List of state leaders in 1922
Encyclopedia
1921 state leaders - Events of 1922 - 1923 state leaders - State leaders by year
- Fuad I, King of Egypt (1922–1936)
Africa
- Egypt
- Gains independence from British protectorateUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian IndependenceThe Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence was issued by the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 28 February 1922...
, 28 February. Sultan Fuad I changed title to King of EgyptKing of EgyptKing of Egypt was the title used by the ruler of Egypt between 1922 and 1951. When the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt on 28 February 1922, Egypt's Sultan Fouad I issued a decree on 15 March 1922 whereby he adopted the title of King of Egypt...
.
- Gains independence from British protectorate
- Fuad I, King of Egypt (1922–1936)
- Ethiopia - ZaudituZauditu of EthiopiaZewditu was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930. The first woman head of an internationally recognized state in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, she was noted for opposing the reforms of Tafari Makonnen and for her strong religious devotion.-Early...
, Emperor of EthiopiaEmperor of EthiopiaThe Emperor of Ethiopia was the hereditary ruler of Ethiopia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1974. The Emperor was the head of state and head of government, with ultimate executive, judicial and legislative power in that country...
(1916–1930) - Liberia - Charles D.B. King, President of Liberia (1920–1930)
- South Africa
- Monarch - King George VGeorge V of the United KingdomGeorge V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War until his death in 1936....
, King of South AfricaKing of South AfricaThe King or Queen of South Africa was titular head of state of the Union of South Africa during the state's existence as a Dominion of the British Empire and later a Commonwealth Realm from 31 May 1910 to 31 May 1961, when the country became the Republic of South Africa...
(1910–1936) - Governor-General - Prince Arthur of ConnaughtPrince Arthur of ConnaughtPrince Arthur of Connaught and Strathearn was a member of the British Royal Family, a grandson of Queen Victoria. Prince Arthur held the title of a British prince with the style His Royal Highness...
, Governor-General of South Africa (1920–1924) - Prime Minister - Jan SmutsJan SmutsJan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, ED, KC, FRS, PC was a prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various cabinet posts, he served as Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 until 1924 and from 1939 until 1948...
, Prime Minister of South Africa (1919–1924)
- Monarch - King George V
- Zanzibar - Sayyid Khalifa bin Harub Al-Busaid, Sultan of Zanzibar (1911–1960)
Asia
- Afghanistan - Amanullah KhanAmanullah KhanAmanullah Khan was the King of the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929, first as Amir and after 1926 as Shah. He led Afghanistan to independence over its foreign affairs from the United Kingdom, and his rule was marked by dramatic political and social change...
, King of Afghanistan (1919–1926) - Brunei - Muhammad Jamalul Alam IIMuhammad Jamalul Alam IIDuli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam ibni al-Marhum Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, KCMG was the 26th Sultan of Brunei Darussalam .He was the eldest son of Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin...
, Sultan of Brunei (1906–1924) - Republic of China
- President -
- Hsü Shih-chang, President of the Republic of ChinaPresident of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
(1918–1922) - Li Yüan-hung, President of the Republic of ChinaPresident of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
(1922–1923)
- Hsü Shih-chang, President of the Republic of China
- President -
- Japan
- Monarch - TaishōEmperor TaishōThe was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 30 July 1912, until his death in 1926.The Emperor’s personal name was . According to Japanese customs, the emperor has no name during his reign and is only called the Emperor...
, Emperor of JapanEmperor of JapanThe Emperor of Japan is, according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan, "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people." He is a ceremonial figurehead under a form of constitutional monarchy and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family with functions as head of state. He is also the highest...
(1912–1926) - Prime Minister -
- Takahashi KorekiyoTakahashi KorekiyoViscount was a Japanese politician and the 20th Prime Minister of Japan from 13 November 1921 to 12 June 1922. He was known as an expert on finance during his political career.-Early life :...
, Prime Minister of JapanPrime Minister of JapanThe is the head of government of Japan. He is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office...
(1921–1922) - Kato TomosaburoKato TomosaburoViscount was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy, cabinet minister, and Prime Minister of Japan from 12 June 1922 to 24 August 1923.-Biography:...
, Prime Minister of JapanPrime Minister of JapanThe is the head of government of Japan. He is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office...
(1922–1923)
- Takahashi Korekiyo
- Monarch - Taishō
- Mongolia - Bogd KhanBogd KhanThe Bogd Khan was enthroned as the Great Khaan of Mongolia on 29 December 1911, when Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty after the Xinhai Revolution. He was born in the Kham region of eastern Tibet, today's Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China...
, Khan of Mongolia (1911–1924) - Oman - Taimur Bin Faisal, Sultan of OmanSultan of Oman-List of Imams :-Nabhan Dynasty :-Ya'ariba Dynasty :-Banu Ghafir Dynasty :-Ya'ariba Dynasty :-Al Said Dynasty :-See also:...
(1913–1932)
Australia and Oceania
- Australia -
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster of Lepe, Governor-General of AustraliaGovernor-General of AustraliaThe Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia at federal/national level of the Australian monarch . He or she exercises the supreme executive power of the Commonwealth...
(1920–1925) - Prime Minister - Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of AustraliaPrime Minister of AustraliaThe Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the highest minister of the Crown, leader of the Cabinet and Head of Her Majesty's Australian Government, holding office on commission from the Governor-General of Australia. The office of Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful...
(1915–1923)
- Tonga
- Monarch - Salote Tupou IIISalote Tupou III of TongaSālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu Tupou III, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, DStJ , but usually named only Sālote, was Queen of Tonga from 5 April 1918 to her death in 1965.-Personal history:...
, Queen of Tonga (1918–1965) - Prime Minister - T.P.Tu'ivakano, Prime Minister of TongaPrime Minister of TongaThis is a list of Prime Ministers of Tonga from the establishment of that office in 1876 until the present day.-List of Premiers/Prime Ministers of Tonga :-External links:*...
, (1912–1923)
- Monarch - Salote Tupou III
Europe
- Albania -
- Head of State - Second High Council (1921–1925)
- Prime Minister -
- Xhafer YpiXhafer YpiXhafer Bej Ypi , a Bektashi Muslim, was an Albanian politician.Ypi's parents were Asilan and Zavalani.He was educated at a university in Istanbul.In 1920-1921 he was Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Justice...
, Prime Minister of Albania (1921–1922) - Amet Zogu, Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924)
- Xhafer Ypi
- Andorra
- Co-Princes -
- French Co-Prince - Alexandre MillerandAlexandre MillerandAlexandre Millerand was a French socialist politician. He was President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924 and Prime Minister of France 20 January to 23 September 1920...
, President of France (1920–1924) - Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i VilardebóJustí Guitart i VilardebóJustí Guitart i Vilardebó reigned as the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from 1920 to 1940....
, Bishop of Urgell (1920–1940)
- French Co-Prince - Alexandre Millerand
- First Syndic - Bonaventura Villarubia, First Syndic of Andorra (1920–1923)
- Co-Princes -
- Austria -
- President - Michael HainischMichael HainischMichael Hainisch was an Austrian politician, and the second President of Austria, after the fall of the monarchy at the end of World War I. He did not belong to any party and was an independent candidate...
, President of AustriaPresident of AustriaThe President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Though theoretically entrusted with great power by the constitution, in practice the President acts, for the most part, merely as a ceremonial figurehead...
(1920–1928) - Chancellor -
- Johann SchoberJohann SchoberJohann Schober was an Austrian police officer who served three times as Chancellor of Austria .-Early career:...
, Chancellor of AustriaChancellor of AustriaThe Federal Chancellor is the head of government in Austria. Its deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful political position in Austrian politics.-Appointment:The...
(1921–1922) - Walter BreiskyWalter BreiskyWalter Breisky was an Austrian Beamter and politician.A member of the Christian Social Party, he served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria and Minister of the Interior from 1920 to 1922...
, Chancellor of AustriaChancellor of AustriaThe Federal Chancellor is the head of government in Austria. Its deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful political position in Austrian politics.-Appointment:The...
(1922) - Johann SchoberJohann SchoberJohann Schober was an Austrian police officer who served three times as Chancellor of Austria .-Early career:...
, Chancellor of AustriaChancellor of AustriaThe Federal Chancellor is the head of government in Austria. Its deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful political position in Austrian politics.-Appointment:The...
(1922) - Ignaz SeipelIgnaz SeipelIgnaz Seipel was an Austrian prelate and politician who served as Chancellor during the 1920s.-Career:Seipel studied theology at the University of Vienna and was ordained a Catholic priest in 1899...
, Chancellor of AustriaChancellor of AustriaThe Federal Chancellor is the head of government in Austria. Its deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful political position in Austrian politics.-Appointment:The...
(1922–1924)
- Johann Schober
- President - Michael Hainisch
- Belarus -
- Head of State - Aleksandr ChervyakovAleksandr ChervyakovAleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov was one of the founders and eventually became the leader of the Communist Party of Belorussia.He joined the Bolshevik Party in May 1917, and began to gain power quickly...
, Chairman of the Central Executive CommitteePresident of BelarusThe office of President of Belarus is the head of state of Belarus. The office was created in 1994 with the passing of the Constitution of Belarus by the Supreme Soviet. This replaced the office of Chairman of the Supreme Soviet as the head of state...
(1920–1937)
- Head of State - Aleksandr Chervyakov
- Belgium -
- Monarch - Albert IAlbert I of BelgiumAlbert I reigned as King of the Belgians from 1909 until 1934.-Early life:Born Albert Léopold Clément Marie Meinrad in Brussels, he was the fifth child and second son of Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, and his wife, Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen...
, King of the Belgians (1909–1934) - Prime Minister - Georges TheunisGeorges TheunisGeorges Emile Léonard Theunis was the 24th Prime Minister of Belgium from 16 December 1921 to 13 May 1925 and again from 20 November 1934 to 25 March 1935. He was governor of the National Bank of Belgium from 1941 until 1944.He received a military training and was also trained as an engineer...
, Prime Minister of Belgium (1921–1925)
- Monarch - Albert I
- Bulgaria
- Monarch - Boris IIIBoris III of BulgariaBoris III the Unifier, Tsar of Bulgaria , originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver , son of Ferdinand I, came to the throne in 1918 upon the abdication of his father, following the defeat of the Kingdom of Bulgaria during World War I...
, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943) - Prime Minister - Aleksandur Stamboliyski, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1919–1923)
- Monarch - Boris III
- Czechoslovakia
- President - Tomás MasarykTomáš MasarykTomáš Garrigue Masaryk , sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English, was an Austro-Hungarian and Czechoslovak politician, sociologist and philosopher, who as an eager advocate of Czechoslovak independence during World War I became the founder and first President of Czechoslovakia, also was...
, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935) - Prime Minister -
- Edvard BenešEdvard BenešEdvard Beneš was a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second President of Czechoslovakia. He was known to be a skilled diplomat.- Youth :...
, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1921–1922) - Antonín ŠvehlaAntonín ŠvehlaAntonín Švehla was a Czechoslovakian politician. He served three terms as the prime minister of Czechoslovakia. He is regarded as one of the most important political figures of the First Czechoslovak Republic; he was the leader of the Agrarian Party, which was dominant within the Pětka, which was...
, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1922–1926)
- Edvard Beneš
- President - Tomás Masaryk
- Denmark
- Monarch - Christian XChristian X of DenmarkChristian X was King of Denmark from 1912 to 1947 and the only King of Iceland between 1918 and 1944....
, King of Denmark (1912–1947) - Prime Minister - Niels Thomasius Neergaard, Prime Minister of DenmarkPrime Minister of DenmarkThe Prime Minister of Denmark is the head of government in Danish politics. The Prime Minister is traditionally the leader of a political coalition in the Folketing and presides over the cabinet....
(1920–1924)
- Monarch - Christian X
- Estonia -
- Head of Government -
- Konstantin PätsKonstantin PätsKonstantin Päts VR I/1 and III/1 was the most influential politician of interwar Estonia. He was one of the first Estonians to become active in politics and started an almost 40-year political rivalry with Jaan Tõnisson, first through journalism with his newspaper Teataja, later through politics...
, State Elder of EstoniaState Elder of EstoniaThe Head of State of Estonia was the official title of the Estonian head of state and head of government from 1920 to 1937...
(1921–1922) - Juhan KukkJuhan KukkJuhan ' Kukk VR III/1 was an Estonian politician....
, State Elder of EstoniaState Elder of EstoniaThe Head of State of Estonia was the official title of the Estonian head of state and head of government from 1920 to 1937...
(1922–1923)
- Konstantin Päts
- Head of Government -
- Finland -
- President - Kaarlo Juho StåhlbergKaarlo Juho StåhlbergKaarlo Juho Ståhlberg was a Finnish jurist and academic, who played a central role in the drafting of the Constitution of Finland in 1919. He was the first President of Finland and a nationalist liberal.-Early life:...
, President of FinlandPresident of FinlandThe President of the Republic of Finland is the nation's head of state. Under the Finnish constitution, executive power is vested in the President and the government, with the President possessing extensive powers. The President is elected directly by the people of Finland for a term of six years....
(1919–1925) - Prime Minister -
- Juho VennolaJuho VennolaJuho Heikki Vennola was Professor of National Economics at the University of Helsinki, a member of the Parliament of Finland, and a politician from the National Progressive Party, who served as Prime Minister of Finland for three times.Vennola's first government was from August 15, 1919 to March...
, Prime Minister of FinlandPrime Minister of FinlandThe Prime Minister is the Head of Government of Finland. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, who is the Head of State. The current Prime Minister is Jyrki Katainen of the National Coalition Party.-Overview:...
(1921–1922) - Aimo CajanderAimo CajanderAimo Kaarlo Cajander was, outside of botany, best known as Prime Minister of Finland up to the Winter War....
, Prime Minister of Finland (1922) - Kyösti KallioKyösti KallioKyösti Kallio was the fourth President of Finland . He was a prominent leader of the Agrarian League, and served as Prime Minister four times and Speaker of the Parliament six times.-Early life:...
, Prime Minister of Finland (1922–1924)
- Juho Vennola
- President - Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
- France -
- President - Alexandre Millerand, President of France (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister -
- Aristide BriandAristide BriandAristide Briand was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic and received the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.- Early life :...
, President of the CouncilPrime Minister of FranceThe Prime Minister of France in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. The head of state is the President of the French Republic...
(1921–1922) - Raymond PoincaréRaymond PoincaréRaymond Poincaré was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five separate occasions and as President of France from 1913 to 1920. Poincaré was a conservative leader primarily committed to political and social stability...
, President of the CouncilPrime Minister of FranceThe Prime Minister of France in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. The head of state is the President of the French Republic...
(1922–1924)
- Aristide Briand
- Germany -
- President - Friedrich EbertFriedrich EbertFriedrich Ebert was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany .When Ebert was elected as the leader of the SPD after the death of August Bebel, the party members of the SPD were deeply divided because of the party's support for World War I. Ebert supported the Burgfrieden and...
, President of GermanyPresident of GermanyThe President of the Federal Republic of Germany is the country's head of state. His official title in German is Bundespräsident . Germany has a parliamentary system of government and so the position of President is largely ceremonial...
(1919–1925) - Chancellor -
- Joseph WirthJoseph WirthKarl Joseph Wirth, known as Joseph Wirth, was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922.-Biography:...
, Chancellor of Germany (1921–1922) - Wilhelm CunoWilhelm CunoWilhelm Carl Josef Cuno was a German politician who was the Chancellor of Germany from 1922 to 1923. He was born in Suhl, Prussian Saxony. Cuno's government is best known for its passive resistance of the French occupation of the Ruhr Area . Cuno's government was also responsible for its poor...
, Chancellor of Germany (1922–1923)
- Joseph Wirth
- President - Friedrich Ebert
- Greece -
- Monarch -
- Constantine IConstantine I of GreeceConstantine I was King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and from 1920 to 1922. He was commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army during the unsuccessful Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and led the Greek forces during the successful Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Greece won Thessaloniki and doubled in...
, King of the Hellenes (1920–1922) - George IIGeorge II of GreeceGeorge II reigned as King of Greece from 1922 to 1924 and from 1935 to 1947.-Early life, first period of kingship and exile:George was born at the royal villa at Tatoi, near Athens, the eldest son of King Constantine I of Greece and his wife, Princess Sophia of Prussia...
, King of the Hellenes (1922–1924)
- Constantine I
- Prime Minister -
- Dimitrios GounarisDimitrios GounarisDimitrios Gounaris was the Prime Minister of Greece from March 10, 1915 to August 23, 1915 and April 8, 1921 to May 16, 1922...
, Prime Minister of GreecePrime Minister of GreeceThe Prime Minister of Greece , officially the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic , is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek cabinet. The current interim Prime Minister is Lucas Papademos, a former Vice President of the European Central Bank, following...
(1921–1922) - Nikolaos StratosNikolaos StratosNikolaos Stratos was a Prime Minister of Greece for a few days in May, 1922. He was later tried and executed for his role in the Catastrophe of 1922.-Early political career:...
, Prime Minister of Greece (1922) - Petros ProtopapadakisPetros Protopapadakis-Life and work:Born in 1854 in Apeiranthos, Naxos, Protopapadakis studied mathematics and engineering in Paris but was keenly interested in politics. He was a professor at the Scholi Evelpidon, the military academy of Greece....
, Prime Minister of Greece (1922) - Nikolaos TriantaphyllakosNikolaos TriantaphyllakosNikolaos Triantafyllakos was a Prime Minister of Greece during a tumultuous time in Greek history in September 1922.He represented the prefecture of Arcadia in the Hellenic Parliament...
, Prime Minister of Greece (1922) - Anastasios Charalampis, Prime Minister of Greece (1922)
- Sotirios KrokidasSotirios KrokidasSotirios G. Krokidas was an interim Prime Minister of Greece in 1922. He was a law professor in Athens.When the Greek army was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War and the government of Petros Protopapadakis fell, Greece was plunged into a political crisis. In September, 1922, Nikolaos...
, Prime Minister of Greece (1922) - Stylianos GonatasStylianos GonatasStylianos Gonatas was a Greek military officer and Venizelist politician and Prime Minister of Greece between 1922 and 1924.- Early life and military career :...
, Prime Minister of Greece (1922–1924)
- Dimitrios Gounaris
- Monarch -
- Hungary -
- Regent - Miklós HorthyMiklós HorthyMiklós Horthy de Nagybánya was the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary during the interwar years and throughout most of World War II, serving from 1 March 1920 to 15 October 1944. Horthy was styled "His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary" .Admiral Horthy was an officer of the...
, Regent of HungaryRegent of HungaryThe Regent of Hungary was a position established in 1920 and held by Miklós Horthy until 1944.-Historical examples:On the untimely death of Albert in 1439, Hunyadi was of the volition that Hungary was best served by a warrior king and lent his support to the candidature of young King of Poland...
(1920–1944) - Prime Minister - Count István BethlenIstván BethlenCount István Bethlen de Bethlen was a Hungarian aristocrat and statesman and served as Prime Minister from 1921 to 1931....
, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
- Regent - Miklós Horthy
- Irish Free State -
- Monarch - George VGeorge V of the United KingdomGeorge V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War until his death in 1936....
, KingMonarchy in the Irish Free StateThe Irish Free State was, in accordance with its constitution, governed formally under a form of constitutional monarchy. The British monarch was the head of state of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1931, when the Statute of Westminster came into effect, and thereafter the Irish Free State had a...
(1910–1936) - Governor-General - Timothy Michael HealyTimothy Michael HealyTimothy Michael Healy, KC , also known as Tim Healy, was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland...
, Governor-General of the Irish Free StateGovernor-General of the Irish Free StateThe Governor-General was the representative of the King in the 1922–1937 Irish Free State. Until 1927 he was also the agent of the British government in the Irish state. By convention the office of Governor-General was largely ceremonial...
(1922–1928) - Prime Minister - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free StatePresident of the Executive Council of the Irish Free StateThe President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State was the head of government or prime minister of the Irish Free State which existed from 1922 to 1937...
(1922–1932)
- Monarch - George V
- Italy -
- Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele IIIVictor Emmanuel III of ItalyVictor Emmanuel III was a member of the House of Savoy and King of Italy . In addition, he claimed the crowns of Ethiopia and Albania and claimed the titles Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Albania , which were unrecognised by the Great Powers...
, King of ItalyKing of ItalyKing of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers of the Italian peninsula after the fall of the Roman Empire...
(1900–1946) - Prime Minister -
- Ivanoe BonomiIvanoe BonomiIvanoe Bonomi was an Italian politician and statesman before and after World War II.Bonomi was born in Mantua. He was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1909, representing Mantua as a member of the Italian Socialist Party...
, Prime Minister of ItalyPrime minister of ItalyThe Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
(1921–1922) - Luigi FactaLuigi FactaLuigi Facta was an Italian politician, journalist and last Prime Minister of Italy before the leadership of Benito Mussolini....
, Prime Minister of Italy (1922) - Benito MussoliniBenito MussoliniBenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....
, Prime Minister of Italy (1922–1943)
- Ivanoe Bonomi
- Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele III
- Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
- Monarch - Alexander IAlexander I of YugoslaviaAlexander I , also known as Alexander the Unifier was the first king of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as well as the last king of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes .-Childhood:...
, King of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1921–1934) - Prime Minister - Nikola PasicNikola PašicNikola P. Pašić was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician and diplomat, the most important Serbian political figure for almost 40 years, leader of the People's Radical Party who, among other posts, was twice a mayor of Belgrade...
, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and SlovenesPrime Minister of YugoslaviaThe Prime Minister or the President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia was the head of government of the Yugoslav state, from the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 until the end of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.-Kingdom of...
(1921–1924)
- Monarch - Alexander I
- Latvia -
- President - Jānis ČaksteJanis CaksteJānis Čakste was a Latvian politician and lawyer who served as the first head of independent Latvian state as the Chairman of Tautas Padome , the Speaker of the Constitutional Assembly , and as the first President of Latvia .- Youth :Čakste was born in the...
, President of Latvia (1922–1927) - Prime Minister - Zigfrīds Anna MeierovicsZigfrids Anna MeierovicsZigfrīds Anna Meierovics was a Latvian politician and diplomat who served as the first Foreign Minister of Latvia from its independence until 1924 and again from December of the same year until his death. He also served two terms as the Prime Minister of Latvia from June, 1921 to January, 1923 and...
, Prime Minister of LatviaPrime Minister of LatviaThe Prime Minister of Latvia is the most powerful member of the Government of the Republic of Latvia, and presides over the Latvian Cabinet of Ministers...
(1921–1923)
- President - Jānis Čakste
- Liechtenstein -
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1858–1929)
- Head of Government -
- Joseph Ospelt, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1921–1922)
- Alfons Feger, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922)
- Felix Gubelmann, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922)
- Gustav SchädlerGustav SchädlerProfessor Gustav Schädler was the Prime Minister of Liechtenstein between 1922-1928-References:...
, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922–1928)
- Lithuania
- President - Aleksandras StulginskisAleksandras StulginskisAleksandras Stulginskis Aleksandras Stulginskis Aleksandras Stulginskis (born (February 26, 1885 in Kutaliai, in Šilalė district municipality near Tauragė, Lithuania, Russian Empire; died September 22, 1969 in Kaunas) was the second President of Lithuania (1920–1926)...
, President of Lithuania (1920–1926) - Prime Minister -
- Kazys GriniusKazys GriniusKazys Grinius was the third President of Lithuania, and held that office from 7 June 1926 to 17 December 1926.When Grinius was born in Selema, near Marijampolė, Lithuania was part of the Russian empire. He studied medicine at the University of Moscow and became a physician...
, Prime Minister of LithuaniaPrime Minister of LithuaniaThe Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of the executive arm of Lithuania's government, and is chosen by the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. The modern office of Prime Minister was established in 1990, although the official title was "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers" until 25...
(1920–1922) - Ernestas GalvanauskasErnestas GalvanauskasErnestas Galvanauskas was a Lithuanian engineer, politician and one the founders of the Lithuanian Peasants' Union...
, Prime Minister of LithuaniaPrime Minister of LithuaniaThe Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of the executive arm of Lithuania's government, and is chosen by the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. The modern office of Prime Minister was established in 1990, although the official title was "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers" until 25...
(1922–1924)
- Kazys Grinius
- President - Aleksandras Stulginskis
- Luxembourg
- Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of LuxembourgGrand Duke of LuxembourgThe Grand Duke of Luxembourg is the sovereign monarch and head of state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg has been a grand duchy since 15 March 1815, when it was elevated from a duchy when placed in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands...
(1919–1964) - Prime Minister - Émile Reuter, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1918–1925)
- Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
- Netherlands -
- Monarch - WilhelminaWilhelmina of the NetherlandsWilhelmina was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. She ruled the Netherlands for fifty-eight years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw World War I and World War II, the economic crisis of 1933, and the decline of the Netherlands as a major colonial...
, Queen of the NetherlandsMonarchy of the NetherlandsThe Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since.-Constitutional role and position of the monarch:...
(1890–1948) - Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de BeerenbrouckCharles Ruijs de BeerenbrouckJhr. Charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was a Dutch nobleman and Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1918 to 1925 and again from 1929 to 1933...
, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministersPrime Minister of the NetherlandsThe Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government...
(1918–1925, 1929–1933)
- Monarch - Wilhelmina
- Norway
- Monarch - Haakon VIIHaakon VII of NorwayHaakon VII , known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the personal union with Sweden. He was a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg...
, King of Norway (1905–1957) - Prime Minister - Otto Albert Blehr, Prime Minister of NorwayPrime Minister of NorwayThe Prime Minister of Norway is the political leader of Norway and the Head of His Majesty's Government. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Stortinget , to their political party, and ultimately the...
(1921–1923)
- Monarch - Haakon VII
- Ottoman Empire
- Monarch - Mehmed VIMehmed VIMehmet VI was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918 to 1922...
, SultanOttoman DynastyThe Ottoman Dynasty ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I , though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey declared himself sultan...
(1918–1922)
- Monarch - Mehmed VI
- Poland
- Head of State -
- Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State (1919–1922)
- Gabriel NarutowiczGabriel NarutowiczGabriel Narutowicz was a Lithuanian-born professor of hydroelectric engineering at Switzerland's Zurich Polytechnic, and Poland's Minister of Public Works , Minister of Foreign Affairs , and the first president of the Second Polish Republic....
, President of Poland (1922) - Stanisław Wojciechowski, President of Poland (1922–1926)
- Prime Minister -
- Antoni PonikowskiAntoni PonikowskiAntoni Ponikowski was a Polish academician and politician who served as prime minister in 1918 and from 1921 to 1922....
, President of the Ministers (1921–1922) - Artur ŚliwińskiArtur SliwinskiArtur Śliwiński was the Prime Minister of Poland from 28 June – 7 July 1922. In 1915 he had presided over the National Central Committee, which sought Polish independence from Russia....
, President of the Ministers (1922) - Julian NowakJulian NowakJulian Ignacy Nowak was a Polish microbiologist and politician who served as prime minister in 1922.Nowak studied medicine at the Jagiellonian University in 1886–1893, and was a professor there since 1899. In 1921–1922 he was a rector of the university. Being a conservative politician, he served...
, President of the Ministers (1922) - Władysław Sikorski, President of the Council of Ministers (1922–1923)
- Antoni Ponikowski
- Head of State -
- Portugal -
- President - António José de AlmeidaAntónio José de AlmeidaAntónio José de Almeida, GCTE, GCA, GCC, GCSE, , son of José António de Almeida and wife Maria Rita das Neves, was a Portuguese political figure...
, President of PortugalPresident of PortugalPortugal has been a republic since 1910, and since that time the head of state has been the president, whose official title is President of the Portuguese Republic ....
(1919–1923) - Prime Minister -
- Francisco Cunha LealFrancisco Cunha LealFrancisco Pinto da Cunha Leal was a Portuguese politician during the period of the Portuguese First Republic. He served as President of the Ministry between 1921 and 1922....
, President of the MinistryPrime Minister of PortugalPrime Minister is the current title of the chief of the Portuguese Government. As chief executive, the Prime Minister coordinates the action of ministers, representing the Government from the other organs of state, accountable to Parliament and keeps the President informed...
(1921–1922) - António Maria da SilvaAntónio Maria da SilvaAntónio Maria da Silva, GCTE was a Portuguese politician. An engineer, he was a prominent member of the Portuguese Republican Party. He was Prime Minister for four times, during the Portuguese First Republic. After his party victory in the legislative elections of 8 November 1925, he was invited...
, President of the MinistryPrime Minister of PortugalPrime Minister is the current title of the chief of the Portuguese Government. As chief executive, the Prime Minister coordinates the action of ministers, representing the Government from the other organs of state, accountable to Parliament and keeps the President informed...
(1922–1923)
- Francisco Cunha Leal
- President - António José de Almeida
- Romania -
- Monarch - Ferdinand, King of RomaniaKing of RomaniaKing of the Romanians , rather than King of Romania , was the official title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed a republic....
(1914–1927) - Prime Minister -
- Take IonescuTake IonescuTake or Tache Ionescu was a Romanian centrist politician, journalist, lawyer and diplomat, who also enjoyed reputation as a short story author. Starting his political career as a radical member of the National Liberal Party , he joined the Conservative Party in 1891, and became noted as a social...
, Prime Minister of RomaniaPrime Minister of RomaniaThe Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers , when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called The Council of Ministers...
(1921–1922) - Ion BratianuIon BratianuIon C. Brătianu was one of the major political figures of 19th century Romania. He was the younger brother of Dimitrie, as well as the father of Ionel, Dinu, and Vintilă Brătianu...
, Prime Minister of RomaniaPrime Minister of RomaniaThe Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers , when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called The Council of Ministers...
(1922–1926)
- Take Ionescu
- Monarch - Ferdinand, King of Romania
- Russia
- Head of State - Mikhail KalininMikhail KalininMikhail Ivanovich Kalinin , known familiarly by Soviet citizens as "Kalinych," was a Bolshevik revolutionary and the nominal head of state of Russia and later of the Soviet Union, from 1919 to 1946...
, Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1919–1938) - Prime Minister - Vladimir LeninVladimir LeninVladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years , as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a...
, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1924)
- Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin
- Spain
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister -
- Antonio Maura, Prime Minister of SpainPrime Minister of SpainThe President of the Government of Spain , sometimes known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the head of Government of Spain. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1978...
(1921–1922) - José Sánchez GuerraJosé Sánchez GuerraJosé Sánchez Guerra y Martinez was a Spanish journalist, lawyer and Prime Minister. His term as Prime Minister lasted from March 8 to December 7 of 1922. He was a Conservative who has been described as "courageous" and "politically mediocre."-References:...
, Prime Minister of Spain (1922) - Manuel García PrietoManuel García PrietoManuel García-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas was a Spanish politician who was prime minister several times in his life....
, Prime Minister of Spain (1922–1923)
- Antonio Maura, Prime Minister of Spain
- Sweden
- Monarch - Gustaf VGustaf V of SwedenGustaf V was King of Sweden from 1907. He was the eldest son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sophia of Nassau, a half-sister of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg...
, King of Sweden (1907–1950) - Prime Minister - Hjalmar BrantingHjalmar Brantingwas a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party , and Prime Minister during three separate periods . When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden...
, Prime Minister of SwedenPrime Minister of SwedenThe Prime Minister is the head of government in the Kingdom of Sweden. Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested...
(1921–1923)
- Monarch - Gustaf V
- Switzerland
- President - Robert HaabRobert HaabRobert Haab was a Swiss politician.He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 13 December 1917 and handed over office on 31 December 1929. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party....
, President of the Swiss Confederation (1922)
- President - Robert Haab
- Ukraine -
- Head of State: Grigory PetrovskyGrigory PetrovskyGrigory Ivanovich Petrovsky was one of the most prominent Russian revolutionaries of Ukrainian origin, who was the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR from December 30, 1922, to January 12, 1938....
, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine (1919–1938) - Head of Government: Khrystyan Rakovsky, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine (1920–1923)
- Head of State: Grigory Petrovsky
- United Kingdom -
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Prime Minister -
- David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman...
, Prime Minister of the United KingdomPrime Minister of the United KingdomThe Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the Head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party and...
(1916–1922) - Andrew Bonar Law, Prime Minister of the United KingdomPrime Minister of the United KingdomThe Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the Head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party and...
(1922–1923)
- David Lloyd George
North America and the Caribbean
- Canada
- Monarch - George V, King of Canada (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - The Viscount Byng of Vimy, Governor-General of Canada (1921–1926)
- Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie KingWilliam Lyon Mackenzie KingWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King, PC, OM, CMG was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s. He served as the tenth Prime Minister of Canada from December 29, 1921 to June 28, 1926; from September 25, 1926 to August 7, 1930; and from October 23, 1935 to November 15, 1948...
, Prime Minister of Canada (1921–1926)
- Costa Rica - Julio Acosta GarcíaJulio Acosta GarcíaJulio Acosta García served as President of Costa Rica from 1920-1924.He was born in San Ramón, Alajuela, to Don Juan Vicente Acosta and Doña Jesus García....
, President of Costa Rica (1920–1924) - Cuba - Alfredo Zayas y AlonsoAlfredo Zayas y AlonsoAlfredo de Zayas y Alfonso was a Cuban lawyer, poet and political figure. He served as prosecutor, judge, mayor of Havana, secretary of the Constitutional Convention, Senator 1905, president of the Senate 1906, vice-president 1908–1913 and President of Cuba from May 20, 1921 to May 20,...
, President of Cuba (1921–1925) - Mexico - Álvaro ObregónÁlvaro ObregónGeneral Álvaro Obregón Salido was the President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. He was assassinated in 1928, shortly after winning election to another presidential term....
, President of MexicoPresident of MexicoThe President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces...
(1920–1924) - Newfoundland
- Monarch - King George V, King of Newfoundland {1910-1936}
- Governor -
- Charles A. Harris, Governor of Newfoundland (1917–1922)
- William L. Allardyce, Governor of Newfoundland (1922–1928)
- Prime Minister - Richard SquiresRichard SquiresSir Richard Anderson Squires KCMG was the Prime Minister of Newfoundland from 1919 to 1923 and from 1928 to 1932.-Early career:...
, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1919–1923)
- United States - Warren Harding, President of the United StatesPresident of the United StatesThe President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
(1921–1923)
South America
- Argentina
- Hipólito YrigoyenHipólito YrigoyenJuan Hipólito del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Irigoyen Alem was twice President of Argentina . His activism became the prime impetus behind the obtainment of universal suffrage in Argentina in 1912...
, President of ArgentinaPresident of ArgentinaThe President of the Argentine Nation , usually known as the President of Argentina, is the head of state of Argentina. Under the national Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.Through Argentine history, the...
(1916–1922) - Marcelo Torcuato de AlvearMarcelo Torcuato de AlvearMáximo Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear Pacheco , better known as Marcelo T. de Alvear was an Argentine politician and President of Argentina from October 12, 1922 to October 12, 1928.-Biography:...
, President of Argentina (1922–1928)
- Hipólito Yrigoyen
- Brazil -
- Epitâcio da Silva Pessoa, President of BrazilPresident of BrazilThe president of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces...
(1919–1922) - Artur da Silva BernardesArtur da Silva BernardesArtur da Silva Bernardes was a Brazilian politician in the early 20th century. Born in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, he was elected governor of Minas Gerais in 1918. In 1922, he was elected president of Brazil and served until 1926. Facing a military rebellion, Bernardes ruled under a state of siege...
, President of BrazilPresident of BrazilThe president of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces...
(1922–1926)
- Epitâcio da Silva Pessoa, President of Brazil
- Paraguay - Eusebio AyalaEusebio AyalaEusebio Ayala was President of Paraguay from 7 November 1921 to 12 April 1923 and again from 15 August 1932 to 17 February 1936. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was overthrown by Rafael Franco.- His Life :...
, President of ParaguayPresident of ParaguayThe President of Paraguay is according to the Paraguayan Constitution the Chief of the Executive branch of the Government of Paraguay...
(1921–1923) - Peru - Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, President of Peru (1919–1930)
- Uruguay - Baltasar BrumBaltasar BrumBaltasar Brum Rodríguez was a Uruguayan political figure. He was President of Uruguay from 1919 to 1923.-Background:...
, President of Uruguay (1919–1923) - Venezuela -
- Victorino Márquez Bustillos, provisional President of Venezuela (1915–1922)
- Juan Vicente GómezJuan Vicente GómezJuan Vicente Gómez Chacón was a military general and de facto ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935. He was president on three occasions during this time, and ruled as an unelected military strongman for the rest of the era.-Early years:Gómez was a barely literate cattle herder and...
, President of Venezuela (1922–1929)