Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy
Encyclopedia
Law and U.S. public policy related to Native Americans
has evolved continuously since the founding of the United States
. This outline lists notable people, organizations, events, legislation, treaties, court cases and literature related to United States Federal Indian Law and Policy
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Blackfeet Agency
Crow Agency
Fort Belknap Agency
Fort Peck Agency
Northern Cheyenne Agency
Rocky Boy's Agency
Wind River Agency
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples in North America within the boundaries of the present-day continental United States, parts of Alaska, and the island state of Hawaii. They are composed of numerous, distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of which survive as...
has evolved continuously since the founding of the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. This outline lists notable people, organizations, events, legislation, treaties, court cases and literature related to United States Federal Indian Law and Policy
Federal Indian Policy
Federal Indian Policy refers the relationship between the United States Government and the Indian Tribes that exist within its borders. Federal Indian Policy contains several eras in which the way the U.S. Government dealt with the Indians constantly changed....
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U.S. Supreme Court cases
Adoption
- Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Indian Child Welfare Act governed adoptions of Indian children, and a tribal court had jurisdiction over a state court regardless of the location of birth of the...
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Tribal
- Ex parte JoinsEx parte JoinsEx parte Joins, 191 U.S. 93 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a request for a writ of prohibition was moot, as the lower court case had already been completed prior to the petition being heard at the Supreme Court.-Background:In 1893, Congress created the Dawes...
, - Santa Clara Pueblo v. MartinezSanta Clara Pueblo v. MartinezSanta Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 , involved a request to stop denying tribal membership to those children born to female tribal members who married outside of the tribe. The mother who made the case pleaded that the discrimination against her child was solely based on sex, which...
, - Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Indian Child Welfare Act governed adoptions of Indian children, and a tribal court had jurisdiction over a state court regardless of the location of birth of the...
(Smeg-mah), - South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
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Civil Rights
- Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the criminal jurisdiction of Tribal courts over non-Indians. The case was decided on March 6, 1978, with a 6-2 majority. The court opinion was written by William Rehnquist; a dissenting opinion was...
, - United States v. WheelerUnited States v. WheelerUnited States v. Wheeler, 254 U.S. 281 , is an 8-to-1 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the Constitution alone did not grant the federal government the power to prosecute kidnappers, and that only the states had the authority to punish a private citizen's unlawful...
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Congressional Authority
- Ex parte JoinsEx parte JoinsEx parte Joins, 191 U.S. 93 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a request for a writ of prohibition was moot, as the lower court case had already been completed prior to the petition being heard at the Supreme Court.-Background:In 1893, Congress created the Dawes...
, - White Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona's taxes that were assessed against a non-Indian contractor that was working exclusively for an Indian tribe on that tribe's reservation were preempted by federal...
, - California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
- South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
, - United States v. Lara,
Gambling
- California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
Hunting and Fishing Rights
- Menominee Tribe v. United StatesMenominee Tribe v. United StatesMenominee Tribe v. United States, 391 U.S. 404 , was a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the tribal hunting and fishing rights which were retained by treaty were not abrogated by the Menominee Termination Act without a clear and unequivocal statement to that effect by Congress...
, - New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe,
- Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian TribeOregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian TribeThe Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian Tribe 473 U.S. 753 was a case appealed to the US Supreme Court by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife...
, - Brendale v. Confederated Yakima Indian Nation,
- South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
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Jurisdiction
- Iowa Mutual Insurance Co. v. LaPlante,
- California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
- Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Indian Child Welfare Act governed adoptions of Indian children, and a tribal court had jurisdiction over a state court regardless of the location of birth of the...
, - South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
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Criminal
- Ex parte Crow DogEx parte Crow DogEx parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a federal court did not have jurisdiction to try Crow Dog, a Native American who killed another Indian on the reservation when the offense had been tried by the tribal council...
, - United States v. WheelerUnited States v. WheelerUnited States v. Wheeler, 254 U.S. 281 , is an 8-to-1 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the Constitution alone did not grant the federal government the power to prosecute kidnappers, and that only the states had the authority to punish a private citizen's unlawful...
, - Duro v. ReinaDuro v. ReinaIn Duro v. Reina, 495 U.S. 676 , the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that Indian tribes could not prosecute Indians who were members of other tribes for crimes committed by those nonmember Indians on their reservations...
, - United States v. Lara,
Federal
- United States v. RogersUnited States v. RogersUnited States v. Rogers, 45 U.S. 567 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that a white man, adopted into an Indian tribe, does not become exempt from the enforcement of the laws prohibiting murder.-Background:...
, - Ex parte Crow DogEx parte Crow DogEx parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a federal court did not have jurisdiction to try Crow Dog, a Native American who killed another Indian on the reservation when the offense had been tried by the tribal council...
, - National Farmers Union Ins. Cos. v. Crow Tribe,
- United States v. Lara,
Over Non-Indians
- Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the criminal jurisdiction of Tribal courts over non-Indians. The case was decided on March 6, 1978, with a 6-2 majority. The court opinion was written by William Rehnquist; a dissenting opinion was...
, - New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe,
- National Farmers Union Ins. Cos. v. Crow Tribe,
- Iowa Mutual Insurance Co. v. LaPlante,
- California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
- Duro v. ReinaDuro v. ReinaIn Duro v. Reina, 495 U.S. 676 , the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that Indian tribes could not prosecute Indians who were members of other tribes for crimes committed by those nonmember Indians on their reservations...
, - Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc., No. 07-0411 , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that a tribal court had no jurisdiction to hear a case on the sale of non-Indian fee land located on a reservation.-History:Ronnie and Lila Long had a family...
, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2709 (2008)
State
- Washington v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of the Yakima Indian Nation,
- White Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona's taxes that were assessed against a non-Indian contractor that was working exclusively for an Indian tribe on that tribe's reservation were preempted by federal...
, - Rice v. Rehner,
- Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation v. Wold Engineering, P. C.,
- Iowa Mutual Insurance Co. v. LaPlante,
- California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
Property Rights
- Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United StatesOklahoma Tax Commission v. United StatesOklahoma Tax Commission v. United States, 319 U.S. 598 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Indian land that Congress has exempted from direct taxation by a state is also exempt from state estate taxes.-Background:...
, - United States v. Southern Ute Tribe or Band of Indians,
- United States v. Sioux Nation of IndiansUnited States v. Sioux Nation of IndiansIn United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 the Supreme Court of the United States held that: 1) The enactment by Congress of a law allowing the Sioux Nation to pursue a claim against the United States that had been previously adjudicated did not violate the doctrine of separation...
, - Rice v. Rehner,
- Brendale v. Confederated Yakima Indian Nation,
- Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.,
- Yakima v. Confederated Tribes,
- South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
, - Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc., No. 07-0411 , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that a tribal court had no jurisdiction to hear a case on the sale of non-Indian fee land located on a reservation.-History:Ronnie and Lila Long had a family...
, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2709 (2008)
Allotment
- Brendale v. Confederated Yakima Indian Nation,
- Yakima v. Confederated Tribes,
- Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc., No. 07-0411 , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that a tribal court had no jurisdiction to hear a case on the sale of non-Indian fee land located on a reservation.-History:Ronnie and Lila Long had a family...
, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2709 (2008) - United States v. Mitchell,
Reservations
- United States v. Southern Ute Tribe or Band of Indians,
- McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'nMcClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'nMcClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n, 411 U.S. 164 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona has no jurisdiction to impose a tax on the income of Navajo Indians residing on the Navajo Reservation and whose income is wholly derived from reservation...
, - Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the criminal jurisdiction of Tribal courts over non-Indians. The case was decided on March 6, 1978, with a 6-2 majority. The court opinion was written by William Rehnquist; a dissenting opinion was...
, - Washington v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of the Yakima Indian Nation,
- Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation,
- White Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona's taxes that were assessed against a non-Indian contractor that was working exclusively for an Indian tribe on that tribe's reservation were preempted by federal...
, - United States v. Sioux Nation of IndiansUnited States v. Sioux Nation of IndiansIn United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 the Supreme Court of the United States held that: 1) The enactment by Congress of a law allowing the Sioux Nation to pursue a claim against the United States that had been previously adjudicated did not violate the doctrine of separation...
, - Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache TribeMerrion v. Jicarilla Apache TribeMerrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 455 U.S. 130 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that an Indian tribe has the authority to impose taxes on non-Indians that are conducting business on the reservation as an inherent power under their tribal sovereignty.-History:The...
, - New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe,
- Rice v. Rehner,
- Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian TribeOregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian TribeThe Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian Tribe 473 U.S. 753 was a case appealed to the US Supreme Court by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife...
, - California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
- Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. HolyfieldMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Indian Child Welfare Act governed adoptions of Indian children, and a tribal court had jurisdiction over a state court regardless of the location of birth of the...
, - Brendale v. Confederated Yakima Indian Nation,
- Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.,
- South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
, - Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc., No. 07-0411 , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that a tribal court had no jurisdiction to hear a case on the sale of non-Indian fee land located on a reservation.-History:Ronnie and Lila Long had a family...
, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2709 (2008)
Statutory and Treaty Interpretation
- Ex parte Crow DogEx parte Crow DogEx parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a federal court did not have jurisdiction to try Crow Dog, a Native American who killed another Indian on the reservation when the offense had been tried by the tribal council...
, - Menominee Tribe v. United StatesMenominee Tribe v. United StatesMenominee Tribe v. United States, 391 U.S. 404 , was a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the tribal hunting and fishing rights which were retained by treaty were not abrogated by the Menominee Termination Act without a clear and unequivocal statement to that effect by Congress...
, - Bryan v. Itasca CountyBryan v. Itasca CountyBryan v. Itasca County, 426 U.S. 373 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state did not have the right to assess a tax on the property of a Native American living on tribal land absent a specific Congressional grant of authority to do so.A county in Minnesota...
, - Washington v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of the Yakima Indian Nation,
- Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian TribeOregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian TribeThe Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife v. Klamath Indian Tribe 473 U.S. 753 was a case appealed to the US Supreme Court by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife...
, - South Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. BourlandSouth Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress specifically abrogated treaty rights with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe as to hunting and fishing rights on reservation lands that were acquired for a reservoir.-History:In 1868,...
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State
- Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United StatesOklahoma Tax Commission v. United StatesOklahoma Tax Commission v. United States, 319 U.S. 598 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Indian land that Congress has exempted from direct taxation by a state is also exempt from state estate taxes.-Background:...
, - Mescalero Apache Tribe v. JonesMescalero Apache Tribe v. JonesMescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, 411 U.S. 145 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state could tax tribal, off-reservation business activities but could not impose a tax on tribal land, which was exempt from all forms of property taxes.-Background:The Mescalero...
, - McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'nMcClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'nMcClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n, 411 U.S. 164 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona has no jurisdiction to impose a tax on the income of Navajo Indians residing on the Navajo Reservation and whose income is wholly derived from reservation...
, - Bryan v. Itasca CountyBryan v. Itasca CountyBryan v. Itasca County, 426 U.S. 373 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state did not have the right to assess a tax on the property of a Native American living on tribal land absent a specific Congressional grant of authority to do so.A county in Minnesota...
, - Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation,
- White Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona's taxes that were assessed against a non-Indian contractor that was working exclusively for an Indian tribe on that tribe's reservation were preempted by federal...
, - Ramah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Bureau of Revenue of N.M.Ramah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Bureau of Revenue of N.M.Ramah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Bureau of Revenue of N.M., 458 U.S. 832 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the state was not authorized to impose taxes on a construction company building a school on an Native American reservation.-Background:The children of...
, - New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe,
- Cotton Petroleum Corp. v. New Mexico,
- Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.,
- Yakima v. Confederated Tribes,
- Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Sac & Fox Nation,
- Dept. of Taxation and Finance of N.Y. v. Milhelm Attea & Bros., Inc.,
- Wagnon v. Prairie Band Potawatomi Indians,
Tribal Sovereignty
- Cherokee Nation v. GeorgiaCherokee Nation v. GeorgiaCherokee Nation v. Georgia, , was a United States Supreme Court case. The Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits...
, - Worcester v. GeorgiaWorcester v. GeorgiaWorcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515 , was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.The...
, - United States v. KagamaUnited States v. KagamaUnited States v. Kagama, , is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Constitutionality of the Major Crimes Act of 1885. Kagama was selected as a test case by the Department of Justice to test the constitutionality of the Major Crimes Act of 1885, which was passed as a rider to an...
, - Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United StatesOklahoma Tax Commission v. United StatesOklahoma Tax Commission v. United States, 319 U.S. 598 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Indian land that Congress has exempted from direct taxation by a state is also exempt from state estate taxes.-Background:...
, - Menominee Tribe v. United StatesMenominee Tribe v. United StatesMenominee Tribe v. United States, 391 U.S. 404 , was a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the tribal hunting and fishing rights which were retained by treaty were not abrogated by the Menominee Termination Act without a clear and unequivocal statement to that effect by Congress...
, - Bryan v. Itasca CountyBryan v. Itasca CountyBryan v. Itasca County, 426 U.S. 373 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state did not have the right to assess a tax on the property of a Native American living on tribal land absent a specific Congressional grant of authority to do so.A county in Minnesota...
, - Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian TribeOliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the criminal jurisdiction of Tribal courts over non-Indians. The case was decided on March 6, 1978, with a 6-2 majority. The court opinion was written by William Rehnquist; a dissenting opinion was...
, - United States v. WheelerUnited States v. WheelerUnited States v. Wheeler, 254 U.S. 281 , is an 8-to-1 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the Constitution alone did not grant the federal government the power to prosecute kidnappers, and that only the states had the authority to punish a private citizen's unlawful...
, - Santa Clara Pueblo v. MartinezSanta Clara Pueblo v. MartinezSanta Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 , involved a request to stop denying tribal membership to those children born to female tribal members who married outside of the tribe. The mother who made the case pleaded that the discrimination against her child was solely based on sex, which...
, - Washington v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of the Yakima Indian Nation,
- Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation,
- White Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. BrackerWhite Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona's taxes that were assessed against a non-Indian contractor that was working exclusively for an Indian tribe on that tribe's reservation were preempted by federal...
, - Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache TribeMerrion v. Jicarilla Apache TribeMerrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 455 U.S. 130 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that an Indian tribe has the authority to impose taxes on non-Indians that are conducting business on the reservation as an inherent power under their tribal sovereignty.-History:The...
, - Ramah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Bureau of Revenue of N.M.Ramah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Bureau of Revenue of N.M.Ramah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Bureau of Revenue of N.M., 458 U.S. 832 , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the state was not authorized to impose taxes on a construction company building a school on an Native American reservation.-Background:The children of...
, - New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe,
- National Farmers Union Ins. Cos. v. Crow Tribe,
- Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation v. Wold Engineering, P. C.,
- Cotton Petroleum Corp. v. New Mexico,
- Brendale v. Confederated Yakima Indian Nation,
- Duro v. ReinaDuro v. ReinaIn Duro v. Reina, 495 U.S. 676 , the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that Indian tribes could not prosecute Indians who were members of other tribes for crimes committed by those nonmember Indians on their reservations...
, - Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.,
- Yakima v. Confederated Tribes,
- Dept. of Taxation and Finance of N.Y. v. Milhelm Attea & Bros., Inc.,
- Wagnon v. Prairie Band Potawatomi Indians,
- Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc.Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co., Inc., No. 07-0411 , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that a tribal court had no jurisdiction to hear a case on the sale of non-Indian fee land located on a reservation.-History:Ronnie and Lila Long had a family...
, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2709 (2008)
Other Federal court cases
- Cobell v. Salazar
- Harjo et al v. Pro Football, Inc.Harjo et al v. Pro Football, Inc.Harjo et al v. Pro-Football, Inc. v. , 30 U.S.P.Q.2d 1828, 1833, 1994 WL 262249, was a case before the United States Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, regarding six trademarks that contain or are derived from the word Redskins registered with the Patent and Trademark Office.-Trademark Trial and...
- In the Matter of S---In the Matter of S---In the Matter of S---, 1 I. & N. Dec. 309 , is a United States Department of Justice, Board of Immigration Appeals decision holding that a white woman born in Canada married to a Canadian Indian and deemed a member of an Indian tribe under the Canadian Indian Act is an American Indian within the...
- Sohappy v. SmithSohappy v. SmithSohappy v. Smith, 302 F.Supp. 899 , along with the combined United States v. Oregon, was a federal case heard by the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, decided in 1969 and amended in 1975...
- Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. MortonJoint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. MortonJoint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton, 528 F.2d 370 , was a landmark decision regarding aboriginal title in the United States...
Legislation
- Alaska Native Allotment ActAlaska Native Allotment ActThe Alaska Native Allotment Act of 1906, , enacted on May 17, 1906, permitted individual Alaska Natives to acquire title to up to of land in a manner similar to that afforded to Native Americans in the other states and territories of the United States under the General Allotment Act of 1887...
- Alaska Native Claims Settlement ActAlaska Native Claims Settlement ActThe Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, commonly abbreviated ANCSA, was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on December 23, 1971, the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve the long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in...
- Aleut Restitution Act of 1988Aleut Restitution Act of 1988The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 was a reparation settlement passed by the United States Congress in 1988, in response to the internment of Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands during World War II.Before the Japanese invasion of Attu and Kiska in 1942, the United States forcibly evacuated...
- American Indian Religious Freedom ActAmerican Indian Religious Freedom ActThe American Indian Religious Freedom Act, Public Law No. 95-341, 92 Stat. 469 , codified at , is a United States federal law and a joint resolution of Congress that was passed in 1978. It was enacted to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of American...
- Burke ActBurke ActBurke Act , was designed to correct certain defects in the General Allotment Act also known as the Dawes Act of 1887, under which the land in the Indian reservations was to be broken up and distributed in severalty to the individual Indians...
- Indian Citizenship Act of 1924Indian Citizenship Act of 1924The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, also known as the Snyder Act, was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder of New York and granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples, called "Indians" in this Act...
- Civilization Fund Act
- Curtis Act of 1898Curtis Act of 1898The Curtis Act of 1898 was an amendment to the United States Dawes Act that brought about the allotment process of lands of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory: the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee, Cherokee, and Seminole...
- Dawes ActDawes ActThe Dawes Act, adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide the land into allotments for individual Indians. The Act was named for its sponsor, Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 and again...
- Indian Gaming Regulatory ActIndian Gaming Regulatory ActThe Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is a 1988 United States federal law that establishes the jurisdictional framework that governs Indian gaming. There was no federal gaming structure before this act...
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation ActNative American Graves Protection and Repatriation ActThe Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act , Pub. L. 101-601, 25 U.S.C. 3001 et seq., 104 Stat. 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to return Native American "cultural items" to...
- Hawaiian HomelandsHawaiian HomelandsHawaiian Homelands were lands dedicated to Native Hawaiians by legislation known as the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1921.-History:Upon the 1893 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the idea for "Hawaiian Homelands" was first born...
- House concurrent resolution 108House concurrent resolution 108House concurrent resolution 108 , passed August 1, 1953, declared it to be the sense of congress that it should be policy of the United States to abolish federal supervision over American Indian tribes as soon as possible and to subject the Indians to the same laws, privileges, and responsibilities...
- Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
- Indian Child Welfare ActIndian Child Welfare ActThe Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 is a Federal law that governs jurisdiction over the removal of Native American children from their families.-General:...
- Indian Claims Limitations ActIndian Claims Limitations ActThe Indian Claims Limitations Act of 1982 is a federal statute of limitations that governs some types of claims by Native American tribes and claims by the federal government on behalf of tribes.-Previous statutes:...
- Indian Land Claims SettlementsIndian Land Claims SettlementsIndian Land Claims Settlements are settlements of Native American land claims by the United States Congress, codified in 25 U.S.C. ch. 19.In several instances, these settlements ended live claims of aboriginal title in the United States...
- Indian Land Consolidation Act
- Indian Relocation Act of 1956Indian Relocation Act of 1956The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 was a United States law intended to encourage Native Americans in the United States to leave Indian reservations, acquire vocational skills, and assimilate into the general population...
- Indian Removal ActIndian Removal ActThe Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in...
- Indian Reorganization ActIndian Reorganization ActThe Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934 the Indian New Deal, was U.S. federal legislation that secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives...
- Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 authorized the Secretaries of the Department of Interior, Health, Education and Welfare and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes...
- The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832
- Native American Languages Act of 1990Native American Languages Act of 1990The Native American Languages Act of 1990 is the short cited title for executive order PUBLIC LAW 101-477 enacted by Congress on October 30, 1990. Public Law 101-477 of 1990 gave historical importance as repudiating past policies of eradicating Indian Languages by declaring as policy that Native...
- Nonintercourse Act
- Johnson–O'Malley Act
- Lacey Act of 1907Lacey Act of 1907The Lacey Act of 1907, authored by Iowa Congressman John F. Lacey, revised federal Indian Law to provide for the allotment of tribal funds to certain classes of Indians. These provisions were proposed after the passage of the Burke Act and the Dawes Act, both of which provided for the allotment of...
- Major Crimes ActMajor Crimes ActThe Major Crimes Act is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1885. It places 7 major crimes under federal jurisdiction if they are committed by a Native American against another Native American in Native territory....
- Menominee Restoration ActMenominee Restoration ActThe Menominee Restoration Act, signed by President of the United States Richard Nixon on December 22, 1973, returned federally recognized sovereignty to the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. It also restored tribal supervision over property and members, as well as federal services granted to...
- Meriam ReportMeriam ReportThe Meriam Report , whose official title was The Problem of Indian Administration, was commissioned by the Institute for Government Research and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation...
- Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996The Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 was passed to simplify and reorganize the system of providing housing assistance to Native American communities to help improve the unsatisfactory conditions of infrastructure in Indian Country...
- Nelson Act of 1889Nelson Act of 1889The Nelson Act of 1889 was a United States federal law intended to relocate Anishinaabe people in Minnesota to the White Earth Indian Reservation and expropriate their remaining lands....
- Oklahoma Indian Welfare ActOklahoma Indian Welfare ActThe Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936, also known as the Thomas-Rogers Act, is a United States federal law that extended the US Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. It sought to return some form of tribal government to the many tribes in former Indian Territory...
- Public Law 280Public Law 280Public Law 280 is a federal law of the United States establishing "a method whereby States may assume jurisdiction over reservation Indians," as stated by Arizona Supreme Court Justice Stanley G. Feldman. Public Law 280 is a federal law of the United States establishing "a method whereby States...
- Title 25 of the United States CodeTitle 25 of the United States CodeTitle 25 of the United States Code outlines the role of Indians in the United States Code.—Bureau of Indian Affairs—Officers of Indian Affairs—Indian Claims Commission—Agreements With Indians—Performance by United States of Obligations to Indians—Protection of Indians—Government of Indian Country...
- Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010The Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 , signed into law by President Barack Obama, enacts a United States law aimed at strengthening tribal law enforcement in order to remedy what some considered lax law enforcement on Indian reservations....
- Western Shoshone Claims Distribution Act of 2004Western Shoshone Claims Distribution Act of 2004The Western Shoshone Claims Distribution Act of 2004 established the legal framework for the distribution of the "Western Shoshone Judgement Funds" stemming from docket 326-K before the Indian Claims Commission...
- White Mountain Apache Tribe Water Rights Quantification Act of 2009
Executive Orders
- Executive Order 13007, 1996, Indian Sacred Sites [Clinton]
- Executive Order 13336, 2004, American Indian and Alaska Native Education [GW Bush]
- Executive Order 13096, 1998, American Indian and Alaska Native Education [Clinton]
- Executive Order 13270, 2002, Tribal College Endorsement [GW Bush]
- Executive Order 13175, 2000, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments [Clinton]
- Executive Order 13084, 1998, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments [Clinton]
- Executive Order 13158, 2000, Marine Protected Areas [Clinton]
- Executive Order 13021, 1996, Tribal Colleges and Universities [Clinton]
- Executive Order 13107, 1998, Implementation of Human Rights Treaties [Clinton]
Treaties
- Treaty of BrownstownTreaty of BrownstownThe Treaty of Brownstown was between the United States and the Council of Three Fires , Wyandott, and Shawanoese Indian Nations...
, 1808, was between the United States and the Council of Three FiresCouncil of Three FiresThe Council of Three Fires, also known as the People of the Three Fires, the Three Fires Confederacy, the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Indians, or Niswi-mishkodewin in the Anishinaabe language, is a long-standing Anishinaabe alliance of the Ojibwe , Ottawa , and Potawatomi...
(ChippewaOjibwaThe Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...
, OttawaOttawa (tribe)The Odawa or Ottawa, said to mean "traders," are a Native American and First Nations people. They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe nation. Their original homelands are located on Manitoulin Island, near the northern shores of Lake Huron, on the Bruce Peninsula in...
, PotawatomiPotawatomiThe Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...
), Wyandott, and ShawanoeseShawneeThe Shawnee, Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are an Algonquian-speaking people native to North America. Historically they inhabited the areas of Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Western Maryland, Kentucky, Indiana, and Pennsylvania...
Indian Nations. - Treaty of Buffalo CreekTreaty of Buffalo Creek-1788:The Treaty of Buffalo Creek should not be confused with the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of lands east of the Genesee River in New York, which occurred at Buffalo Creek on July 8, 1788...
- Treaty of CanandaiguaTreaty of CanandaiguaThe Treaty of Canandaigua is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington representing the United States of America....
, 1794, is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington representing the United States of America. - Treaty of the CedarsTreaty of the CedarsThe Treaty of the Cedars was concluded on the Fox River, west of what is today the village of Little Chute, Wisconsin, on September 3, 1836. Under the treaty, the Menominee Indian nation ceded to the United States about of land for $700,000...
- Cherokee treatiesCherokee treaties-Pre-American Revolution:Treaty with South Carolina, 1721 : Ceded land between the Santee, Saluda, and Edisto Rivers to the Province of South Carolina.Treaty of Nikwasi, 1730 : Trade agreement with the Province of North Carolina thru Alexander Cumming....
- Treaty of ChicagoTreaty of ChicagoThe Treaty of Chicago may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Chicago, Illinois between the United States and the Ottawa, Ojibwe , and Potawatomi Native American peoples.-1821 Treaty of Chicago:...
- Treaty of ColerainTreaty of ColerainThe Treaty of Colerain was signed at St. Marys River in Camden County, Georgia by Benjamin Hawkins, George Clymer, and Andrew Pickens for the United States and representatives of the Creek Nation on June 29, 1796, proclaimed on March 18, 1797, and codified as . This treaty affirms the binding of...
- Treaty of the Creek Agency (1818)Treaty of the Creek Agency (1818)The Treaty of the Creek Agency was signed on January 22, 1818, at the Creek Agency on the Flint River in Georgia. The treaty was handled for the U.S. by former Governor of Georgia David Brydie Mitchell who was serving as President James Monroe's agent of Indian affairs for the Creek nation...
- Treaty of CussetaTreaty of CussetaThe Treaty of Cusseta was a treaty between the government of the United States and the Creek Nation signed March 24, 1832. The treaty ceded all Creek claims east of the Mississippi River to the United States.-Origins:...
- Treaty of Dancing Rabbit CreekTreaty of Dancing Rabbit CreekThe Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was a treaty signed on September 27, 1830 between the Choctaw and the United States Government. This was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act...
- Treaty of DetroitTreaty of DetroitThe Treaty of Detroit was a treaty between the United States and the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi Native American nations. The treaty was signed at Detroit, Michigan on November 17, 1807, with William Hull, governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs the sole...
- Treaty of Doak's StandTreaty of Doak's StandThe Treaty of Doak's Stand was signed on October 18, 1820 between the United States and the Choctaw Indian tribe. Based on the terms of the accord, the Choctaw agreed to give up approximately one-half of their remaining Choctaw homeland...
- Treaty of Fond du LacTreaty of Fond du LacThe Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota between the United States and the Ojibwe Native American peoples.-1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac:...
- Treaty of Fort AdamsTreaty of Fort AdamsThe Treaty of Fort Adams was signed on December 17, 1801 between the Choctaw and the United States Government. The treaty ceded about of Choctaw land...
- Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868This Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868, was also known as the Great Treaty Council, was a council that developed the Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 . The Shoshone, also referred to as the Shoshoni or Snake, were the main American Indian group affected by this treaty...
- Treaty of Fort ClarkTreaty of Fort ClarkThe Treaty of Fort Clark was signed at Fort Osage on November 10, 1808 in which the Osage Nation ceded all the land east of the fort in Missouri and Arkansas north of the Arkansas River to the United States. The Fort Clark treaty and the Treaty of St...
- Treaty of Fort ConfederationTreaty of Fort ConfederationThe Treaty of Fort Confederation was signed on October 17, 1802 between the Choctaw and the United States Government. The treaty ceded about of Choctaw land, including the site of Fort Tombecbe, also known as Fort Confederation....
- Treaty of Fort FinneyTreaty of Fort FinneyThe Treaty of Fort Finney, also known as the Treaty at the Mouth of the Great Miami, was signed in 1786 between the United States and Shawnee leaders after the American Revolutionary War, ceding parts of the Ohio country to the United States. The treaty was reluctantly signed by the Shawnees, and...
- Treaty of Fort IndustryTreaty of Fort IndustryThe Treaty of Fort Industry was a successor treaty to the Treaty of Greenville, which moved the eastern boundary of Indian lands in northern Ohio from the Tuscarawas River and Cuyahoga River westward to a line 120 miles west of the Pennsylvania boundary, which coincided with the western boundary of...
- Treaty of Fort JacksonTreaty of Fort JacksonThe Treaty of Fort Jackson was signed on August 9, 1814 at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama following the defeat of the Red Stick resistance by United States allied forces at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. It occurred on the banks of the Tallapoosa River near the present city of Alexander City,...
- Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)Although many European and European-American migrants to western North America had previously passed through the Great Plains on the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails, the California gold rush greatly increased traffic...
- Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)The Treaty of Fort Laramie was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota, and Arapaho Nation signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further...
- Treaty of Fort MeigsTreaty of Fort MeigsThe Treaty of Fort Meigs, also called the Treaty of the Foot of the Rapids, was signed September 29, 1817 between the chiefs and warriors of the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Ottawa and Chippewa, tribes of native Americans and the United States of America, represented by Lewis...
- Treaty of Fort Pitt
- Treaty of Fort St. StephensTreaty of Fort St. StephensThe Treaty of Fort St. Stephens or Treaty of Choctaw Trading House was signed between the United States and the Choctaws. The treaty was signed at the Choctaw trading house on October 24, 1816. It ceded of Choctaw land east of the Tombigbee River. The land was exchanged for 6,000 US dollars...
- Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty signed in October 1784 at Fort Stanwix, located in present-day Rome, New York, between the United States and Native Americans...
- Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)The Treaty of Fort Wayne was a treaty between the United States and several groups of Native Americans. The treaty was signed on June 7, 1803 and proclaimed December 26, 1803.-Parties:...
- Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)
- Treaty of Fort WiseTreaty of Fort WiseThe Treaty of Fort Wise of 1861 was a treaty entered into between the United States and six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Southern Arapaho Indian tribes. A significant proportion of Cheyennes opposed this treaty on the grounds that only a minority of Cheyenne chiefs had signed,...
- Georgia resolutions 1827Georgia resolutions 1827The Georgia Resolutions of 1827 were a response to the Cherokee’s refusal to cede their territory within the U.S. state of Georgia. The resolutions declared the state’s right to title, jurisdiction, and authority over all the land within its borders...
were a response to the Cherokee’s refusal to cede their territory within the U.S. state of Georgia. - Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of GreenvilleThe Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville , on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War...
- Treaty of Greenville (1814)Treaty of Greenville (1814)The Treaty of Greenville was called A TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP Between the United States of America and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanoese, Senacas and Miamies. It was concluded July 22, 1814 at Greenville, Ohio, and provided peace among the tribes, and the...
- Treaty of Fort HarmarTreaty of Fort HarmarThe Treaty of Fort Harmar was an agreement between the United States government and numerous Native American tribes with claims to the Ohio Country. it was signed at Fort Harmar, near present-day Marietta, Ohio, on January 9, 1789. Representatives of the Six Nations and other groups including the...
- Treaty of HellgateTreaty of HellgateThe Treaty of Hellgate was signed in Hellgate on July 16, 1855 between Indian commissioner Isaac Stevens and the Native American tribes located in western Montana. The treaty was ratified by Congress, signed by President James Buchanan, and proclaimed on April 18, 1859.The tribes involved in the...
- Treaty of Hoe BuckintoopaTreaty of Hoe BuckintoopaThe Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa was signed on August 31, 1803 between the Choctaw and the United States Government. The treaty ceded about of Choctaw land.-Terms:The preamble begins with,1...
- Treaty of HolstonTreaty of HolstonThe Treaty of Holston was a treaty between the United States government and the Cherokee signed on July 2, 1791 and proclaimed on February 7, 1792...
- Treaty of HopewellTreaty of HopewellThe Treaty of Hopewell is any of three different treaties signed at Hopewell Plantation. The plantation was owned by Andrew Pickens, and was located on the Seneca River in northwestern South Carolina. The treaties were signed between the Confederation Congress of the United States of America and...
- Treaty of Indian SpringsTreaty of Indian SpringsThere are two Treaties of Indian Springs with the Creek Indians. The first treaty was signed January 8, 1821. In it, the Lower Creek ceded land to the state of Georgia in return for cash payments totaling $200,000 over a period of 14 years...
- Indian treaties
- Treaty of La PointeTreaty of La PointeThe Treaty of La Pointe may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in La Pointe, Wisconsin between the United States and the Ojibwe Native American peoples...
, may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in La Pointe, WisconsinLa Pointe, WisconsinLa Pointe is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The town includes all of the Apostle Islands. There is also an unincorporated community named La Pointe on Madeline Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands . The population was 246 at the 2000 census...
between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American peoples. In addition, the Isle Royale Agreement, an adhesion to the first Treaty of La Pointe, was made at La Pointe. - Treaty of LewistownTreaty of LewistownOn August 3, 1829, members of the Shawnee Indians and the Seneca Indians signed the Treaty of Lewistown with the United States. In this treaty, Senecas and Shawnees living at Lewistown, Ohio, relinquished their claim to the land and joined the rest of the Ohio Senecas already living on a...
- List of Choctaw treaties
- Little Arkansas TreatyLittle Arkansas TreatyThe Little Arkansas Treaty was a set of treaties signed between the United States of America and the Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache, Southern Cheyenne, and Southern Arapaho at Little Arkansas River, Kansas in October 1865...
- Fort Martin Scott TreatyFort Martin Scott TreatyThe Fort Martin Scott Treaty of 1850 was an unratified treaty between the United States government and the Comanche, Caddo, Quapaw, Tawakoni, Lipan, and Waco tribes in Texas...
- Treaty of Fort McIntoshTreaty of Fort McIntoshThe Treaty of Fort McIntosh was a treaty between the United States government and representatives of the Wyandotte, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa nations of Native Americans...
- Treaty of Medicine CreekTreaty of Medicine CreekThe Treaty of Medicine Creek was an 1854 treaty between the United States, and the Nisqually, Puyallup and Squaxin Island tribes, along with six other smaller Native American tribes.-Site:...
- Medicine Lodge TreatyMedicine Lodge TreatyThe Medicine Lodge Treaty is the overall name for three treaties signed between the United States government and southern Plains Indian tribes in October 1867, intended to bring peace to the area by relocating the Native Americans to reservations in Indian Territory and away from European-American...
- Treaty of MendotaTreaty of MendotaThe Treaty of Mendota was signed in Mendota, Minnesota on August 5, 1851 between the United States federal government and the Sioux tribes of Minnesota ....
- Treaty of Moultrie CreekTreaty of Moultrie CreekThe Treaty of Moultrie Creek was an agreement signed in 1823 between the government of the United States and several chiefs of the Seminole Indians in the present-day state of Florida. The United States had acquired Florida from Spain in 1821 by means of the Adams-Onís Treaty. In 1823 the...
- Treaty of Mount DexterTreaty of Mount DexterThe Treaty of Mount Dexter was signed between the United States and the Choctaws. The treaty was signed November 16, 1805. The area ceded was from the Natchez District to the Tombigbee Alabama River watershed, mostly in present-day Mississippi.-Terms:...
- Native American treaties
- Treaty of New EchotaTreaty of New EchotaThe Treaty of New Echota was a treaty signed on December 29, 1835, in New Echota, Georgia by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction, known as the Treaty Party...
- Treaty of New YorkTreaty of New YorkThe Treaty of New York is one of several treaties signed between the United States and Native American tribes, conducted in the city of New York.-1790:...
- Treaty of Old CrossingTreaty of Old CrossingBy the Treaty of Old Crossing and the Treaty of Old Crossing , the Pembina and Red Lake bands of the Ojibwe, then known as Chippewa Indians, purportedly ceded to the United States all of their rights to the Red River Valley...
- Osage Treaty (1825)Osage Treaty (1825)The Osage Treaty was signed in what became Council Grove, Kansas, on June 2, 1825 between William Clark on behalf of the United States and members of the Osage Nation. The accord contained fourteen articles. Based on the most important terms of the accord, the Osage ceded multiple territories to...
- Treaty of Payne's LandingTreaty of Payne's LandingThe Treaty of Payne's Landing was an agreement signed on 9 May 1832 between the government of the United States and several chiefs of the Seminole Indians in the present-day state of Florida.- Background :...
- Treaty of Point ElliottTreaty of Point ElliottThe Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855, or the Point Elliott Treaty,—also known as Treaty of Point Elliot / Point Elliott Treaty—is the lands settlement treaty between the United States government and the nominal Native American tribes of the greater Puget Sound region in the recently-formed...
- Treaties of Portage des SiouxTreaties of Portage des SiouxThe Treaties of Portage des Sioux were a series of treaties at Portage des Sioux, Missouri in 1815 that officially were supposed to mark the end of conflicts between the United States and Native Americans at the conclusion of the War of 1812....
- List of treaties between the Potawatomi and the United States
- Treaty of St. Joseph
- Treaty of Prairie du ChienTreaty of Prairie du ChienThe Treaty of Prairie du Chien may refer to any of several treaties made and signed in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin between the United States, representatives from the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinaabeg Native American peoples.-1825:The first treaty of Prairie du...
- Quinault TreatyQuinault TreatyThe Quinault Treaty was a treaty agreement between the United States and the Native American Quinault and Quileute tribes located in the western Olympic Peninsula north of Grays Harbor, in the recently-formed Washington Territory...
- Treaty of SaginawTreaty of SaginawThe Treaty of Saginaw, also known as the Treaty with the Chippewa, was made between Gen. Lewis Cass and Chief John Okemos, Chief Wasso and other Native American tribes of the Great Lakes region in what is now the United States, on September 24, 1819, proclaimed by the President of the United...
- Treaty of St. LouisTreaty of St. LouisThe Treaty of St. Louis is one of many treaties signed between the United States and various Native American tribes.-1804 - Sauk and Fox :...
- Treaty of St. Mary'sTreaty of St. Mary'sThe Treaty of St. Mary's was signed on October 6, 1818 at Saint Mary's, Ohio between representatives of the United States and the Miami tribe and others living in their territory. The accord contained seven articles. Based on the terms of the accord, the Miami ceded to the United States...
- Treaty of St. PetersTreaty of St. PetersTreaty of St. Peters may be one of two treaties conducted between the United States and Native American peoples, conducted at the confluence of the Minnesota River with the Mississippi River, in what today is Mendota, Minnesota....
- Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
- Treaty of Tellico
- Treaty of Big TreeTreaty of Big TreeTreaty of Big Tree was a formal treaty, held from August 20, 1797 until September 16, 1797, between the Seneca nation and the United States of America. The delegates for both parties met at the residence of William Wadsworth, an early pioneer of the area and Captain of the local militia, in what is...
- Treaty of Bird's Fort
- Treaty of GrouselandTreaty of GrouselandThe Treaty of Grouseland was an agreement negotiated by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory on behalf of the government of the United States of America with Native American leaders, including Little Turtle and Buckongahelas, for lands in Southern Indiana, northeast Indiana, and...
- Treaty of MississinwasTreaty of MississinwasThe Treaty of Mississiniwas or the Treaty of Mississinewa is an 1826 treaty between the United States and the Miami tribe.-Terms:After negotiations with the Pottawatomie to build the Michigan Road through Indiana by James B...
- Treaty of TippecanoeTreaty of TippecanoeThe Treaty of Tippecanoe was an agreement between the United States government and Native American tribes in Indiana on October 26, 1832.-Treaty:...
- Treaty of Traverse des SiouxTreaty of Traverse des SiouxThe Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was a treaty signed on July 23, 1851, between the United States government and Sioux Indian bands in Minnesota Territory by which the Sioux ceded territory. The treaty was instigated by Alexander Ramsey, the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and Luke Lea,...
- Treaty of VincennesTreaty of VincennesThe Treaty of Vincennes is the name of two separate treaties. One was an 1803 agreement between the United States of America and the Miami and their allies, the Wea tribes and the Shawnee...
- Treaty of Washington CityTreaty of Washington CityThe Treaty of Washington City was a treaty signed on January 20, 1825 between the Choctaw and the United States Government.-Overview:...
- Treaty of Washington, with Menominee (1831)Treaty of Washington, with Menominee (1831)The Treaty of Washington was a treaty between the Menominee and the United States Government. The treaty was initially made and signed on February 8, 1831 in Washington, D.C.. In the treaty, the Menominee ceded about of their land in Wisconsin primarily adjacent to Lake Michigan...
- Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.
- Walla Walla Council (1855)Walla Walla Council (1855)The Walla Walla Council was a meeting in the Pacific Northwest between the United States and sovereign tribal bodies of the Cayuse, Nez Perce, Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Yakama. The treaties signed at this council were ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1859...
- Treaty of WapakonetaTreaty of WapakonetaThe Treaty of Wapakoneta was signed on August 8, 1831, Remnants of the Shawnee Native American tribe in Wapakoneta were forced to relinquish claims that they had to land in western Ohio....
- Treaty of Washington (1826)Treaty of Washington (1826)The 1826 Treaty of Washington was a settlement between the United States government and the Creek National Council of Native Americans, led by their spokesman Opothleyahola. The Creeks ceded much of their land in the State of Georgia to the Federal government....
- Treaty of Washington (1836)Treaty of Washington (1836)The Treaty of Washington is a treaty between the United States and representatives of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations of Native Americans. With this treaty, the tribes ceded an area of approximately 13,837,207 acres in the northwest portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern...
- Treaty of Washington (1855)Treaty of Washington (1855)The 1855 Treaty of Washington may refer to any of the four treaties signed between the United States and various Native American governments.-Treaty with the Wyandot:...
- Treaty of WatertownTreaty of WatertownThe Treaty of Watertown, the first foreign treaty concluded by the United States of America after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was signed on July 19, 1776, in the Edmund Fowle House in the town of Watertown, Massachusetts Bay. The treaty established a military alliance between...
, 1776, established a military alliance between the United States and the St. John's and Mi'kmaq First NationsFirst NationsFirst Nations is a term that collectively refers to various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognised First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The...
in Nova ScotiaNova ScotiaNova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
against Great BritainGreat BritainGreat Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
during the American Revolutionary WarAmerican Revolutionary WarThe American Revolutionary War , the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers.The war was the result of the...
. - Yankton TreatyYankton TreatyIn 1858 the United States government and the Sioux and Yankton Indian tribes reached an agreement, ceding most of eastern South Dakota to the U.S. The agreement immediately opened this territory up for settlement by whites, resulting in the establishment of an unofficial local government not...
Notable people
The following individuals have played an important role in the evolution of Federal Indian Law and Policy through activism, literature and other methods.- Hank AdamsHank AdamsHenry Lyle Adams is a Sioux-Assiniboine Native American rights activist from Montana.-Early life:Hank Adams was born in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Montana on May 16, 1943. The specific place he was born was called Wolf Point, but had the nickname of Poverty Flats. While growing up,...
(Fort Peck Assiniboine-Sioux), Native American rights activist - James Anaya is the AmericanUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
James J. Lenoir Professor of Human Rights Law and Policy at the University of ArizonaUniversity of ArizonaThe University of Arizona is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. The University of Arizona was the first university in the state of Arizona, founded in 1885...
's James E. Rogers College of LawJames E. Rogers College of LawJames E. Rogers College of Law is the law school at the University of Arizona located in Tucson, Arizona and was the first law school founded in the State of Arizona, opening its doors in 1915. Formerly known as University of Arizona College of Law, it was renamed in 1999 in honor of noted...
. - Clyde BellecourtClyde BellecourtClyde Howard Bellecourt is a White Earth Ojibwe civil rights organizer noted for co-founding the American Indian Movement in 1968 with Dennis Banks, Herb Powless, and Eddie Benton Banai, among others. His older brother, the late Vernon Bellecourt, was also active...
(White Earth Ojibwe), co-founder of American Indian MovementAmerican Indian MovementThe American Indian Movement is a Native American activist organization in the United States, founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota by urban Native Americans. The national AIM agenda focuses on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty... - Vernon BellecourtVernon BellecourtVernon Bellecourt, Indian name WaBun-Inini, was a member of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe , and a Native American rights activist, one of the highest leaders in the American Indian Movement...
(White Earth Ojibwe), co-founder of American Indian Movement - Mary Brave Bird (Brulé Lakota), author and activist
- Ed CastilloEd CastilloEdward Castillo, of the Luiseño-Cahuilla tribes, is a Native American activist who participated in the American Indian occupation of Alcatraz in 1969...
(Luiseño-Cahuilla), Native American activist who participated in the American Indian occupation of Alcatraz in 1969. - Ward ChurchillWard ChurchillWard LeRoy Churchill is an author and political activist. He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1990 to 2007. The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government...
, American scholar, author, and political activist. - Felix S. CohenFelix S. CohenFelix Solomon Cohen was an American lawyer and scholar who made a lasting mark on legal philosophy and fundamentally shaped federal Indian law and policy.- Biography :...
, American lawyer and scholar who made a lasting mark on legal philosophy and fundamentally shaped federal Indian law and policy. - John CollierJohn Collier (reformer)John Collier was an American social reformer and Native American advocate. He served as Commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, from 1933-1945...
, American social reformer and Native American advocate. - Lyda ConleyLyda ConleyEliza Burton “Lyda” Conley was an American lawyer of Native American and European descent, the first woman admitted to the Kansas bar. She was notable for her campaign to prevent the sale and development of the Huron Cemetery in Kansas City, now known as the Wyandot National Burying Ground...
(Wyandot, lawyer and the first woman admitted to the KansasKansasKansas is a US state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south...
bar, who fought to retain tribal control of the Wyandot National Burying Ground - Elizabeth Cook-LynnElizabeth Cook-LynnElizabeth Cook-Lynn is a Crow Creek Lakota Sioux editor, essayist, poet, novelist, and academic, whose trenchant views on Native American politics, particularly tribal sovereignty, have caused controversy....
(Crow Creek Lakota), editor, essayist, poet, novelist, and academic. - Lucy CovingtonLucy CovingtonLucy Friedlander Covington was a Native American tribal leader and political activist. She was a member of the Colville tribe which has a reservation in north-western Washington State...
(Colville), activist for Native American emancipationEmancipationEmancipation means the act of setting an individual or social group free or making equal to citizens in a political society.Emancipation may also refer to:* Emancipation , a champion Australian thoroughbred racehorse foaled in 1979...
. - Mary Dann and Carrie DannMary Dann and Carrie DannThe Dann Sisters, Mary Dann and her sister, Carrie were Western Shoshone spiritual leaders, ranchers, and cultural, spiritual rights and land rights activists. Carrie and Mary Dann filed a request for urgent action with the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination...
(Western ShoshoneWestern ShoshoneWestern Shoshone comprises several Shoshone tribes that are indigenous to the Great Basin and have lands identified in the Treaty of Ruby Valley 1863. They resided in Idaho, Nevada, California, and Utah. The tribes are very closely related culturally to the Paiute, Goshute, Bannock, Ute, and...
) were spiritual leaders, ranchers, and cultural, spiritual rights and land rightsLand rightsLand law is the form of law that deals with the rights to use, alienate, or exclude others from land. In many jurisdictions, these species of property are referred to as real estate or real property, as distinct from personal property. Land use agreements, including renting, are an important...
activists. - Joe DeLaCruzJoe DeLaCruzJoe DeLaCruz was a Native American leader in Washington, U.S., president for 22 years of the Quinault Tribe...
(Quinault), Native American leader in Washington, U.S., president for 22 years of the Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation. - Vine Deloria, Jr.Vine Deloria, Jr.Vine Deloria, Jr. was an American Indian author, theologian, historian, and activist. He was widely known for his book Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto , which helped generate national attention to Native American issues in the same year as the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement...
(Yankton Dakota-Standing Rock Nakota, 1993–2005) was an American Indian author, theologian, historian, and activist. - DeskahehDeskahehLevi General, commonly known as Deskaheh, , was a Haudenosaunee statesman noted for his persistent efforts to get recognition for his people. Raised and educated as a traditional Cayuga, he became hereditary chief of the Cayuga with the title "'Deskaheh'"...
(Cayuga, 1873–1925), Haudenosaunee statesman noted for his persistent efforts to get recognition for his people. - John EchoHawkJohn EchoHawkJohn E. EchoHawk is a Native American attorney, and a leading member of the Native American self-determination movement.A member of the Pawnee tribe, EchoHawk is a founder and leader of the Native American Rights Fund . He is a lawyer who has dedicated his life to protecting Indian land and...
(Pawnee), Native American attorneyAttorney at lawAn attorney at law in the United States is a practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court on the retainer of clients. Alternative terms include counselor and lawyer...
, founder of the Native American Rights FundNative American Rights FundThe Native American Rights Fund, also known as NARF, is a non-profit organization that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that state governments and the national government live up to their legal obligations...
, and a leading member of the Native American self-determinationNative American self-determinationNative American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people...
movement. - Larry EchoHawkLarry EchoHawkLarry EchoHawk is an attorney and legal scholar. On May 20, 2009, EchoHawk joined the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama as the head of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. He served as Attorney General of Idaho from 1991 to 1995.-Biography:EchoHawk was raised in Farmington, New...
(Pawnee), head of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Attorney General of Idaho from 1991 to 1995. - Adam Fortunate EagleAdam Fortunate EagleAdam Fortunate Eagle , hereditary member of the Ojibwa Nation, is a Native American activist and was the principal organizer of the 1969-71 occupation of Alcatraz Island by "Indians of All Tribes."-Early life:...
(Red Lake Ojibwe),Native American activist and was the principal organizer of the 1969-71 occupation of Alcatraz IslandAlcatraz IslandAlcatraz Island is an island located in the San Francisco Bay, offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. Often referred to as "The Rock" or simply "Traz", the small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison, and a Federal...
by "Indians of All Tribes." - Kalyn FreeKalyn FreeKalyn Free is an American attorney, former political candidate, and a tribal member of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.-Early legal and political career:...
(Choctaw Nation of OklahomaChoctaw Nation of OklahomaThe Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma is a semi-autonomous Native American homeland comprising twelve tribal districts. The Choctaw Nation maintains a special relationship with both the United States and Oklahoma governments...
), American attorney and former political candidate - Suzan Shown HarjoSuzan Shown HarjoSuzan Shown Harjo is a well-known Cheyenne and Hodulgee Muscogee advocate for American Indian rights. She is a poet, writer, lecturer, curator, and policy advocate, who has helped Native peoples recover over a million acres of land...
(CheyenneCheyenne and Arapaho TribesThe Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are a united, federally recognized tribe of Southern Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne people in western Oklahoma.-History:...
–Hodulgee MuscogeeMuscogee (Creek) NationThe Muscogee Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Muscogee people, also known as the Creek, based in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. They are regarded as one of the historical Five Civilized Tribes and call themselves Este Mvskokvlke...
) is a policy maker, author, legal activist for American Indian rights, and founder of the Morning Star Institute - LaDonna HarrisLaDonna HarrisLaDonna Vita Tabbytite Harris is a Comanche social activist from Oklahoma. She is the founder and president of Americans for Indian Opportunity.-Background:...
(ComancheComancheThe Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose historic range consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado, northeastern Arizona, southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma, and most of northwest Texas. Historically, the Comanches were hunter-gatherers, with a typical Plains Indian...
), activist, founder of Americans for Indian Opportunity, and US vice-presidential candidate. - Thomasina JordanThomasina JordanThomasina Elizabeth Jordan was an internationally recognized American Indian activist.Jordan received Bachelor and Master degrees in Fine Arts at Bishop Lee College in Boston....
(Wampanoag Nation), fought for the federal recognition of Virginian Indian tribes and served as chairwoman of the Virginia Council on Indians. - Ronnie LupeRonnie LupeRonnie Lupe was born in Cibecue, Arizona, and first elected the White Mountain Apache Tribal Chairman in 1966 and has been continually re-elected to the position to the present day. The White Mountain Apache Tribe is located on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona, north of the capital of...
(White Mountain Apache), chairman of the White Mountain Apache Tribe, landLand rightsLand law is the form of law that deals with the rights to use, alienate, or exclude others from land. In many jurisdictions, these species of property are referred to as real estate or real property, as distinct from personal property. Land use agreements, including renting, are an important...
and water rightWater rightWater right in water law refers to the right of a user to use water from a water source, e.g., a river, stream, pond or source of groundwater. In areas with plentiful water and few users, such systems are generally not complicated or contentious...
s, endangered speciesEndangered speciesAn endangered species is a population of organisms which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters...
, and tribal sovereignty activist - Oren LyonsOren LyonsOren R. Lyons, Jr. is a Native American Faithkeeper of the turtle clan of the Onondaga and Seneca Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. Once a college lacrosse player, Lyons is now a recognized advocate of indigenous rights....
(Seneca-Onondaga), faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan of the Iroquois Confederacy, Traditional Circle of Indian Elders and Youth, negotiator with national-states on behalf of indigenous nations. - Janet McCloudJanet McCloudJanet McCloud was a prominent Native American and indigenous peoples activist. Her activism helped lead to the 1974 Boldt Decision, for which she was dubbed, "the Rosa Parks of the American Indian Movement." One of the founders of Women of All Red Nations in 1974...
(TulalipTulalipTulalip is a group of Native American peoples from western Washington state in the United States. Today they are federally recognized as the Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation.- History :...
), cofounder of Women of All Red NationsWomen of All Red NationsWomen of All Red Nations was a Native American women's organization. It was established in 1974 by Lorelei DeCora Means, Madonna Thunderhawk, Phyllis Young, Janet McCloud, and others. WARN included more than 300 women from 30 different tribal communities...
(WARN) and Indigenous Women's Network, advocate for fishing and other treaty rights - D'Arcy McNickleD'Arcy McNickleD'Arcy McNickle was a writer, Native American activist and anthropologist.-Biography:D’Arcy McNickle, an enrolled Salish Kootenai on the Flathead Indian Reservation, became one of the most prominent twentieth-century American Indian activists...
(Salish-Kootenai, 1904–1977), educational reformer, instrumental in drafting the "Declaration of Indian Purpose" for the 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference, co-founder of the National Congress of American Indians - Wilma MankillerWilma MankillerWilma Pearl Mankiller was the first female Chief of the Cherokee Nation. She served as principal chief for ten years from 1985 to 1995.-Early life:...
(Cherokee NationCherokee NationThe Cherokee Nation is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States. It was established in the 20th century, and includes people descended from members of the old Cherokee Nation who relocated voluntarily from the Southeast to Indian Territory and Cherokees who...
), community organizer, the first female Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. - Tina ManningTina ManningTina Manning Trudell was a Paiute-Shoshone water rights activist and wife of John Trudell, Chairman of the American Indian Movement.Manning was the daughter of Arthur and Leah Hicks Manning. Her father had served as the tribal chairman of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation...
(Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute, d. 1979), water rights activist and wife of John Trudell - Russell MeansRussell MeansRussell Charles Means is an Oglala Sioux activist for the rights of Native American people. He became a prominent member of the American Indian Movement after joining the organisation in 1968, and helped organize notable events that attracted national and international media coverage...
(Oglala LakotaOglala LakotaThe Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people; along with the Nakota and Dakota, they make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the...
, b. 1939), member of AIM, actor - Carlos MontezumaCarlos MontezumaCarlos Montezuma or Wassaja was a Yavapai/Apache activist and a founding member of the Society of American Indians.- Biography :...
(YavapaiYavapaiYavapai can refer to:* The Yavapai people, a Native American people of central and western Arizona, with reservations at:**The Yavapai-Apache Nation near Camp Verde, AZ**The Yavapai-Prescott Tribe at Prescott, AZ...
-ApacheApacheApache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the Southwest United States. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, which is related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
), founding member of the Society of American Indians and outspoken opponent of the BIA - Glenn T. MorrisGlenn T. MorrisGlenn T. Morris is an American academic and Native American activist.- Background :Morris was born c. 1955 at Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, where his father was stationed in the United States Army. He was the seventh of eight children. Morris grew up primarily in Denver, Colorado and Phoenix,...
, American academic and Native American activist. - Richard Oakes (activist)Richard Oakes (activist)Richard Oakes was a Mohawk Native American activist who promoted the fundamental idea that Native peoples have a right to sovereignty, justice, respect and control over their own destinies...
, Mohawk Native American activist who promoted the fundamental idea that Native peoples have a right to sovereignty, justice, respect and control over their own destinies. - William Paul (attorney)William Paul (attorney)William Lewis Paul was an American attorney, legislator, and political activist from the Tlingit nation of southeastern Alaska. He was known as a leader in the Alaska Native Brotherhood....
, American attorney, legislator, and political activist from the Tlingit nation of southeastern Alaska. - Leonard PeltierLeonard PeltierLeonard Peltier is a Native American activist and member of the American Indian Movement . In 1977 he was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first degree murder in the shooting of two Federal Bureau of Investigation agents during a 1975 conflict on the Pine...
, activist and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM). - Simon PokagonSimon PokagonSimon Pokagon was a member of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, an author, and a Native American advocate. He was born near Bertrand in southwest Michigan and died on January 28, 1899 in Hartford, Michigan. Dubbed the “Red Man’s Longfellow” by literary fans, Pokagon was often called the...
, member of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, author, and Native American advocate. - Robert RobideauRobert RobideauRobert Eugene Robideau was an American Indian activist who was acquitted in the 1975 shooting deaths of two FBI agents in South Dakota.-Early years:...
, American Indian activist. - Katherine Siva SaubelKatherine Siva SaubelKatherine Siva Saubel was a Native American scholar, educator, tribal leader, author, and activist committed to preserving her Cahuilla history, culture and language. Her efforts focused on preserving the language of the Cahuilla people...
, Native American scholar, educator, tribal leader, author, and activist committed to preserving CahuillaCahuillaThe Cahuilla, Iviatim in their own language, are Indians with a common culture whose ancestors inhabited inland areas of southern California 2,000 years ago. Their original territory included an area of about . The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of Southern California...
history, culture and language. - Redbird SmithRedbird SmithRedbird Smith was a Cherokee traditionalist and political activist. He helped found the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, who revitalized traditional spirituality among Cherokees from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century.-Background:...
, Cherokee traditionalist and political activist. - Standing BearStanding BearStanding Bear was a Ponca Native American chief who successfully argued in U.S...
(PoncaPoncaThe Ponca are a Native American people of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan-language group. There are two federally recognized Ponca tribes: the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma...
, ca. 1834–1908), chief who successfully argued in US District Court case establishing the right of habeas corpus for Native Americans - Ralph W. SturgesRalph W. SturgesRalph Weston Sturges was an American Mohegan tribal chief who helped gain federal recognition for the Mohegan people of Connecticut in 1994. He also helped to found and build Connecticut's Mohegan Sun Casino...
, American Mohegan tribal chief who helped gain federal recognition for the Mohegan people of Connecticut in 1994. - JoAnn TallJoAnn TallJoAnn Tall is an environmental activist of the Oglala Lakota tribe who has worked to ensure the people have a chance to approve major projects for energy development...
(Oglala LakotaOglala LakotaThe Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people; along with the Nakota and Dakota, they make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the...
), environmental and anti-nuclear activist, co-founder of the Native Resource Coalition - Melissa L. TatumMelissa L. TatumMelissa L. Tatum is the Research Professor of Law and Associate Director of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law. She previously served as Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Native American Law Center at the University of...
, Research Professor of Law and Associate Director of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law - Charlene TetersCharlene TetersCharlene Teters is a Native American artist, educator, and lecturer. Her paintings and art installations have been featured in over 21 major exhibitions, commissions, and collections. She is a member of the Spokane Tribe, and her Spokane name is Slum Tah...
(Spokane), artist, educator, editor, and founding boardmember of the National Coalition on Racism in Sports and the Media - Mel ThomMel ThomMelvin Thom was born on the Walker River Paiute reservation in Schurz, Nevada. A leader in the movement for Native American civil rights, Thom was one of the founders of the National Indian Youth Council in the 1960s.-Background:...
(Walker River Paiute), cofounder of National Indian Youth Council and president of the Southwest Regional Indian Youth Council - Susette LaFlesche TibblesSusette LaFlesche TibblesSusette LaFlesche Tibbles, also called Insta Theamba , was a well-known Native American writer, lecturer, interpreter and artist of the Omaha tribe in Nebraska. Susette LaFlesche was a progressive who was a spokesperson for Native American rights. She was of Ponca, Iowa, French and Anglo-American...
(Omaha-PoncaPoncaThe Ponca are a Native American people of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan-language group. There are two federally recognized Ponca tribes: the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma...
-Iowa), author and international lecturer about Native American rights and reservation conditions. - Thomas TibblesThomas TibblesThomas Henry Tibbles was a journalist and author from Omaha, Nebraska who became an activist for Native American rights in the United States during the late nineteenth century.- Life :Born in Ohio, he moved to Illinois with his parents...
, journalist and author from Omaha, Nebraska, who became an activist for Native American rights in the United States during the late 19th century and married Susette LaFlesche Tibbles. - Catherine TroehCatherine TroehCatherine Herrold Troeh was an American historian, artist, activist and advocate for Native American rights and culture, especially in the Pacific Northwest...
(Chinook), editor, co-founder of American Indian Women's Service League and only woman to serve on the Chinook Tribal Council - John TrudellJohn TrudellJohn Trudell is a Native American-Mexican author, poet, actor, musician, and former political activist. He was the spokesperson for the United Indians of All Tribes' takeover of Alcatraz beginning in 1969, broadcasting as Radio Free Alcatraz...
(Santee Dakota), author, poet, actor, musician, and former chairman of the American Indian Movement. - Asiba TupahacheAsiba TupahacheAsiba Tupahache is a Matinecoc Nation Native American activist from New York and was a vice presidential candidate in the 1992 election on Peace and Freedom Party ticket, accompanying Ronald Daniels. Born in Long Island, New York, she is a former public school teacher, an advocate of...
, Matinecoc Nation Native American activist from New York. - Clyde WarriorClyde WarriorClyde Merton Warrior was a member of the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma and raised according to their traditions. In the 1960s, he became an activist for Native American sovereignty and civil rights, seeking to improve conditions for his people....
, activist for Native American civil rights. - Kevin K. WashburnKevin K. WashburnKevin K. Washburn was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Law on March 3, 2009. Previously, he served as the Rosenstiel Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law. He is a former federal prosecutor, a trial attorney at the U.S...
, former federal prosecutor, a trial attorney at the U.S. Department of Justice, and the General Counsel of the National Indian Gaming Commission. - Charmaine White FaceCharmaine White FaceCharmaine White Face, Zumila Wobaga, is an Oglala Tetuwan from the Oceti Sakowin in North America....
(Oglala LakotaOglala LakotaThe Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people; along with the Nakota and Dakota, they make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the...
), spokesperson for the Teton Sioux Nation Treaty Council and coordinator of the Defenders of the Black Hills, which works toward the Fort Laramie Treaties of 1851 and 1868Treaty of Fort LaramieTreaty of Fort Laramie may refer to:*Treaty of Fort Laramie *Treaty of Fort Laramie...
being enforced. She works in language preservation, land reclamation, and international indigenous human rights. - Bernie WhitebearBernie WhitebearBernie Whitebear , birth name Bernard Reyes, was an American Indian activist, a co-founder of the Seattle Indian Health Board , the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation, and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center....
(ColvilleConfederated Tribes of the Colville ReservationThe Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation is the federally recognized tribe that controls the Colville Indian Reservation, which is located in Washington, United States....
), American Indian activist, a co-founder of the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB), the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation, and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center. - Robert A. Williams, Jr.Robert A. Williams, Jr.Robert A. Williams, Jr., is an American lawyer who is a notable author and legal scholar in the field of Federal Indian Law, International Law and Indigenous Peoples Rights, and Critical Race and Post Colonial Theory. Williams teaches at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of the...
, an American lawyer who is a notable author and legal scholar in the field of Federal Indian Law, International Law and Indigenous Peoples Rights, and Critical Race and Post Colonial Theory. - Sarah WinnemuccaSarah WinnemuccaSarah Winnemucca was a prominent female Native American activist and educator, and an influential figure in the United States' nineteenth-century Indian policies...
(Northern Paiute, 1844–1891), author and lecturer who educated non-natives about conditions in Indian Country and founded a school for native children - Zitkala-SaZitkala-SaGertrude Simmons Bonnin , better known by her pen name, Zitkala-Sa , was a Yankton Dakota writer, editor, musician, teacher and political activist. She published in national magazines. With William F...
(Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Yankton Dakota, 1876–1938), political writer and educator, religious freedom activist
Organizations
The following organizations have played an important role in the evolution of Federal Indian Law and Policy through activism, lobbying, government oversight and education.Government
- Bureau of Indian AffairsBureau of Indian AffairsThe Bureau of Indian Affairs is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the US Department of the Interior. It is responsible for the administration and management of of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the United States, Native American...
- Bureau of Indian Affairs PoliceBureau of Indian Affairs PoliceThe Bureau of Indian Affairs Police, usually known as the BIA Police is the law enforcement arm of the Bureau of Indian Affairs which polices Indian tribes and reservations that don't have their own police force, and oversee other tribal police organizations...
- Bureau of Indian EducationBureau of Indian EducationThe Bureau of Indian Education is a division of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. It operates tribal schools for Native Americans in the United States. The BIE is headquartered in Washington, DC and runs 59 of the total 183 schools and dormitories it oversees in 23 states. -External links:*...
- Crow Agency, MontanaCrow Agency, MontanaCrow Agency is a census-designated place in Big Horn County, Montana, United States and is near the actual location for the Little Bighorn National Monument and re-enactment known as Custer's Last Stand...
- Fort Peck Indian AgencyFort Peck Indian AgencyThe Fort Peck Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs is responsible for the Fort Peck Indian Reservation is located near Wolf Point, Montana.-History:...
- National Indian Gaming CommissionNational Indian Gaming CommissionThe National Indian Gaming Commission is an independent federal regulatory agency within the Department of the Interior. Congress established this agency through the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988. The agency has the duty to "promulgate such regulations and guidelines as it deems...
- United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native AffairsUnited States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native AffairsThe United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs is one of the five subcommittees within the House Natural Resources Committee-Members, 112th Congress:- External links :*...
- United States Senate Committee on Indian AffairsUnited States Senate Committee on Indian AffairsThe Senate Committee on Indian Affairs is a committee of the United States Senate charged with oversight in matters related to the American Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native peoples. A Committee on Indian Affairs existed from 1820 to 1947, after which it was folded into the Committee on...
Agencies
Rocky Mountain Region HomgeBlackfeet Agency
Crow Agency
Fort Belknap Agency
Fort Peck Agency
Northern Cheyenne Agency
Rocky Boy's Agency
Wind River Agency
Native American advocacy groups and rights organizations in the United States
- Alaska Federation of NativesAlaska Federation of NativesThe Alaska Federation of Natives is the largest statewide Native organization in Alaska. Its membership includes 178 villages , thirteen regional native corporations, and twelve regional nonprofit and tribal consortiums that contract and run federal and state programs...
- Alaska Native Brotherhood/SisterhoodAlaska Native Brotherhood/SisterhoodThe Alaska Native Brotherhood and its counterpart the Alaska Native Sisterhood are legally two nonprofit organizations which are interrelated, and which for purposes of this article are discussed as one collective organization. The organization was created in 1912 in Sitka, Alaska, under the...
- American Indian College FundAmerican Indian College FundThe American Indian College Fund is an nonprofit organization that helps Native American students, providing them with support through scholarships and funding toward higher education...
- American Indian Defense AssociationAmerican Indian Defense AssociationThe American Indian Defense Association was an organization founded in 1923 by social worker John Collier, that fought to protect religious freedom and tribal property for Native Americans in the United States.-History of the AIDA:...
- American Indian Higher Education ConsortiumAmerican Indian Higher Education ConsortiumThe American Indian Higher Education Consortium was established in 1972, in order to represent the interests of the newly developed tribal colleges, which are controlled and operated by American Indian nations...
- American Indian MovementAmerican Indian MovementThe American Indian Movement is a Native American activist organization in the United States, founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota by urban Native Americans. The national AIM agenda focuses on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty...
- American Indian Philosophy AssociationAmerican Indian Philosophy AssociationThe American Indian Philosophy Association is an organization whose purpose is to promote and further the study of philosophical issues that affect American Indigenous people....
- Americans for Indian Opportunity
- Anishinaabe tribal political organizations
- Association on American Indian AffairsAssociation on American Indian AffairsThe Association on American Indian Affairs is a non-profit organization promoting the welfare of American Indians and Alaska Natives...
- Cherokee Preservation FoundationCherokee Preservation FoundationCherokee Preservation Foundation is an independent nonprofit foundation established in 2000 as part of the Tribal-State Compact amendment between the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the State of North Carolina...
- Cheyenne military societiesCheyenne military societiesCheyenne military societies are one of the two central institutions of traditional Cheyenne Indian tribal governance, the other being the Council of Forty-four...
- Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife CommissionGreat Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife CommissionThe Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission is an inter-tribal, co-management agency committed to the implementation of off-reservation treaty rights on behalf of its eleven-member Ojibwa tribes...
- Guilford Native American AssociationGuilford Native American AssociationThe Guilford Native American Association is a Native American community association in Guilford County, North Carolina. It is a North Carolina State-recognized American Indian Organization,and is a United Way referral agency....
- Indian Health ServiceIndian Health ServiceIndian Health Service is an Operating Division within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . IHS is responsible for providing medical and public health services to members of federally recognized Tribes and Alaska Natives...
- Indian Rights AssociationIndian Rights AssociationThe Indian Rights Association was an American social activist group dedicated to the well being and acculturation of Native Americans...
- Inter-Tribal Environmental CouncilInter-Tribal Environmental CouncilThe Inter-Tribal Environmental Council was set up in 1992 to protect the health of Native Americans, their natural resources and environment. To accomplish this ITEC provides technical support, training and environmental services in a variety of disciplines. Currently, there are over forty ITEC...
- Metrolina Native American AssociationMetrolina Native American AssociationThe Metrolina Native American Association is a Native American Community Association in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. MNAA is a North Carolina state recognized Urban Indian Center....
- National Congress of American IndiansNational Congress of American IndiansThe National Congress of American Indians is a American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 in response to termination and assimilation policies that the U.S. government forced upon the tribal governments in contradiction of their treaty rights and...
- National Indian Education AssociationNational Indian Education AssociationThe National Indian Education Association is the only national nonprofit exclusive to education issues for American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian) people of the United States.-History:...
- National Indian Youth CouncilNational Indian Youth CouncilThe National Indian Youth Council or "NIYC" is considered the nation’s second oldest American Indian organization and currently has a membership of more than 15,000 nationwide. It was the first independent Native student organization, and one of the first Native organizations to use direct action...
- Native American Fish and Wildlife SocietyNative American Fish and Wildlife SocietyThe Native American Fish and Wildlife Society is a non-profit organization and is a national tribal organization in the United States established informally during the early 1980's...
- Native American Rights FundNative American Rights FundThe Native American Rights Fund, also known as NARF, is a non-profit organization that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that state governments and the national government live up to their legal obligations...
- North American Indian Center of BostonNorth American Indian Center of BostonThe North American Indian Center of Boston, Inc. is a non-profit organization located in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, which provides assistance to American Indians, Native Canadians, and other indigenous peoples of North America....
- Northern California Indian Development CouncilNorthern California Indian Development CouncilThe Northern California Indian Development Council, Inc. is a private nonprofit corporation that annually provides services to 14,000 to 15,000 clients statewide...
- Original Keetoowah SocietyOriginal Keetoowah SocietyThe Original Keetoowah Society is a Cherokee religious organization that preserves the culture and teachings of the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society in Oklahoma....
- Phi Sigma NuPhi Sigma NuΦΣΝ - Native American fraternity founded on February 13, 1996 at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. It currently has six chapters.Mission Statement:...
- Algonquian Confederacy of the Quinnipiac Tribal CouncilAlgonquian Confederacy of the Quinnipiac Tribal CouncilThe Algonquian Confederacy of the Quinnipiac Tribal Council is an alliance dedicated to the history and culture of the Quinnipiac, the aboriginal peoples of the North American region now known as Connecticut. ACQTC, Inc...
- Sequoyah Research CenterSequoyah Research CenterThe Seqouyah National Research Center , located in Little Rock, Arkansas, is home of the American Native Press Archives . ANPA is one of the largest repositories of Native American publications in the world. The Center is also home to the J.W...
- Society of American IndiansSociety of American IndiansThe Society of American Indians was a progressive group formed in Columbus, Ohio in 1911 by 50 Native Americans, most of them middle-class professional men and women. It was established to address the problems facing Native Americans, such as ways to improve health, education, civil rights, and...
- Tohono O'Odham Ki:Ki AssociationTohono O'Odham Ki:Ki AssociationThe Tohono O'odham Ki:Ki Association – formerly known as the Papago Housing Authority – is the tribally designated housing entity of the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona, enacted by Resolution of the Tohono O'odham Legislative Council No...
- Traditional Circle of Indian Elders & YouthTraditional Circle of Indian Elders & YouthThe Traditional Circle of Indian Elders and Youth, established in 1977, is a native American cultural society and lobby group which operates as a council of respected leaders of American Indian nations...
- Tree of Peace SocietyTree of Peace SocietyThe Tree of Peace Society was founded in 1984 and incorporated in New York State on October 17, 1994 as a "foreign" not-for-profit corporation . Its headquarters are located on the Akwesasne Mohawk reservation in Hogansburg, New York, which borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada along...
- Tribal College Librarians InstituteTribal College Librarians InstituteThe Tribal College Librarians Institute is a week long professional development experience for tribal college librarians from all over the United States and Canada, normally held in Bozeman, Montana.-History:...
- United Indians of All TribesUnited Indians of All TribesUnited Indians of All Tribes is a non-profit foundation that provides social and educational services to Native Americans in the Seattle metropolitan area and aims to promote the well being of the Native American community of the area...
- White Earth Land Recovery ProjectWhite Earth Land Recovery ProjectThe White Earth Land Recovery Project is a nonprofit organization that seeks to recover land for the Anishinaabeg people on the White Earth Indian Reservation in Minnesota...
- Women's National Indian AssociationWomen's National Indian AssociationThe Women’s National Indian Association was founded in 1879 by a group of American women including Mary Bonney and Amelia Stone Quinton. Bonney and Quinton united against the encroachment of white settlers on land set aside for Native Americans. They also drew up a petition that addressed the...
Events and issues
- Aboriginal title in the United StatesAboriginal title in the United StatesThe United States was the first jurisdiction to acknowledge the common law doctrine of aboriginal title...
- Blood quantum lawsBlood quantum lawsBlood Quantum Laws or Indian Blood Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted in the United States to define membership in Native American tribes or nations...
- Certificate of Degree of Indian BloodCertificate of Degree of Indian BloodA Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific degree of Native American blood of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community...
- Indian termination policyIndian termination policyIndian termination was the policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. The belief was that Native Americans would be better off if assimilated as individuals into mainstream American society. To that end, Congress proposed to end the special relationship between tribes and the...
- Native American self-determinationNative American self-determinationNative American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people...
- Native American civil rights
- Native American Reservation PoliticsNative American Reservation PoliticsNative American politics remain divided over different issues such as assimilation, education, healthcare, and economic factors concerning reservations. As a nation living within the United States of America, the Natives face conflicting opinions within their tribes, essentially those living on...
- Secretarial ReviewSecretarial ReviewSecretarial Review is a part of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 . According to this law, Native American tribes were expected to write constitutions loosely resembling the United States Constitution...
- Tribal sovereignty in the United States
- Trail of Broken TreatiesTrail of Broken TreatiesThe Trail of Broken Treaties was a cross-country protest in the United States by American Indian and First Nations organizations that took place in the autumn of 1972...
Literature
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- Blood Struggle highlights major events and consequences in American Indian history since the Termination Act of 1953.
See also
- Native Energy
- Pan-IndianismPan-IndianismPan-Indianism is a philosophy and movement promoting unity among different American Indian groups in the Americas regardless of tribal or local affiliations. The movement is largely associated with Native Americans in the United States, but has spread to other indigenous groups as well...
- Tribal colleges and universitiesTribal colleges and universitiesTribal colleges and universities are a category of higher education, minority-serving institutions in the United States. The educational institutions are distinguished by being controlled and operated by Native American tribes; they have become part of American Indians' institution-building in...
- Tribal CouncilTribal CouncilA Tribal Council is either: an association of Native American bands in the United States or First Nations governments in Canada, or the governing body for certain tribes within the United States or elsewhere...