Republican Federation
Encyclopedia
The Republican Federation was the largest conservative party during the French Third Republic
, gathering together the liberal
Orleanist
s rallied to the Republic. Founded in November 1903, it rivalized with the more secular and centrist Alliance démocratique
(Democratic Alliance). Later, most deputies of the Fédération républicaine and of Action libérale (which included Catholics rallied to the Republic) joined the Entente républicaine démocratique right-wing parliamentary group .
(Left-wing Block), his alliance with the Radical-Socialist Party and, for some of them, the defense of the Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus
. These conservative Republicans were ideologically indebted to Jules Méline
, Alexandre Ribot
, Jean Casimir-Perier
or Charles Dupuy
. They represented the Republican bourgeoisie
, closely connected to business circles and opposed to social reform. Furthermore, they were fond of a relative decentralisation
, thus enrolling themselves in the legacy of the Girondins of the French Revolution
.
Just as the Democratic Alliance
, it was a party composed of notables, which rested upon local electoral committee, which merged in the National Assembly in one or several parliamentary groups. It never had many members (30,000 in 1926, 18,000 in 1939).
to the Bloc national (National Block)'s electoral lists. The same year, the Alliance libérale populaire (Popular Liberal Alliance), which gathered the Catholics rallied to the Republic, merged into the Republican Federation into the parliamentary group of the Entente républicaine démocratique ("Arago group").
The Republican Federation shifted more and more to the right-wing during the inter-war period, partly influenced by the anti-parliamentary and nationalist leagues as well as affected by a change in its leading elites. In the same time, the integration of the rallied Catholics of the Action libérale populaire reinforced the social Catholic trend in its ranks, a change symbolized by Louis Marin's substitution to Auguste Isaac as President of the Republican Federation in 1924.
Under Marin's leadership, the Republican Federation slowly adopted the model of the political party
created by the left at the turn of the century. The party became more hierarchisesd, with the creation of youth' sections, etc., while ordinary members were given more weight.
Although several members of the party participated to the Doumergue
, Flandin and Laval
governments of 1934-35, most of the Republican Federation opposed itself to this rallying which gave reason to the "conjunction of centers" strategy defended by the Democratic Alliance. Following the experience of the Bloc National first, and then of the Cartel des gauches
(Left-Wing Cartel) in 1924, many voices inside the party argued in favor of a strategy enforcing the unity of the right-wings instead of a centrist strategy. After the February 6, 1934 riots which toppled the second Cartel des gauches, the majority of the party chose this right-wing strategy, taking the side of the opponents to the Republic accused of being "anti-patriotic."
The Republican Federation thus formed in 1937, during the Popular Front
, a Front de la liberté (Freedom Front) along with Jacques Doriot
's fascist Parti populaire français
(PPF, French Popular Party) and the small Parti républicain national et social and French Agrarian and Peasant Party (Fleurant Agricola). Although this Freedom Front was theorized by Louis Marin and the other leaders of the party as a tactic against the growing influence of colonel de la Rocque's French Social Party
(PSF) — one of the first right-wing French mass party — this union also corresponded with the ideology of the leading classes outside Paris (such as Victor Perret in the Rhône
region) and of the activists opposed both to the lefts and to the center-right parties such as the Democratic Alliance or the Popular Democrats
.
This shift to the right of the party during the 1930s explain that several important pre-war figures of the party left it (i.e. Laurent Bonnevay
). The Republican Federation became a meeting point between the parliamentary right and the nationalist and anti-Republican right organized in the various far-right leagues and in the monarchist Action française
. Party members such as Philippe Henriot
or Xavier Vallat
(both future Collaborationists) thus served as intermediaries between the leaders of the Republican Federation and the extra-parliamentary right.
during the Vichy regime, their conservative allegiance (traditional Catholicism, anti-communism
, conservative nationalism) induced most of them to accept the new regime of the Révolution nationale
. The Federation was part, however, of one of the six member parties of the Conseil national de la Résistance
(CNR, National Council of Resistance), represented by Jacques Debû-Bridel. Alongside Louis Marin, the latter tried, without success, to recreate the Republican Federation at the Liberation. But the party remained discredited by the passive attitude of most of its members. After 1945, the National Center of the Independents
was the main political structure pursuing the Republican Federation's legacy, after the failure of several structures, including the Republican Party of Liberty
.
:
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic was the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed due to the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, to 1940, when France was overrun by Nazi Germany during World War II, resulting in the German and Italian occupations of France...
, gathering together the liberal
Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is the ideological belief in giving all people economic freedom, and as such granting people with more basis to control their own lives and make their own mistakes. It is an economic philosophy that supports and promotes individual liberty and choice in economic matters and...
Orleanist
Orléanist
The Orléanists were a French right-wing/center-right party which arose out of the French Revolution. It governed France 1830-1848 in the "July Monarchy" of king Louis Philippe. It is generally seen as a transitional period dominated by the bourgeoisie and the conservative Orleanist doctrine in...
s rallied to the Republic. Founded in November 1903, it rivalized with the more secular and centrist Alliance démocratique
Democratic Republican Alliance
The Democratic Republican Alliance was a French political party created in 1901 by followers of Léon Gambetta, such as Raymond Poincaré who would be president of the Council in the 1920s...
(Democratic Alliance). Later, most deputies of the Fédération républicaine and of Action libérale (which included Catholics rallied to the Republic) joined the Entente républicaine démocratique right-wing parliamentary group .
From 1903 to World War I
The Republican Federation was founded in November 1903 to gather the right-wing of the moderate Republicans (aka Opportunists) who opposed both Waldeck Rousseau's Bloc des gauchesBloc des gauches
The Bloc des gauches , aka Bloc républicain was a coalition of Republican political forces created during the French Third Republic in 1899 to contest the 1902 legislative elections...
(Left-wing Block), his alliance with the Radical-Socialist Party and, for some of them, the defense of the Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus
Alfred Dreyfus
Alfred Dreyfus was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French and European history...
. These conservative Republicans were ideologically indebted to Jules Méline
Jules Méline
Félix Jules Méline was a French statesman, prime minister from 1896 to 1898.-Biography:Méline was born at Remiremont. Having taken up law as his profession, he was chosen a deputy in 1872, and in 1879 he was for a short time under-secretary to the minister of the interior...
, Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot was a French politician, four times Prime Minister.-Biography:He was born in Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais.After a brilliant academic career at the University of Paris, where he was lauréat of the faculty of law, he rapidly made his mark at the bar...
, Jean Casimir-Perier
Jean Casimir-Perier
Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier was a French politician, fifth president of the French Third Republic.-Biography:He was born in Paris, the son of Auguste Casimir-Perier and the grandson of Casimir Pierre Perier, premier of Louis Philippe...
or Charles Dupuy
Charles Dupuy
Charles Alexandre Dupuy was a French statesman, three times prime minister.-Biography:He was born in Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, Auvergne, where his father was a minor official. After a period as a professor of philosophy in the provinces, he was appointed a school inspector, thus obtaining a...
. They represented the Republican bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie
In sociology and political science, bourgeoisie describes a range of groups across history. In the Western world, between the late 18th century and the present day, the bourgeoisie is a social class "characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture." A member of the...
, closely connected to business circles and opposed to social reform. Furthermore, they were fond of a relative decentralisation
Décentralisation
Décentralisation is a french word for both a policy concept in French politics from 1968-1990, and a term employed to describe the results of observations of the evolution of spatial economic and institutional organization of France....
, thus enrolling themselves in the legacy of the Girondins of the French Revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
.
Just as the Democratic Alliance
Democratic Republican Alliance
The Democratic Republican Alliance was a French political party created in 1901 by followers of Léon Gambetta, such as Raymond Poincaré who would be president of the Council in the 1920s...
, it was a party composed of notables, which rested upon local electoral committee, which merged in the National Assembly in one or several parliamentary groups. It never had many members (30,000 in 1926, 18,000 in 1939).
Inter-war period
After World War I, the Republican Federation participated during the 1919 electionFrench legislative election, 1919
The 1919 legislative election, the first election held after World War I, was held on 16 and 30 November 1919.Proportional representation by department replaced the Two-round system by arrondissements in use since 1889...
to the Bloc national (National Block)'s electoral lists. The same year, the Alliance libérale populaire (Popular Liberal Alliance), which gathered the Catholics rallied to the Republic, merged into the Republican Federation into the parliamentary group of the Entente républicaine démocratique ("Arago group").
The Republican Federation shifted more and more to the right-wing during the inter-war period, partly influenced by the anti-parliamentary and nationalist leagues as well as affected by a change in its leading elites. In the same time, the integration of the rallied Catholics of the Action libérale populaire reinforced the social Catholic trend in its ranks, a change symbolized by Louis Marin's substitution to Auguste Isaac as President of the Republican Federation in 1924.
Under Marin's leadership, the Republican Federation slowly adopted the model of the political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
created by the left at the turn of the century. The party became more hierarchisesd, with the creation of youth' sections, etc., while ordinary members were given more weight.
Although several members of the party participated to the Doumergue
Gaston Doumergue
Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue was a French politician of the Third Republic.Doumergue came from a Protestant family. Beginning as a Radical, he turned more towards the political right in his old age. He served as Prime Minister from 9 December 1913 to 2 June 1914...
, Flandin and Laval
Pierre Laval
Pierre Laval was a French politician. He was four times President of the council of ministers of the Third Republic, twice consecutively. Following France's Armistice with Germany in 1940, he served twice in the Vichy Regime as head of government, signing orders permitting the deportation of...
governments of 1934-35, most of the Republican Federation opposed itself to this rallying which gave reason to the "conjunction of centers" strategy defended by the Democratic Alliance. Following the experience of the Bloc National first, and then of the Cartel des gauches
Cartel des Gauches
The Cartel des gauches was the name of the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist French Section of the Workers' International after World War I , which lasted until the end of the Popular Front . The Cartel des gauches twice won general elections, in 1924 and...
(Left-Wing Cartel) in 1924, many voices inside the party argued in favor of a strategy enforcing the unity of the right-wings instead of a centrist strategy. After the February 6, 1934 riots which toppled the second Cartel des gauches, the majority of the party chose this right-wing strategy, taking the side of the opponents to the Republic accused of being "anti-patriotic."
The Republican Federation thus formed in 1937, during the Popular Front
Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party , the French Section of the Workers' International and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period...
, a Front de la liberté (Freedom Front) along with Jacques Doriot
Jacques Doriot
Jacques Doriot was a French politician prior to and during World War II. He began as a Communist but then turned Fascist.-Early life and politics:...
's fascist Parti populaire français
Parti Populaire Français
The Parti Populaire Français was a fascist political party led by Jacques Doriot before and during World War II...
(PPF, French Popular Party) and the small Parti républicain national et social and French Agrarian and Peasant Party (Fleurant Agricola). Although this Freedom Front was theorized by Louis Marin and the other leaders of the party as a tactic against the growing influence of colonel de la Rocque's French Social Party
French Social Party
The French Social Party was a French nationalist political party founded in 1936 by François de La Rocque, following the dissolution of his Croix-de-Feu league by the Popular Front government...
(PSF) — one of the first right-wing French mass party — this union also corresponded with the ideology of the leading classes outside Paris (such as Victor Perret in the Rhône
Rhône
Rhone can refer to:* Rhone, one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France* Rhône Glacier, the source of the Rhone River and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the canton of Valais in Switzerland...
region) and of the activists opposed both to the lefts and to the center-right parties such as the Democratic Alliance or the Popular Democrats
Popular Democratic Party (France)
The Popular Democratic Party was a non-confessional Christian democratic party in France during the Third Republic. Founded in 1924, it represented the trend of advanced French social Catholicism, while remaining a party embodying the ideology of centrism....
.
This shift to the right of the party during the 1930s explain that several important pre-war figures of the party left it (i.e. Laurent Bonnevay
Laurent Bonnevay
Laurent Bonnevay was a radical centrist French politician during the Third and Fourth Republics, first member of the Republican Federation and then of the Independent Radicals center-right group....
). The Republican Federation became a meeting point between the parliamentary right and the nationalist and anti-Republican right organized in the various far-right leagues and in the monarchist Action française
Action Française
The Action Française , founded in 1898, is a French Monarchist counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras...
. Party members such as Philippe Henriot
Philippe Henriot
Philippe Henriot was a French politician.Moving to the far right after beginnings in Roman Catholic conservatism in the Republican Federation, Henriot was elected to the Third Republic's Chamber of Deputies for the Gironde département in 1932 and 1936...
or Xavier Vallat
Xavier Vallat
Xavier Vallat , French politician, was Commissioner-General for Jewish Questions in the wartime Vichy collaborationist government, and was sentenced after World War II to ten years in prison for his part in the persecution of French Jews.- Until World War II :Vallat was born in the department of...
(both future Collaborationists) thus served as intermediaries between the leaders of the Republican Federation and the extra-parliamentary right.
The Republican Federation after 1940
Although few important members of the Republican Federation actively engaged in CollaborationismCollaborationism
Collaborationism is cooperation with enemy forces against one's country. Legally, it may be considered as a form of treason. Collaborationism may be associated with criminal deeds in the service of the occupying power, which may include complicity with the occupying power in murder, persecutions,...
during the Vichy regime, their conservative allegiance (traditional Catholicism, anti-communism
Anti-communism
Anti-communism is opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed in reaction to the rise of communism, especially after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia and the beginning of the Cold War in 1947.-Objections to communist theory:...
, conservative nationalism) induced most of them to accept the new regime of the Révolution nationale
Révolution nationale
The Révolution nationale was the official ideological name under which the Vichy regime established by Marshal Philippe Pétain in July 1940 presented its program...
. The Federation was part, however, of one of the six member parties of the Conseil national de la Résistance
Conseil National de la Résistance
The Conseil National de la Résistance or the National Council of the Resistance is the body that directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance - the press, trade unions, and members of political parties hostile to the Vichy regime, starting from...
(CNR, National Council of Resistance), represented by Jacques Debû-Bridel. Alongside Louis Marin, the latter tried, without success, to recreate the Republican Federation at the Liberation. But the party remained discredited by the passive attitude of most of its members. After 1945, the National Center of the Independents
National Centre of Independents and Peasants
The National Centre of Independents and Peasants is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1949 by the merger of the National Centre of Independents with the...
was the main political structure pursuing the Republican Federation's legacy, after the failure of several structures, including the Republican Party of Liberty
Republican Party of Liberty
The Republican Party of Liberty was a right-of-center French political party created at the Liberation and absorbed by the National Centre of Independents and Peasants in 1951...
.
In the Chamber of Deputies
The Republican Federation deputies sat in the following parliamentary groups in the Chamber of Deputies of FranceChamber of Deputies of France
Chamber of Deputies was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries:* 1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the Lower chamber of the French Parliament, elected by census suffrage.*...
:
- 1903: Progressive RepublicansProgressive Republicans (France)The Progressive Republicans were a French parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the first half of the French Third Republic. The Progressives were in fact the most conservative members of the Chamber, and most later went on the form the Republican Federation....
(Républicain progressiste) - 1914: The party called its group the Republican Federation (Fédération républicaine), as in 1932 and 1936.
- 1919: Democratic Republican EntenteDemocratic and Republican UnionThe Democratic and Republican Union was the parliamentary group of the conservative Republican Federation in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the French Third Republic ....
(Entente républicain démocratique) - 1930: Democratic and Republican UnionDemocratic and Republican UnionThe Democratic and Republican Union was the parliamentary group of the conservative Republican Federation in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the French Third Republic ....
(Union républicaine et démocratique) - 1932: Republican Federation group
- 1936: Republican Federation and Independent Republicans of Social ActionIndependent RepublicansThe Independent Republicans were a French liberal-conservative political group founded in 1962, which became a political party in 1966 . The leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing....
(Républicain indépendant d'action sociale). Furthermore, the Republican IndependentsRepublican IndependentsThe Independents and later Republican Independents was a French parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the French Third Republic between 1928 and 1940. The IR was composed of the most conservative members of the legislature, to the right of the Republican Federation...
group of Georges MandelGeorges MandelGeorges Mandel was a French politician, journalist, and French Resistance leader.-Biography:Born Louis George Rothschild in Chatou, Yvelines, was the son of a tailor...
was also close to the Republican Federation.
In Senate
The Republican Federation senators sieged in the ANRS group (Action nationale républicaine et sociale, National Republican and Social Action), at least until 1936.Election results
- 1902French legislative election, 1902Legislative elections were held in France on 27 April and 11 May 1902.This was a success for the Left Block which was composed by alliance between Socialists, Radicals, and the left-wing of the old Opportunist Republicans which merged after the Affaire Dreyfus crisis, to save the parlementary form...
: 34.47% (Progressives and conservatives) - 1906French legislative election, 1906The 1906 general election was held on 6 and 20 May 1906.-Popular Vote:-Parliamentary Groups:- Sources :*...
: 21.16% - 1910French legislative election, 1910-Popular Vote:-Parliamentary Groups:- Sources :*...
: 17.54% - 1914French legislative election, 1914The 1914 general elections were held on 26 April and 10 May 1914, months before the outbreak of the First World War. The left won a landslide victory, though the entirety of the chambers, from Catholics to socialists united during World War I to form the Union sacrée.-Popular Vote:-Parliamentary...
: 4.72% - 1919French legislative election, 1919The 1919 legislative election, the first election held after World War I, was held on 16 and 30 November 1919.Proportional representation by department replaced the Two-round system by arrondissements in use since 1889...
: 22.33% - 1924: 35.35%
- 1928French legislative election, 1928Legislative elections in France to elect the 14th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 22 and 29 April 1928.-Popular Vote:-Parliamentary Groups:...
: 21.99% - 1932: 13.57%
- 1936French legislative election, 1936French legislative elections to elect the 16th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 26 April and 3 May 1936. This was the last legislature of the Third Republic and the last election before the Second World War. The number of candidates set a record, with 4,807 people vying for 618...
: 16.92%
Seats
| Year | Seats |
|---|---|
| 1902 | 127 |
| 1906 | 66 |
| 1910 | 75 |
| 1914 | 73 |
| 1919 | 183 |
| 1924 | 104 |
| 1928 | 102 |
| 1932 | 59 |
| 1936 | 100 |
Personalities
- Édouard Aynard, Lyonnese banker, deputy (1889–1913).
- Maurice BarrèsMaurice BarrèsMaurice Barrès was a French novelist, journalist, and socialist politician and agitator known for his nationalist and antisemitic views....
, nationalist writer - Paul Beauregard (http://www.asmp.fr/fiches_academiciens/decede/BEAUREGARD.htm )
- Charles Benoist (1861–1936), .
- Joseph Boissin, deputy of ArdècheArdècheArdèche is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.- History :The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones ,...
- Jacques Debû-Bridel
- Paul Duquaire, senator, former member of the Alliance libérale populaire
- Édouard Frédéric-Dupont
- Philippe HenriotPhilippe HenriotPhilippe Henriot was a French politician.Moving to the far right after beginnings in Roman Catholic conservatism in the Republican Federation, Henriot was elected to the Third Republic's Chamber of Deputies for the Gironde département in 1932 and 1936...
, Collaborationist under Vichy - Auguste Isaac, Lyonnesse industrialist, deputy of the RhôneRhôneRhone can refer to:* Rhone, one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France* Rhône Glacier, the source of the Rhone River and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the canton of Valais in Switzerland...
department (1919–1924) and Minister of Trade and Industry (1920–1921), President of the Republican Federation until 1924. http://www.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/commun/COMISH/DOSSIER33.html - Henri de Kerillis (very close, if not officially a member, of the Republican Federation)
- Louis LoucheurLouis LoucheurLouis Loucheur was a French politician in the Third Republic, at first a member of the conservative Republican Federation, then of the Democratic Republican Alliance and of the Independent Radicals.-Life:Coming from a background in the arms industry, Loucheur became Minister of Munitions in...
, industrialist - Louis MarinLouis MarinLouis Marin was a French philosopher, historian, semiotician and art critic of the 20th century.He was born in La Tronche, He is usually referred to as a French Post-Structuralism thinker. He attended the University of Paris, Sorbonne and graduated with a Licence in Philosophy in 1952...
(1871–1960), deputy of Nancy from 1905 to 1951, President of the Republican Federation from 1925 to 1940. - Eugène Motte, industrialist from RoubaixRoubaixRoubaix is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is located between the cities of Lille and Tourcoing.The Gare de Roubaix railway station offers connections to Lille, Tourcoing, Antwerp, Ostend and Paris.-Culture:...
, founder and first President of the Republican Federation. - Georges Pernot
- Victor Perret, President of the Republican Federation of the RhôneRhôneRhone can refer to:* Rhone, one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France* Rhône Glacier, the source of the Rhone River and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the canton of Valais in Switzerland...
, located at the right-wing of the party. - Jacques Piou, former President of the Alliance libérale populaire, joined the Republican Federation in 1919.
- Emmanuel Temple
- Joseph Thierry (1857–1918), lawyer, deputy of the Bouches-du-RhôneBouches-du-RhôneBouches-du-Rhône is a department in the south of France named after the mouth of the Rhône River. It is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its INSEE and postal code is 13.-History of the department:...
(1898–1918), Minister of Public Works (1913), Deputy-State secretary to War (1915–1916), embassador of France to the King of Spain (1915–1918), second President of the Republican Federation (http://www.cedef.minefi.gouv.fr/histomin/ministres/fiche029.html). - François Valentin (1909–1961), lawyer, deputy (1936–1940), chief of the Légion française des combattants veterans' association under VichyVichy FranceVichy France, Vichy Regime, or Vichy Government, are common terms used to describe the government of France that collaborated with the Axis powers from July 1940 to August 1944. This government succeeded the Third Republic and preceded the Provisional Government of the French Republic...
, and then a Resistant (http://www.salan.asso.fr/Biographies/valentin.htm). - Pierre Vallette-Viallard, industrialist, deputy of ArdècheArdècheArdèche is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.- History :The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones ,...
(1919–1924; 1928–1940). - François de Wendel (1874–1949), industrialist from LorraineLorraine (région)Lorraine is one of the 27 régions of France. The administrative region has two cities of equal importance, Metz and Nancy. Metz is considered to be the official capital since that is where the regional parliament is situated...
, president of the Comité des forgess employers' union, deputy-president of the Union des industries métallurgiques et minières industrial cartel, regent of the Banque de FranceBanque de FranceThe Banque de France is the central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank . Its main charge is to implement the interest rate policy of the European System of Central Banks...
, deputy then senator, vice-President of the Republican Federation in the 1920s (http://www.annales.org/archives/x/wendel3.html). - Xavier VallatXavier VallatXavier Vallat , French politician, was Commissioner-General for Jewish Questions in the wartime Vichy collaborationist government, and was sentenced after World War II to ten years in prison for his part in the persecution of French Jews.- Until World War II :Vallat was born in the department of...
, close to the monarchist Action françaiseAction FrançaiseThe Action Française , founded in 1898, is a French Monarchist counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras...
in his youth, joined colonel de la Rocque's Croix-de-FeuCroix-de-FeuCroix-de-Feu was a French far right league of the Interwar period, led by Colonel François de la Rocque . After it was dissolved, as were all other far right leagues during the Popular Front period , de la Rocque replaced it with the Parti social français .- Beginnings :The Croix-de-Feu were...
in 1928, and head of the General Commission to Jewish Affairs under Vichy, condemned in 1947 for Collaborationism
Further reading
- William D. IrvineWilliam D. IrvineWilliam D. Irvine is a Canadian writer, historian and academic. He specializes in French history and has recently published a book on The League of the Rights of Man . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966 from the University of British Columbia and Ph.D. from Princeton University...
, French conservatism in the crisis : The Republican Federation of France in the 1930s, Bâton Rouge, 256p, 1975. - Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers, Culture, structures, stratégie d'une organisation de la droite parlementaire entre les deux guerre : la Fédération Républicaine de 1919 à 1940, University Lille 3, state thesis under the dir. of Yves-Marie Hilaire, 914p, 1999.
- Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers, « Mise en sommeil et disparition : la Fédération républicaine de 1940 à 1946 », in Gilles Richard & Jacqueline Saincliver (dir.), La recomposition des droites à la Libération 1944-1948, 2004.
- Laurent Bigorgne, « Le parcours d'une génération de ‘modérés’ : les jeunes de la Fédération Républicaine », in François Roth (dir.), Les modérés dans la vie politique française (1880-1965), 2000.
- Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers, « La Fédération républicaine, Louis Marin et l'idée de paix pendant l'entre-deux-guerres », in Robert Vandenbussche a Michel (dir.), L’idée de paix en France et ses représentations au XXe siècle, 2001.
- Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers, « De la présence à la distance: les milieux d'affaires et la Fédération républicaine », in Hervé Joly (dir.), Patronat, bourgeoisie, catholicisme et libéralisme. Autour du Journal d'Auguste Isaac, Larhra, 2004
- Mathias Bernard, La dérive des modérés. La Fédération Républicaine du Rhône sous la Troisième République, Editions l'Harmattan, 432p, 1998.
- Malcom Anderson, Conservative politics in France, Allen and Unwen, 1974.
- Jean-Noël JeanneneyJean-Noël JeanneneyJean-Noël Jeanneney is a French historian and politician, born on 2 April 1942 in Grenoble. He is the son of Jean-Marcel Jeanneney and the grandson of Jules Jeanneney, both important figures in French politics.-Education:...
, « La Fédération Républicaine », in Rémond & Bourdin (dir), La France et les francais 1938-1939, 1979. - Philippe Machefer, « L’union des droites, le PSF et le Front de la liberté, 1936–1937, RHMC, 1970.
- René RémondRené Rémond-Biography:Born in Lons-le-Saunier, Rémond was the Secretary General of Jeunesses étudiantes Catholiques and a member of the International YCS Center of Documentation and Information in Paris, presently the International Secretariat of International Young Catholic Students The author of books on...
– Janine Bourdin, « Les forces adverses », in Renovin & Rémond (dir.), Léon Blum, chef de gouvernement 1936-1937, 1981. - René Rémond, Les droites en France, Aubier, 544p, 1982 (réed. De 1954).
- Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers, « Les tentatives de regroupement des droites dans les années trente », Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'ouest, 2002.
- Bruno Béguet, Comportements politiques et structures sociales : le Parti Social Français et la Fédération Républicaine à Lyon (1936–1939), Université Lyon 2, mémoire de maîtrise sous la direction de Yves Lequin, 2 volumes, 252p, 1982.
- Kevin Passmore, From liberalism to fascism. The Right in a French Province, 1928-1939, (study on the Rhône department) Cambridge university press, 333p, 1997.
External links
- Political program of the Republican Federation for the 1928 electionFrench legislative election, 1928Legislative elections in France to elect the 14th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 22 and 29 April 1928.-Popular Vote:-Parliamentary Groups:...
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