This article is a list of volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index

Volcanic Explosivity Index

The Volcanic Explosivity Index was devised by Chris Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions....

 (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is released by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur compounds are removed before burning the fuel...

 emission around the Quaternary

Quaternary

The Quaternary Period is the most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the ICS. It follows the Neogene Period, spanning 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present...

 period. Some cooled the global climate; the extent of this effect depends on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted. The topic in the background is an overview of the VEI and sulfur dioxide emission/ Volcanic winter

Volcanic winter

A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the sun and raising Earth's albedo after a large particularly explosive type of volcanic eruption...

 relationship. Before the Holocene

Holocene

The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...

 epoch the criteria is less strict because of scarce data available, partly for the later eruptions have destroyed the evidence. So, the known large eruptions after the Paleogene

Paleogene

The Paleogene is a geologic period and system that began 65.5 ± 0.3 and ended 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and comprises the first part of the Cenozoic Era...

 period are listed, and specially the Yellowstone hotspot, Santorini, and Taupo Volcanic Zone ones. Just some eruptions before the Neogene

Neogene

The Neogene is a geologic period and system in the International Commission on Stratigraphy Geologic Timescale starting 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and ending 2.588 million years ago...

 period are listed as well. Active volcanoes such as Stromboli

Stromboli

Stromboli is a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing one of the three active volcanoes in Italy. It is one of the eight Aeolian Islands, a volcanic arc north of Sicily. This name is a corruption of the Ancient Greek name Strongulē which was given to it...

, Mount Etna

Mount Etna

Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, close to Messina and Catania. It is the tallest active volcano in Europe, currently standing high, though this varies with summit eruptions; the mountain is 21 m higher than it was in 1981.. It is the highest mountain in...

 and Kilauea

Kilauea

Kīlauea is a volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, and one of five shield volcanoes that together form the island of Hawaii. Kīlauea means "spewing" or "much spreading" in the Hawaiian language, referring to its frequent outpouring of lava. The Puu Ōō cone has been continuously erupting in the eastern...

 do not appear on this list, but some back-arc basin

Back-arc basin

Back-arc basins are geologic features, submarine basins associated with island arcs and subduction zones.They are found at some convergent plate boundaries, presently concentrated in the Western Pacific ocean. Most of them result from tensional forces caused by oceanic trench rollback and the...

 volcanoes that generated calderas do appear. Some dangerous volcanoes in "populated areas" appear many times: so Santorini

Santorini

Santorini , officially Thira , is an island located in the southern Aegean Sea, about southeast from Greece's mainland. It is the largest island of a small, circular archipelago which bears the same name and is the remnant of a volcanic caldera...

, six times and Yellowstone hotspot

Yellowstone hotspot

The Yellowstone hotspot, also referred to as the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot, is a volcanic hotspot responsible for large scale volcanism in Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming, United States. It created the eastern Snake River Plain through a succession of caldera forming eruptions...

, twenty one times. The Bismarck volcanic arc, New Britain

New Britain

New Britain, or Niu Briten, is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier and Vitiaz Straits and from New Ireland by St. George's Channel...

 and the Taupo Volcanic Zone

Taupo Volcanic Zone

The Taupo Volcanic Zone is a highly active volcanic V shaped area in the North Island of New Zealand that is spreading east -west at the rate of about 8mm per year...

, New Zealand

New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...

 appear often too.

In order to keep the list manageable, the eruptions in the Holocene on the link: Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka were not added yet, but they are listed on the Peter L. Ward's

Peter Langdon Ward

Peter Langdon Ward is a geophysicist specializing in volcanology and has recently discovered a relationship between global warming and volcanism rates.-Life and work:...

 supplemental table.

Large Quaternary eruptions

The Holocene

Holocene

The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...

 epoch begins 11,700 years BP

Before Present

Before Present years is a time scale used in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use AD 1950 as the origin of the age scale, reflecting the fact that radiocarbon...

, (10 000 ¹⁴C years

Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years. Raw, i.e. uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years "Before Present" ,...

 ago)

Since 1000 AD

• Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 1991, Jun 15; VEI 6; 6 to 16 km³ (1.4 to 3.8 cumi) of tephra
  Tephra
  200px|thumb|right|Tephra horizons in south-central [[Iceland]]. The thick and light coloured layer at center of the photo is [[rhyolitic]] tephra from [[Hekla]]....
  
  ; an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted
• Novarupta
  Novarupta
  Novarupta, meaning "new eruption", is a volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about southwest of Anchorage. Formed in 1912 during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma as the 1980 eruption of...
  
  , Alaska Peninsula; 1912, Jun 6; VEI 6; 13 to 15 km³ (3.1 to 3.6 cumi) of lava
• Santa Maria, Guatemala; 1902, Oct 24; VEI 6; 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cu mi) of tephra
• Krakatoa
  Krakatoa
  Krakatoa is a volcanic island made of a'a lava in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole. The island exploded in 1883, killing approximately 40,000 people, although some estimates...
  
  , Indonesia; 1883, August 26–27; VEI 6; 21 cubic kilometres (5 cu mi) of tephra
• Mount Tambora
  Mount Tambora
  Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it. This raised Mount Tambora as high as , making it...
  
  , Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia; 1815, Apr 10; VEI 7; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of tephra; an estimated 200 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer
  Year Without a Summer
  The Year Without a Summer was 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities caused average global temperatures to decrease by about 0.4–0.7 °C , resulting in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere...
  
  "
• Grímsvötn
  Grímsvötn
  The Grímsvötn sub-glacial lakes and the volcano of the same name are in South-East Iceland. They are in the highlands of Iceland at the northwestern side of the Vatnajökull ice-cap. The lakes are at , at an elevation of...
  
  , Northeastern Iceland; 1783–1785; Laki
  Laki
  Łąki may refer to the following places in Poland:*Łąki, Lower Silesian Voivodeship *Łąki, West Pomeranian Voivodeship *Łąki, Lublin Voivodeship...
  
  ; 1783–1784; VEI 6; 14 cubic kilometers of lava, an estimated 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter
  Volcanic winter
  A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the sun and raising Earth's albedo after a large particularly explosive type of volcanic eruption...
  
  , 1783, on the North Hemisphere.
• Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea; 1660 ±20; VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometres (7.2 cu mi) of tephra
• Kolumbo
  Kolumbo (volcano)
  Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from Santorini, it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across...
  
  , Santorini, Greece; 1650, Sep 27; VEI 6; 60 cubic kilometres (14.4 cu mi) of tephra
• Huaynaputina
  Huaynaputina
  Huaynaputina is a stratovolcano located in a volcanic upland in southern Peru. The volcano does not have an identifiable mountain profile, but instead has the form of a large volcanic crater. It has produced high-potassium andesite and dacite...
  
  , Peru; 1600, Feb 19; VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometres (7.2 cu mi) of tephra
• Billy Mitchell
  Billy Mitchell (volcano)
  Billy Mitchell is a volcano located in the central part of the island of Bougainville, just northeast of the Bagana Volcano, in Papua New Guinea. It is a small, pyroclastic shield truncated by a 2 km wide caldera filled by a crater lake....
  
  , Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea; 1580 ±20; VEI 6; 14 cubic kilometres (3.4 cu mi) of tephra
• Bárðarbunga
  Bárðarbunga
  Bárðarbunga is an Icelandic stratovolcano located under the ice cap of Vatnajökull glacier, rising to 2,009 m above sea level, making it the second highest mountain in Iceland, just about 101 m lower than Hvannadalshnjúkur....
  
  , Northeastern Iceland; 1477; VEI 6; 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of tephra
• 1452-53 ice core event, New Hebrides
  New Hebrides
  New Hebrides was the colonial name for an island group in the South Pacific that now forms the nation of Vanuatu. The New Hebrides were colonized by both the British and French in the 18th century shortly after Captain James Cook visited the islands...
  
   arc, Vanuatu
  Vanuatu
  Vanuatu , officially the Republic of Vanuatu , is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.Vanuatu was...
  
  ; location of this eruption in the South Pacific is uncertain; only pyroclastic flows are found at Kuwae
  Kuwae
  Kuwae is a submarine caldera between Epi and Tongoa islands. Kuwae Caldera cuts through the flank of the Tavani Ruru volcano on Epi and the northwest end of Tongoa....
  
  ; 36 to 96 km³ (8.6 to 23 cumi) of tephra; 175-700 million tons of sulfuric acid
• Quilotoa
  Quilotoa
  Quilotoa is a water-filled caldera and the most western volcano in the Ecuadorian Andes. The wide caldera was formed by the collapse of this dacite volcano following a catastrophic VEI-6 eruption about 800 years ago, which produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that reached the Pacific...
  
  , Ecuador; 1280(?); VEI 6; 21 cubic kilometres (5 cu mi) of tephra
• 1258 ice core event, tropics; 200 to 800 km³ (48 to 191.9 cumi) of tephra

Overview of Common Era

This is a sortable summary of Common Era eruptions; date uncertainties, tephra volumes and references are not included.

Caldera/ Caldera complex name	Volcanic arc/ belt or Subregion or Hotspot	VEI	|Tephra or eruption name
Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon, near the tripoint of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. It is located in the Tri-Cabusilan Mountain range separating the west coast of Luzon from the central plains, and is west of the dormant and...	Luzon Luzon Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...  Volcanic Arc	6	1991, Jun 15
Novarupta Novarupta Novarupta, meaning "new eruption", is a volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about southwest of Anchorage. Formed in 1912 during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma as the 1980 eruption of...	Aleutian Range Aleutian Range The Aleutian Range is a major mountain range of southwest Alaska, extending from Chakachamna Lake to Unimak Island, at the tip of the Alaska Peninsula. It includes all of the mountains of the Peninsula. It is especially notable for its large number of active volcanoes, which are also part of the...	6	1912, Jun 6
Santa María	Central America Volcanic Arc	6	1902, Oct 24
Mount Tarawera Mount Tarawera Mount Tarawera is the volcano responsible for New Zealand's largest historic eruption. Located 24 kilometres southeast of Rotorua in the North Island, it consists of a series of rhyolitic lava domes that were fissured down the middle by an explosive basaltic eruption in 1886, which killed over...	Taupo Volcanic Zone Taupo Volcanic Zone The Taupo Volcanic Zone is a highly active volcanic V shaped area in the North Island of New Zealand that is spreading east -west at the rate of about 8mm per year...	5	1886, Jun 10
Krakatoa Krakatoa Krakatoa is a volcanic island made of a'a lava in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole. The island exploded in 1883, killing approximately 40,000 people, although some estimates...	Sunda Arc Sunda Arc The Sunda Arc is a volcanic arc that has produced the islands of Sumatra and Java, the Sunda Strait and the Lesser Sunda Islands. A chain of volcanoes forms the topographic spine of these islands...	6	1883, Aug 26-27
Mount Tambora Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it. This raised Mount Tambora as high as , making it...	Lesser Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands or Nusa Tenggara are a group of islands in the southern Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands...	7	1815, Apr 10
Grimsvotn Grímsvötn The Grímsvötn sub-glacial lakes and the volcano of the same name are in South-East Iceland. They are in the highlands of Iceland at the northwestern side of the Vatnajökull ice-cap. The lakes are at , at an elevation of...  and Laki Laki Łąki may refer to the following places in Poland:*Łąki, Lower Silesian Voivodeship *Łąki, West Pomeranian Voivodeship *Łąki, Lublin Voivodeship...	Iceland Iceland Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...	6	1783-85
Long Island (Papua New Guinea)	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	1660
Kolumbo Kolumbo (volcano) Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from Santorini, it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across... , Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	6	1650, Sep 27
Huaynaputina Huaynaputina Huaynaputina is a stratovolcano located in a volcanic upland in southern Peru. The volcano does not have an identifiable mountain profile, but instead has the form of a large volcanic crater. It has produced high-potassium andesite and dacite...	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	6	1600, Feb 19
Billy Mitchell Billy Mitchell (volcano) Billy Mitchell is a volcano located in the central part of the island of Bougainville, just northeast of the Bagana Volcano, in Papua New Guinea. It is a small, pyroclastic shield truncated by a 2 km wide caldera filled by a crater lake....	Bougainville Bougainville Island Bougainville Island is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville of Papua New Guinea. This region is also known as Bougainville Province or the North Solomons. The population of the province is 175,160 , which includes the adjacent island of Buka and assorted outlying islands...  & Solomon Is. Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of . The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal...	6	1580
Bardarbunga	Iceland	6	1477
1452-53 ice core event	New Hebrides Arc	6	1452-53
Quilotoa Quilotoa Quilotoa is a water-filled caldera and the most western volcano in the Ecuadorian Andes. The wide caldera was formed by the collapse of this dacite volcano following a catastrophic VEI-6 eruption about 800 years ago, which produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that reached the Pacific...	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	6	1280
Baekdu Mountain Baekdu Mountain Baekdu Mountain, also known in China as Changbai Mountain and Baitou Mountain , is a volcanic mountain on the border between North Korea and China, located at...	China China Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture... / North Korea North Korea The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...  border	7	969 AD	Tianchi eruption
Katla	Iceland	6	934-940 AD	Eldgjá eruption
Ceboruco Ceboruco (volcano) Ceboruco is a dacitic stratovolcano located in Nayarit, Mexico, northwest of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The largest eruption, the Jala Plinian eruption, was around 930 AD ±200, VEI 6, releasing of tephra...	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Trans-Mexican volcanic belt The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also known as the Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the Sierra Nevada , is a volcanic belt that extends 900 km from west to east across central-southern Mexico...	6	930 AD
Dakataua Dakataua (volcano) The Dakataua Caldera is located at the northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula, New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The peninsula includes the 350 m high andesitic Mount Makalia stratovolcano. Largest eruption was at 800 AD ±50; VEI 6?; ? of tephra....	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	800 AD
Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	710 AD
Mount Churchill Mount Churchill Mount Churchill is a volcano in the Saint Elias Mountains and the Wrangell Volcanic Field of eastern Alaska. Churchill and its higher neighbor Mount Bona about to the southwest are both large ice-covered stratovolcanoes, with Churchill being the fourth highest volcano in the United States and the...	eastern Alaska, USA	6	700 AD
Rabaul Caldera	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	540 AD
Ilopango	Central America Volcanic Arc	6	450 AD
Ksudach	Kamchatka Peninsula Kamchatka Peninsula The Kamchatka Peninsula is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west...	6	240 AD
Taupo Caldera	Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcano Lake Taupo, in the centre of New Zealand’s North Island is not recognised as such by most people, but it is actually the Caldera of a large rhyolitic volcano...	7	230 AD	Hatepe eruption Hatepe eruption The Hatepe eruption around the year 180 CE was Lake Taupo's most recent major eruption, and New Zealand's largest eruption during the last 20,000 years. It ejected some of material , of which was ejected in the space of a few minutes...
Mount Vesuvius Mount Vesuvius Mount Vesuvius is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years, although it is not currently erupting...	Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...	5	79 AD	Pompeii eruption
Mount Churchill Mount Churchill Mount Churchill is a volcano in the Saint Elias Mountains and the Wrangell Volcanic Field of eastern Alaska. Churchill and its higher neighbor Mount Bona about to the southwest are both large ice-covered stratovolcanoes, with Churchill being the fourth highest volcano in the United States and the...	eastern Alaska Alaska Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait... , USA	6	60 AD
Ambrym	New Hebrides New Hebrides New Hebrides was the colonial name for an island group in the South Pacific that now forms the nation of Vanuatu. The New Hebrides were colonized by both the British and French in the 18th century shortly after Captain James Cook visited the islands...  Arc	6	50 AD

Note:
Caldera names tend to change over time. For example, Okataina Caldera, Haroharo Caldera, Haroharo volcanic complex, Tarawera volcanic complex had the same magma source in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Yellowstone Caldera, Henry's Fork Caldera, Island Park Caldera, Heise Volcanic Field had all Yellowstone hotspot as magma source.

Earlier Quaternary eruptions

2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the Quaternary

Quaternary

The Quaternary Period is the most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the ICS. It follows the Neogene Period, spanning 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present...

 period and Pleistocene

Pleistocene

The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....

 epoch begin.

• Eifel hotspot
  Eifel hotspot
  The Eifel hotspot is a volcanic hotspot which is responsible for the volcanic activity which forms the volcanoes in Western Germany of northwestern Europe. It is thought to have formed the Eifel volcanic field....
  
  , Laacher See
  Laacher See
  ' or Laach Lake is a caldera lake and a potentially active volcano, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated close to the cities of Koblenz , and Bonn , and closest to the towns Andernach , and Mayen . The caldera lake lies just 8 km from the river Rhine at Andernach...
  
  , Vulkan Eifel
  Vulkan Eifel
  The Vulkan Eifel is a region in the Eifel Mountains in Germany, that is defined to a large extent by its volcanic geological history. Characteristic of the Vulkan Eifel are its typical explosion crater lakes or maars, and numerous other signs of volcanic activity such as volcanic tuffs, lava...
  
  , Germany; 12.9 ka; VEI 6; 6 cubic kilometres (1.4 cu mi) of tephra.
• Emmons Lake Caldera (size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, 17 ka ±5; more than 50 km³ (12 cu mi) of tephra
  Tephra
  200px|thumb|right|Tephra horizons in south-central [[Iceland]]. The thick and light coloured layer at center of the photo is [[rhyolitic]] tephra from [[Hekla]]....
  
  .
• Lake Barrine
  Lake Barrine
  Lake Barrine is a freshwater lake situated on the eastern parts of Atherton Tableland in Far North Queensland, Australia, close to Lake Eacham. The lake and surrounds are protected within the Crater Lakes National Park and are accessible via the Gillies Highway.Lake Barrine was formed over...
  
  , Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, Australia; was formed over 17 ka.
• Menengai
  Menengai
  Menengai Crater is a massive shield volcano inside one of the biggest calderas in the world, located in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya. Farmland occupies its flanks.Menengai is located north of Nakuru, the third-biggest city in Kenya....
  
  , East African Rift, Kenya; 29 ka
• Morne Diablotins
  Morne Diablotins
  Morne Diablotins is the highest mountain in Dominica, an island-nation in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles. It is the second highest mountain in the Lesser Antilles, after La Grande Soufrière in Guadeloupe...
  
  , Commonwealth of Dominica; VEI 6; 30 ka (Grand Savanne Ignimbrite).
• Kurile Lake
  Kurile Lake
  Kurile Lake is a large caldera containing a crater lake located at the southern tip of Kamchatka Peninsula, within the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge in Russia....
  
  , Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; Golygin eruption; about 41.5 ka; VEI 7
• Maninjau Caldera
  Lake Maninjau
  Lake Maninjau is a caldera lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located 36 km to the west of Bukittinggi, at .-Formation:The Maninjau caldera was formed by a volcanic eruption estimated to have occurred around 52,000 years ago...
  
   (size: 20 x 8 km), West Sumatra
  West Sumatra
  West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It lies on the west coast of the island Sumatra. It borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau and Jambi to the east, and Bengkulu to the southeast. It includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast...
  
  ; VEI 7; around 52 ka; 220 to 250 km³ (52.8 to 60 cumi) of tephra.
• Lake Toba
  Lake Toba
  Lake Toba is a lake and supervolcano. The lake is 100 kilometres long and 30 kilometres wide, and 505 metres at its deepest point. Located in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra with a surface elevation of about , the lake stretches from to...
  
   (size: 100 x 30 km), Sumatra, Indonesia; 73 ka ±4; 2500 to 3000 km³ (599.8 to 719.7 cumi) of tephra; probably 6,000 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted (Youngest Toba Tuff).
• Atitlán Caldera
  Lago de Atitlán
  Lake Atitlán is a large endorheic lake in the Guatemalan Highlands. Atitlan is recognized to be the deepest lake in Central America with maximum depth about 340 meters. The lake is shaped by deep escarpments which surround it and by three volcanos on its southern flank...
  
   (size: 17 x 20 km), Guatemalan Highlands; Los Chocoyos eruption; formed in an eruption 84 ka; VEI 7; 300 km³ (72 cu mi) of tephra
  Tephra
  200px|thumb|right|Tephra horizons in south-central [[Iceland]]. The thick and light coloured layer at center of the photo is [[rhyolitic]] tephra from [[Hekla]]....
  
  .
• Mount Aso
  Mount Aso
  is the largest active volcano in Japan, and is among the largest in the world. It stands in Aso Kujū National Park in Kumamoto Prefecture, on the island of Kyūshū. Its peak is 1592 m above sea level. Aso has one of the largest caldera in the world...
  
   (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū
  Kyushu
  is the third largest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternate ancient names include , , and . The historical regional name is referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands....
  
  , Japan; 90 ka; last eruption was more than 600 cubic kilometres (144 cu mi) of tephra.
• Sierra La Primavera volcanic complex (size: 11 km wide), Guadalajara, Jalisco
  Guadalajara, Jalisco
  Guadalajara is the capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,564,514 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality...
  
  , Mexico; 95 ka; 20 cubic kilometres (5 cu mi) of Tala Tuff.
• Mount Aso
  Mount Aso
  is the largest active volcano in Japan, and is among the largest in the world. It stands in Aso Kujū National Park in Kumamoto Prefecture, on the island of Kyūshū. Its peak is 1592 m above sea level. Aso has one of the largest caldera in the world...
  
   (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 120 ka; 80 km³ (19.2 cu mi) of tephra.
• Mount Aso
  Mount Aso
  is the largest active volcano in Japan, and is among the largest in the world. It stands in Aso Kujū National Park in Kumamoto Prefecture, on the island of Kyūshū. Its peak is 1592 m above sea level. Aso has one of the largest caldera in the world...
  
   (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 140 ka; 80 km³ (19.2 cu mi) of tephra.
• Puy de Sancy
  Puy de Sancy
  Puy de Sancy is the highest mountain in the Massif Central and therefore the highest mountain in central France ....
  
  , Massif Central, central France; it is part of an ancient stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 220,000 years.
• Emmons Lake Caldera (size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, 233 ka; more than 50 km³ (12 cu mi) of tephra
  Tephra
  200px|thumb|right|Tephra horizons in south-central [[Iceland]]. The thick and light coloured layer at center of the photo is [[rhyolitic]] tephra from [[Hekla]]....
  
  .
• Mount Aso
  Mount Aso
  is the largest active volcano in Japan, and is among the largest in the world. It stands in Aso Kujū National Park in Kumamoto Prefecture, on the island of Kyūshū. Its peak is 1592 m above sea level. Aso has one of the largest caldera in the world...
  
   (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; caldera formed as a result of four huge caldera eruptions; 270 ka; 80 cubic kilometres (19 cu mi) of tephra.
• Uzon-Geyzernaya
  Uzon
  Uzon is a 9 by 12 km volcanic caldera located in the eastern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Together with the Geyzernaya caldera it hosts the largest geothermal field in the Kamchatka Peninsula. The calderas were formed in the mid-Pleistocene in several large eruptions that deposited...
  
   calderas (size: 9 x 18 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; 325-175 ka 20 km³ (4.8 cu mi) of ignimbrite
  Ignimbrite
  An ignimbrite is the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, or pyroclastic flow, a hot suspension of particles and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano, driven by a greater density than the surrounding atmosphere....
  
   deposits.
• Diamante Caldera–Maipo volcano complex
  Maipo (volcano)
  Maipo is a stratovolcano in the Andes, lying on the border between Argentina and Chile. It is located south of Tupungato and about southeast of Santiago....
  
   (size: 20 x 16 km), Argentina-Chile; 450 ka; 450 cubic kilometres (108 cu mi) of tephra.
• Yellowstone hotspot
  Yellowstone hotspot
  The Yellowstone hotspot, also referred to as the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot, is a volcanic hotspot responsible for large scale volcanism in Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming, United States. It created the eastern Snake River Plain through a succession of caldera forming eruptions...
  
  ; Yellowstone Caldera
  Yellowstone Caldera
  The Yellowstone Caldera is the volcanic caldera located in Yellowstone National Park in the United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera is located in the northwest corner of Wyoming, in which the vast majority of the park is contained. The major features of...
  
   (size: 45 x 85 km); 640 ka; VEI 8; more than 1000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of tephra (Lava Creek Tuff
  Lava Creek Tuff
  Lava Creek Tuff is a tuff formation, in Wyoming, created when the Yellowstone Caldera erupted about 640,000 years ago.The Lava Creek Tuff distributed in a radial pattern around the caldera and is formed of of ash in pyroclastic flows....
  
  )
• Three Sisters (Oregon)
  Three Sisters (Oregon)
  The Three Sisters are three volcanic peaks of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range in Oregon, each of which exceeds in elevation. They are the third, fourth, and fifth highest peaks in the state of Oregon and are located in the Three Sisters Wilderness, about southwest from the nearest...
  
  , USA; Tumalo volcanic center; with eruptions from 600 - 700 to 170 ka years ago
• Uinkaret volcanic field
  Uinkaret volcanic field
  The Uinkaret volcanic field is an area of monogenetic volcanoes in northern Arizona, USA, located on the north rim of the Grand Canyon.Lava flows from the Uinkaret volcanic field that have cascaded down into the Grand Canyon, damming the Colorado River, have been used to date the canyon's carving. ...
  
  , Arizona, USA; the Colorado River was dammed by lava flows multiple times from 725 to 100 ka.
• Mono County, California, USA; Long Valley Caldera
  Long Valley Caldera
  Long Valley Caldera is a depression in eastern California that is adjacent to Mammoth Mountain. The valley is one of the largest calderas on earth, measuring about long and wide . The elevation of the floor of the caldera is in the east and in the west...
  
  ; 758.9 ka ±1.8; VEI 7; 600 cubic kilometres (144 cu mi) of Bishop Tuff
  Bishop Tuff
  The Bishop Tuff is a welded tuff that formed 767100 ± 900 years ago as a rhyolitic pyroclastic flow during the eruption that created the Long Valley Caldera. Large outcrops of the tuff are located in Inyo and Mono Counties, California, United States....
  
  .
• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around 600 cubic kilometres (144 cu mi) of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.
• Sutter Buttes
  Sutter Buttes
  The Sutter Buttes are a small circular complex of eroded volcanic lava domes which rise as buttes above the flat plains of the Central Valley of California in the United States. The highest peak, South Butte, reaches about above sea level. The Buttes are located just outside of Yuba City,...
  
  , Central Valley of California, USA; were formed over 1.5 Ma by a now-extinct volcano.
• Ebisutoge-Fukuda tephras, Japan; 1.75 Ma; 380 to 490 km³ (91.2 to 117.6 cumi) of tephra.
• Yellowstone hotspot; Island Park Caldera
  Island Park Caldera
  The volcanic feature commonly called the Island Park Caldera in the states of Idaho and Wyoming, U.S., is actually two calderas, one nested inside the other. The Island Park Caldera is the older and much larger caldera, with approximate dimensions of 58 miles by 40 miles...
  
   (size: 100 x 50 km); 2.1 Ma; VEI 8; 2450 cubic kilometres (588 cu mi) of Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
  Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
  The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff is a tuff formation created by the Huckleberry Ridge eruption that formed the Island Park Caldera that lies partially in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming and stretches westward into Idaho into a region known as Island Park...
  
  .
• Cerro Galán (size: 32 km wide), Catamarca Province
  Catamarca Province
  Catamarca is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. The province has a population of 334,568 as per the , and covers an area of 102,602 km². Its literacy rate is 95.5%. Neighbouring provinces are : Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and La Rioja...
  
  , northwestern Argentina; 2.2 Ma; VEI 8; 1050 cubic kilometres (252 cu mi) of Cerro Galán Ignimbrite.

Pliocene eruptions

Approximately 5.332 million years BP, the Pliocene

Pliocene

The Pliocene Epoch is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588 million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch...

 epoch begins. Most eruptions before the Quaternary period have an unknown VEI.

• Boring Lava Field
  Boring Lava Field
  The Boring Lava Field is an extinct Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field zone with at least 32 cinder cones and small shield volcanoes lying within a radius of 13 miles of Kelly Butte, which is approximately 4 miles east of downtown Portland, Oregon, in the United States...
  
  , Boring, Oregon, USA; the zone became active at least 2.7 Ma, and has been extinct for about 300,000 years.
• Norfolk Island
  Norfolk Island
  Norfolk Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, but it enjoys a large degree of self-governance...
  
  , Australia; remnant of a basalt
  Basalt
  Basalt is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria. Unweathered basalt is black or grey...
  
  ic volcano
  Volcano
  2. Bedrock3. Conduit 4. Base5. Sill6. Dike7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano8. Flank| 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano10. Throat11. Parasitic cone12. Lava flow13. Vent14. Crater15...
  
   active around 2.3 to 3 Ma.
• Pastos Grandes Caldera
  Pastos Grandes Caldera
  Pastos Grandes Caldera or Cerro Pastos Grandes is an old caldera in the Potosí Department, Bolivia, which belongs to the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex. Lagunas Pastos Grandes, Khara and Cachi may be remnants of a greater caldera lake. Size of the caldera: 50 km x 40 km. A large ...
  
   (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 2.9 Ma; VEI 7; more than 820 cubic kilometres (197 cu mi) of Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
  Ignimbrite
  An ignimbrite is the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, or pyroclastic flow, a hot suspension of particles and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano, driven by a greater density than the surrounding atmosphere....
  
  .
• Little Barrier Island, northeastern coast of New Zealand
  New Zealand
  New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
  
  's North Island
  North Island
  The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island is in area, making it the world's 14th-largest island...
  
  ; it erupted from 1 million to 3 Ma.
• Mount Kenya
  Mount Kenya
  Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian , Nelion and Point Lenana . Mount Kenya is located in central Kenya, just south of the equator, around north-northeast of the capital Nairobi...
  
  ; a stratovolcano
  Stratovolcano
  A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a tall, conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions...
  
   created approximately 3 Ma after the opening of the East African rift
  East African Rift
  The East African Rift is an active continental rift zone in eastern Africa that appears to be a developing divergent tectonic plate boundary. It is part of the larger Great Rift Valley. The rift is a narrow zone in which the African Plate is in the process of splitting into two new tectonic plates...
  
  .
• Pacana Caldera
  Pacana Caldera
  La Pacana Caldera is the most important caldera of the La Pacana Complex in the Antofagasta Region, northern of Chile, East of the Salar de Atacama. The La Pacana Complex belongs to the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex...
  
   (size: 60 x 35 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile; 4 Ma; VEI 8; 2500 cubic kilometres (600 cu mi) of Atana Ignimbrite.
• Frailes Plateau
  Nuevo Mundo volcano
  The Nuevo Mundo volcano is a stratovolcano, lava dome and a lava flow complex between Potosí and Uyuni, Bolivia, in the Andes rising to a peak at .-History:...
  
  , Bolivia; 4 Ma; 620 cubic kilometres (149 cu mi) of Frailes Ignimbrite E.
• Cerro Galán (size: 32 km wide), Catamarca Province
  Catamarca Province
  Catamarca is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. The province has a population of 334,568 as per the , and covers an area of 102,602 km². Its literacy rate is 95.5%. Neighbouring provinces are : Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and La Rioja...
  
  , northwestern Argentina; 4.2 Ma; 510 cubic kilometres (122 cu mi) of Real Grande and Cueva Negra tephra.
• Yellowstone hotspot
  Yellowstone hotspot
  The Yellowstone hotspot, also referred to as the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot, is a volcanic hotspot responsible for large scale volcanism in Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming, United States. It created the eastern Snake River Plain through a succession of caldera forming eruptions...
  
  , Heise volcanic field, Idaho; Kilgore Caldera (size: 80 x 60 km); VEI 8; 1800 cubic kilometres (432 cu mi) of Kilgore Tuff; 4.45 Ma ±0.05.
• Kari Kari Caldera, Frailes Plateau, Bolivia; 5 Ma; 470 cubic kilometres (113 cu mi) of tephra.

Miocene eruptions

Approximately 23.03 million years BP, the Neogene

Neogene

The Neogene is a geologic period and system in the International Commission on Stratigraphy Geologic Timescale starting 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and ending 2.588 million years ago...

 period and Miocene

Miocene

The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...

 epoch begin.

• Lord Howe Island
  Lord Howe Island
  Lord Howe Island is an irregularly crescent-shaped volcanic remnant in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, directly east of mainland Port Macquarie, and about from Norfolk Island. The island is about 11 km long and between 2.8 km and 0.6 km wide with an area of...
  
  , Australia; Mount Lidgbird
  Mount Lidgbird
  Mount Lidgbird is located in the southern section of Lord Howe Island, just north of Mount Gower, and has its peak at 777 metres ....
  
   and Mount Gower
  Mount Gower
  Mount Gower dominates the southern tip of Lord Howe Island and has its peak at 875 metres .Average climbing time to Mount Gower's summit is 8 – 10 hours. The path is rope-assisted and rated as one of the world's best one-day hikes...
  
   are both made of basalt
  Basalt
  Basalt is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria. Unweathered basalt is black or grey...
  
   rock, remnants of lava
  Lava
  Lava refers both to molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption and the resulting rock after solidification and cooling. This molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets, including Earth, and some of their satellites. When first erupted from a volcanic vent, lava is a liquid at...
  
   flows that once filled a large volcanic caldera
  Caldera
  A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption, such as the one at Yellowstone National Park in the US. They are sometimes confused with volcanic craters...
  
   6.4 Ma.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 5.51 Ma ±0.13 (Conant Creek Tuff).
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 5.6 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Blue Creek Tuff.
• Cerro Panizos (size: 18 km wide), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 6.1 Ma; 652 cubic kilometres (156 cu mi) of Panizos Ignimbrite.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 6.27 Ma ±0.04 (Walcott Tuff).
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; Blacktail Caldera (size: 100 x 60 km), Idaho; 6.62 Ma ±0.03; 1500 cubic kilometres (360 cu mi) of Blacktail Tuff.
• Pastos Grandes Caldera
  Pastos Grandes Caldera
  Pastos Grandes Caldera or Cerro Pastos Grandes is an old caldera in the Potosí Department, Bolivia, which belongs to the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex. Lagunas Pastos Grandes, Khara and Cachi may be remnants of a greater caldera lake. Size of the caldera: 50 km x 40 km. A large ...
  
   (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 8.3 Ma; 652 cubic kilometres (156 cu mi) of Sifon Ignimbrite.
• Manus Island
  Manus Island
  Manus Island is part of Manus Province in northern Papua New Guinea and is the largest island of the Admiralty Islands. It is the fifth largest island in Papua New Guinea with an area of 2,100 km², measuring around 100 km × 30 km. According to the 2000 census, Manus Island had a...
  
  , Admiralty Islands, northern Papua New Guinea; 8–10 Ma
• Banks Peninsula
  Banks Peninsula
  Banks Peninsula is a peninsula of volcanic origin on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an area of approximately and encompasses two large harbours and many smaller bays and coves...
  
  , New Zealand; Akaroa erupted 9 Ma, Lyttelton
  Lyttelton, New Zealand
  Lyttelton is a port town on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour close to Banks Peninsula, a suburb of Christchurch on the eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand....
  
   erupted 12 Ma.
• Mascarene Islands
  Mascarene Islands
  The Mascarene Islands is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Cargados Carajos shoals, plus the former islands of the Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan banks...
  
   were formed in a series of undersea volcanic eruptions 8-10 Ma, as the African plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot
  Réunion hotspot
  The Réunion hotspot is a volcanic hotspot which currently lies under the Island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the southern part of the Mascarene Plateau are volcanic traces of the Réunion hotspot....
  
  .
• Yellowstone hotspot, Twin Fall volcanic field, Idaho; 8.6 to 10 Ma.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Picabo volcanic field, Idaho; 10.21 Ma ± 0.03 (Arbon Valley Tuff).
• Mount Cargill
  Mount Cargill
  Mount Cargill is a 680 metre high volcanic outcrop which dominates the skyline of northern Dunedin, New Zealand. It is situated some 15 kilometres north of the city centre....
  
  , New Zealand; the last eruptive phase ended some 10 Ma. The center of the caldera is about Port Chalmers
  Port Chalmers
  Port Chalmers is a suburb and the main port of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand, with a population of 3,000. Port Chalmers lies ten kilometres inside Otago Harbour, some 15 kilometres northeast from Dunedin's city centre....
  
  , the main port of the city of Dunedin
  Dunedin
  Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago Region. It is considered to be one of the four main urban centres of New Zealand for historic, cultural, and geographic reasons. Dunedin was the largest city by territorial land area until...
  
  .
• Yellowstone hotspot, Idaho; Bruneau-Jarbidge volcanic field; 10.0 to 12.5 Ma (Ashfall Fossil Beds
  Ashfall Fossil Beds
  The Ashfall Fossil Beds of Antelope County in northeastern Nebraska are among the rare preservation sites called lagerstätten, which preserve ecological "snapshots" from a moment in time, due to extraordinary local conditions that have preserved a range of fossilized organisms undisturbed.The...
  
   eruption).
• Anahim hotspot
  Anahim hotspot
  The Anahim hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in central British Columbia, Canada. It is situated on the Interior Plateau, a large region that lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains to the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range to the west...
  
  , British Columbia, Canada; has generated the Anahim Volcanic Belt
  Anahim Volcanic Belt
  The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a long volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Columbia, Canada. The Anahim Volcanic Belt has had three main magmatic episodes: 15–13 Ma, 9–6 Ma, and 3–1 Ma. The volcanoes generally become younger eastward at a rate of to ...
  
   over the last 13 million years.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field, Nevada/ Oregon; around 12.8 to 13.9 Ma.
• Campi Flegrei
  Campi Flegrei
  The Phlegraean Fields, also known as Campi Flegrei, , is a large wide caldera situated to the west of Naples, Italy. It was declared a regional park in 2003. Lying mostly underwater, the area comprises 24 craters and volcanic edifices. Hydrothermal activity can be observed at Lucrino, Agnano and...
  
  , Naples, Italy; 14.9 Ma; 79 cubic kilometres (19 cu mi) of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff.
• Huaylillas Ignimbrite, Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile; 15 Ma ±1; 1100 cubic kilometres (264 cu mi) of tephra.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (North), Trout Creek Mountains
  Trout Creek Mountains
  The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote mountain range in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada, United States. The highest point in the range is Orevada View Benchmark. Most of the Trout Creek Mountains are public lands, administered by the Bureau of Land Management. There is very little human...
  
  , Whitehorse Caldera (size: 15 km wide), Oregon; 15 Ma; 40 cubic kilometres (10 cu mi) of Whitehorse Creek Tuff.
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic field; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Jordan Meadow Caldera, (size: 10–15 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.6 Ma; 350 cubic kilometres (84 cu mi) Longridge Tuff member 2-3.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Longridge Caldera, (size: 33 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.6 Ma; 400 cubic kilometres (96 cu mi) Longridge Tuff member 5.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Calavera Caldera, (size: 17 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.7 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Double H Tuff.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Hoppin Peaks Caldera, 16 Ma; Hoppin Peaks Tuff.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (North), Trout Creek Mountains, Pueblo Caldera (size: 20 x 10 km), Oregon; 15.8 Ma; 40 cubic kilometres (10 cu mi) of Trout Creek Mountains Tuff.
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Washburn Caldera, (size: 30 x 25 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 16.548 Ma; 250 cubic kilometres (60 cu mi) of Oregon Canyon Tuff.
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field (NWNV), Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of Pine Forest Range
  Pine Forest Range
  The Pine Forest Range is a mountain range in Humboldt County, Nevada....
  
  , Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Steens and Columbia River flood basalts
  Columbia River Basalt Group
  The Columbia River Basalt Group is a large igneous province that lies across parts of the Western United States. It is found in the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and California...
  
  , Pueblo, Steens, and Malheur Gorge-region, Pueblo Mountains
  Pueblo Mountains
  The Pueblo Mountains are a remote mountain range in the United States located in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada. The highest point in the range is Pueblo Mountain. The dominant vegetation throughout the range are grasses and sagebrush; however, there are meadows with cottonwood,...
  
  , Steens Mountain
  Steens Mountain
  Steens Mountain is a large fault-block mountain in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in Harney County, it stretches some and rises from an elevation of about above the Alvord Desert to its peak at...
  
  , Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, USA; most vigorous eruptions were from 14–17 Ma; 180000 cubic kilometres (43,184 cu mi) of lava.
• Mount Lindesay (New South Wales)
  Mount Lindesay (New South Wales)
  Mount Lindesay is a mountain east of Narrabri in northern New South Wales. It is part of the Nandewar Range and has been preserved within the Mount Kaputar National Park....
  
  , Australia; is part of the remnants of the Nandewar extinct volcano that ceased activity about 17 Ma after 4 million years of activity.
• Oxaya Ignimbrites, northern Chile (around 18°S); 19 Ma; 3000 cubic kilometres (720 cu mi) of tephra.
• Pemberton Volcanic Belt
  Pemberton Volcanic Belt
  The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded Oligocene volcanic belt at a low angle near Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada. The Garibaldi and Pemberton volcanic belts appear to merge into a single belt, although the Pemberton is older than the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt...
  
   was erupting about 21 to 22 Ma.

Volcanism before the Neogene

• • La Garita Caldera
    La Garita Caldera
    La Garita Caldera is a large volcanic caldera located in the San Juan volcanic field in the San Juan Mountains near the town of Creede in southwestern Colorado, United States. It lies to the west of the town of La Garita, Colorado...
    
     (size: 100 x 35 km), Wheeler Geologic Area, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado, USA; VEI 8; 5000 cubic kilometres (1,200 cu mi) of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 Ma.
  • Unknown source, Ethiopia
    Ethiopia
    Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
    
    ; 29 Ma ±1; 3000 cubic kilometres (720 cu mi) of Green Tuff and SAM.
  • Sam Ignimbrite, Yemen
    Yemen
    The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
    
    ; 29.5 Ma; at least 5550 cubic kilometres (1,332 cu mi) of distal tuffs associated with the ignimbrites.
  • Jabal Kura’a Ignimbrite, Yemen
    Yemen
    The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
    
    ; 29.6 Ma; at least 3700 cubic kilometres (888 cu mi) of distal tuffs associated with the ignimbrites.
• About 33.9 million BP, the Oligocene
  Oligocene
  The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present . As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly...
  
   epoch of the Paleogene
  Paleogene
  The Paleogene is a geologic period and system that began 65.5 ± 0.3 and ended 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and comprises the first part of the Cenozoic Era...
  
   period begins
  • Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex
    Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex
    The Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex is a huge 50 million year old extinct caldera complex that spans across the BC-Yukon border in Canada. The caldera complex is surrounded by granitic rocks containing pendants....
    
    , British Columbia
    British Columbia
    British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
    
    / Yukon
    Yukon
    Yukon is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories. It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in....
    
    , Canada; around 50 Ma; VEI 7; 850 cubic kilometres (204 cu mi) of tephra.
  • Canary hotspot
    Canary hotspot
    The Canary hotspot, also called the Canarian hotspot, is a volcanic hotspot believed to be located at the Canary Islands off the north-western coast of Africa, although alternative theories to explain the volcanism there exist. The Canary hotspot is believed to be underlain by a mantle plume that...
    
     is believed to have first appeared about 60 million years ago.
• Approximately 65.5 million years BP, the K–T boundary/ extinction event occurred
  • Réunion hotspot
    Réunion hotspot
    The Réunion hotspot is a volcanic hotspot which currently lies under the Island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the southern part of the Mascarene Plateau are volcanic traces of the Réunion hotspot....
    
    , Deccan Traps
    Deccan Traps
    The Deccan Traps are a large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India and one of the largest volcanic features on Earth. They consist of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than thick and cover an area of and a volume of...
    
    , India, formed between 60 and 68 Ma
  • The Louisville hotspot
    Louisville hotspot
    The Louisville hotspot is a volcanic hotspot responsible for the volcanic activity that has formed the Louisville seamount chain in the southern Pacific Ocean.-Location:...
    
     has produced the Louisville seamount chain
    Louisville seamount chain
    The Louisville seamount chain is an underwater chain of over 70 seamounts in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. One of the longest seamount chains on Earth, it stretches some 4,300 kilometres from the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge ENE to the Tonga-Kermadec Trench, where it subducts under the...
    
    , it is active for at least 80 million years. It may have originated the Ontong Java Plateau
    Ontong Java Plateau
    The Ontong Java Plateau is a huge oceanic plateau located in the Pacific Ocean, lying north of the Solomon Islands. The plateau covers an area of approximately , or roughly the size of Alaska, and reaches a thickness of up to . The plateau is of volcanic origin, composed mostly of flood basalts...
    
     around 120 Ma.
  • Hawaii hotspot
    Hawaii hotspot
    The Hawaii hotspot is the volcanic hotspot that created the Hawaiian Islands in the central Pacific Ocean, and is one of Earth's best-known and most heavily-studied hotspots....
    
    , Meiji Seamount
    Meiji Seamount
    Meiji Seamount is the oldest seamount in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, with an estimated age of 82 million years. It lies at the northernmost end of the chain, and is perched at the outer slope of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench...
    
     is the oldest seamount in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
    Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
    The Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain is composed of the Hawaiian ridge, consisting of the islands of the Hawaiian chain northwest to Kure Atoll, and the Emperor Seamounts, a vast underwater mountain region of islands and intervening seamounts, atolls, shallows, banks and reefs along a line trending...
    
    , with an estimated age of 82 million years.
  • Paraná and Etendeka traps
    Paraná and Etendeka traps
    The Paraná-Etendeka traps comprise a large igneous province which includes both the main Paraná traps as well as the smaller severed portions of the flood basalts at the Etendeka traps in Namibia and Angola. The original basalt flows occurred 128 to 138 million years ago...
    
    , Brazil, Namibia and Angola; 128 to 138 Ma.
  • Glen Coe
    Glen Coe
    Glen Coe is a glen in the Highlands of Scotland. It lies in the southern part of the Lochaber committee area of Highland Council, and was formerly part of the county of Argyll. It is often considered one of the most spectacular and beautiful places in Scotland, and is a part of the designated...
    
    , Scotland
    Scotland
    Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
    
    ; VEI 8; 420 Ma
  • Scafells
    Scafells
    Image:Annotated Scafell range.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Scafell range as seen looking west from Crinkle Crags. rect 23 372 252 419 Slight Side rect 173 794 560 834 Scafell East Buttress...
    
    , Lake District
    Lake District
    The Lake District, also commonly known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North West England. A popular holiday destination, it is famous not only for its lakes and its mountains but also for its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth...
    
    , England; VEI 8; Ordovician (488.3 - 443.7 Ma).
• Approximately 2,500 million years BP, the Proterozoic
  Proterozoic
  The Proterozoic is a geological eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The name Proterozoic comes from the Greek "earlier life"...
  
   eon of the Precambrian eon begins
  • Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
    Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
    The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province is a major Mesoproterozoic large igneous province of the southwestern, western and northwestern Canadian Shield in Canada. It consists of a group of related igneous rocks that were formed during a massive igneous event starting about 1,270 million years ago...
    
    , Canadian Shield
    Canadian Shield
    The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien , is a vast geological shield covered by a thin layer of soil that forms the nucleus of the North American or Laurentia craton. It is an area mostly composed of igneous rock which relates to its long volcanic history...
    
    , Canada; 1,270 Ma.
• About 3,800 million years BP, the Archean
  Archean
  The Archean , also spelled Archeozoic or Archæozoic) is a geologic eon before the Paleoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon, before 2.5 Ga ago. Instead of being based on stratigraphy, this date is defined chronometrically...
  
   eon of the Precambrian
  Precambrian
  The Precambrian is the name which describes the large span of time in Earth's history before the current Phanerozoic Eon, and is a Supereon divided into several eons of the geologic time scale...
  
   eon begins
  • Blake River Megacaldera Complex
    Blake River Megacaldera Complex
    The Blake River Megacaldera Complex, also called the Blake River Group, is a giant subaqueous caldera cluster or a nested caldera system that spans across the Ontario-Quebec border in Canada....
    
    , Misema Caldera
    Misema Caldera
    The Misema Caldera is a striking 2,704-2,707 million year old caldera in Ontario and Quebec, Canada.- Geographic extent :It is the caldera that forms the Blake River Megacaldera Complex and has a diameter of 40-80 kilometers.- Composition :...
    
    , Ontario-Quebec border, Canada; 2,704-2,707 Ma.

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

VEI Volcanic Explosivity Index The Volcanic Explosivity Index was devised by Chris Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions....	Tephra Volume (cubic kilometers)	Example
0	Effusive	Masaya Volcano Masaya Volcano Masaya is a shield volcano located 20 km south of Managua, Nicaragua. It is Nicaragua's first and largest National Park, and one of 78 protected areas of Nicaragua. The volcanic complex is composed of a nested set of calderas and craters, the largest of which is Las Sierras shield volcano and... , Nicaragua Nicaragua Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean... , 1570
1	>0.00001	Poás Volcano Poás Volcano The Poás Volcano, in Spanish Volcán Poás, is an active stratovolcano in central Costa Rica. Poás has erupted 39 times since 1828.- Crater lakes :... , Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east.... , 1991
2	>0.001	Mount Ruapehu Mount Ruapehu Mount Ruapehu, or just Ruapehu, is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. It is 23 kilometres northeast of Ohakune and 40 kilometres southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo, within Tongariro National Park... , New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga... , 1971
3	>0.01	Nevado del Ruiz Nevado del Ruiz The Nevado del Ruiz, also known as La Mesa de Herveo or Kumanday in the language of the local pre-Columbian indigenous people, is a volcano located on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a stratovolcano, composed of many... , Colombia Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the... , 1985
4	>0.1	Eyjafjallajökull Eyjafjallajökull Eyjafjallajökull is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of Mýrdalsjökull. The ice cap covers the caldera of a volcano with a summit elevation of . The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the last glacial period, most recently in... , Iceland Iceland Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population... , 2010
5	>1	Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is south of Seattle, Washington and northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a... , United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... , 1980
6	>10	Krakatoa Krakatoa Krakatoa is a volcanic island made of a'a lava in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole. The island exploded in 1883, killing approximately 40,000 people, although some estimates... , Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an... , 1883
7	>100	Mount Tambora Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it. This raised Mount Tambora as high as , making it... , Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an... , 1815
8	>1000	Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone Caldera The Yellowstone Caldera is the volcanic caldera located in Yellowstone National Park in the United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera is located in the northwest corner of Wyoming, in which the vast majority of the park is contained. The major features of... , United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... , Pleistocene

 
 
 
 

Volcanic dimming

The Global dimming through volcanism (ash aerosol and sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is released by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur compounds are removed before burning the fuel...

) is quite independent of the eruption VEI. When sulfur dioxide (boiling point at standard state

Standard state

In chemistry, the standard state of a material is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommends a conventional set of standard states...

: -10°C) reacts with water vapor, it creates sulfate ions (the precursors to sulfuric acid), which are very reflective; ash aerosol on the other hand absorbs Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays, in the range 10 nm to 400 nm, and energies from 3 eV to 124 eV...

. Global cooling through volcanism is the sum of the influence of the Global dimming and the influence of the high albedo

Albedo

Albedo , or reflection coefficient, is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface. It is defined as the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it...

 of the deposited ash layer. The lower snow line

Snow line

The climatic snow line is the point above which snow and ice cover the ground throughout the year. The actual snow line may seasonally be significantly lower....

 and its higher albedo might prolong this cooling period. Bipolar comparison showed six sulfate events: Tambora

Mount Tambora

Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it. This raised Mount Tambora as high as , making it...

 (1815), Cosigüina

Cosiguina

Cosigüina is a stratovolcano located in the western part of Nicaragua. It forms a large peninsula extending into the Gulf of Fonseca. The summit is truncated by a large caldera, 2 x 2.4 km in diameter and 500 m deep, holding a substantial crater lake . This cone has grown within an...

 (1835), Krakatoa

Krakatoa

Krakatoa is a volcanic island made of a'a lava in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole. The island exploded in 1883, killing approximately 40,000 people, although some estimates...

 (1883), Agung

Agung

The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically-suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles...

 (1963), and El Chichón

El Chichón

El Chichón, also known as El Chichonal is an active volcano in Francisco León Municipality in northwestern Chiapas, Mexico. Its only recorded eruptive activity was on March 29, April 3 and April 4, 1982 , when it produced a one km-wide caldera that then filled with an acidic crater lake...

 (1982), and the 1809–10 ice core event. And the atmospheric transmission of direct solar radiation data from the Mauna Loa Observatory

Mauna Loa Observatory

The Mauna Loa Observatory is an atmospheric baseline station on Mauna Loa volcano, on the big island of Hawaii.-The observatory:Since 1956 Mauna Loa Observatory has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of...

 (MLO), Hawaii

Hawaii

Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...

 (19°32'N) detected only five eruptions:

• Jun 11, 2009, Sarychev Peak
  Sarychev Peak
  Sarychev Peak Fuyō-san, Fuyō-yama, Fuyo-zan, Huyō San), is a stratovolcano covering almost the entirety of Matua Island in the Kuril Islands, Russia. It is a young, highly symmetrical stratovolcanic cone.- History :...
  
   (?), Kuril Islands
  Kuril Islands
  The Kuril Islands , in Russia's Sakhalin Oblast region, form a volcanic archipelago that stretches approximately northeast from Hokkaidō, Japan, to Kamchatka, Russia, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands and many more minor rocks. It consists of Greater...
  
  , 400 tons of tephra, VEI 4

}

• Jun 12-15, 1991 (eruptive climax), Mount Pinatubo
  Mount Pinatubo
  Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon, near the tripoint of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. It is located in the Tri-Cabusilan Mountain range separating the west coast of Luzon from the central plains, and is west of the dormant and...
  
  , Philippines
  Philippines
  The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
  
  , 11,000 ±0.5 tons of tephra, VEI 6
  • Global cooling: 0.5°C, 15°08′0"N 120°21′0"E
• Mar 28, 1982, El Chichón
  El Chichón
  El Chichón, also known as El Chichonal is an active volcano in Francisco León Municipality in northwestern Chiapas, Mexico. Its only recorded eruptive activity was on March 29, April 3 and April 4, 1982 , when it produced a one km-wide caldera that then filled with an acidic crater lake...
  
  , Mexico
  Mexico
  The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
  
  , 2,300 tons of tephra, VEI 5

}

• Oct 10, 1974, Volcán de Fuego
  Volcán de Fuego
  Volcán de Fuego is an active stratovolcano in Guatemala. It is close to the city of Antigua Guatemala. It has erupted frequently since the Spanish conquest. "Fuego" is famous for being almost constantly active at a low level. Smoke issues from its top daily, but larger eruptions are rare. On...
  
  , Guatemala
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast...
  
  , 400 tons of tephra, VEI 4

}

• Feb 18, 1963, Agung
  Agung
  The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically-suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles...
  
  , Lesser Sunda Islands
  Lesser Sunda Islands
  The Lesser Sunda Islands or Nusa Tenggara are a group of islands in the southern Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands...
  
  , 100 tons of lava, more than 1,000 tons of tephra, VEI 5
  • Northern Hemisphere cooling: 0.3°C,8°20′30"S 115°30′30"E

 

But very large sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is released by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur compounds are removed before burning the fuel...

 emissions overdrive the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere

Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass, and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low...

. Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide , also called carbonous oxide, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher quantities, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal...

's and methane

Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest alkane, the principal component of natural gas, and probably the most abundant organic compound on earth. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel...

's concentration goes up (greenhouse gases), global temperature goes up, ocean's temperature goes up, and ocean's carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom...

 solubility goes down.

See also

• Volcanic winter
  Volcanic winter
  A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the sun and raising Earth's albedo after a large particularly explosive type of volcanic eruption...
  
  
• Year Without a Summer
  Year Without a Summer
  The Year Without a Summer was 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities caused average global temperatures to decrease by about 0.4–0.7 °C , resulting in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere...
  
  
• Extreme weather events of 535–536
• Dense-rock equivalent
  Dense-rock equivalent
  Dense-rock equivalent is a volcanologic calculation used to estimate volcanic eruption volume. One of the widely accepted measures of the size of a historic or prehistoric eruption is the volume of magma ejected as pumice and volcanic ash, known as tephra during an explosive phase of the eruption,...
  
  
• Volcanic Explosivity Index
  Volcanic Explosivity Index
  The Volcanic Explosivity Index was devised by Chris Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions....
  
  
• Supervolcano
  Supervolcano
  A supervolcano is a volcano capable of producing a volcanic eruption with an ejecta volume greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers . This is thousands of times larger than most historic volcanic eruptions. Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot but is...
  
  
• Volcanic arc
  Volcanic arc
  A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes positioned in an arc shape as seen from above. Offshore volcanoes form islands, resulting in a volcanic island arc. Generally they result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another tectonic plate, and often parallel an oceanic trench...
  
  
• Stratospheric sulfur aerosols
  Stratospheric sulfur aerosols
  Stratospheric sulfur aerosols are sulfur-rich particles which exist in the stratosphere region of the Earth's atmosphere. The layer of the atmosphere in which they exist is known as the Junge layer, or simply the stratospheric aerosol layer. These particles consist of a mixture of sulfuric acid...
  
  
• Geologic timeline of Western North America
  Geologic timeline of Western North America
  A timeline of significant geological events in the evolution of western North America. Dates are approximate. -External links:* http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~joel/g148_f06/readings/geol_history/geol_history.html*...
  
  

• Lists of volcanoes
• List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea
• List of volcanoes in Mexico
• List of volcanoes in Iceland
• Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
  Trans-Mexican volcanic belt
  The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also known as the Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the Sierra Nevada , is a volcanic belt that extends 900 km from west to east across central-southern Mexico...
  
  
• Decade Volcanoes
  Decade Volcanoes
  The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to populated areas...
  
  
• Hotspot (geology)
  Hotspot (geology)
  The places known as hotspots or hot spots in geology are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the mantle elsewhere. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. There are two hypotheses to explain them...
  
  
• Pacific Ring of Fire
  Pacific Ring of Fire
  The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements...
  
  

Further reading

• Newhall, Christopher G., Dzurisin, Daniel (1988); Historical unrest at large calderas of the world, USGS Bulletin 1855, p. 1108 http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/b/b1855
• Siebert L., and Simkin T. (2002-). Volcanoes of the World: an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions. Smithsonian Institution
  Smithsonian Institution
  The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute and associated museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its retail operations, concessions, licensing activities, and magazines...
  
  , Global Volcanism Program
  Global Volcanism Program
  The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program documents Earth's volcanoes and their eruptive history over the past 10,000 years. The GVP reports on current eruptions from around the world as well as maintaining a database repository on active volcanoes and their eruptions. In this way, a...
  
  , Digital Information Series, GVP-3, (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/). }}
• United States Geological Survey
  United States Geological Survey
  The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology,...
  
  ; Cascades Volcano Observatory
  Cascades Volcano Observatory
  The David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory is the volcano observatory that monitors volcanoes in the Cascade Range. It is part of the United States Geological Survey, a scientific agency of the United States government. It is located in Vancouver, Washington in the Portland, Oregon...
  
  , Vancouver
  Vancouver, Washington
  Vancouver is a city on the north bank of the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. Incorporated in 1857, it is the fourth largest city in the state with a 2010 census population of 161,791 as of April 1, 2010...
  
  , Washington; Index to CVO online volcanoes
  • Map: Tom Simkin, Robert I. Tilling, Peter R. Vogt, Stephen H. Kirby, Paul Kimberly, and David B. Stewart, Third Edition (Published 2006) interactive world map of Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Impact Craters, and Plate Tectonics
  • Supplementary Table I:
    • • Supplementary Table II:
        

        External links

        • Volcano World Information
        • Volcano Live, John Seach
        • Volcanoes in Nicaragua
        • Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka
        • National Park Service interactive map showing trace of the hotspot over time
        • Reference Database of the International Association of Volcanology (XLS file)
        • Reference Database of Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (XLS file)
        • [ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/chem/volcano.txt Volcanic sulfate record in the GISP2 core (ftp protocol)]
        The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.