, the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue and the Scottish National Dictionary... record and analyse the language as it is spoken and written throughout Scotland today. |
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| Scottish Gaelic | Bòrd na Gàidhlig Bòrd na Gàidhlig Bòrd na Gàidhlig is a quango appointed by the Scottish Government with responsibility for Scottish Gaelic... maintains the national plan for Gaelic, to promote its use and make Gaelic culture accessible |
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| Secwepemctsín Shuswap language The Shuswap language, known to its speakers as Secwepemctsín , is the traditional language of the Shuswap people of British Columbia. An endangered language, Shuswap is spoken mainly in the Central and Southern interior of British Columbia between the Fraser River and the Rocky Mountains... |
Stk’wemiple7s re Secwepemctsin, are the group of people supported by the Secwepemc Cultural Education Society who develop new words. | |
| Serbian Serbian language Serbian is a form of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and neighbouring countries.... |
 ( B & H) |
Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language The Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language is a linguistic institute in Serbia, Montenegro and Republika Srpska whose purpose is to preserve and foster the Serbian language... |
| Sindhi Sindhi language Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan that is spoken by the Sindhi people. In India, it is among 22 constitutionally recognized languages, where Sindhis are a sizeable minority. It is spoken by 53,410,910 people in Pakistan, according to the national government's Statistics Division... |
Sindhi Language Authority Sindhi Language Authority Sindhi Language Authority is an autonomous body under the administrative control of the Department of Culture, Tourism and Youth Affairs of the Government of Sindh province in Pakistan. There is a Board of Governors to frame the policies for achieving the aims and objectives of Authority and... http://www.sindhila.com.pk/ |
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| Sinhala |  Sri Lanka |
Hela Havula Hela Havula The Hela Havula is a Sinhalese literary organization founded by Munidasa Cumaratunga in 1941. The movement advocates the replacement of Sanskritic words with Hela versions. It was incorporated in 1985. Besides Munidasa Cumaratunga, other prominent members included Sunil Shantha , Amarasiri... (හෙළ හවුල) |
| Slovak Slovak language Slovak , is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages .Slovak is the official language of Slovakia, where it is spoken by 5 million people... |
Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics (Jazykovedný ústav Ľudovíta Štúra) at Slovak Academy of Sciences Slovak Academy of Sciences The Slovak Academy of Sciences SAV is the main scientific and research institution in Slovakia fostering basic and strategic basic research... (Slovenská akadémia vied) |
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| Slovene | Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy.... |
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| Sorbian Sorbian languages The Sorbian languages are classified under the Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. They are the native languages of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority in the Lusatia region of eastern Germany. Historically the language has also been known as Wendish or Lusatian. Their collective ISO 639-2 code... |
Serbski institut http://www.serbski-institut.de/ | |
| Spanish Standard Spanish Standard Spanish or neutral Spanish is a linguistic variety, or lect, that is considered a correct educated standard for the Spanish language. Standard Spanish is not merely Spanish adjusted to fit in prescriptive molds dictated by a linguistic overseeing authority, but also a form of language that... |
 Spain Colombia Ecuador Mexico El Salvador Venezuela Chile Peru Guatemala Costa Rica Philippines Panama Cuba Paraguay Dominican Republic Bolivia Nicaragua Argentina Uruguay Honduras Puerto Rico United States |
Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española Association of Spanish Language Academies The Association of Spanish Language Academies is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world.... (constituted by the Real Academia Española Real Academia Española The Royal Spanish Academy is the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in twenty-one other hispanophone nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies... plus 21 other separate national academies in the Spanish speaking world) |
| Swahili Swahili language Swahili or Kiswahili is a Bantu language spoken by various ethnic groups that inhabit several large stretches of the Mozambique Channel coastline from northern Kenya to northern Mozambique, including the Comoro Islands. It is also spoken by ethnic minority groups in Somalia... |
Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa is a Tanzanian institution responsible with regulating the Swahili language.-External links:*... |
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| Swedish Swedish language Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the Åland islands. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish... |
Swedish Language Council Swedish Language Council The Swedish Language Council is the primary regulatory body for the advancement and cultivation of the Swedish language. The council is partially funded by the Swedish government and has semi-official status... (semi-official) |
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| Swedish Language Department of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland Research Institute for the Languages of Finland The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland is a governmental linguistic research institute of Finland geared at studies of Finnish, Swedish , the Sami languages, Romani language, and the Finnish Sign Language.... (Svenska språkbyrån) |
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| Tamil Tamil language Tamil is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and in the Indian union territory of Pondicherry. Tamil is also an official language of Sri Lanka and Singapore... |
Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh... |
Thanjavur Tamil University and Official language Commission of Government of Tamil Nadu Government of Tamil Nadu The Government of Tamil Nadu, headquartered at Chennai is the governing authority for the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. It is seated at the Fort St. George... |
| Telugu Telugu language Telugu is a Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, where it is an official language. It is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu... |
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third... |
Telugu Academy and Official Language Commission of Government of Andhra Pradesh Government of Andhra Pradesh Government of Andhra Pradesh is the government for the state of Andhra Pradesh in South India.It is an elected government with 294 MLAs elected to the legislative assembly for a 5 year term.-Executive:... |
| Tetum Tetum language Tetum is an Austronesian language, a national language and one of the two official languages of East Timor. It is also used in parts of West Timor that adjoin East Timor, particularly in Belu Regency... |
National Institute of Linguistics at the National University of East Timor East Timor The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor , is a state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor... |
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| Thai Thai language Thai , also known as Central Thai and Siamese, is the national and official language of Thailand and the native language of the Thai people, Thailand's dominant ethnic group. Thai is a member of the Tai group of the Tai–Kadai language family. Historical linguists have been unable to definitively... |
Royal Institute of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน) | |
| Turkish Turkish language Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,... |
Turkish Language Association Turkish Language Association The Turkish Language Association is the official regulatory body of the Turkish language, founded on July 12, 1932 and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey... |
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| Ukrainian Ukrainian language Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet.... |
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine | |
| Ulster Scots | Northern Ireland |
The Ulster-Scots Agency Ulster-Scots Agency The Ulster-Scots Agency is a cross-border body in Ireland which seeks "promote the study, conservation and development of Ulster-Scots as a living language; to encourage and develop the full range of its attendant culture; and to promote an understanding of the history of the Ulster-Scots... (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch) promotes greater awareness of Ulster-Scots cultural issues and the use of Ullans, both within Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west... and throughout the island. "Ullans" understood to be the variety of the Scots language Scots language Scots is the Germanic language variety spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster . It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language variety spoken in most of the western Highlands and in the Hebrides.Since there are no universally accepted... traditionally found in parts of Northern Ireland and Donegal. |
| Urdu Urdu Urdu is a register of the Hindustani language that is identified with Muslims in South Asia. It belongs to the Indo-European family. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also widely spoken in some regions of India, where it is one of the 22 scheduled languages and an... |
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National Language Authority National Language Authority The National Language Authority is an autonomous regulatory institution established in 1979 to support the advancement and promotion of Urdu which is the national language of Pakistan. Initially it was aimed at creating a synergy between national and provincial governments and institutions for... , Pakistan Pakistan Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan... National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language The National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language is an autonomous regulatory body in the Government of India. It is the main authority of Urdu language and education in India, being one of two authorities responsible for the regulation of Urdu, the other being the National Language Authority... , India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
| Võro Võro language The Võro language is a language belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Traditionally it has been considered a dialect of the South Estonian dialect group of the Estonian language, but nowadays it has its own literary language and is in search of official recognition as an... |
Võro Institute Võro Institute The Võro Institute is an Estonian state research and development institution dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the Võro language and culture.-History:... |
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| Waray-Waray Waray-Waray language Wáray-Wáray or Samarnon is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and in some parts of the Leyte and Biliran in the Philippines... |
Sanghiran San Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy for Samar-Leyte Visayan) defunct | |
| Welsh Welsh language Welsh is a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, by some along the Welsh border in England, and in Y Wladfa... |
Welsh Language Board Welsh Language Board The Welsh Language Board is a statutory body set up by the UK Government as part of the Welsh Language Act 1993. It is now an Assembly Sponsored Public Body... (Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg) http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/ |
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| West Frisian West Frisian language West Frisian is a language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. West Frisian is the name by which this language is usually known outside the Netherlands, to distinguish it from the closely related Frisian languages of Saterland Frisian and North Frisian,... |
 Friesland |
Fryske Akademy Fryske Akademy The Fryske Akademy, founded in 1938, is the scientific centre for research and education concerning Friesland and its people, language and culture, this in its broadest sense. The institution is based in the Coulonhûs and adjacent buildings in Leeuwarden... (Frisian Academy) |
| Wolof Wolof language Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania, and is the native language of the Wolof people. Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger–Congo language family... |
Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar The "Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar" , abbreviated CLAD,is a language institute, which especially plays an important role in the orthographical standardization of the Wolof language.... (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar at the Cheikh Anta Diop University Cheikh Anta Diop University Cheikh Anta Diop University , also known as the University of Dakar, is a university in Dakar, Senegal. It is named after the Senegalese historian and anthropologist Cheikh Anta Diop and has an enrollment of over 60,000.-History:... ) |
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| Yiddish Yiddish language Yiddish is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages... |
United States |
YIVO YIVO YIVO, , established in 1925 in Wilno, Poland as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut , or Yiddish Scientific Institute, is a source for orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to the Yiddish language... http://www.yivoinstitute.org/ |
| Yoruba Yoruba language Yorùbá is a Niger–Congo language spoken in West Africa by approximately 20 million speakers. The native tongue of the Yoruba people, it is spoken, among other languages, in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and in communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas... |
The Yoruba Academy The Yoruba Academy The Yoruba Academy is a multi-disciplinary institution that brings together scholars, politicians, businessemen and experts in Yoruba language, culture, economics, law, science and technology, and governance. It was founded in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria in October 2007 following a retreat of young... |
Interlingua
The auxiliary language InterlinguaInterlingua
Interlingua is an international auxiliary language , developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association...
has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary is verified and recorded
Interlingua and eligibility of international words
Words can be included in Interlingua in either of two ways: through regular derivation using roots and affixes or by establishing their eligibility as international words...
by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies.
Constructed languages
Languages such as EsperantoEsperanto
is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto , the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, in 1887...
and Ido
Ido
Ido is a constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier to learn than ethnic languages...
have been constructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and developed by communities of users. Bodies such as the Akademio de Esperanto
Akademio de Esperanto
The Akademio de Esperanto is an independent body intended to control the evolution of the language Esperanto by keeping it consistent with the fundamental principles thereof. Modelled somewhat after the Académie française, it was proposed by L. L...
look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.
| Language | Regulator(s) |
|---|---|
| Esperanto Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto , the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, in 1887... |
Akademio de Esperanto Akademio de Esperanto The Akademio de Esperanto is an independent body intended to control the evolution of the language Esperanto by keeping it consistent with the fundamental principles thereof. Modelled somewhat after the Académie française, it was proposed by L. L... |
| Ido Ido Ido is a constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier to learn than ethnic languages... |
Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido , the Union for the International Language Ido, is the official union of the Ido-language movement... |
| Klingon Klingon language The Klingon language is the constructed language spoken by the fictional Klingons in the Star Trek universe.... |
Marc Okrand Marc Okrand Marc Okrand is an American linguist and is most notable as the creator of the Klingon language, which he speaks.-Biography:Okrand worked with Native American languages. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1972... and Klingon Language Institute Klingon Language Institute The Klingon Language Institute is an independent organization located in Flourtown, Pennsylvania, USA. Its goal is to promote the Klingon language and culture.- General :About 2500 members in over 50 countries all over the world have joined the KLI... |
| Lojban Lojban See also discussed by Arthur Protin, Bob LeChevalier, Carl Burke, Doug Landauer, Guy Steele, Jack Waugh, Jeff Prothero, Jim Carter, and Robert Chassell, as well as , the concepts which "average English speakers won't recognize" because most of them "have no exact English counterpart".Like most... |
Logical Language Group |
| Talossan | Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ La Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ is the official regulatory body for the Talossan language. The function of the CÚG is to recognize and recommend modifications in the vocabulary, grammar, and use of Talossan... |
See also
- Language policyLanguage policyMany countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to...
- Language revivalLanguage revivalLanguage revitalization, language revival or reversing language shift is the attempt by interested parties, including individuals, cultural or community groups, governments, or political authorities, to reverse the decline of a language. If the decline is severe, the language may be endangered,...
- Language planningLanguage planningLanguage planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of languages or language variety within a speech community. It is often associated with government planning, but is also used by a variety of non-governmental organizations, such as grass-roots...
- Linguistic purismLinguistic purismLinguistic purism or linguistic protectionism is the practice of defining one variety of a language as being purer than other varieties. The ideal of purity is often opposed in reference to a perceived decline from an "ideal past" or an unwanted similarity with other languages, but sometimes simply...