List of MeSH codes (G03)
Encyclopedia
The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- environment
--- natural disasters --- volcanic eruption --- relief work --- rescue work
--- ecosystem
--- biodiversity
--- biomass
--- ecological systems, closed --- food chain
--- coke
--- petroleum
--- fuel oils --- gasoline
--- kerosene
--- nuclear energy
--- nuclear fission
--- nuclear fusion
--- solar energy
--- diving
--- ecological systems, closed --- heating --- housing
--- housing, animal --- hospitals, animal --- housing for the elderly --- public housing
--- humidity
--- life support systems --- lighting
--- space simulation
--- weightlessness simulation --- hindlimb suspension --- temperature
--- ventilation
--- air --- air ionization --- air movements --- wind
--- atmospheric pressure
--- air pressure --- vacuum
--- climate
--- cold climate --- desert climate
--- greenhouse effect
--- microclimate
--- tropical climate
--- cosmic radiation --- weather
--- humidity
--- lightning
--- rain
--- acid rain
--- snow
--- sunlight
--- infrared rays --- ultraviolet rays --- temperature
--- cold
--- heat
--- wind
--- water
--- fresh water
--- rivers --- hot springs
--- ice
--- ice cover --- rain
--- acid rain
--- seawater
--- snow
--- steam
--- water movements
--- safety management --- accidental falls --- accidents, aviation --- accidents, home --- accidents, occupational --- accidents, radiation --- accidents, radiation --- accidents, traffic --- drowning
--- near drowning
--- disease transmission, patient-to-professional --- disease transmission, professional-to-patient --- disease transmission, vertical --- disease vectors --- arthropod vectors --- arachnid vectors --- insect vectors
--- environmental microbiology
--- air microbiology --- food microbiology
--- soil microbiology
--- water microbiology
--- air pollution, indoor --- air pollution, radioactive --- dust
--- cosmic dust
--- smog
--- smoke
--- tobacco smoke pollution --- vehicle emissions --- body burden --- drug residues --- pesticide residues --- environmental exposure --- environmental monitoring
--- inhalation exposure
--- maternal exposure --- maximum allowable concentration --- occupational exposure --- maximum allowable concentration --- threshold limit values --- paternal exposure --- food contamination --- food contamination, radioactive --- food microbiology
--- food parasitology --- noise
--- noise, occupational --- noise, transportation --- waste products --- hazardous waste
--- radioactive waste
--- industrial waste
--- medical waste
--- dental waste --- medical waste disposal --- sewage
--- water pollution
--- water pollution, chemical --- acid rain
--- water pollution, radioactive
--- maternal age --- bias (epidemiology) --- observer variation --- selection bias
--- causality
--- precipitating factors --- risk factors
--- comorbidity
--- confounding factors (epidemiology) --- effect modifiers (epidemiology) --- cohort effect
--- healthy worker effect --- placebo effect
--- observer variation --- reproductive history --- gravidity
--- parity
--- sex factors
--- body mass index
--- cephalometry
--- crown-rump length
--- demography
--- age distribution --- censuses --- family characteristics --- birth order
--- health status --- geriatric assessment --- population density
--- population dynamics
--- emigration and immigration --- health transition --- population control
--- population growth
--- residence characteristics --- catchment area (health) --- housing
--- residential mobility --- sex distribution --- sex ratio
--- vital statistics
--- life expectancy
--- life tables --- morbidity --- basic reproduction number
--- incidence
--- prevalence
--- mortality
--- cause of death
--- child mortality
--- fatal outcome --- fetal mortality --- hospital mortality --- infant mortality
--- maternal mortality --- survival rate
--- pregnancy rate
--- birth rate
--- risk assessment
--- data collection
--- geriatric assessment --- health surveys --- behavioral risk factor surveillance system
--- dental health surveys --- dental plaque index --- dmf index --- oral hygiene index --- periodontal index --- health status indicators --- sickness impact profile --- mass screening --- anonymous testing --- genetic screening --- mass chest x-ray --- multiphasic screening --- neonatal screening --- vision screening --- nutrition surveys --- diet surveys --- population surveillance --- sentinel surveillance --- health care surveys --- interviews
--- focus groups --- narration --- nutrition assessment --- nutrition surveys --- diet surveys --- questionnaires --- records
--- birth certificates --- death certificates --- dental records
--- hospital records
--- medical records --- medical record linkage --- medical records systems, computerized --- medical records, problem-oriented --- trauma severity indices --- nursing records --- registries --- seer program --- vital statistics
--- life expectancy
--- life tables --- morbidity --- basic reproduction number
--- incidence
--- prevalence
--- mortality
--- cause of death
--- child mortality
--- fatal outcome --- fetal mortality --- hospital mortality --- infant mortality
--- maternal mortality --- survival rate
--- pregnancy rate
--- birth rate
--- disease notification --- epidemiology, molecular --- epidemiologic research design --- cross-over studies --- double-blind method --- matched-pair analysis --- meta-analysis
--- random allocation --- reproducibility of results --- sample size
--- sensitivity and specificity
--- predictive value of tests
--- roc curve --- single-blind method --- epidemiologic study characteristics --- epidemiologic studies --- case-control studies --- retrospective studies --- cohort studies --- follow-up studies --- longitudinal studies --- prospective studies --- cross-sectional studies --- seroepidemiologic studies --- hiv seroprevalence --- clinical trials --- clinical trials, phase i --- clinical trials, phase ii --- clinical trials, phase iii --- clinical trials, phase iv --- controlled clinical trials
--- randomized controlled trials --- multicenter studies --- feasibility studies --- intervention studies --- pilot projects --- sampling studies --- twin studies --- sentinel surveillance --- statistics
--- actuarial analysis --- analysis of variance
--- multivariate analysis
--- area under curve --- cluster analysis --- small-area analysis --- space-time clustering --- confidence intervals --- data interpretation, statistical --- discriminant analysis --- factor analysis, statistical --- matched-pair analysis --- models, statistical --- likelihood functions --- linear models --- logistic models --- models, economic --- models, econometric --- nomograms --- proportional hazards models
--- monte carlo method
--- probability
--- bayes theorem --- likelihood functions --- markov chains --- odds ratio
--- proportional hazards models
--- risk
--- logistic models --- risk assessment
--- risk factors
--- uncertainty
--- regression analysis
--- least-squares analysis --- linear models --- logistic models --- proportional hazards models
--- sensitivity and specificity
--- statistical distributions --- binomial distribution --- chi-square distribution --- normal distribution --- poisson distribution
--- statistics, nonparametric --- stochastic processes --- markov chains --- survival analysis
--- disease-free survival
--- disease notification --- fumigation
--- handwashing --- immunization
--- mass immunization --- vaccination
--- infection control
--- antisepsis --- asepsis
--- infection control, dental --- patient isolation --- quarantine
--- sterilization
--- disinfection
--- mandatory testing --- pest control
--- insect control --- mosquito control
--- pest control, biological --- rodent control --- tick control --- sanitation
--- food inspection --- sanitary engineering
--- drainage, sanitary --- refuse disposal --- waste disposal, fluid --- waste management
--- water purification
--- universal precautions
--- decontamination
--- environmental monitoring
--- radiation monitoring
--- mass screening --- anonymous testing --- genetic screening --- mandatory testing --- mass chest x-ray --- multiphasic screening --- neonatal screening --- substance abuse detection --- vision screening --- population surveillance --- sentinel surveillance --- primary prevention --- immunization
--- mass immunization --- vaccination
--- radiation effects --- radiation injuries --- abnormalities, radiation-induced --- radiation injuries, experimental --- radiation genetics --- radiation monitoring
--- film dosimetry --- thermoluminescent dosimetry --- radiation protection --- radioactive fallout --- radioactive waste
--- water pollution, radioactive
--- sanitation
--- public facilities --- bathing beaches --- health resorts --- swimming pools --- toilet facilities --- sanitary engineering
--- biodegradation
--- toilet facilities --- waste management
--- refuse disposal --- garbage
--- incineration
--- medical waste disposal --- waste disposal, fluid --- sewage
--- waste disposal, fluid --- water purification
--- water softening
--- water supply
--- fluoridation --- water purification
Mesh
Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
United States National Library of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- environmentNatural environmentThe natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species....
--- conservation of natural resources
--- conservation of energy resources--- disasters
--- disaster planning --- explosions --- fires --- fire extinguishing systems --- spontaneous combustionSpontaneous combustion
Spontaneous combustion is the self-ignition of a mass, for example, a pile of oily rags. Allegedly, humans can also ignite and burn without an obvious cause; this phenomenon is known as spontaneous human combustion....
--- natural disasters --- volcanic eruption --- relief work --- rescue work
--- ecosystemEcosystemAn ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving , physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight....
--- biodiversityBiodiversity
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions...
--- biomass
Biomass
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel....
--- ecological systems, closed --- food chain
Food chain
A food web depicts feeding connections in an ecological community. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs...
--- energy-generating resources
--- fossil fuels --- coalCoal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
--- coke
Coke (fuel)
Coke is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made.- History :...
--- petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling...
--- fuel oils --- gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain...
--- kerosene
Kerosene
Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage, also known as paraffin or paraffin oil in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Ireland and South Africa, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek keros...
--- nuclear energy
Nuclear binding energy
Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom into its component parts. The component parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons...
--- nuclear fission
Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts , often producing free neutrons and photons , and releasing a tremendous amount of energy...
--- nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more atomic nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a single heavier nucleus. This is usually accompanied by the release or absorption of large quantities of energy...
--- solar energy
--- environment, controlled
--- air conditioningAir conditioning
An air conditioner is a home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat from an area. The cooling is done using a simple refrigeration cycle...
--- diving
Diving
Diving is the sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard, sometimes while performing acrobatics. Diving is an internationally-recognized sport that is part of the Olympic Games. In addition, unstructured and non-competitive diving is a recreational pastime.Diving is one...
--- ecological systems, closed --- heating --- housing
House
A house is a building or structure that has the ability to be occupied for dwelling by human beings or other creatures. The term house includes many kinds of different dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to free standing individual structures...
--- housing, animal --- hospitals, animal --- housing for the elderly --- public housing
Public housing
Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. Social housing is an umbrella term referring to rental housing which may be owned and managed by the state, by non-profit organizations, or by a combination of the...
--- humidity
Humidity
Humidity is a term for the amount of water vapor in the air, and can refer to any one of several measurements of humidity. Formally, humid air is not "moist air" but a mixture of water vapor and other constituents of air, and humidity is defined in terms of the water content of this mixture,...
--- life support systems --- lighting
Lighting
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate application of light to achieve some practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight...
--- space simulation
Space simulation
A space simulator is a system that tries to replicate or simulate outer space and/or the experience of space flight in a spacecraft as closely and realistically as possible...
--- weightlessness simulation --- hindlimb suspension --- temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot...
--- ventilation
Ventilation (architecture)
Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality...
--- extraterrestrial environment
--- cosmic dustCosmic dust
Cosmic dust is a type of dust composed of particles in space which are a few molecules to 0.1 µm in size. Cosmic dust can be further distinguished by its astronomical location; for example: intergalactic dust, interstellar dust, interplanetary dust and circumplanetary dust .In our own Solar...
--- meteorological factors
--- atmosphereAtmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass, and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low...
--- air --- air ionization --- air movements --- wind
Wind
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space...
--- atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted into a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth . In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point...
--- air pressure --- vacuum
Vacuum
In everyday usage, vacuum is a volume of space that is essentially empty of matter, such that its gaseous pressure is much less than atmospheric pressure. The word comes from the Latin term for "empty". A perfect vacuum would be one with no particles in it at all, which is impossible to achieve in...
--- climate
Climate
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods...
--- cold climate --- desert climate
Desert climate
A desert climate , also known as an arid climate, is a climate that does not meet the criteria to be classified as a polar climate, and in which precipitation is too low to sustain any vegetation at all, or at most a very scanty scrub.An area that features this climate usually experiences less than...
--- greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere...
--- microclimate
Microclimate
A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square feet or as large as many square miles...
--- tropical climate
Tropical climate
A tropical climate is a climate of the tropics. In the Köppen climate classification it is a non-arid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above...
--- cosmic radiation --- weather
Weather
Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate...
--- humidity
Humidity
Humidity is a term for the amount of water vapor in the air, and can refer to any one of several measurements of humidity. Formally, humid air is not "moist air" but a mixture of water vapor and other constituents of air, and humidity is defined in terms of the water content of this mixture,...
--- lightning
Lightning
Lightning is an atmospheric electrostatic discharge accompanied by thunder, which typically occurs during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or dust storms...
--- rain
Rain
Rain is liquid precipitation, as opposed to non-liquid kinds of precipitation such as snow, hail and sleet. Rain requires the presence of a thick layer of the atmosphere to have temperatures above the melting point of water near and above the Earth's surface...
--- acid rain
Acid rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions . It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen...
--- snow
Snow
Snow is a form of precipitation within the Earth's atmosphere in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes that fall from clouds. Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by...
--- sunlight
Sunlight
Sunlight, in the broad sense, is the total frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere, and solar radiation is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon.When the direct solar radiation is not blocked...
--- infrared rays --- ultraviolet rays --- temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot...
--- cold
Cold
Cold describes the condition of low temperature.Cold may also refer to:*Common cold, a contagious viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system*Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...
--- heat
Heat
In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems are at different temperatures. It is often described as one of the fundamental processes of energy transfer between...
--- wind
Wind
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space...
--- waterWaterWater is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
--- fresh waterFresh Water
Fresh Water is the debut album by Australian rock and blues singer Alison McCallum, released in 1972. Rare for an Australian artist at the time, it came in a gatefold sleeve...
--- rivers --- hot springs
Hot Springs
Hot Springs may refer to:* Hot Springs, Arkansas** Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas*Hot Springs, California**Hot Springs, Lassen County, California**Hot Springs, Modoc County, California**Hot Springs, Placer County, California...
--- ice
Ice
Ice is water frozen into the solid state. Usually ice is the phase known as ice Ih, which is the most abundant of the varying solid phases on the Earth's surface. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions...
--- ice cover --- rain
Rain
Rain is liquid precipitation, as opposed to non-liquid kinds of precipitation such as snow, hail and sleet. Rain requires the presence of a thick layer of the atmosphere to have temperatures above the melting point of water near and above the Earth's surface...
--- acid rain
Acid rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions . It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen...
--- seawater
Seawater
Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% . This means that every kilogram of seawater has approximately of dissolved salts . The average density of seawater at the ocean surface is 1.025 g/ml...
--- snow
Snow
Snow is a form of precipitation within the Earth's atmosphere in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes that fall from clouds. Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by...
--- steam
Steam
Steam is the technical term for water vapor, the gaseous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In common language it is often used to refer to the visible mist of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the presence of cooler air...
--- water movements
--- accidents
--- accident prevention --- safetySafety
Safety is the state of being "safe" , the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be...
--- safety management --- accidental falls --- accidents, aviation --- accidents, home --- accidents, occupational --- accidents, radiation --- accidents, radiation --- accidents, traffic --- drowning
Drowning
Drowning is death from asphyxia due to suffocation caused by water entering the lungs and preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral hypoxia....
--- near drowning
--- consumer product safety
--- device approval--- disease transmission
--- disease transmission, horizontal --- basic reproduction numberBasic reproduction number
In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number of an infection is the mean number of secondary cases caused by an individual infected soon after disease introduction into a population with no pre-existing immunity to the disease in the absence of interventions to control...
--- disease transmission, patient-to-professional --- disease transmission, professional-to-patient --- disease transmission, vertical --- disease vectors --- arthropod vectors --- arachnid vectors --- insect vectors
--- environmental microbiologyEnvironmental microbiologyEnvironmental microbiology is the study of the composition and physiology of microbial communities in the environment. The environment in this case means the soil, water, air and sediments covering the planet and can also include the animals and plants that inhabit these areas...
--- air microbiology --- food microbiologyFood microbiology
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. Of major importance is the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage. "Good" bacteria, however, such as probiotics, are becoming increasingly important in food science...
--- soil microbiology
Soil microbiology
Soil microbiology is the study of organisms in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties. It is believed that between two to four billion years ago, the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about in Earth's primitive seas. These bacteria could fix nitrogen, in time...
--- water microbiology
--- environmental pollution
--- air pollutionAir pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere....
--- air pollution, indoor --- air pollution, radioactive --- dust
Dust
Dust consists of particles in the atmosphere that arise from various sources such as soil dust lifted up by wind , volcanic eruptions, and pollution...
--- cosmic dust
Cosmic dust
Cosmic dust is a type of dust composed of particles in space which are a few molecules to 0.1 µm in size. Cosmic dust can be further distinguished by its astronomical location; for example: intergalactic dust, interstellar dust, interplanetary dust and circumplanetary dust .In our own Solar...
--- smog
Smog
Smog is a type of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Modern smog is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine...
--- smoke
Smoke
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted by-product of fires , but may also be used for pest...
--- tobacco smoke pollution --- vehicle emissions --- body burden --- drug residues --- pesticide residues --- environmental exposure --- environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment...
--- inhalation exposure
Inhalation exposure
Inhalation is a major route of exposure that occurs when an individual breathes in polluted air which enters the respiratory tract. Identification of the pollutant uptake by the respiratory system can determine how the resulting exposure contributes to the dose...
--- maternal exposure --- maximum allowable concentration --- occupational exposure --- maximum allowable concentration --- threshold limit values --- paternal exposure --- food contamination --- food contamination, radioactive --- food microbiology
Food microbiology
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. Of major importance is the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage. "Good" bacteria, however, such as probiotics, are becoming increasingly important in food science...
--- food parasitology --- noise
Noise
In common use, the word noise means any unwanted sound. In both analog and digital electronics, noise is random unwanted perturbation to a wanted signal; it is called noise as a generalisation of the acoustic noise heard when listening to a weak radio transmission with significant electrical noise...
--- noise, occupational --- noise, transportation --- waste products --- hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. According to the U.S. environmental laws hazardous wastes fall into two major categories: characteristic wastes and listed wastes.Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known...
--- radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactive wastes are wastes that contain radioactive material. Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine...
--- industrial waste
Industrial waste
Industrial waste is a type of waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution....
--- medical waste
Medical waste
Medical waste, also known as clinical waste, normally refers to waste products that cannot be considered general waste, produced from healthcare premises, such as hospitals, clinics, doctors offices, veterinary hospitals and labs.-Europe:...
--- dental waste --- medical waste disposal --- sewage
Sewage
Sewage is water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to be removed from a community. Also known as wastewater, it is more than 99% water and is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical constituents and the bacteriological organisms that it contains...
--- water pollution
Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies . Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds....
--- water pollution, chemical --- acid rain
Acid rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions . It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen...
--- water pollution, radioactive
--- epidemiologic factors
--- age factors --- age of onsetAge of onset
The age of onset is a medical term referring to the age at which an individual acquires, develops, or first experiences a condition or symptoms of a disease or disorder...
--- maternal age --- bias (epidemiology) --- observer variation --- selection bias
Selection bias
Selection bias is a statistical bias in which there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a scientific study. It is sometimes referred to as the selection effect. The term "selection bias" most often refers to the distortion of a statistical analysis, resulting from the...
--- causality
Causality
Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event , where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first....
--- precipitating factors --- risk factors
Risk factors
A risk factor is a concept in finance theory such as the CAPM, APT and other theories that use pricing kernels. In these models, the rate of return of an asset is a random variable whose realization in any time period is a linear combination of other random variables plus a disturbance term or...
--- comorbidity
Comorbidity
In medicine, comorbidity is either the presence of one or more disorders in addition to a primary disease or disorder, or the effect of such additional disorders or diseases.- In medicine :...
--- confounding factors (epidemiology) --- effect modifiers (epidemiology) --- cohort effect
Cohort effect
The term cohort effect is used in social science to describe variations in the characteristics of an area of study over time among individuals who are defined by some shared temporal experience or common life experience, such as year of birth, or year of exposure to radiation.Cohort effects are...
--- healthy worker effect --- placebo effect
Placebo effect
Placebo effect may refer to:* Placebo effect, the tendency of any medication or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work...
--- observer variation --- reproductive history --- gravidity
Gravidity
In medicine, gravidity refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a live birth....
--- parity
Parity
Parity may refer to:* Parity , a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion* Parity , indicates whether a number is even or odd...
--- sex factors
--- epidemiologic measurements
--- biometry --- anthropometryAnthropometry
Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual...
--- body mass index
Body mass index
The body mass index , or Quetelet index, is a heuristic proxy for human body fat based on an individual's weight and height. BMI does not actually measure the percentage of body fat. It was invented between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing...
--- cephalometry
Cephalometry
Cephalometry is the measurement of the human head by imaging, traditionally from x-ray films.-Dentistry:Cephalometric analysis is used in dentistry, and especially in orthodontics, to gauge the size and spacial relationships of the teeth, jaws, and cranium...
--- crown-rump length
Crown-rump length
Crown-rump length is the measurement of the length of human embryos and fetuses from the top of the head to the bottom of the buttocks...
--- demography
Demography
Demography is the statistical study of human population. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space...
--- age distribution --- censuses --- family characteristics --- birth order
Birth order
Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development...
--- health status --- geriatric assessment --- population density
Population density
Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans...
--- population dynamics
Population dynamics
Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes...
--- emigration and immigration --- health transition --- population control
Population control
Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population.Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including...
--- population growth
Population growth
Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit time" for measurement....
--- residence characteristics --- catchment area (health) --- housing
House
A house is a building or structure that has the ability to be occupied for dwelling by human beings or other creatures. The term house includes many kinds of different dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to free standing individual structures...
--- residential mobility --- sex distribution --- sex ratio
Sex ratio
Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio at the time of conception, secondary sex ratio is the ratio at time of birth, and tertiary sex ratio is the ratio of mature organisms....
--- vital statistics
Vital statistics
Vital statistics are the information maintained by a government, recording the birth and death of individuals within that government's jurisdiction. These data are used by public health programs to evaluate how effective their programs are...
--- life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience...
--- life tables --- morbidity --- basic reproduction number
Basic reproduction number
In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number of an infection is the mean number of secondary cases caused by an individual infected soon after disease introduction into a population with no pre-existing immunity to the disease in the absence of interventions to control...
--- incidence
Incidence
Incidence may refer to:* Incidence , a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time* Incidence , the binary relations describing how subsets meet...
--- prevalence
Prevalence
In epidemiology, the prevalence of a health-related state in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the risk factor in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population...
--- mortality
Mortality rate
Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time...
--- cause of death
Cause of Death
Cause of Death is a 1990 album by American death metal band Obituary. Cause of Death is considered a classic album in the history of death metal. The artwork was done by artist Michael Whelan...
--- child mortality
Child mortality
Child mortality, also known as under-5 mortality, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. In 2010, 7.6 million children under five died , down from 8.1 million in 2009, 8.8 million in 2008, and 12.4 million in 1990. About half of child deaths occur in Africa....
--- fatal outcome --- fetal mortality --- hospital mortality --- infant mortality
Infant mortality
Infant mortality is defined as the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. Traditionally, the most common cause worldwide was dehydration from diarrhea. However, the spreading information about Oral Re-hydration Solution to mothers around the world has decreased the rate of children dying...
--- maternal mortality --- survival rate
Survival rate
In biostatistics, survival rate is a part of survival analysis, indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis...
--- pregnancy rate
Pregnancy rate
Pregnancy rate in infertility treatment is the success rate for pregnancy. It is the percentage of all attempts that leads to pregnancy, with attempts generally referring to menstrual cycles where insemination or any artificial equivalent is used, which may be simple artificial insemination or AI...
--- birth rate
Birth rate
Crude birth rate is the nativity or childbirths per 1,000 people per year . Another word used interchangeably with "birth rate" is "natality". When the crude birth rate is subtracted from the crude death rate, it reveals the rate of natural increase...
--- risk assessment
Risk assessment
Risk assessment is a step in a risk management procedure. Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized threat...
--- epidemiologic methods
--- contact tracingContact tracing
In epidemiology, contact tracing is the identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person. For sexually transmitted diseases, this is generally limited to sexual partners but for highly virulent diseases such as Ebola and tuberculosis, a thorough contact...
--- data collection
Data collection
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data, for example, as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to obtain information to keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, to pass information on to...
--- geriatric assessment --- health surveys --- behavioral risk factor surveillance system
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a United States health survey that looks at behavioral risk factors. It is run by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and conducted by the individual state health departments. The survey is administered by telephone and is the world's...
--- dental health surveys --- dental plaque index --- dmf index --- oral hygiene index --- periodontal index --- health status indicators --- sickness impact profile --- mass screening --- anonymous testing --- genetic screening --- mass chest x-ray --- multiphasic screening --- neonatal screening --- vision screening --- nutrition surveys --- diet surveys --- population surveillance --- sentinel surveillance --- health care surveys --- interviews
Interviews
Interviews is:# the plural form of "interview"# a compilation album by Bob Marley & the Wailers, see Interviews # a C++ toolkit for the X Window System, see InterViews...
--- focus groups --- narration --- nutrition assessment --- nutrition surveys --- diet surveys --- questionnaires --- records
Document
The term document has multiple meanings in ordinary language and in scholarship. WordNet 3.1. lists four meanings :* document, written document, papers...
--- birth certificates --- death certificates --- dental records
Dental Records
Dental Records is a small, independent record label, based in Ipswich, UK.-Releases:*DRCD0501 The Ballistics - Allow Me To Demonstrate*DRCD0601 Singled Out - Hardcore Seanography*DRCD0602 The Ballistics - The Spirit Of Kelso Cochrane...
--- hospital records
Hospital Records
Hospital Records is an independent record label based in South London. Primarily releasing Drum and bass, the label was started in 1996 by Tony Colman and Chris Goss, and has grown in recent years to become one of the most well known labels within UK dance music...
--- medical records --- medical record linkage --- medical records systems, computerized --- medical records, problem-oriented --- trauma severity indices --- nursing records --- registries --- seer program --- vital statistics
Vital statistics
Vital statistics are the information maintained by a government, recording the birth and death of individuals within that government's jurisdiction. These data are used by public health programs to evaluate how effective their programs are...
--- life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience...
--- life tables --- morbidity --- basic reproduction number
Basic reproduction number
In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number of an infection is the mean number of secondary cases caused by an individual infected soon after disease introduction into a population with no pre-existing immunity to the disease in the absence of interventions to control...
--- incidence
Incidence
Incidence may refer to:* Incidence , a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time* Incidence , the binary relations describing how subsets meet...
--- prevalence
Prevalence
In epidemiology, the prevalence of a health-related state in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the risk factor in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population...
--- mortality
Mortality rate
Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time...
--- cause of death
Cause of Death
Cause of Death is a 1990 album by American death metal band Obituary. Cause of Death is considered a classic album in the history of death metal. The artwork was done by artist Michael Whelan...
--- child mortality
Child mortality
Child mortality, also known as under-5 mortality, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. In 2010, 7.6 million children under five died , down from 8.1 million in 2009, 8.8 million in 2008, and 12.4 million in 1990. About half of child deaths occur in Africa....
--- fatal outcome --- fetal mortality --- hospital mortality --- infant mortality
Infant mortality
Infant mortality is defined as the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. Traditionally, the most common cause worldwide was dehydration from diarrhea. However, the spreading information about Oral Re-hydration Solution to mothers around the world has decreased the rate of children dying...
--- maternal mortality --- survival rate
Survival rate
In biostatistics, survival rate is a part of survival analysis, indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis...
--- pregnancy rate
Pregnancy rate
Pregnancy rate in infertility treatment is the success rate for pregnancy. It is the percentage of all attempts that leads to pregnancy, with attempts generally referring to menstrual cycles where insemination or any artificial equivalent is used, which may be simple artificial insemination or AI...
--- birth rate
Birth rate
Crude birth rate is the nativity or childbirths per 1,000 people per year . Another word used interchangeably with "birth rate" is "natality". When the crude birth rate is subtracted from the crude death rate, it reveals the rate of natural increase...
--- disease notification --- epidemiology, molecular --- epidemiologic research design --- cross-over studies --- double-blind method --- matched-pair analysis --- meta-analysis
Meta-analysis
In statistics, a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses. In its simplest form, this is normally by identification of a common measure of effect size, for which a weighted average might be the output of a meta-analyses. Here the...
--- random allocation --- reproducibility of results --- sample size
Sample size
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample...
--- sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as classification function. Sensitivity measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such Sensitivity and specificity are statistical...
--- predictive value of tests
Predictive value of tests
Predictive value of tests is the probability of a target condition given by the result of a test, often in regard to medical tests....
--- roc curve --- single-blind method --- epidemiologic study characteristics --- epidemiologic studies --- case-control studies --- retrospective studies --- cohort studies --- follow-up studies --- longitudinal studies --- prospective studies --- cross-sectional studies --- seroepidemiologic studies --- hiv seroprevalence --- clinical trials --- clinical trials, phase i --- clinical trials, phase ii --- clinical trials, phase iii --- clinical trials, phase iv --- controlled clinical trials
Clinical trial
Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions...
--- randomized controlled trials --- multicenter studies --- feasibility studies --- intervention studies --- pilot projects --- sampling studies --- twin studies --- sentinel surveillance --- statistics
Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments....
--- actuarial analysis --- analysis of variance
Analysis of variance
In statistics, analysis of variance is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation...
--- multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis is based on the statistical principle of multivariate statistics, which involves observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time...
--- area under curve --- cluster analysis --- small-area analysis --- space-time clustering --- confidence intervals --- data interpretation, statistical --- discriminant analysis --- factor analysis, statistical --- matched-pair analysis --- models, statistical --- likelihood functions --- linear models --- logistic models --- models, economic --- models, econometric --- nomograms --- proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate...
--- monte carlo method
Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods are a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results. Monte Carlo methods are often used in computer simulations of physical and mathematical systems...
--- probability
Probability
Probability is ordinarily used to describe an attitude of mind towards some proposition of whose truth we arenot certain. The proposition of interest is usually of the form "Will a specific event occur?" The attitude of mind is of the form "How certain are we that the event will occur?" The...
--- bayes theorem --- likelihood functions --- markov chains --- odds ratio
Odds ratio
The odds ratio is a measure of effect size, describing the strength of association or non-independence between two binary data values. It is used as a descriptive statistic, and plays an important role in logistic regression...
--- proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate...
--- risk
Risk
Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity will lead to a loss . The notion implies that a choice having an influence on the outcome exists . Potential losses themselves may also be called "risks"...
--- logistic models --- risk assessment
Risk assessment
Risk assessment is a step in a risk management procedure. Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized threat...
--- risk factors
Risk factors
A risk factor is a concept in finance theory such as the CAPM, APT and other theories that use pricing kernels. In these models, the rate of return of an asset is a random variable whose realization in any time period is a linear combination of other random variables plus a disturbance term or...
--- uncertainty
Uncertainty
Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including physics, philosophy, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, psychology, sociology, engineering, and information science...
--- regression analysis
Regression analysis
In statistics, regression analysis includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables...
--- least-squares analysis --- linear models --- logistic models --- proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate...
--- sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as classification function. Sensitivity measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such Sensitivity and specificity are statistical...
--- statistical distributions --- binomial distribution --- chi-square distribution --- normal distribution --- poisson distribution
Poisson distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time and/or space if these events occur with a known average rate and independently of the time since...
--- statistics, nonparametric --- stochastic processes --- markov chains --- survival analysis
Survival analysis
Survival analysis is a branch of statistics which deals with death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems. This topic is called reliability theory or reliability analysis in engineering, and duration analysis or duration modeling in economics or sociology...
--- disease-free survival
--- public health practice
--- communicable disease control --- contact tracingContact tracing
In epidemiology, contact tracing is the identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person. For sexually transmitted diseases, this is generally limited to sexual partners but for highly virulent diseases such as Ebola and tuberculosis, a thorough contact...
--- disease notification --- fumigation
Fumigation
Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within. It is utilized for control of pests in buildings , soil, grain, and produce, and is also used during processing of goods to be imported or...
--- handwashing --- immunization
Immunization
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent ....
--- mass immunization --- vaccination
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
--- infection control
Infection control
Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection, a practical sub-discipline of epidemiology. It is an essential, though often under-recognized and under-supported, part of the infrastructure of health care...
--- antisepsis --- asepsis
Asepsis
Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing contaminants or, preventing contact with microorganisms. The term asepsis often refers to those practices used to promote or induce asepsis in an operative field in surgery or medicine to prevent infection...
--- infection control, dental --- patient isolation --- quarantine
Quarantine
Quarantine is compulsory isolation, typically to contain the spread of something considered dangerous, often but not always disease. The word comes from the Italian quarantena, meaning forty-day period....
--- sterilization
Sterilization (microbiology)
Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates or kills all forms of microbial life, including transmissible agents present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media...
--- disinfection
Disinfection
Disinfectants are substances that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially nonresistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilisation, which is an extreme physical...
--- mandatory testing --- pest control
Pest control
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.-History:...
--- insect control --- mosquito control
Mosquito control
Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. Mosquito control is a vital public-health practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria.Mosquito-control...
--- pest control, biological --- rodent control --- tick control --- sanitation
Sanitation
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic...
--- food inspection --- sanitary engineering
Sanitary engineering
Sanitary engineering is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. Initially in the mid 19th century, the discipline concentrated on the...
--- drainage, sanitary --- refuse disposal --- waste disposal, fluid --- waste management
Waste management
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics...
--- water purification
Water purification
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose...
--- universal precautions
Universal precautions
Universal precautions refers to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields. The practice was introduced in 1985–88. In 1987, the practice of universal precautions was...
--- decontamination
Decontamination
Decontamination is the process of cleansing the human body to remove contamination by hazardous materials including chemicals, radioactive substances, and infectious material...
--- environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment...
--- radiation monitoring
Radiation monitoring
Radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results .-Environmental monitoring:...
--- mass screening --- anonymous testing --- genetic screening --- mandatory testing --- mass chest x-ray --- multiphasic screening --- neonatal screening --- substance abuse detection --- vision screening --- population surveillance --- sentinel surveillance --- primary prevention --- immunization
Immunization
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent ....
--- mass immunization --- vaccination
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
--- radiologic health
--- air pollution, radioactive --- food contamination, radioactive --- radiation dosage --- dose-response relationship, radiation --- relative biological effectivenessRelative biological effectiveness
In radiology, the relative biological effectiveness is a number that expresses the relative amount of damage that a fixed amount of ionizing radiation of a given type can inflict on biological tissues...
--- radiation effects --- radiation injuries --- abnormalities, radiation-induced --- radiation injuries, experimental --- radiation genetics --- radiation monitoring
Radiation monitoring
Radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results .-Environmental monitoring:...
--- film dosimetry --- thermoluminescent dosimetry --- radiation protection --- radioactive fallout --- radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactive wastes are wastes that contain radioactive material. Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine...
--- water pollution, radioactive
--- sanitationSanitationSanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic...
--- public facilities --- bathing beaches --- health resorts --- swimming pools --- toilet facilities --- sanitary engineeringSanitary engineering
Sanitary engineering is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. Initially in the mid 19th century, the discipline concentrated on the...
--- biodegradation
Biodegradation
Biodegradation or biotic degradation or biotic decomposition is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means...
--- toilet facilities --- waste management
Waste management
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics...
--- refuse disposal --- garbage
Waste
Waste is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea, sweat or feces. Litter is waste which has been disposed of improperly...
--- incineration
Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and...
--- medical waste disposal --- waste disposal, fluid --- sewage
Sewage
Sewage is water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to be removed from a community. Also known as wastewater, it is more than 99% water and is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical constituents and the bacteriological organisms that it contains...
--- waste disposal, fluid --- water purification
Water purification
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose...
--- water softening
Water softening
Water softening is the reduction of the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. These "hardness ions" can cause a variety of undesired effects including interfering with the action of soaps, the build up of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and...
--- water supply
Water supply
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavours or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes...
--- fluoridation --- water purification
Water purification
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose...