A

• A priori and a posteriori
• Absolute
  Absolute (philosophy)
  The Absolute is the concept of an unconditional reality which transcends limited, conditional, everyday existence. It is sometimes used as an alternate term for "God" or "the Divine", especially, but by no means exclusively, by those who feel that the term "God" lends itself too easily to...
  
  
• Absolute time and space
  Absolute time and space
  Originally introduced by Sir Isaac Newton in the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, the concepts of absolute time and space provided a theoretical foundation that facilitated Newtonian mechanics...
  
  
• Abstract object
  Abstract object
  An abstract object is an object which does not exist at any particular time or place, but rather exists as a type of thing . In philosophy, an important distinction is whether an object is considered abstract or concrete. Abstract objects are sometimes called abstracta An abstract object is an...
  
  
• Adiaphora
  Adiaphora
  Adiaphoron is a concept of Stoic philosophy that indicates things outside of moral law—that is, actions that morality neither mandates nor forbids....
  
  
• Aesthetic emotions
  Aesthetic emotions
  Aesthetic emotions refer to emotions that are felt during aesthetic activity and/or appreciation. These emotions may be of the everyday variety or may be specific to aesthetic contexts. Examples of the latter include the sublime, the beautiful, and the kitsch...
  
  
• Aesthetic interpretation
• Agathusia and aschimothusia
• Alief
  Alief (belief)
  In philosophy and psychology, an alief is an automatic or habitual belief-like attitude, particularly one that is in tension with a person’s explicit beliefs....
  
  
• All men are created equal
  All men are created equal
  The quotation "All men are created equal" has been called an "immortal declaration", and "perhaps" the single phrase of the United States Revolutionary period with the greatest "continuing importance". Thomas Jefferson first used the phrase in the Declaration of Independence as a rebuttal to the...
  
  
• Alternative possibilities
  Alternative possibilities
  Alternative possibilities for action are one of two criteria considered essential for libertarian free will and for moral responsibility. The other is to the ability to choose and do otherwise in exactly the same circumstances....
  
  
• Analytic-synthetic distinction
• Anthropic principle
  Anthropic principle
  In astrophysics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is the philosophical argument that observations of the physical Universe must be compatible with the conscious life that observes it. Some proponents of the argument reason that it explains why the Universe has the age and the fundamental...
  
  
• Antinomy
  Antinomy
  Antinomy literally means the mutual incompatibility, real or apparent, of two laws. It is a term used in logic and epistemology....
  
  
• Apeiron
  Apeiron (cosmology)
  Apeiron is a Greek word meaning unlimited, infinite or indefinite from ἀ- a-, "without" and πεῖραρ peirar, "end, limit", the Ionic Greek form of πέρας peras, "end, limit, boundary".-Apeiron as an origin:...
  
  
• Arborescent
  Arborescent
  Arborescent is a term used by the French thinkers Deleuze and Guattari to characterize thinking marked by insistence on totalizing principles, binarism and dualism...
  
  
• Art manifesto
  Art manifesto
  The art manifesto has been a recurrent feature associated with the avant-garde in Modernism. Art manifestos are mostly extreme in their rhetoric and intended for shock value to achieve a revolutionary effect. They often address wider issues, such as the political system...
  
  
• Aufheben
  Aufheben
  Aufheben or Aufhebung is a German word with several seemingly contradictory meanings, including "to lift up", "to abolish", or "to sublate"...
  
  
• Autonomy
  Autonomy
  Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political and bioethical philosophy. Within these contexts, it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision...
  
  
• Avant-garde
  Avant-garde
  Avant-garde means "advance guard" or "vanguard". The adjective form is used in English to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics....
  
  

B

• Beauty
  Beauty
  Beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics, sociology, social psychology, and culture...
  
  
• Being
  Being
  Being , is an English word used for conceptualizing subjective and objective aspects of reality, including those fundamental to the self —related to and somewhat interchangeable with terms like "existence" and "living".In its objective usage —as in "a being," or "[a] human being" —it...
  
  
• Belief
  Belief
  Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.-Belief, knowledge and epistemology:The terms belief and knowledge are used differently in philosophy....
  
  
• Binary opposition
  Binary opposition
  In critical theory, a binary opposition is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. Binary opposition is the system by which, in language and thought, two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one another. It is the contrast between two mutually...
  
  
• Biofact
  Biofact (philosophy)
  In philosophy, sociology and the arts, the word "biofact" is a hybrid between an artifact and living being, or between concepts of nature and technology.- History of the Concept :...
  
  
• Body without organs
  Body without organs
  Gilles Deleuze introduced the notion of the "Body without Organs" in The Logic of Sense ; but it was not until his collaborative work with Félix Guattari that the BwO comes to prominence as one of Deleuze's major ideas.The term is borrowed from Antonin Artaud's radio play "To Have Done with...
  
  
• Boredom
  Boredom
  Boredom is an emotional state experienced when an individual is without any activity or is not interested in their surroundings. The first recorded use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852, in which it appears six times, although the expression to be a...
  
  
• Brain in a vat
  Brain in a vat
  In philosophy, the brain in a vat is an element used in a variety of thought experiments intended to draw out certain features of our ideas of knowledge, reality, truth, mind, and meaning...
  
  
• Brute fact
  Brute fact
  Brute facts are facts which are facts in and of themselves, while institutional facts are considered conventional. Institutional facts require the support of an institution. The term was coined by G. E. M...
  
  

C

• Cambridge change
  Cambridge change
  A Cambridge change is a philosophical concept of change according to which an entity x has changed just in case there is some predicate F that is true of x at a time t1 but not true of x at some later time t2.-History:...
  
  
• Camp
  Camp (style)
  Camp is an aesthetic sensibility that regards something as appealing because of its taste and ironic value. The concept is closely related to kitsch, and things with camp appeal may also be described as being "cheesy"...
  
  
• Cartesian Other
  Cartesian Other
  The Cartesian Other is the counterpart to the Cartesian Self. According to Descartes, there is a divide intrinsic to human consciousness, such that you cannot ever bridge the space between your own consciousness and that of another....
  
  
• Cartesian Self
  Cartesian Self
  In philosophy, the Cartesian Self is the counterpart to the Cartesian Other. According to Descartes, there is a divide intrinsic to human consciousness, such that one cannot ever bridge the space between one's own consciousness and that of another....
  
  
• Categorical imperative
  Categorical imperative
  The Categorical Imperative is the central philosophical concept in the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as modern deontological ethics...
  
  
• Categorization
  Categorization
  Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Categorization implies that objects are grouped into categories, usually for some specific purpose. Ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge...
  
  
• Category of being
  Category of being
  In metaphysics , the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being or simply categories. To investigate the categories of being is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest classes of entities...
  
  
• Causal adequacy principle
  Causal adequacy principle
  The "causal adequacy principle" is a philosophical claim made by René Descartes that the cause of an object must contain at least as much reality as the object itself, whether formally or eminently....
  
  
• Causality
  Causality
  Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event , where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first....
  
  
• Choice
  Choice
  Choice consists of the mental process of judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one of them. While a choice can be made between imagined options , often a choice is made between real options, and followed by the corresponding action...
  
  
• Civic virtue
  Civic virtue
  Civic virtue is the cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community. The identification of the character traits that constitute civic virtue have been a major concern of political philosophy...
  
  
• Class consciousness
  Class consciousness
  Class consciousness is consciousness of one's social class or economic rank in society. From the perspective of Marxist theory, it refers to the self-awareness, or lack thereof, of a particular class; its capacity to act in its own rational interests; or its awareness of the historical tasks...
  
  
• Class
  Class (philosophy)
  Philosophers sometimes distinguish classes from types and kinds. We can talk about the class of human beings, just as we can talk about the type , human being, or humanity...
  
  
• Cogito ergo sum
  Cogito ergo sum
  is a philosophical Latin statement proposed by . The simple meaning of the phrase is that someone wondering whether or not they exist is, in and of itself, proof that something, an "I", exists to do the thinking — However this "I" is not the more or less permanent person we call "I"...
  
  
• Cognitive closure
• Commensurability
  Commensurability (ethics)
  In ethics, two values are incommensurable when they do not share a common standard of measurement.Philosophers argue over the precise nature of value incommensurability, and discussions do not always exhibit a consistent terminology...
  
  
• Common good
  Common good
  The common good is a term that can refer to several different concepts. In the popular meaning, the common good describes a specific "good" that is shared and beneficial for all members of a given community...
  
  
• Common sense
  Common sense
  Common sense is defined by Merriam-Webster as, "sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts." Thus, "common sense" equates to the knowledge and experience which most people already have, or which the person using the term believes that they do or should have...
  
  
• Composition of Causes
  Composition of Causes
  The Composition of Causes was a set of philosophical laws advanced by John Stuart Mill in his watershed essay, A System of Logic. These laws outlined Mill's view of the epistemological components of emergentism, a school of philosophical laws that posited a decidedly opportunistic approach to the...
  
  
• Compossibility
  Compossibility
  Compossibility is a philosophical concept from Leibniz. According to Leibniz a complete individual thing is characterized by all its properties, and these determine its relations with other individuals. The existence of one individual may contradict the existence of another...
  
  
• Conatus
  Conatus
  Conatus is a term used in early philosophies of psychology and metaphysics to refer to an innate inclination of a thing to continue to exist and enhance itself. This "thing" may be mind, matter or a combination of both...
  
  
• Concept
  Concept
  The word concept is used in ordinary language as well as in almost all academic disciplines. Particularly in philosophy, psychology and cognitive sciences the term is much used and much discussed. WordNet defines concept: "conception, construct ". However, the meaning of the term concept is much...
  
  
• Condition of possibility
  Condition of possibility
  Condition of possibility is a philosophical concept made popular by Immanuel Kant.A condition of possibility is a necessary framework for the possible appearance of a given list of entities. It is often used in contrast to the unilateral causality concept, or even to the notion of interaction. For...
  
  
• Conjecture
  Conjecture
  A conjecture is a proposition that is unproven but is thought to be true and has not been disproven. Karl Popper pioneered the use of the term "conjecture" in scientific philosophy. Conjecture is contrasted by hypothesis , which is a testable statement based on accepted grounds...
  
  
• Conscience
  Conscience
  Conscience is an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment of the intellect that distinguishes right from wrong. Moral judgement may derive from values or norms...
  
  
• Consent
  Consent
  Consent refers to the provision of approval or agreement, particularly and especially after thoughtful consideration.- Types of consent :*Implied consent is a controversial form of consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather inferred from a person's actions and the facts and...
  
  
• Construct
  Construct (philosophy of science)
  A construct in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind. This, as opposed to a "real" object, where existence does not seem to depend on the existence of a mind....
  
  
• Creativity
  Creativity
  Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new that has some kind of value. What counts as "new" may be in reference to the individual creator, or to the society or domain within which the novelty occurs...
  
  
• Cultural hegemony
  Cultural hegemony
  Cultural hegemony is the philosophic and sociological theory, by the Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci, that a culturally diverse society can be dominated by one social class, by manipulating the societal culture so that its ruling-class worldview is imposed as the societal norm, which then is...
  
  
• Cultural sensibility
  Cultural sensibility
  Cultural sensibility refers to how sensibility relates to a person’s moral, emotional or aesthetic ideas or standards. The term should not be confused with the more common term "cultural sensitivity". -References:***...
  
  
• Cuteness
  Cuteness
  Cuteness is the appeal commonly associated with neoteny.- Cuteness effects :Humans respond favorably to a neotenized appearance A neotenized appearance elicits sympathy from humans as well as protective urges...
  
  

D

• Daimonic
  Daimonic
  The idea of the daimonic typically means quite a few things: from befitting a demon and fiendish, to motivated by a spiritual force or genius and inspired. As a psychological term, it has come to represent an elemental force which contains an irrepressible drive towards individuation...
  
  
• De dicto and de re
  De dicto and de re
  De dicto and de re are two phrases used to mark important distinctions in intensional statements, associated with the intensional operators in many such statements. The distinctions are most recognized in philosophy of language and metaphysics....
  
  
• Definition
  Definition
  A definition is a passage that explains the meaning of a term , or a type of thing. The term to be defined is the definiendum. A term may have many different senses or meanings...
  
  
• Descriptive knowledge
  Descriptive knowledge
  Descriptive knowledge, also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the species of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions...
  
  
• Desiring-production
  Desiring-production
  Desiring-production is a term coined by the French thinkers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their book Anti-Œdipus . They oppose the Freudian conception of the unconscious as a representational "theater", instead favoring a productive "factory" model: desire is not an imaginary force based on...
  
  
• Disciplinary institution
• Discourse
  Discourse
  Discourse generally refers to "written or spoken communication". The following are three more specific definitions:...
  
  
• Disgust
  Disgust
  Disgust is a type of aversion that involves withdrawing from a person or object with strong expressions of revulsion whether real or pretended. It is one of the basic emotions and is typically associated with things that are regarded as unclean, inedible, infectious, gory or otherwise offensive...
  
  
• Dispositional and occurrent belief
• Distributive justice
  Distributive justice
  Distributive justice concerns what some consider to be socially just allocation of goods in a society. A society in which incidental inequalities in outcome do not arise would be considered a society guided by the principles of distributive justice...
  
  
• Distrust
  Distrust
  Distrust is a formal way of not trusting any one party too much in a situation of grave risk or deep doubt. It is commonly expressed in civics as a division or balance of powers, or in politics as means of validating treaty terms. Systems based on distrust simply divide the responsibility so that...
  
  
• Documentality
  Documentality
  Documentality is the theory of documents that underlies the ontology of social reality put forward by the Italian philosopher Maurizio Ferraris . The theory gives to documents a central position within the sphere of social objects, conceived as distinct from physical and ideal objects...
  
  
• Dogma
  Dogma
  Dogma is the established belief or doctrine held by a religion, or a particular group or organization. It is authoritative and not to be disputed, doubted, or diverged from, by the practitioners or believers...
  
  
• Duty
  Duty
  Duty is a term that conveys a sense of moral commitment to someone or something. The moral commitment is the sort that results in action and it is not a matter of passive feeling or mere recognition...
  
  
• Dwelling
  Dwelling
  Dwelling, as well as being a term for a house, or for living somewhere, or for lingering somewhere, is a philosophical concept which was developed by Martin Heidegger. Dwelling is about making yourself at home where the home itself is a building that is a house...
  
  

E

• Ecstasy
  Ecstasy (philosophy)
  Ecstasy, from the Ancient Greek, έκ-στασις , "to be or stand outside oneself, a removal to elsewhere ."-Hellenic philosophy:...
  
  
• Efficient cause
• Elegance
  Elegance
  Elegance is a synonym for beauty that has come to acquire the additional connotations of unusual effectiveness and simplicity. It is frequently used as a standard of tastefulness particularly in the areas of visual design, decoration, the sciences, and the esthetics of mathematics...
  
  
• Embodied cognition
  Embodied cognition
  Philosophers, psychologists, cognitive scientists and artificial intelligence researchers who study embodied cognition and the embodied mind believe that the nature of the human mind is largely determined by the form of the human body. They argue that all aspects of cognition, such as ideas,...
  
  
• Emergence
  Emergence
  In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. Emergence is central to the theories of integrative levels and of complex systems....
  
  
• Empirical method
  Empirical method
  The empirical method is generally taken to mean the approach of using a collection of data to base a theory or derive a conclusion in science...
  
  
• Empirical relationship
  Empirical relationship
  In science, an empirical relationship is one based solely on observation rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis. Sometimes theoretical explanations for what were initially empirical relationships are found, in which case the...
  
  
• Empirical research
  Empirical research
  Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empirical evidence can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively...
  
  
• Entertainment
  Entertainment
  Entertainment consists of any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Active forms of amusement, such as sports, are more often considered to be recreation...
  
  
• Entity
  Entity
  An entity is something that has a distinct, separate existence, although it need not be a material existence. In particular, abstractions and legal fictions are usually regarded as entities. In general, there is also no presumption that an entity is animate.An entity could be viewed as a set...
  
  
• Epistemic virtue
  Epistemic virtue
  The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to the intellectual virtue or vice of one's own life and personal experiences. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the question "How...
  
  
• Epoché
  Epoché
  Epoché is an ancient Greek term which, in its philosophical usage, describes the theoretical moment where all judgments about the existence of the external world, and consequently all action in the world, is suspended...
  
  
• Eroticism
  Eroticism
  Eroticism is generally understood to refer to a state of sexual arousal or anticipation of such – an insistent sexual impulse, desire, or pattern of thoughts, as well as a philosophical contemplation concerning the aesthetics of sexual desire, sensuality and romantic love...
  
  
• Essence
  Essence
  In philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and without which it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident: a property that the object or substance has contingently, without...
  
  
• Eternity
  Eternity
  While in the popular mind, eternity often simply means existence for a limitless amount of time, many have used it to refer to a timeless existence altogether outside time. By contrast, infinite temporal existence is then called sempiternity. Something eternal exists outside time; by contrast,...
  
  
• Ethics of care
  Ethics of care
  The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory; that is, a theory about what makes actions right or wrong. It is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century...
  
  
• Eudaimonia
  Eudaimonia
  Eudaimonia or eudaemonia , sometimes Anglicized as eudemonia , is a Greek word commonly translated as happiness or welfare; however, "human flourishing" has been proposed as a more accurate translation...
  
  
• Eupraxis
  Eupraxis
  In Greek philosophy eupraxis, literally "right action", is a fundamental concept in ethics, which has subtle meanings, suggesting an "ethical life-stance". This is similar in meaning to eupraxsophy, a word coined in the 20th century by secular humanist philosopher Paul Kurtz....
  
  
• Excellence
  Excellence
  Excellence is a talent or quality which is unusually good and so surpasses ordinary standards. It is also an aimed for standard of performance.-History:...
  
  
• Existence
  Existence
  In common usage, existence is the world we are aware of through our senses, and that persists independently without them. In academic philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning, being contrasted with essence, which specifies different forms of existence as well as different identity...
  
  
• Existential phenomenology
  Existential phenomenology
  Existential phenomenology is a philosophical current inspired by Martin Heidegger's 1927 work Sein und Zeit and influenced by the existential work of Søren Kierkegaard and the phenomenological work of Edmund Husserl....
  
  
• Experience
  Experience
  Experience as a general concept comprises knowledge of or skill in or observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event....
  
  

F

• Fact
  Fact
  A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiability, that is whether it can be shown to correspond to experience. Standard reference works are often used to check facts...
  
  
• Fidelity
  Fidelity
  "Fidelity" is the quality of being faithful or loyal. Its original meaning regarded duty to a lord or a king, in a broader sense than the related concept of fealty. Both derive from the Latin word fidēlis, meaning "faithful or loyal"....
  
  
• Final anthropic principle
• Final cause
• Formal cause
• Formal theorem
• Four causes
  Four causes
  Four Causes refers to a principle in Aristotelian science that is used to understand change. Aristotle described four different types of causes, or ways in which an object could be explained: "we do not have knowledge of a thing until we have grasped its why, that is to say, its cause", He argued...
  
  
• Free will
  Free will
  "To make my own decisions whether I am successful or not due to uncontrollable forces" -Troy MorrisonA pragmatic definition of free willFree will is the ability of agents to make choices free from certain kinds of constraints. The existence of free will and its exact nature and definition have long...
  
  

G

• Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
  Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
  Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association...
  
  
• Gettier problem
  Gettier problem
  A Gettier problem is a problem in modern epistemology issuing from counter-examples to the definition of knowledge as justified true belief . The problem owes its name to a three-page paper published in 1963, by Edmund Gettier, called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", in which Gettier argues...
  
  
• Gricean maxims

H

• Half-truth
• Happiness
  Happiness
  Happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources....
  
  
• Harmony
  Harmony
  In music, harmony is the use of simultaneous pitches , or chords. The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. Harmony is often said to refer to the "vertical" aspect of music, as distinguished from melodic...
  
  
• Hate speech
  Hate speech
  Hate speech is, outside the law, any communication that disparages a person or a group on the basis of some characteristic such as race, color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristic....
  
  
• Here is a hand
  Here is a hand
  Here is a hand is the name of a philosophical argument created by George Edward Moore against philosophical skepticism and in support of common sense:* This is a hand.* Here is another hand.* There are at least two external objects in the world....
  
  
• Heteronomy
  Heteronomy
  Heteronomy refers to action that is influenced by a force outside the individual. Immanuel Kant, drawing on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considered such an action nonmoral.It is the counter-opposite of autonomy....
  
  
• History and Class Consciousness
  History and Class Consciousness
  History and Class Consciousness is a book by Georg Lukács, written in 1923. Class consciousness, as described by Lukács, is opposed to any psychological conception of consciousness, which forms the basis of individual or mass psychology . According to Lukács, each social class has a determined...
  
  
• Human rights
  Human rights
  Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
  
  

I

• I know that I know nothing
  I know that I know nothing
  "I know one thing, that I know nothing" is a well-known saying that is derived from Plato's account of the Greek philosopher Socrates...
  
  
• Idea
  Idea
  In the most narrow sense, an idea is just whatever is before the mind when one thinks. Very often, ideas are construed as representational images; i.e. images of some object. In other contexts, ideas are taken to be concepts, although abstract concepts do not necessarily appear as images...
  
  
• Ideal speech situation
  Ideal speech situation
  In the earlier philosophy of Jürgen Habermas it is argued that an ideal speech situation is found within communication between individuals when their speech is governed by basic, but required and implied, rules...
  
  
• Identity and change
  Identity and change
  The relationship between identity and change in the philosophical field of metaphysics seems, at first glance, deceptively simple, and belies the complexity of the issues involved. This article explores "the problem of change and identity".- Change :...
  
  
• Identity
  Identity (philosophy)
  In philosophy, identity, from , is the relation each thing bears just to itself. According to Leibniz's law two things sharing every attribute are not only similar, but are the same thing. The concept of sameness has given rise to the general concept of identity, as in personal identity and...
  
  
• Ideological repression
  Ideological repression
  Ideological repression refers to forceful activities against competing ideologies and philosophies.Alan Wolfe defines ideological repression as "the attempt to manipulate people's consciousness so they accept the ruling ideology, and distrust and refuse to be moved by competing ideologies".Among...
  
  
• Ideology
  Ideology
  An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things , as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies , or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to...
  
  
• Ignoramus et ignorabimus
• Ignorance
  Ignorance
  Ignorance is a state of being uninformed . The word ignorant is an adjective describing a person in the state of being unaware and is often used as an insult...
  
  
• Immanence
  Immanence
  Immanence refers to philosophical and metaphysical theories of divine presence, in which the divine is seen to be manifested in or encompassing of the material world. It is often contrasted with theories of transcendence, in which the divine is seen to be outside the material world...
  
  
• Immanent critique
  Immanent critique
  Immanent critique is the philosophical or sociological strategy that analyzes cultural forms by locating contradictions in the rules and systems necessary to the production of those forms...
  
  
• Implicate and explicate order according to David Bohm
  Implicate and explicate order according to David Bohm
  According to David Bohm's theory, implicate and explicate orders are characterised by:-David Bohm's challenges to some generally prevailing views:...
  
  
• Infallibility
  Infallibility
  Infallibility, from Latin origin , is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing truth with certainty.-In common speech:...
  
  
• Inference
  Inference
  Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. The conclusion drawn is also called an idiomatic. The laws of valid inference are studied in the field of logic.Human inference Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions...
  
  
• Infinity
  Infinity (philosophy)
  In philosophy, infinity can be attributed to space and time, as for instance in Kant's first antinomy. In both theology and philosophy, infinity is explored in articles such as the Ultimate, the Absolute, God, and Zeno's paradoxes. In Greek philosophy, for example in Anaximander, 'the Boundless' is...
  
  
• Information
  Information
  Information in its most restricted technical sense is a message or collection of messages that consists of an ordered sequence of symbols, or it is the meaning that can be interpreted from such a message or collection of messages. Information can be recorded or transmitted. It can be recorded as...
  
  
• Injustice
  Injustice
  Injustice is the lack of or opposition to justice, either in reference to a particular event or act, or as a larger status quo. The term generally refers to misuse, abuse, neglect, or malfeasance that is uncorrected or else sanctioned by a legal system. Misuse and abuse with regard to a particular...
  
  
• Innocence
  Innocence
  Innocence is a term used to indicate a lack of guilt, with respect to any kind of crime, sin, or wrongdoing. In a legal context, innocence refers to the lack of legal guilt of an individual, with respect to a crime.-Symbolism:...
  
  
• Instantiation principle
  Instantiation principle
  The "Principle of Instantiation" or "Principle of Exemplification" is a thesis in philosophy that states that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified properties . In other words, it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object. Aristotle is well-known for...
  
  
• Institutional cruelty
  Institutional cruelty
  Institutional Cruelty is a model developed by Philip Hallie, who believes ethics are rooted in passion and common sense rather than in technical science....
  
  
• Intellectual responsibility
  Intellectual responsibility
  Intellectual responsibility, sometimes referred to as epistemic responsibility, is a philosophical concept related to that of epistemic justification. According to Frederick F...
  
  
• Intention
  Intention
  Intention is an agent's specific purpose in performing an action or series of actions, the end or goal that is aimed at. Outcomes that are unanticipated or unforeseen are known as unintended consequences....
  
  
• Interpellation
• Intrinsic and extrinsic properties
  Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy)
  An intrinsic property is a property that an object or a thing has of itself, independently of other things, including its context. An extrinsic property is a property that depends on a thing's relationship with other things...
  
  
• Intuition
  Intuition (knowledge)
  Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without inference or the use of reason. "The word 'intuition' comes from the Latin word 'intueri', which is often roughly translated as meaning 'to look inside'’ or 'to contemplate'." Intuition provides us with beliefs that we cannot necessarily justify...
  
  
• Ius indigenatus
  Ius indigenatus
  Ius indigenatus is a right which was from 15th to 18th century a requirement for people to hold office in Prussia. It limited offices and land ownership to local Prussian natives. i. e...
  
  

J

• Judgement
  Judgement
  Judgment is the evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision. The term has three distinct uses:* Informal - Opinions expressed as facts....
  
  
• Jus sanguinis
  Jus sanguinis
  Ius sanguinis is a social policy by which citizenship is not determined by place of birth, but by having a parent who are citizens of the nation...
  
  
• Jus soli
  Jus soli
  Jus soli , also known as birthright citizenship, is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognized to any individual born in the territory of the related state...
  
  
• Just War
  Just War
  Just war theory is a doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin, studied by moral theologians, ethicists and international policy makers, which holds that a conflict ought to meet philosophical, religious or political criteria.-Origins:The concept of justification for...
  
  
• Justice
  Justice
  Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics; justice is the act of being just and/or fair.-Concept of justice:...
  
  

L

• Laïcité
  Laïcité
  French secularism, in French, laïcité is a concept denoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs as well as absence of government involvement in religious affairs. French secularism has a long history but the current regime is based on the 1905 French law on the Separation of...
  
  
• Last man
  Last Man
  The last man is a term used by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra to describe the antithesis of the imagined superior being, the "Übermensch", whose imminent appearance is heralded by Zarathustra...
  
  
• League of peace
  League of peace
  League of peace is an expression coined by Immanuel Kant in his work Project for a Perpetual Peace. The league of peace should be distinguished from a peace treaty, or pactum pacis, because a peace treaty prevents or terminates only one war, while the league of peace seeks to end all wars forever...
  
  
• Life imitating art
  Life imitating art
  -The Philosophical Position:Anti-mimesis is a philosophical position that holds the direct opposite of mimesis. Its most notable proponent is Oscar Wilde, who held in his 1889 essay The Decay of Lying that "Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life"...
  
  
• Life of Jesus
  Life of Jesus (Hegel)
  Life of Jesus is one of the earliest works by G. W. F. Hegel. In this essay on morality he presents a version of Jesus very similar to Kant's categorical imperative...
  
  
• Logical consequence
• Logical constant
• Logical form
  Logical form
  In logic, the logical form of a sentence or set of sentences is the form obtained by abstracting from the subject matter of its content terms or by regarding the content terms as mere placeholders or blanks on a form...
  
  
• Logical implication
• Logical truth
  Logical truth
  Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic, and there are different theories on its nature. A logical truth is a statement which is true and remains true under all reinterpretations of its components other than its logical constants. It is a type of analytic statement.Logical...
  
  
• Logos
  Logos
  ' is an important term in philosophy, psychology, rhetoric and religion. Originally a word meaning "a ground", "a plea", "an opinion", "an expectation", "word," "speech," "account," "reason," it became a technical term in philosophy, beginning with Heraclitus ' is an important term in...
  
  
• Love
  Love
  Love is an emotion of strong affection and personal attachment. In philosophical context, love is a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection. Love is central to many religions, as in the Christian phrase, "God is love" or Agape in the Canonical gospels...
  
  
• Loyalty
  Loyalty
  Loyalty is faithfulness or a devotion to a person, country, group, or cause There are many aspects to...
  
  

M

• Magnificence
  Magnificence (History of ideas)
  The word magnificence comes from the Latin “magnum facere”, which means to do something great. The Latin word draws on the Greek “megaloprépeia”. This noun conveys the meaning of doing something great which is fitting or seemly to the circumstance. Magnificence is a philosophical, aesthetic and...
  
  
• Mansion of Many Apartments
  Mansion of Many Apartments
  The Mansion of Many Apartments is a metaphor that the poet John Keats expressed in a letter to John Hamilton Reynolds dated Sunday, 3 May 1818....
  
  
• Marx's theory of alienation
  Marx's theory of alienation
  Marx's theory of alienation , as expressed in the writings of the young Karl Marx , refers to the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to put antagonism between things that are properly in harmony...
  
  
• Marx's theory of human nature
  Marx's theory of human nature
  Marx's theory of human nature occupies an important place in his critique of capitalism, his conception of communism, and his 'materialist conception of history'. Marx, however, does not refer to "human nature" as such, but to Gattungswesen, which is generally translated as 'species-being' or...
  
  
• Master-slave dialectic
  Master-slave dialectic
  The Master-Slave dialectic is a famous passage of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. It is widely considered a key element in Hegel's philosophical system, and has heavily influenced many subsequent philosophers...
  
  
• Material cause
• Matter
  Matter (philosophy)
  Matter is the substrate from which physical existence is derived, remaining more or less constant amid changes. anything that occupies space and has mass and weight...
  
  
• Max Scheler's Concept of Ressentiment
  Max Scheler's Concept of Ressentiment
  Max Scheler was both the most respected and neglected of the major early 20th century German Continental philosophers in the phenomenological tradition. His observations and insights concerning "a special form of human hate" and related social and psychological phenomenon furnished a descriptive...
  
  
• Meaning
  Meaning (existential)
  In existentialism, meaning is understood as the worth of life. Meaning in existentialism is unlike typical conceptions of "the meaning of life", because it is descriptive. Due to the method of existentialism, prescriptive or declarative statements about meaning are unjustified. Meaning is only...
  
  
• Meaning of life
  Meaning of life
  The meaning of life constitutes a philosophical question concerning the purpose and significance of life or existence in general. This concept can be expressed through a variety of related questions, such as "Why are we here?", "What is life all about?", and "What is the meaning of it all?" It has...
  
  
• Mens mentis praecelsus
  Mens mentis praecelsus
  Mens Mentis Praecelsus is Latin, literally translated into English meaning "exceedingly high thought". It is a non-religious, philosophical idea which can be applied to many beliefs.It states that everywhere, at all time, you have an equal, and an opposite...
  
  
• Mental representation
  Mental representation
  A representation, in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol; "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types...
  
  
• Mercy
  Mercy
  Mercy is broad term that refers to benevolence, forgiveness and kindness in a variety of ethical, religious, social and legal contexts.The concept of a "Merciful God" appears in various religions from Christianity to...
  
  
• Mimesis
  Mimesis
  Mimesis , from μιμεῖσθαι , "to imitate," from μῖμος , "imitator, actor") is a critical and philosophical term that carries a wide range of meanings, which include imitation, representation, mimicry, imitatio, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act of resembling, the act of expression, and the...
  
  
• Mind
  Mind
  The concept of mind is understood in many different ways by many different traditions, ranging from panpsychism and animism to traditional and organized religious views, as well as secular and materialist philosophies. Most agree that minds are constituted by conscious experience and intelligent...
  
  
• Minority
  Minority (philosophy)
  Minority, and the related concept of "becoming-minor," is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their books Kafka: Towards a Minor Literature , A Thousand Plateaus , and elsewhere. In these texts, they criticize the concept of "majority"...
  
  
• Molyneux's Problem
  Molyneux's Problem
  Molyneux's problem is a thought experiment in philosophy concerning immediate recovery from blindness.It was first formulated by William Molyneux, and notably referenced in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding....
  
  
• Moral responsibility
  Moral responsibility
  Moral responsibility usually refers to the idea that a person has moral obligations in certain situations. Disobeying moral obligations, then, becomes grounds for justified punishment. Deciding what justifies punishment, if anything, is a principle concern of ethics.People who have moral...
  
  
• Motion
  Motion (physics)
  In physics, motion is a change in position of an object with respect to time. Change in action is the result of an unbalanced force. Motion is typically described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement and time . An object's velocity cannot change unless it is acted upon by a force, as...
  
  
• Mundane reason
  Mundane reason
  The basic premise of the concept of mundane reason is that the standard assumptions about reality that people typically make as they go about day to day, including the very fact that they experience their reality as perfectly natural, are actually the result of social, cultural, and historical...
  
  

N

• Name
  Name
  A name is a word or term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. A personal name identifies a specific unique and identifiable individual person, and may or may not include a middle name...
  
  
• Nation
  Nation
  A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government irrespective of their ethnic make-up...
  
  
• Natural and legal rights
• Nature
  Nature (innate)
  Nature is innate behavior , character or essence, especially of a human. This is a way of using the word nature which goes back to its earliest forms in Greek...
  
  
• Necessary and sufficient condition
• Negative capability
  Negative Capability
  Negative capability is the ability to perceive and to think more than any presupposition of human nature allows. It describes the capacity of human beings to reject the totalizing constraints of a closed context, and to both experience phenomenon free from any epistemological bounds as well as to...
  
  
• Nonmaleficence
• Norm of reciprocity
  Norm of reciprocity
  The norm of reciprocity is the social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind—returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity often takes different forms in different areas of social life, or in...
  
  
• Norm
  Norm (philosophy)
  Norms are concepts of practical import, oriented to effecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply “ought-to” types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide “is” types of statements and assertions...
  
  
• Normative science
  Normative science
  A normative science is a form of inquiry, typically involving a community of inquiry and its accumulated body of provisional knowledge, that seeks to discover good ways of achieving recognized aims, ends, goals, objectives, or purposes....
  
  
• Notion
  Notion (philosophy)
  A notion in philosophy is a reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and relations. Notions are usually described in terms of scope and content...
  
  

O

• Object
  Object (philosophy)
  An object in philosophy is a technical term often used in contrast to the term subject. Consciousness is a state of cognition that includes the subject, which can never be doubted as only it can be the one who doubts, and some object or objects that may or may not have real existence without...
  
  
• Objectivity
  Objectivity (philosophy)
  Objectivity is a central philosophical concept which has been variously defined by sources. A proposition is generally considered to be objectively true when its truth conditions are met and are "mind-independent"—that is, not met by the judgment of a conscious entity or subject.- Objectivism...
  
  
• Omphalos hypothesis

P

• Panopticon
  Panopticon
  The Panopticon is a type of building designed by English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe all inmates of an institution without them being able to tell whether or not they are being watched...
  
  
• Paradox
  Paradox
  Similar to Circular reasoning, A paradox is a seemingly true statement or group of statements that lead to a contradiction or a situation which seems to defy logic or intuition...
  
  
• Passions
  Passions (philosophy)
  Passion, or the passions, is a philosophical concept. It is different from popular connotations of passion, which are associated with notions of romance, and which is generally seen as a positive emotion. The philosophical notion, in contrast, is identified with an innate or biologically driven...
  
  
• Pattern
  Pattern
  A pattern, from the French patron, is a type of theme of recurring events or objects, sometimes referred to as elements of a set of objects.These elements repeat in a predictable manner...
  
  
• Peace
  Peace
  Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the...
  
  
• Percept
• Perception
  Perception
  Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical stimulation of the sense organs...
  
  
• Peripatetic axiom
  Peripatetic axiom
  The Peripatetic axiom is: "Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses" . It is found in De veritate, q. 2 a. 3 arg. 19....
  
  
• Perpetual peace
  Perpetual peace
  Perpetual peace refers to a state of affairs where peace is permanently established over a certain area .Many would-be world conquerors have promised that their rule would enforce perpetual peace...
  
  
• Philosophical analysis
  Philosophical analysis
  Philosophical analysis is a general term for techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition that involve "breaking down" philosophical issues. Arguably the most prominent of these techniques is the analysis of concepts...
  
  
• Philosophy of futility
  Philosophy of futility
  Philosophy of futility is a phrase coined by Columbia University marketing professor Paul Nystrom to describe the disposition caused by the monotony of the new industrial age. Nystrom observed the natural effect of this malaise was seeking gratification found in frivolous things, such as...
  
  
• Physical body
  Physical body
  In physics, a physical body or physical object is a collection of masses, taken to be one...
  
  
• Physis
  Physis
  Physis is a Greek theological, philosophical, and scientific term usually translated into English as "nature."In The Odyssey, Homer uses the word once , referring to the intrinsic way of growth of a particular species of plant. In the pre-Socratic philosophers it developed a complex of other...
  
  
• Pneuma
  Pneuma
  Pneuma is an ancient Greek word for "breath," and in a religious context for "spirit" or "soul." It has various technical meanings for medical writers and philosophers of classical antiquity, particularly in regard to physiology, and is also used in Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible and in...
  
  
• Political consciousness
  Political consciousness
  Following the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx outlined the workings of a political consciousness.-The politics of consciousness:...
  
  
• Polychotomous key
  Polychotomous key
  Polychotomous key refers the number of alternatives which a decision point may have in a non-temporal hierarchy of independent variables. The number of alternatives are equivalent to the root or nth root of a mathematical or logical variable...
  
  
• Possible world
  Possible world
  In philosophy and logic, the concept of a possible world is used to express modal claims. The concept of possible worlds is common in contemporary philosophical discourse and has also been disputed.- Possibility, necessity, and contingency :...
  
  
• Posthegemony
  Posthegemony
  Posthegemony or post-hegemony is a concept which designates a period or a situation in which hegemony is no longer said to function as the organizing principle of a national or post-national social order, or of the relationships between and amongst nation-states within the global order...
  
  
• Presupposition
  Presupposition
  In the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics, a presupposition is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse...
  
  
• Primum non nocere
  Primum non nocere
  is a Latin phrase that means "First, do no harm". The phrase is sometimes recorded as .Nonmaleficence, which derives from the maxim, is one of the principal precepts of medical ethics that all medical students are taught in medical school and is a fundamental principle for emergency medical...
  
  
• Principle
  Principle
  A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed...
  
  
• Principle of double effect
  Principle of double effect
  The principle of double effect; also known as the rule of double effect; the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE or PDE; double-effect reasoning; or simply double effect, is a set of ethical criteria for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act...
  
  
• Problem of induction
  Problem of induction
  The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether inductive reasoning leads to knowledge. That is, what is the justification for either:...
  
  
• Problem of other minds
  Problem of other minds
  The problem of other minds has traditionally been regarded as an epistemological challenge raised by the skeptic. The challenge may be expressed as follows: given that I can only observe the behavior of others, how can I know that others have minds? The thought behind the question is that no matter...
  
  
• Prohairesis
  Prohairesis
  Prohairesis is a fundamental concept in the Stoic philosophy of Epictetus. It represents the choice involved in giving or withholding assent to impressions. The use of this Greek word was first introduced into philosophy by Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics...
  
  
• Property
  Property (philosophy)
  In modern philosophy, logic, and mathematics a property is an attribute of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other properties. A property however differs from individual objects in that...
  
  
• Propositional attitude
  Propositional attitude
  A propositional attitude is a relational mental state connecting a person to a proposition. They are often assumed to be the simplest components of thought and can express meanings or content that can be true or false...
  
  

R

• Rasa
• Rationality
  Rationality
  In philosophy, rationality is the exercise of reason. It is the manner in which people derive conclusions when considering things deliberately. It also refers to the conformity of one's beliefs with one's reasons for belief, or with one's actions with one's reasons for action...
  
  
• Real freedom
  Real freedom
  Real freedom is a term coined by the political philosopher and economist Philippe Van Parijs. It expands upon notions of negative freedom by incorporating not simply institutional or other constraints on a person's choices, but also the requirements of physical reality, resources and personal...
  
  
• Reason
  Reason
  Reason is a term that refers to the capacity human beings have to make sense of things, to establish and verify facts, and to change or justify practices, institutions, and beliefs. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, ...
  
  
• Reasoning
• Reciprocity
  Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)
  The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways—responding to gifts and kindnesses from others with similar benevolence of their own, and responding to harmful, hurtful acts from others with either indifference or some form of retaliation...
  
  
• Reference
  Reference
  Reference is derived from Middle English referren, from Middle French rèférer, from Latin referre, "to carry back", formed from the prefix re- and ferre, "to bear"...
  
  
• Reform
  Reform
  Reform means to put or change into an improved form or condition; to amend or improve by change of color or removal of faults or abuses, beneficial change, more specifically, reversion to a pure original state, to repair, restore or to correct....
  
  
• Regress argument
• Relative trust
• Ren
  Ren (Confucianism)
  Ren is a Confucian notion denoting, as rough approximation, the good feeling a virtuous human experiences when behaving rightly, especially toward others...
  
  
• Right to exist
  Right to exist
  The right to exist is said to be an attribute of nations. According to an essay by the nineteenth century French philosopher Ernest Renan, a state has the right to exist when individuals are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the community it represents. Unlike self-determination, the...
  
  
• Righteousness
  Righteousness
  Righteousness is an important theological concept in Zoroastrianism, Hinduism , Judaism, Christianity and Islam...
  
  
• Rights
  Rights
  Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory...
  
  
• Ring of Gyges
  Ring of Gyges
  The Ring of Gyges is a mythical magical artifact mentioned by the philosopher Plato in book 2 of his Republic . It granted its owner the power to become invisible at will...
  
  
• Rule of Rescue
  Rule of Rescue
  The Rule of Rescue is a term coined by A.R. Jonsen in 1986 that is currently used in a variety of bioethics contexts:* 'a perceived duty to save endangered life where possible'...
  
  

S

• Sea of Beauty
  Sea of Beauty
  The Sea of Beauty is one of many analogies and similes employed to describe a high vision of reality. Some writers have employed this term upon having arrived at the most mature, the farthest, and the highest stages of the philosophical or mystical search...
  
  
• Self
  Self (philosophy)
  The philosophy of self defines the essential qualities that make one person distinct from all others. There have been numerous approaches to defining these qualities. The self is the idea of a unified being which is the source of consciousness. Moreover, this self is the agent responsible for the...
  
  
• Semantics
  Semantics
  Semantics is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata....
  
  
• Sense data
  Sense data
  In the philosophy of perception, the theory of sense data was a popular view held the early 20th century by philosophers such as Bertrand Russell, C. D. Broad, H. H. Price, A.J. Ayer and G.E. Moore, among others. Sense data are supposedly mind-dependent objects whose existence and properties are...
  
  
• Set
• Simulacrum
  Simulacrum
  Simulacrum , from the Latin simulacrum which means "likeness, similarity", was first recorded in the English language in the late 16th century, used to describe a representation, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god...
  
  
• Simulated reality
  Simulated reality
  Simulated reality is the proposition that reality could be simulated—perhaps by computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from "true" reality. It could contain conscious minds which may or may not be fully aware that they are living inside a simulation....
  
  
• Simulation hypothesis
  Simulation hypothesis
  The Simulation Hypothesis proposes that reality is a simulation and those affected are generally unaware of this. The concept is reminiscent of René Descartes' Evil Genius but posits a more futuristic simulated reality...
  
  
• Sittlichkeit
  Sittlichkeit
  Sittlichkeit refers to the concept of "ethical life" furthered by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right. It is the third sphere of 'right' that he establishes, and is marked by family life, civil society, and the state...
  
  
• Social contract
  Social contract
  The social contract is an intellectual device intended to explain the appropriate relationship between individuals and their governments. Social contract arguments assert that individuals unite into political societies by a process of mutual consent, agreeing to abide by common rules and accept...
  
  
• Society
  Society
  A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations...
  
  
• Soku hi
  Soku hi
  Soku-hi means "is or is not". The term is primarily used by the representatives of the Kyoto School of Eastern philosophy.The logic of soku-hi or "is and is not" represents a balanced logic of symbolization reflecting sensitivity to the mutual determination of universality and particularity in...
  
  
• Sortal
  Sortal
  A sortal is something that takes numerical modifiers. There is disagreement about the exact definition of the term as well as whether the term is applied to linguistic things , abstract entities , or psychological entities, .-Differing perspectives:According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of...
  
  
• Speculative reason
  Speculative reason
  Speculative reason or pure reason is theoretical thought , as opposed to practical thought...
  
  
• Standard argument against free will
  Standard argument against free will
  The dilemma of determinism is the claim that if determinism is true, our actions are controlled by preceding events and thus we are not free; and that if indeterminism is true, our actions are random and we are likewise not free; and that as determinism and indeterminism exhaust the logical...
  
  
• State of nature
  State of nature
  State of nature is a term in political philosophy used in social contract theories to describe the hypothetical condition that preceded governments...
  
  
• Style
• Subject
  Subject (philosophy)
  In philosophy, a subject is a being that has subjective experiences, subjective consciousness or a relationship with another entity . A subject is an observer and an object is a thing observed...
  
  
• Subjectivation
  Subjectivation
  Subjectification is a philosophical concept coined by Michel Foucault and elaborated by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. It refers to the construction of the individual subject. The concept has been often used in critical theory, sometimes with Louis Althusser's concept of interpellation...
  
  
• Sublime
  Sublime (philosophy)
  In aesthetics, the sublime is the quality of greatness, whether physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual or artistic...
  
  
• Substantial form
  Substantial form
  A theory of substantial forms asserts that forms organize matter and make it intelligible. Substantial forms are the source of properties, order, unity, identity, and information about objects....
  
  
• Substitution
  Substitution (logic)
  Substitution is a fundamental concept in logic. Substitution is a syntactic transformation on strings of symbols of a formal language.In propositional logic, a substitution instance of a propositional formula is a second formula obtained by replacing symbols of the original formula by other formulas...
  
  
• Suffering
  Suffering
  Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, is an individual's basic affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm. Suffering may be qualified as physical or mental. It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and...
  
  
• Superrationality
  Superrationality
  The concept of superrationality was coined by Douglas Hofstadter, in his article series and book "Metamagical Themas"...
  
  
• Symbol
  Symbol (formal)
  For other uses see Symbol In logic, symbols build literal utility to illustrate ideas. A symbol is an abstraction, tokens of which may be marks or a configuration of marks which form a particular pattern...
  
  
• Syntax
  Syntax (logic)
  In logic, syntax is anything having to do with formal languages or formal systems without regard to any interpretation or meaning given to them...
  
  

T

• Taste
  Taste (sociology)
  Taste as an aesthetic, sociological, economic and anthropological concept refers to a cultural patterns of choice and preference. While taste is often understood as a biological concept, it can also be reasonably studied as a social or cultural phenomenon. Taste is about drawing distinctions...
  
  
• Telos
  Telos (philosophy)
  A telos is an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle. It is the root of the term "teleology," roughly the study of purposiveness, or the study of objects with a view to their aims, purposes, or intentions. Teleology figures centrally in Aristotle's...
  
  
• The Golden Rule
• The saying and the said
  The saying and the said
  Emmanuel Levinas, in an attempt to overcome a certain naivety within his exploration of ethics as given in what he describes as the face-to-face encounter, attempts to introduce language into what had only been a "picture" of such an encounter...
  
  
• Theorem
  Theorem
  In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and previously accepted statements, such as axioms...
  
  
• Theory of justification
  Theory of justification
  Theory of justification is a part of epistemology that attempts to understand the justification of propositions and beliefs. Epistemologists are concerned with various epistemic features of belief, which include the ideas of justification, warrant, rationality, and probability...
  
  
• Thought
  Thought
  "Thought" generally refers to any mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas. Similar concepts include cognition, sentience, consciousness, and imagination...
  
  
• Thrownness
  Thrownness
  Thrownness is a concept introduced by German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe the interactions of the subject with its surroundings in the everyday life, that causes it to act upon instincts, immediate reactions to other people's language and actions, "flow with the situation," and...
  
  
• Thumos
  Thumos
  Thumos is an Ancient Greek word expressing the concept of "spiritedness" . The word indicates a physical association with breath or blood. The word is also used to express the human desire for recognition.In Homer's works, thumos was used to denote emotions, desire, or an internal urge...
  
  
• Ti
• Tick-tock
• Time
  Time
  Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of objects....
  
  
• Transcendental apperception
  Transcendental apperception
  In philosophy, Kantian transcendental apperception is that which Immanuel Kant thinks makes experience possible. It is where the self and the world come together.There are six steps to transcendental apperception:...
  
  
• Transworld identity
• Trust
• Truth
  Truth
  Truth has a variety of meanings, such as the state of being in accord with fact or reality. It can also mean having fidelity to an original or to a standard or ideal. In a common usage, it also means constancy or sincerity in action or character...
  
  
• Truth value
• Two-stage model of free will
  Two-stage model of free will
  A two-stage model of free will separates the free stage from the will stage.In the first stage, alternative possibilities for thought and action are generated, in part indeterministically....
  
  
• Type

U

• Übermensch
  Übermensch
  The Übermensch is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche posited the Übermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself in his 1883 book Thus Spoke Zarathustra ....
  
  
• Unbelieving
• Unity
  Unity
  Unity is the state of being undivided or unbroken.Unity may also refer to:-Education:* Unity College Northampton, United Kingdom* Unity College , United Kingdom* Unity College , United States...
  
  
• Universal
  Universal (metaphysics)
  In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities. In other words, universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things. For example, suppose there are two chairs in a room, each of...
  
  
• Universality
  Universality (philosophy)
  In philosophy, universalism is a doctrine or school claiming universal facts can be discovered and is therefore understood as being in opposition to relativism. In certain religions, universality is the quality ascribed to an entity whose existence is consistent throughout the universe...
  
  
• Unobservable
• Utility
  Utility
  In economics, utility is a measure of customer satisfaction, referring to the total satisfaction received by a consumer from consuming a good or service....
  
  

W

• Well-founded phenomenon
  Well-founded phenomenon
  Well-founded phenomena , in the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz, are ways in which the world falsely appears to us, but which are grounded in the way the world actually is .For Leibniz, the universe is made up of an infinite number of simple substances or monads, each of which contains a...
  
  
• Work of art
  Work of art
  A work of art, artwork, art piece, or art object is an aesthetic item or artistic creation.The term "a work of art" can apply to:*an example of fine art, such as a painting or sculpture*a fine work of architecture or landscape design...
  
  
• Wrong
  Wrong
  A wrong or being wrong is a concept in law, ethics, epistemology, and science. In a colloquial sense, wrongness usually refers to a state of incorrectness, inaccuracy, error, or miscalculation in any number of contexts...