Interglossa
Encyclopedia
The auxiliary language
Interglossa (ISO 639-3
: igs) was devised by the scientist Lancelot Hogben
during World War II
. It appears to be a straightforward attempt to put the international lexicon of science and technology, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, into a language with a purely isolating
grammar. Interglossa was published in 1943 as just a draft of an auxiliary. Hogben applied semantic principles to provide a reduced vocabulary of just over 880 words which suffices for basic conversation among peoples of different nationality.
Eventually, Hogben became convinced that such an auxiliary language appeared to be more necessary than ever before, so he decided to publish his proposal, insisting that it was simply a draft:
Interglossa might be seen as the draft of its descendant auxiliary language Glosa
, which has partly changed and expanded the lexicon.
, with the following exceptions:
In the following initial consonant combinations, the first element is silent: ct-, gn-, mn-, pn-, ps-, pt-.
The stress
is generally on the penultimate syllable, e.g. billEta (ticket), nEsia (island). If the word ends with two vowels (-io, -ia, etc.), these might sound as a diphthong. But Hogben rather keeps an hiatus
, stating that the stress in nEsia is on the antepenultimate syllable (nE-si-a).
Hogben prefers to have this number of exceptions instead of the disadvantage of mutilating a familiar international stem or of unduly lengthening the word. (p. 37)
, not depending on suffixes, neither flexional nor derivational, yet it uses a kind of composites whose second component is a monosyllabic noun. Like in Chinese (and English), composite nouns are essential, and so is the context. According to Hogben, such composite nouns may be self-explicit while we take into account its common context of use (p. 21).
Interglossa provides a minimal grammar with a series of syntactic rules, yet differing from the usual grammar of inflexional-agglutinative languages like the Indo-European
ones:
Even though, a great part of the lexicon is of Latin origin. The term Inter-glossa itself is composed by the Latin inter and the Greek glossa. At times Hogben doubts between the Greek and the Latin, and suggests pairs of equivalent synonyms (e.g. hypo and infra, soma and corpora), for an eventual international committee to test them.
It seems that this volume was not in fact published.
, in Interglossa “U Petitio de Christi” (p.242):
Hogben also provides an additional list of 74 international words, so actually there would be a lexicon of 954.
Hogben finally provides an alphabetical list (pp. 249-56), which unfortunately has frequent mistakes in the item numbers (here corrected).
Syllables in bold type are "generic substantives" used in compound words.
International auxiliary language
An international auxiliary language or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language...
Interglossa (ISO 639-3
ISO 639-3
ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages. It extends the ISO 639-2...
: igs) was devised by the scientist Lancelot Hogben
Lancelot Hogben
Lancelot Thomas Hogben FRS was a versatile British experimental zoologist and medical statistician. He is best known for developing Xenopus laevis as a model organism for biological research in his early career, attacking the eugenics movement in the middle of his career, and popularising books on...
during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. It appears to be a straightforward attempt to put the international lexicon of science and technology, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, into a language with a purely isolating
Isolating language
An isolating language is a type of language with a low morpheme-per-word ratio — in the extreme case of an isolating language words are composed of a single morpheme...
grammar. Interglossa was published in 1943 as just a draft of an auxiliary. Hogben applied semantic principles to provide a reduced vocabulary of just over 880 words which suffices for basic conversation among peoples of different nationality.
History
In 1943 Hogben published Interglossa: A draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order. As a professor, Hogben had seen how hard it was for the students to memorize the terms of biology, as they were poorly acquainted with etymology and the classical languages. So he began to show them the international Greek and Latin roots of these terms to aid their memory. He started to compile a vocabulary, and later, during World War II at Birmingham, he devised some guidelines of syntax, thus completing the draft of a new auxiliary language especially based on the lexicon of modern science:Eventually, Hogben became convinced that such an auxiliary language appeared to be more necessary than ever before, so he decided to publish his proposal, insisting that it was simply a draft:
Interglossa might be seen as the draft of its descendant auxiliary language Glosa
Glosa
Glosa is an international auxiliary language based on a previous draft auxiliary called Interglossa. As an isolating language, there are no inflections, so that words always remain in their dictionary form, no matter what function they have in the sentence...
, which has partly changed and expanded the lexicon.
Alphabet
Interglossa has a Latin-derived alphabet using the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.| Capital letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A A A is the first letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is similar to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives.- Origins :... |
B B B is the second letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is used to represent a variety of bilabial sounds , most commonly a voiced bilabial plosive.-History:... |
C C Ĉ or ĉ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing the sound .Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for all four of its postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets... |
D D D is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic letter Dâlet may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented ; in the... |
E E E is the fifth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish languages.-History:... |
F F F is the sixth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The origin of ⟨f⟩ is the Semitic letter vâv that represented a sound like or . Graphically, it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club... |
G G G is the seventh letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The letter 'G' was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ⟨c⟩ to distinguish voiced, from voiceless, . The recorded originator of ⟨g⟩ is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, the first Roman to open a fee-paying school,... |
H H H .) is the eighth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The Semitic letter ⟨ח⟩ most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative . The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.... |
I I I is the ninth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:In Semitic, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative in Egyptian, but was reassigned to by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound... |
J J Ĵ or ĵ is a letter in Esperanto orthography representing the sound .While Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for its four postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets, the base letters are Romano-Germanic... |
K K K is the eleventh letter of the English and basic modern Latin alphabet.-History and usage:In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive; this sound is also transcribed by in the International Phonetic Alphabet and X-SAMPA.... |
L L Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Łacinka , Łatynka , Wilamowicean, Navajo, Dene Suline, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai alphabet... |
M M M is the thirteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu . Semitic Mem probably originally pictured water... |
N N N is the fourteenth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History of the forms :One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like English ⟨J⟩, because the Egyptian word for "snake" was djet... |
O O O is the fifteenth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet.The letter was derived from the Semitic `Ayin , which represented a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the Arabic letter ع called `Ayn. This Semitic letter in its original form seems to have been inspired by a... |
P P P is the sixteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Usage:In English and most other European languages, P is a voiceless bilabial plosive. Both initial and final Ps can be combined with many other discrete consonants in English words... |
Q Q Q is the seventeenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic sound value of Qôp was , a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in English or most Indo-European ones... |
R R R is the eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, "head". It was used for by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was rêš . It developed into Greek Ρ and Latin R... |
S S S is the nineteenth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.-History: Semitic Šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative . Greek did not have this sound, so the Greek sigma came to represent... |
T T T is the 20th letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in the English language.- History :Taw was the last letter of the Western Semitic and Hebrew alphabets... |
U U U is the twenty-first letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The letter U ultimately comes from the Semitic letter Waw by way of the letter Y. See the letter Y for details.... |
V V V is the twenty-second letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Letter:The letter V comes from the Semitic letter Waw, as do the modern letters F, U, W, and Y. See F for details.... |
W W W is the 23rd letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.In other Germanic languages, including German, its pronunciation is similar or identical to that of English V... |
X X X is the twenty-fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Uses:In mathematics, x is commonly used as the name for an independent variable or unknown value. The usage of x to represent an independent or unknown variable can be traced back to the Arabic word šay شيء = “thing,” used in Arabic... |
Y Y Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet and represents either a vowel or a consonant in English.-Name:In Latin, Y was named Y Graeca "Greek Y". This was pronounced as I Graeca "Greek I", since Latin speakers had trouble pronouncing , which was not a native sound... |
Z Z Z is the twenty-sixth and final letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Name and pronunciation:In most dialects of English, the letter's name is zed , reflecting its derivation from the Greek zeta but in American English, its name is zee , deriving from a late 17th century English dialectal... |
| Lower case | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
Phonetics
The symbols have their characteristic values in accordance with those of the international phonetic alphabetInternational Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
, with the following exceptions:
-
- y is equivalent to /i/.
- c and q are equivalent to /k/.
- ph, th, ch, rh, have respectively the value /f/, /t/, /k/, /r/.
- Initial x is /z/, otherwise /ks/.
In the following initial consonant combinations, the first element is silent: ct-, gn-, mn-, pn-, ps-, pt-.
The stress
Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence. The term is also used for similar patterns of phonetic prominence inside syllables. The word accent is sometimes also used with this sense.The stress placed...
is generally on the penultimate syllable, e.g. billEta (ticket), nEsia (island). If the word ends with two vowels (-io, -ia, etc.), these might sound as a diphthong. But Hogben rather keeps an hiatus
Hiatus (linguistics)
In phonology, hiatus or diaeresis refers to two vowel sounds occurring in adjacent syllables, with no intervening consonant. When two adjacent vowel sounds occur in the same syllable, the result is instead described as a diphthong....
, stating that the stress in nEsia is on the antepenultimate syllable (nE-si-a).
Parts of Speech
A classification of parts of speech relevant to an isolating language would not follow the categories appropriate to the flexional system of the Indo-European group. The vocables of Interglossa can be classified following the function of individual vocables in the “sentence-landscape” (p. 32-3):- Substantives (items no. 483 to 860; and no. 874 to 880; additionally no. 881 to 954): Names for concrete things. Any one of them can act as an adjective, as it increasingly happens in English. Examples (from the sample text below): crati (government), geo (earth), pani (bread), parenta (parent), urani (heaven).
- Parts of the Body (no. 483 to 550)
- Zoological and Botanical terms (no. 551 to 630)
- Geographical names (no. 631 to 668)
- Food, Clothes and Furniture (no. 669 to 702)
- Architectural terms; Shapes and Units (no. 703 to 732)
- Instruments (no. 733 to 783)
- Substances and Manufactured Articles (other than Foods and Clothes) (no. 784 to 808)
- Human Affairs (no. 809 to 860)
- There is a set of generic substantives (no. 47 to 60) used in compounds. Examples: -pe [from persona] (person), dirigo-pe (driver, pilot), tene-pe (keeper), pan-pe (everybody).
- “Amplifiers” (no. 141 to 462; and no. 862 to 873): Abstract words, anyone of which can take the place of a noun, adjective or corresponding adverb. Examples: accido (happening, real, -ity, etc.), demo (population), dirigo / controlo (direction, control, etc.), dyno (power, -ful, etc.), eu (good, -ness, well, etc.), famo (reputation, fame), eu-famo (good fame, glory, etc.), libero (free, -dom), malo (evil), nomino (name), offero (offer, -ing), pardo (forgiving, forgiveness), revero (reverent, -ence).
- Some of them do the work of place or time particles (no. 61 to 101). Examples: a(d) (to, toward(s)), apo (away from, etc.), di (day, daily, on (the day...), etc.), epi (on), in (in, inner, etc.), tem (time, while, etc.).
- Some of them do the work of associative particles with additional meaning as prepositions and/or conjunctions (no. 102 to 128). Examples: causo (cause, because, etc.), de (of, in relation to, etc.), harmono (harmony, according to, etc.), hetero (different, unlike, otherwise, etc.), homo (similar, -ly, like), metro (measure, in so far as, etc.), plus (addition, -al, in addition, and, etc.), tendo (aim, will, in order to, etc.).
- Some of them do the work of auxiliary verbs (no. 129 to 140). Example: volo (willing, wish, wish to, want to, would like to).
- “Verboids” (no. 463 to 482): Names of processes and states. Examples: acte (do, act, etc.), date (give, etc.), dicte (say, express, etc.), gene (get, etc.), habe (have, etc.), tene (keep, etc.). They may not act like a verb, e.g.: plu malo acte (the evil acts, the sins).
- They may form natural combinations with abstract words, analogous to such Basic EnglishBasic EnglishBasic English, also known as Simple English, is an English-based controlled language created by linguist and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden as an international auxiliary language, and as an aid for teaching English as a Second Language...
constructions. Examples: acte dirigo (direct, control, etc.), acte malo (do evil, sin, trespass), acte pardo (forgive), date libero (give freedom, free), dicte petitio (say a request, request), dicte volo (wish, etc.), habe accido (happen, etc.).
- They may form natural combinations with abstract words, analogous to such Basic English
- “Pseudonyms” (no. 1 to 11): They function both as pronouns and as equivalents for nouns or for corresponding adjectives. Examples: na (we, us, our), mu (they, those, etc. (multitude)), su (who... (relative pronoun when subject)), tu (thou, thee, thy, you, your).
- Interrogative, Imperative, Negative and Comparative Particles (no. 41 to 46), two of which allow for question, request or command without deviation from the invariant word-pattern. Examples: no(n) (not, no!), peti (request). While peti is a brief way to express the polite imperative, dicte petitio would be the whole expression.
- In the sample text below, the expression dicte volo may be equivalent to the English subjunctive: Na dicte volo; tu Nomino gene revero : hallowed be thy name.
- Articles (no. 12 to 40): General words and numerals which have the function of predicating plurality or otherwise in relation to noun-equivalents (all of which are invariant like English sheep). Examples: pan (all), plu (some, a number of, the), u(n) (a(n), any, the).
“Sentence-landscape”
For ready recognition, a language free of flexions can benefit from two types of signposts of “sentence-landscape”: articles (see “Parts of Speech”), and terminals (that is, final vowels):- Substantives end in -a or -i. (Exceptions are: geo, cardo, acu, occlu, bureau, computo).
- ”Amplifiers” end in -o. (Exceptions are: anni, di, hora, post, pre, tem, ad, contra, epi, ex, extra, in, inter, para, littora, peri, tele, trans, anti, de, minus, per, plus, syn, vice).
- “Verboids” end in -e.
- “Pseudonyms”, otherwise, end in no particular terminal: mi, tu, na, an[dro], fe[mina], re, pe[rsona], mu[lti], auto, recipro, su[bject].
Hogben prefers to have this number of exceptions instead of the disadvantage of mutilating a familiar international stem or of unduly lengthening the word. (p. 37)
Syntax
Interglossa is a purely isolating language like ChineseChinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
, not depending on suffixes, neither flexional nor derivational, yet it uses a kind of composites whose second component is a monosyllabic noun. Like in Chinese (and English), composite nouns are essential, and so is the context. According to Hogben, such composite nouns may be self-explicit while we take into account its common context of use (p. 21).
Interglossa provides a minimal grammar with a series of syntactic rules, yet differing from the usual grammar of inflexional-agglutinative languages like the Indo-European
Indo-European
Indo-European may refer to:* Indo-European languages** Aryan race, a 19th century and early 20th century term for those peoples who are the native speakers of Indo-European languages...
ones:
Lexicon
Unlike other auxiliary languages, Hogben’s Interglossa tends to adopt the international words from Greek, in account of the intense infiltration of Greek roots into everyday life, which come from modern sciences and technologies. (For instance: microbe, microphone, telephone, etc.) (p. 30).Even though, a great part of the lexicon is of Latin origin. The term Inter-glossa itself is composed by the Latin inter and the Greek glossa. At times Hogben doubts between the Greek and the Latin, and suggests pairs of equivalent synonyms (e.g. hypo and infra, soma and corpora), for an eventual international committee to test them.
A missing dictionary
It was announced that an additional volume, A short English-Interglossa Dictionary had been produced:It seems that this volume was not in fact published.
Sample text
The following is the Lord's PrayerLord's Prayer
The Lord's Prayer is a central prayer in Christianity. In the New Testament of the Christian Bible, it appears in two forms: in the Gospel of Matthew as part of the discourse on ostentation in the Sermon on the Mount, and in the Gospel of Luke, which records Jesus being approached by "one of his...
, in Interglossa “U Petitio de Christi” (p.242):
| Interglossa version: | Text in Greek: | English version (with final doxology Doxology A doxology is a short hymn of praises to God in various Christian worship services, often added to the end of canticles, psalms, and hymns... ): |
Na Parenta in Urani: Na dicte volo; tu Nomino gene revero; plus tu Crati habe accido; plus u Demo acte harmono tu Tendo epi Geo homo in Urani; Na dicte petitio: Tu date plu di Pani a Na; plus Tu acte pardo plu malo Acte de Na; metro Na acte pardo Mu; Su acte malo de Na. Peti Tu non acte dirigo Na a plu malo Offero; Hetero, Tu date libero Na apo Malo. Causo Tu tene u Crati plus u Dyno plus un eu Famo pan Tem. Amen. |
Πάτερ ημών ο εν τοις ουρανοίς, αγιασθήτω το όνομά Σου, ελθέτω η Βασιλεία σου, γενηθήτω το θέλημά σου ως εν ουρανώ και επί της γης. Τον άρτον ημών τον επιούσιον δος ημίν σήμερον, και άφες ημίν τα οφειλήματα ημών, ως και ημείς αφίεμεν τοις οφειλέταις ημών. Και μη εισενέγκης ημάς εις πειρασμόν, αλλά ρύσαι ημάς από του πονηρού. Ότι σου εστί η βασιλεία και η δύναμις και η δόξα εις τους αιώνας. Αμήν. |
Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. |
Word-list
Hogben provides a numbered list of 880 words with etymologic clues(pp. 256-82). Some of the items (about 100) are pairs of synonyms, for example: dirigo / controlo (item no. 185).Hogben also provides an additional list of 74 international words, so actually there would be a lexicon of 954.
Hogben finally provides an alphabetical list (pp. 249-56), which unfortunately has frequent mistakes in the item numbers (here corrected).
Syllables in bold type are "generic substantives" used in compound words.
| Item no. | Word |
|---|---|
| 483 | abdomini |
| 551 | acantha |
| 141 | accido |
| 784 | acidi |
| 463 | acouste |
| 142 | acro |
| 464 | acte |
| 143 | activo |
| 733 | acu |
| 144 | acuto |
| 076 | a(d) |
| 180 | adapto |
| 145 | adhesio |
| 146 | aero |
| 147 | aetio |
| 809 | agenda |
| 455 | aggresso |
| 631 | agri |
| 148 | algo |
| 149 | alieno |
| 102 | allo |
| 633 | alluvia |
| 150 | alto |
| 151 | amico |
| 703 | amorphi |
| 669 | ampulla |
| 552 | amygda |
| 670 | amyla |
| 004 | an |
| 553 | ana |
| 152 | anemo |
| 175 | angio |
| 061 | anni |
| 554 | anseri |
| 077 | antero |
| 785 | anthraci |
| 103 | anti |
| 810 | anthropi |
| 556 | api |
| 078 | apo |
| 734 | ara |
| 274 | arbitro |
| 153 | archo |
| 786 | argenta |
| 811 | arma |
| 329 | aromo |
| 154 | arrogo |
| 484 | arthri |
| 812 | arti |
| 735 | artilleri |
| 669 | asci |
| 556 | asini |
| 772 | aspi |
| 155 | assuro |
| 633 | astra |
| 634 | asyla |
| 704 | atria |
| 156 | attendo |
| 334 | attitudo |
| 463 | audie |
| 787 | aura |
| 153 | authorito |
| 009 | auto |
| 557 | avi |
| 736 | axi |
| 737 | baci |
| 635 | baia |
| 705 | balconi |
| 465 | balle |
| 813 | banca |
| 157 | baro |
| 158 | baso |
| 159 | batho |
| 028 | bi |
| 814 | bibli |
| 160 | bibo |
| 815 | billeta |
| 161 | bio |
| 738 | blada |
| 162 | blasto |
| 739 | bomba |
| 079 | boreo |
| 558 | bovi |
| 485 | brachi |
| 163 | bronto |
| 558 | brya |
| 486 | bucca |
| 560 | bulba |
| 816 | bureau |
| 671 | bursa |
| 672 | butyri |
| 673 | caca |
| 674 | cafa |
| 487 | calca |
| 196 | callo |
| 675 | calyci |
| 861 | cambio |
| 561 | cameli |
| 047 | cameri |
| 676 | campani |
| 562 | canabi |
| 636 | canali |
| 563 | canceri |
| 564 | cani |
| 488 | cantha |
| 164 | canto |
| 460 | capacito |
| 546 | capilla |
| 817 | capitali |
| 818 | capitula |
| 819 | capsa |
| 165 | captivo |
| 788 | carba |
| 489 | cardia |
| 740 | cardo |
| 565 | cari |
| 682 | carni |
| 566 | carpa |
| 490 | carpi |
| 637 | carta |
| 874 | cartoni |
| 617 | casea |
| 166 | catalyso |
| 741 | catena |
| 548 | cauda |
| 567 | caula |
| 104 | causo |
| 167 | cavito |
| 168 | celebro |
| 169 | celero |
| 037 | centi |
| 706 | centra |
| 491 | cephali |
| 707 | cera |
| 492 | cerebra |
| 168 | ceremonio |
| 170 | certifo |
| 155 | certo |
| 568 | cervi |
| 492 | cervica |
| 862 | charito |
| 494 | chiri |
| 171 | chloro |
| 678 | choani |
| 172 | cholo |
| 495 | chondra |
| 173 | choro |
| 820 | christi |
| 174 | chromo |
| 062 | chron |
| 569 | chyma |
| 863 | cido |
| 789 | cigara |
| 790 | cigaretta |
| 570 | citra |
| 821 | classi |
| 175 | claustro |
| 742 | clavi |
| 743 | cleidi |
| 105 | cleisto |
| 176 | clepto |
| 638 | clima |
| 679 | clinica |
| 177 | clino |
| 571 | cochlea |
| 572 | cocoa |
| 167 | coelo |
| 178 | cogito |
| 179 | coito |
| 744 | colea |
| 791 | colla |
| 822 | coloni |
| 708 | columni |
| 180 | comico |
| 823 | commisari |
| 824 | commita |
| 181 | communo |
| 825 | compani |
| 106 | comparo |
| 182 | competo |
| 839 | computo |
| 864 | concessio |
| 530 | concha |
| 107 | conditio |
| 680 | confecti |
| 183 | confessio |
| 871 | confusio |
| 108 | congruo |
| 709 | coni |
| 573 | coniferi |
| 184 | consolo |
| 639 | continenti |
| 080 | contra |
| 185 | controlo |
| 745 | copa |
| 505 | copra |
| 746 | copula |
| 514 | cornua |
| 681 | corona |
| 541 | corpora |
| 875 | corpuscula |
| 747 | coryna |
| 640 | cosmi |
| 496 | costa |
| 534 | coxa |
| 497 | crania |
| 826 | crati |
| 682 | crea |
| 186 | credito |
| 187 | credo |
| 792 | creta |
| 188 | critico |
| 710 | cruci |
| 189 | cryo |
| 190 | crypto |
| 793 | crystali |
| 748 | cteni |
| 711 | cuba |
| 574 | cucurbi |
| 191 | culino |
| 192 | culto |
| 794 | cupra |
| 193 | curo |
| 206 | curso |
| 194 | curvo |
| 195 | cyano |
| 712 | cycli |
| 575 | cygni |
| 713 | cylindri |
| 498 | cysti |
| 499 | cyti |
| 500 | dactyli |
| 827 | data |
| 466 | date |
| 109 | de |
| 129 | debito |
| 036 | deca |
| 196 | decoro |
| 197 | defecto |
| 198 | demo |
| 199 | demonstro |
| 576 | dendra |
| 501 | denti |
| 749 | dentili |
| 501 | dermi |
| 641 | deserta |
| 200 | desicco |
| 467 | detecte |
| 642 | detriti |
| 081 | dextro |
| 063 | di |
| 468 | dicte |
| 353 | dieto |
| 865 | diffusio |
| 110 | digito |
| 297 | diluto |
| 185 | dirigo |
| 750 | disca |
| 828 | discipuli |
| 201 | disputo |
| 202 | dissipo |
| 203 | divino |
| 204 | diviso |
| 048 | domi |
| 097 | dorsi |
| 205 | dramo |
| 206 | dromo |
| 207 | duco |
| 064 | duro |
| 208 | dyno |
| 551 | echini |
| 209 | eco |
| 084 | ecto |
| 751 | elasti |
| 210 | electio |
| 211 | electro |
| 212 | elemento |
| 577 | elepha |
| 503 | entera |
| 065 | eo |
| 082 | epi |
| 213 | equatio |
| 469 | eque |
| 578 | equi |
| 214 | ergo |
| 518 | eri |
| 215 | erro |
| 216 | erythro |
| 130 | espero |
| 217 | espio |
| 470 | esthe |
| 158 | evido |
| 218 | eu |
| 083 | e(x) |
| 219 | examino |
| 220 | excesso |
| 221 | expecto |
| 219 | experimento |
| 222 | experto |
| 163 | explosio |
| 084 | extra |
| 579 | faba |
| 223 | fabrico |
| 504 | facia |
| 224 | facilo |
| 471 | facte |
| 752 | falci |
| 829 | famili |
| 225 | famo |
| 315 | fantaso |
| 643 | farina |
| 049 | fascio |
| 226 | fatigo |
| 005 | fe |
| 505 | feci |
| 580 | feli |
| 714 | fenestra |
| 227 | fero |
| 795 | ferra |
| 228 | fertilo |
| 050 | fi |
| 622 | fici |
| 830 | fili |
| 581 | filici |
| 229 | fino |
| 230 | fisco |
| 231 | fissuro |
| 232 | fixo |
| 233 | flagello |
| 234 | flavoro |
| 866 | flexio |
| 582 | flora |
| 644 | fonta |
| 867 | foramino |
| 715 | forma |
| 583 | formici |
| 831 | formula |
| 235 | forto |
| 236 | fortuno |
| 716 | fossa |
| 237 | fracto |
| 238 | frequo |
| 239 | frictio |
| 240 | frigo |
| 241 | frustro |
| 242 | fugo |
| 243 | fumo |
| 111 | functio |
| 753 | furca |
| 584 | galli |
| 244 | gameo |
| 796 | gasi |
| 506 | gastri |
| 832 | gazeta |
| 472 | ge |
| 162 | gemmo |
| 473 | gene |
| 245 | geneto |
| 018 | geno |
| 683 | geli |
| 645 | geo |
| 876 | glacia |
| 754 | gladi |
| 507 | glandi |
| 246 | glauco |
| 508 | glena |
| 509 | glossa |
| 247 | gluco |
| 585 | gluma |
| 510 | glutea |
| 664 | glypha |
| 511 | gnatha |
| 248 | gono |
| 586 | gossypi |
| 249 | grado |
| 716 | grami |
| 587 | gramini |
| 833 | gramma |
| 250 | grapho |
| 251 | gratio |
| 252 | gravito |
| 253 | gravo |
| 254 | grego |
| 834 | gyna |
| 255 | gyro |
| 474 | habe |
| 512 | haema |
| 256 | hagio |
| 797 | hali |
| 212 | haplo |
| 588 | harengi |
| 112 | harmono |
| 131 | hedo |
| 207 | hegemo |
| 646 | heli |
| 755 | helica |
| 257 | helico |
| 626 | helminthi |
| 258 | helo |
| 040 | hemi |
| 513 | hepa |
| 033 | hepta |
| 066 | hespero |
| 259 | hetero |
| 032 | hexa |
| 260 | historo |
| 021 | holo |
| 589 | homari |
| 590 | homini |
| 113 | homo |
| 067 | hora |
| 591 | hordea |
| 261 | horizo |
| 647 | horti |
| 262 | humano |
| 263 | hydro |
| 085 | hypo |
| 178 | ideo |
| 868 | idio |
| 264 | immuno |
| 265 | impacto |
| 836 | imperia |
| 266 | impero |
| 086 | in |
| 756 | inci |
| 110 | indico |
| 837 | industri |
| 835 | infanti |
| 267 | inflatio |
| 085 | infra |
| 268 | inhibito |
| 051 | instrumenti |
| 269 | insuro |
| 087 | inter |
| 270 | investo |
| 271 | iodeo |
| 172 | iro |
| 044 | iso |
| 272 | itero |
| 273 | itinero |
| 832 | journali |
| 274 | judico |
| 275 | juro |
| 514 | kerati |
| 038 | kilo |
| 475 | kine |
| 515 | labi |
| 516 | lacrima |
| 517 | lacti |
| 088 | laevo |
| 757 | lamina |
| 717 | lampa |
| 518 | lana |
| 758 | lancea |
| 276 | lapso |
| 089 | latero |
| 592 | latici |
| 396 | latrio |
| 277 | laudo |
| 278 | lavo |
| 279 | lecto |
| 280 | lego |
| 593 | legumi |
| 594 | lepi |
| 519 | lepidi |
| 281 | leuco |
| 331 | liabilo |
| 282 | liberalo |
| 283 | libero |
| 284 | libido |
| 285 | ligato |
| 286 | limito |
| 648 | limni |
| 595 | lina |
| 287 | lineo |
| 520 | lipi |
| 288 | liquo |
| 052 | lithi |
| 718 | litri |
| 090 | littora |
| 053 | loco |
| 289 | logo |
| 290 | longo |
| 521 | lophi |
| 166 | lubrico |
| 878 | luciferi |
| 291 | luco |
| 649 | luna |
| 596 | lupi |
| 292 | luteo |
| 759 | lyra |
| 293 | lyso |
| 760 | machina |
| 294 | magico |
| 295 | magneto |
| 045 | major |
| 761 | mallea |
| 296 | malo |
| 297 | mano |
| 798 | margara |
| 650 | mari |
| 684 | marsupia |
| 869 | massago |
| 298 | masso |
| 054 | materia |
| 299 | maturo |
| 055 | mechani |
| 022 | mega |
| 300 | melano |
| 308 | memo |
| 068 | mensi |
| 301 | merco |
| 091 | meridio |
| 019 | mero |
| 092 | meso |
| 799 | metali |
| 638 | meteori |
| 302 | methodo |
| 719 | metri |
| 114 | metro |
| 001 | mi |
| 023 | micro |
| 303 | milito |
| 039 | million |
| 762 | mimi |
| 651 | mina |
| 069 | mini |
| 304 | ministro |
| 046 | minor |
| 115 | minus |
| 305 | miro |
| 306 | miso |
| 763 | missili |
| 685 | mitra |
| 307 | mixo |
| 308 | mnemo |
| 056 | mobili |
| 309 | monito |
| 027 | mono |
| 652 | monti |
| 310 | mordo |
| 132 | moro |
| 311 | morpho |
| 312 | morto |
| 476 | mote |
| 008 | mu |
| 653 | muci |
| 720 | mura |
| 597 | muri |
| 838 | musea |
| 313 | musico |
| 314 | muto |
| 539 | mya |
| 039 | myria |
| 315 | mytho |
| 003 | na |
| 316 | narco |
| 522 | nari |
| 523 | nasa |
| 317 | natio |
| 318 | nato |
| 764 | navi |
| 655 | nebuli |
| 319 | necro |
| 133 | necesso |
| 870 | necto |
| 320 | negotio |
| 321 | neo |
| 656 | nepheli |
| 524 | nephri |
| 655 | nesia |
| 525 | neura |
| 623 | nicoti |
| 070 | nocti |
| 322 | nocuo |
| 323 | nomino |
| 324 | nomo |
| 043 | no(n) |
| 035 | nonnea |
| 325 | normo |
| 839 | nota |
| 326 | nullo |
| 327 | numero |
| 071 | nu(n) |
| 328 | occasio |
| 093 | occidento |
| 765 | occlu |
| 657 | oceani |
| 034 | octa |
| 526 | oculi |
| 329 | odoro |
| 527 | oesophagi |
| 330 | offero |
| 686 | olea |
| 014 | oligo |
| 331 | onero |
| 332 | oppresso |
| 528 | ora |
| 596 | orangi |
| 333 | ordino |
| 877 | organa |
| 334 | orientatio |
| 094 | oriento |
| 335 | orno |
| 336 | ortho |
| 453 | oscillo |
| 337 | osculo |
| 529 | ostea |
| 530 | ostraca |
| 531 | oti |
| 532 | ova |
| 721 | ovali |
| 599 | ovi |
| 338 | oxidatio |
| 144 | oxyo |
| 339 | pachyo |
| 340 | paco |
| 341 | paleo |
| 699 | pallia |
| 015 | pan |
| 687 | pani |
| 600 | panica |
| 342 | papillo |
| 800 | papyri |
| 095 | para |
| 343 | parallelo |
| 344 | paralyso |
| 345 | parasito |
| 346 | pardo |
| 840 | parenta |
| 254 | partio |
| 347 | patho |
| 748 | pectini |
| 348 | pecunio |
| 533 | pedi |
| 349 | pedio |
| 766 | peleci |
| 534 | pelvi |
| 116 | pendo |
| 350 | penito |
| 767 | penna |
| 351 | peno |
| 031 | penta |
| 117 | per |
| 477 | perde |
| 383 | perforato |
| 096 | peri |
| 134 | permito |
| 871 | perplexo |
| 332 | persecuto |
| 601 | persica |
| 007 | persona |
| 041 | petitio |
| 801 | petrolea |
| 352 | phaeo |
| 353 | phago |
| 354 | phanero |
| 135 | pheno |
| 355 | philo |
| 878 | phlogista |
| 356 | phobo |
| 602 | phoeni |
| 357 | phono |
| 358 | phoro |
| 359 | photo |
| 658 | phrea |
| 360 | phreno |
| 603 | phylla |
| 361 | physio |
| 604 | phyta |
| 362 | picto |
| 535 | pinna |
| 605 | pisa |
| 606 | pisci |
| 768 | pista |
| 688 | placa |
| 363 | plano |
| 802 | plasti |
| 364 | plato |
| 365 | pleno |
| 366 | plico |
| 013 | plu |
| 803 | plumba |
| 118 | plus |
| 367 | pluto |
| 368 | pluvio |
| 369 | pneumo |
| 536 | poda |
| 841 | poeti |
| 246 | polio |
| 842 | politica |
| 843 | polizi |
| 016 | poly |
| 607 | pomi |
| 721 | ponti |
| 722 | porta |
| 136 | posso |
| 072 | post |
| 844 | posta |
| 119 | postulo |
| 659 | potami |
| 608 | potati |
| 137 | poto |
| 370 | praxo |
| 073 | pre |
| 371 | premio |
| 138 | preparo |
| 723 | prisma |
| 372 | privilegio |
| 102 | pro |
| 373 | producto |
| 374 | profito |
| 342 | projectio |
| 845 | proletari |
| 375 | promisso |
| 846 | propaganda |
| 376 | proposo |
| 847 | propria |
| 848 | prosa |
| 724 | prosceni |
| 377 | prospecto |
| 378 | protesto |
| 139 | proto |
| 121 | proximi |
| 609 | pruni |
| 661 | psamma |
| 379 | pseudo |
| 537 | pteri |
| 380 | publico |
| 381 | pudo |
| 538 | pulmoni |
| 689 | pulvini |
| 382 | puro |
| 510 | pygea |
| 383 | pylo |
| 725 | pyrami |
| 610 | pyri |
| 384 | pyro |
| 726 | quadra |
| 385 | qualito |
| 042 | questio |
| 326 | quito |
| 024 | quo |
| 386 | radio |
| 611 | rami |
| 387 | rapo |
| 388 | raso |
| 389 | ratio |
| 006 | re |
| 478 | reacte |
| 414 | recepto |
| 727 | recessi |
| 010 | recipro |
| 390 | recto |
| 391 | reflecto |
| 849 | regi |
| 392 | religio |
| 524 | rena |
| 850 | rentieri |
| 393 | reparo |
| 209 | resido |
| 394 | residuo |
| 395 | resisto |
| 369 | respiro |
| 396 | revero |
| 769 | reti |
| 097 | retro |
| 612 | rhabdi |
| 397 | rheo |
| 613 | rhiza |
| 398 | rhodo |
| 399 | rigo |
| 400 | riso |
| 168 | rituo |
| 770 | rota |
| 051 | ru |
| 401 | rugo |
| 660 | rura |
| 690 | sacari |
| 671 | sacci |
| 841 | sacramenta |
| 256 | sacro |
| 402 | sado |
| 771 | sagitta |
| 614 | salmi |
| 403 | salto |
| 404 | saluto |
| 405 | sano |
| 406 | sapio |
| 804 | saponi |
| 407 | sapro |
| 539 | sarca |
| 615 | sardini |
| 025 | satio |
| 728 | scala |
| 540 | scapa |
| 408 | schizo |
| 409 | scholo |
| 852 | scientia |
| 410 | sclero |
| 411 | scopo |
| 772 | scuta |
| 616 | secala |
| 074 | seci |
| 853 | secretari |
| 412 | secto |
| 691 | sedi |
| 617 | selachi |
| 413 | semao |
| 414 | sensitivo |
| 805 | sepia |
| 440 | sepso |
| 720 | septa |
| 122 | sequo |
| 415 | serio |
| 258 | servo |
| 773 | seta |
| 416 | severo |
| 854 | sibi |
| 774 | signa |
| 417 | significo |
| 661 | sili |
| 618 | simi |
| 017 | singulo |
| 418 | siphono |
| 715 | skeleta |
| 419 | societo |
| 420 | solemno |
| 428 | solido |
| 020 | solo |
| 421 | solutio |
| 541 | soma |
| 423 | somno |
| 422 | sopho |
| 423 | soporo |
| 775 | spatula |
| 424 | specio |
| 662 | spectra |
| 619 | sperma |
| 776 | sphena |
| 730 | sphera |
| 879 | sphinctra |
| 692 | spiriti |
| 257 | spiro |
| 425 | sporto |
| 232 | stabilo |
| 426 | stalagmo |
| 806 | stanna |
| 777 | stapi |
| 427 | stato |
| 520 | stea |
| 428 | stereo |
| 429 | stigmo |
| 479 | stimule |
| 528 | stoma |
| 693 | strata |
| 430 | strategico |
| 011 | su |
| 620 | suberi |
| 542 | sudori |
| 621 | sui |
| 807 | sulphi |
| 431 | summatio |
| 694 | supa |
| 098 | supero |
| 622 | syca |
| 432 | sympto |
| 123 | syn |
| 778 | syringi |
| 433 | systemo |
| 623 | tabaca |
| 124 | tacto |
| 388 | talo |
| 695 | tapea |
| 156 | tardo |
| 543 | tarsi |
| 779 | taxi |
| 696 | tea |
| 222 | techno |
| 731 | tecti |
| 099 | tele |
| 855 | telefon |
| 856 | telegram |
| 075 | tem |
| 126 | tendo |
| 480 | tene |
| 434 | tensio |
| 140 | tentato |
| 663 | terra |
| 697 | testa |
| 435 | testimonio |
| 030 | tetra |
| 057 | texti |
| 305 | thaumo |
| 698 | theca |
| 544 | thela |
| 857 | thema |
| 436 | theo |
| 437 | thermo |
| 545 | thoraci |
| 699 | toga |
| 438 | tolero |
| 624 | tomati |
| 439 | tono |
| 100 | topo |
| 440 | toxo |
| 481 | tracte |
| 101 | trans |
| 700 | trapeza |
| 441 | traumo |
| 749 | trepana |
| 029 | tri |
| 546 | tricha |
| 625 | tritica |
| 442 | tropo |
| 002 | tu |
| 732 | tubi |
| 701 | tunica |
| 664 | tunneli |
| 443 | turbo |
| 780 | tympana |
| 444 | typo |
| 099 | ultra |
| 445 | umbro |
| 012 | un |
| 547 | ungua |
| 446 | uniformo |
| 447 | unio |
| 880 | unita |
| 858 | universita |
| 872 | universo |
| 548 | ura |
| 665 | urani |
| 666 | urba |
| 549 | urini |
| 550 | uteri |
| 873 | utilo |
| 448 | vacuo |
| 781 | vagoni |
| 667 | valli |
| 449 | valo |
| 859 | valuta |
| 450 | vaporo |
| 314 | vario |
| 058 | vasa |
| 782 | vecti |
| 783 | vela |
| 169 | veloco |
| 451 | vendo |
| 860 | verba |
| 452 | verito |
| 626 | vermi |
| 126 | verso |
| 627 | vespi |
| 059 | vesto |
| 668 | via |
| 453 | vibro |
| 127 | vice |
| 454 | victo |
| 544 | villi |
| 702 | vini |
| 455 | violo |
| 456 | viro |
| 482 | vise |
| 457 | visito |
| 628 | viti |
| 808 | vitri |
| 458 | vivo |
| 459 | voco |
| 128 | volo |
| 460 | volumo |
| 461 | vulno |
| 629 | vulpi |
| 292 | xantho |
| 149 | xeno |
| 026 | zero |
| 630 | zoa |
| 060 | zona |
| 462 | zygo |
| 881* | acarina |
| 882* | alfalfa |
| 883* | alga |
| 884* | alkali |
| 885* | anguilla |
| 886* | anura |
| 887* | anus |
| 888* | araneida |
| 889* | area |
| 890* | arteria |
| 891* | avena |
| 892* | bacteria |
| 893* | banana |
| 894* | betula |
| 895* | branchia |
| 896* | brassica |
| 897* | camera |
| 898* | capra |
| 899* | carina |
| 900* | cetacea |
| 901* | chela |
| 902* | chelonia |
| 903* | coleoptera |
| 904* | corolla |
| 905* | coryza |
| 906* | crocodilia |
| 907* | diptera |
| 908* | dyspepsia |
| 909* | embryo |
| 910* | erica |
| 911* | fungi |
| 912* | gemini |
| 913* | inertia |
| 914* | insecta |
| 915* | lacertilia |
| 916* | lactuca |
| 917* | larva |
| 918* | lens |
| 919* | leo |
| 920* | lepidoptera |
| 921* | libra |
| 922* | mamma |
| 923* | manifesto |
| 924* | maxima |
| 925* | mica |
| 926* | minima |
| 927* | nausea |
| 928* | ophidia |
| 929* | oryza |
| 930* | ostrea |
| 931* | pediculina |
| 932* | pelecypoda |
| 933* | piano |
| 934* | picea |
| 935* | porifera |
| 936* | protesta |
| 937* | pterygia |
| 938* | pyrexia |
| 939* | reptilia |
| 940* | sago |
| 941* | saliva |
| 942* | scorpionida |
| 943* | sex |
| 944* | silica |
| 945* | siphanaptera |
| 946* | soya |
| 947* | trachea |
| 948* | ursa |
| 949* | vena |
| 950* | vertebra |
| 951* | violin |
| 952* | virgo |
| 953* | viscera |
| 954* | zea |