RING finger domain
Encyclopedia
In molecular biology
, a RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger domain is a protein structural domain of zinc finger
type which contains a Cys3HisCys4 amino acid
motif which binds two zinc
cations. This protein
domain contains from 40 to 60 amino acids. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.
, RNA
, protein and/or lipid
substrates. Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. Znf domains are often found in clusters, where fingers can have different binding specificities. There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure.
They display considerable versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein), suggesting that Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialised functions. For example, Znf-containing proteins function in gene transcription, translation, mRNA trafficking, cytoskeleton
organisation, epithelial development, cell adhesion
, protein folding
, chromatin remodelling and zinc sensing. Zinc-binding motifs are stable structures, and they rarely undergo conformational changes upon binding their target.
Some Zn finger domains have diverged such that they still maintain their core structure, but have lost their ability to bind zinc, using other means such as salt bridges or binding to other metals to stabilise the finger-like folds.
ation enzymes and their substrates and hence function as ligase
s. Ubiquitination in turn targets the substrate protein for degradation.
where:
The following is a schematic representation of the structure of the RING finger domain:
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
C C C C
x \ / x x \ / x
x Zn x x Zn x
C / \ C H / \ C
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
s which encode proteins containing a RING finger domain include:
AMFR
, BBAP, BFAR, BIRC2
, BIRC3, BIRC7
, BIRC8, BMI1
, BRAP, BRCA1
, CBL
, CBLB
, CBLC
, CHFR
, COMMD3, DTX1
, DTX2
, DTX3, DTX3L, DTX4, DZIP3, HCGV, HLTF
, HOIL-1, IRF2BP2, KIAA1542, LNX1
, LNX2, LOC51136, LONRF1, LONRF2, LONRF3, MARCH1, MARCH10, MARCH2
, MARCH3, MARCH4, MARCH5
, MARCH6
, MARCH7
, MARCH8, MARCH9, MEX3A, MEX3B
, MEX3C, MEX3D
, MGRN1, MIB1, MID1
, MID2
, MKRN1, MKRN2, MKRN3, MKRN4, MNAT1
, MYLIP
, NFX1
, NFX2, PCGF1
, PCGF2
, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5
, PCGF6
, PDZRN3
, PDZRN4, PEX10
, PJA1
, PJA2
, PML
, PML-RAR, PXMP3
, RAD18
, RAG1, RAPSN
, RBCK1
, RBX1
, RC3H1, RC3H2, RCHY1
, RFP2, RFPL1, RFPL2, RFPL3, RFPL4B, RFWD2
, RFWD3, RING1
, RNF2
, RNF4
, RNF5
, RNF6, RNF7
, RNF8
, RNF10
, RNF11
, RNF12
, RNF13
, RNF14
, RNF19A
, RNF20
, RNF24
, RNF25
, RNF26, RNF32
, RNF38
, RNF39
, RNF40
, RNF41
, RNF43, RNF44, RNF55
, RNF71
, RNF103, RNF111
, RNF113A, RNF113B, RNF121, RNF122
, RNF123
, RNF125
, RNF126, RNF128
, RNF130, RNF133, RNF135
, RNF138, RNF139
, RNF141, RNF144A, RNF145, RNF146
, RNF148, RNF149, RNF150, RNF151, RNF152, RNF157, RNF165, RNF166, RNF167, RNF168, RNF169, RNF170, RNF175, RNF180, RNF181, RNF182, RNF185, RNF207, RNF213
, RNF215, SH3MD4, SH3RF1
, SH3RF2, SYVN1
, TIF1, TMEM118, TOPORS
, TRAF2
, TRAF3
, TRAF4
, TRAF5
, TRAF6
, TRAF7, TRAIP, TRIM2, TRIM3
, TRIM4, TRIM5, TRIM6
, TRIM7, TRIM8, TRIM9
, TRIM10, TRIM11
, TRIM13, TRIM15
, TRIM17, TRIM21
, TRIM22
, TRIM23
, TRIM24
, TRIM25
, TRIM26, TRIM27
, TRIM28
, TRIM31
, TRIM32
, TRIM34, TRIM35, TRIM36, TRIM38, TRIM39, TRIM40, TRIM41
, TRIM42, TRIM43, TRIM45
, TRIM46, TRIM47, TRIM48, TRIM49, TRIM50
, TRIM52, TRIM54, TRIM55
, TRIM56, TRIM58, TRIM59, TRIM60, TRIM61, TRIM62
, TRIM63
, TRIM65, TRIM67, TRIM68
, TRIM69, TRIM71, TRIM72, TRIM73, TRIM74, TRIML1, TTC3
, UHRF1
, UHRF2
, VPS11
, VPS8, ZNF179, ZNF294, ZNF313, ZNF364
, ZNF650, ZNFB7, ZNRF1
, ZNRF2, ZNRF3, ZNRF4, and ZSWIM2.
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry...
, a RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger domain is a protein structural domain of zinc finger
Zinc finger
Zinc fingers are small protein structural motifs that can coordinate one or more zinc ions to help stabilize their folds. They can be classified into several different structural families and typically function as interaction modules that bind DNA, RNA, proteins, or small molecules...
type which contains a Cys3HisCys4 amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
motif which binds two zinc
Zinc
Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...
cations. This protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
domain contains from 40 to 60 amino acids. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.
Zinc fingers
Zinc finger (Znf) domains are relatively small protein motifs that bind one or more zinc atoms, and which usually contain multiple finger-like protrusions that make tandem contacts with their target molecule. They bind DNADNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
, RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
, protein and/or lipid
Lipid
Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others...
substrates. Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. Znf domains are often found in clusters, where fingers can have different binding specificities. There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure.
They display considerable versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein), suggesting that Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialised functions. For example, Znf-containing proteins function in gene transcription, translation, mRNA trafficking, cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be unique to eukaryotes, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton...
organisation, epithelial development, cell adhesion
Cell adhesion
Cellular adhesion is the binding of a cell to a surface, extracellular matrix or another cell using cell adhesion molecules such as selectins, integrins, and cadherins. Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure...
, protein folding
Protein folding
Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil....
, chromatin remodelling and zinc sensing. Zinc-binding motifs are stable structures, and they rarely undergo conformational changes upon binding their target.
Some Zn finger domains have diverged such that they still maintain their core structure, but have lost their ability to bind zinc, using other means such as salt bridges or binding to other metals to stabilise the finger-like folds.
Function
Many RING finger domains simultaneously bind ubiquitinUbiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small regulatory protein that has been found in almost all tissues of eukaryotic organisms. Among other functions, it directs protein recycling.Ubiquitin can be attached to proteins and label them for destruction...
ation enzymes and their substrates and hence function as ligase
Ubiquitin ligase
A ubiquitin ligase is a protein that in combination with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme causes the attachment of ubiquitin to a lysine on a target protein via an isopeptide bond; the E3 ubiquitin ligase targets specific protein substrates for degradation by the proteasome...
s. Ubiquitination in turn targets the substrate protein for degradation.
Structure
The RING finger domain has the consensus sequence C-X2-C-X[9-39]-C-X[1-3]-H-X[2-3]-C-X2-C-X[4-48]-C-X2-C.where:
- C is a conserved cysteineCysteineCysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...
residue involved zinc coordination, - H is a conserved histidineHistidineHistidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans...
involved in zinc coordination, - Zn is zinc atom, and
- X is any amino acid residue.
The following is a schematic representation of the structure of the RING finger domain:
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
C C C C
x \ / x x \ / x
x Zn x x Zn x
C / \ C H / \ C
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Examples
Examples of human geneGene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
s which encode proteins containing a RING finger domain include:
AMFR
AMFR
Autocrine motility factor receptor, isoform 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMFR gene.-Interactions:AMFR has been shown to interact with Valosin-containing protein.-Further reading:...
, BBAP, BFAR, BIRC2
BIRC2
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIRC2 gene.-Interactions:...
, BIRC3, BIRC7
BIRC7
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIRC7 gene.-Further reading:...
, BIRC8, BMI1
BMI1
BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene, also known as BMI1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMI1 gene.- Function :BMI1 has been reported as an oncogene by regulating p16 and p19, which are cell cycle inhibitor genes...
, BRAP, BRCA1
BRCA1
BRCA1 is a human caretaker gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible for repairing DNA. The first evidence for the existence of the gene was provided by the King laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990...
, CBL
Cbl gene
Cbl is a mammalian gene encoding several proteins including E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL involved in cell signalling and protein ubiquitination...
, CBLB
CBLB
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CBLB gene.-Interactions:CBLB has been shown to interact with Epidermal growth factor receptor, Grb2, PIK3R1, SH3KBP1, CRKL and NEDD4.-Further reading:...
, CBLC
CBLC
Signal transduction protein CBL-C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBLC gene.-Interactions:CBLC has been shown to interact with FYN and Epidermal growth factor receptor.-Further reading:...
, CHFR
CHFR
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHFR is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHFR gene.-Further reading:...
, COMMD3, DTX1
DTX1
Protein deltex-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DTX1 gene.-Further reading:...
, DTX2
DTX2
Protein deltex-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DTX2 gene....
, DTX3, DTX3L, DTX4, DZIP3, HCGV, HLTF
HLTF
Helicase-like transcription factor is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HLTF gene.-Interactions:HLTF has been shown to interact with UBE2N, RAD18 and UBE2V2.-Further reading:...
, HOIL-1, IRF2BP2, KIAA1542, LNX1
LNX1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LNX is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LNX1 gene.-Interactions:LNX1 has been shown to interact with NAGK, NUMB and PAFAH1B3.-Further reading:...
, LNX2, LOC51136, LONRF1, LONRF2, LONRF3, MARCH1, MARCH10, MARCH2
MARCH2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCH2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARCH2 gene.-Further reading:...
, MARCH3, MARCH4, MARCH5
MARCH5
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCH5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARCH5 gene. It is localized in the mitochondrial outer membrane and has four transmembrane domains. -Further reading:...
, MARCH6
MARCH6
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCH6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARCH6 gene.-Further reading:...
, MARCH7
MARCH7
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCH7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARCH7 gene.-Further reading:...
, MARCH8, MARCH9, MEX3A, MEX3B
MEX3B
RNA-binding protein MEX3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEX3B gene.-Further reading:...
, MEX3C, MEX3D
MEX3D
Mex-3 homolog D , also known as MEX3D, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEX3D gene.- Function :MEX3D is an RNA binding protein that interacts with AU-rich elements of Bcl-2...
, MGRN1, MIB1, MID1
MID1
Midline-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MID1 gene.-External links:...
, MID2
MID2
Midline-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MID2 gene.-Further reading:...
, MKRN1, MKRN2, MKRN3, MKRN4, MNAT1
MNAT1
CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MNAT1 gene.-Interactions:MNAT1 has been shown to interact with POU2F1, MTA1, Cyclin H, P53, Estrogen receptor alpha, MCM7 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 7....
, MYLIP
MYLIP
Myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein, also known as MYLIP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYLIP gene.MYLIP is also known as IDOL "Inducible Degrader of the LDL receptor" based on its involvement in cholesterol regulation...
, NFX1
NFX1
Transcriptional repressor NF-X1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFX1 gene.MHC class II gene expression is controlled primarily at the transcriptional level by transcription factors that bind to the X and Y boxes, two highly conserved elements in the proximal promoter of MHC class II...
, NFX2, PCGF1
PCGF1
Polycomb group RING finger protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCGF1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PCGF2
PCGF2
Polycomb group RING finger protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCGF2 gene.-Further reading:...
, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5
PCGF5
Polycomb group RING finger protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCGF5 gene.-Further reading:...
, PCGF6
PCGF6
Polycomb group RING finger protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCGF6 gene.-Further reading:...
, PDZRN3
PDZRN3
PDZ domain-containing RING finger protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDZRN3 gene.-Further reading:...
, PDZRN4, PEX10
PEX10
Peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEX10 gene.- Function :Peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 os involved in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. This protein localizes to the peroxisomal membrane...
, PJA1
PJA1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PJA1 gene.-Interactions:PJA1 has been shown to interact with UBE2D2 and MAGED1.-Further reading:...
, PJA2
PJA2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PJA2 gene.-Further reading:...
, PML
Promyelocytic leukemia protein
Probable transcription factor PML is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the PML gene.-Interactions:Promyelocytic leukemia protein has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, HDAC1, Nerve Growth factor IB, SKI protein, Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing...
, PML-RAR, PXMP3
PXMP3
Peroxisome assembly factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PXMP3 gene.-External Links:* *...
, RAD18
RAD18
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RAD18 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAD18 gene.-Animal models:Model organisms have been used in the study of RAD18 function...
, RAG1, RAPSN
RAPSN
43 kDa receptor-associated protein of the synapse is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPSN gene.-Further reading:...
, RBCK1
RBCK1
RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBCK1 gene.-Further reading:...
, RBX1
RBX1
RING-box protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBX1 gene.-Interactions:RBX1 has been shown to interact with CUL4A, CAND1, CUL1, CUL2, P70-S6 Kinase 1, DCUN1D1, CUL5 and CUL7.-Further reading:...
, RC3H1, RC3H2, RCHY1
RCHY1
RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RCHY1 gene.-Interactions:RCHY1 has been shown to interact with P53 and Androgen receptor.-Further reading:...
, RFP2, RFPL1, RFPL2, RFPL3, RFPL4B, RFWD2
RFWD2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RFWD2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RFWD2 gene.-Further reading:...
, RFWD3, RING1
RING1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RING1 gene.-Interactions:RING1 has been shown to interact with CBX8, BMI1 and RYBP.-Further reading:...
, RNF2
RNF2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF2 gene.-Interactions:RNF2 has been shown to interact with TFCP2 and HIP2.-Further reading:- External links :...
, RNF4
RNF4
RING finger protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF4 gene.The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger domain and acts as a transcription factor. This protein has been shown to interact with, and inhibit the activity of, TRPS1, a transcription suppressor of...
, RNF5
RNF5
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF5 gene.- External links :...
, RNF6, RNF7
RNF7
RING-box protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF7 gene.- External links :...
, RNF8
RNF8
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF8 gene.-Interactions:RNF8 has been shown to interact with Retinoid X receptor alpha.-Further reading:- External links :...
, RNF10
RNF10
RING finger protein 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF10 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF11
RNF11
RING finger protein 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF11 gene.-Interactions:RNF11 has been shown to interact with RIPK1 and STAMBP.- External links :...
, RNF12
RNF12
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RLIM is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RLIM gene.-Interactions:RNF12 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha.-Further reading:...
, RNF13
RNF13
RING finger protein 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF13 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF14
RNF14
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF14 gene.-Interactions:RNF14 has been shown to interact with Androgen receptor.-Further reading:...
, RNF19A
RNF19A
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF19A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF19A gene.- External links :...
, RNF20
RNF20
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF20 gene.- External links :...
, RNF24
RNF24
Ring finger protein 24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF24 gene.RNF24 binds TRPC6 and other transient receptor potential cation channel family members and is involved in regulation of intracellular trafficking of TRPCs. In addition, RNF24 contains similarity to the Drosophila...
, RNF25
RNF25
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF25 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF25 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF26, RNF32
RNF32
RING finger protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF32 gene.- External links :...
, RNF38
RNF38
RING finger protein 38 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF38 gene.-Further reading:- External links :...
, RNF39
RNF39
RING finger protein 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF39 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF40
RNF40
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF40 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF41
RNF41
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NRDP1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF41 gene.-Further reading:- External links :...
, RNF43, RNF44, RNF55
Cbl gene
Cbl is a mammalian gene encoding several proteins including E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL involved in cell signalling and protein ubiquitination...
, RNF71
Promyelocytic leukemia protein
Probable transcription factor PML is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the PML gene.-Interactions:Promyelocytic leukemia protein has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, HDAC1, Nerve Growth factor IB, SKI protein, Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing...
, RNF103, RNF111
RNF111
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF111 gene.-Interactions:RNF111 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3....
, RNF113A, RNF113B, RNF121, RNF122
RNF122
RING finger protein 122 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF122 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF123
RNF123
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF123 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF123 gene.- External links :...
, RNF125
RNF125
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF125 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF125 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF126, RNF128
RNF128
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF128 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF128 gene.-Interactions:RNF128 has been shown to interact with CD154 and OTUB1.-Further reading:...
, RNF130, RNF133, RNF135
RNF135
RING finger protein 135 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF135 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF138, RNF139
RNF139
RING finger protein 139 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF139 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF141, RNF144A, RNF145, RNF146
RNF146
RING finger protein 146 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF146 gene.-Further reading:...
, RNF148, RNF149, RNF150, RNF151, RNF152, RNF157, RNF165, RNF166, RNF167, RNF168, RNF169, RNF170, RNF175, RNF180, RNF181, RNF182, RNF185, RNF207, RNF213
RNF213
Ring finger protein 213 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF213 gene.-Clinical relevance:A genome-wide association study identified RNF213 as the first gene associated to Moyamoya disease. Given that oxygen and glucose consumption scales with total neuron number, RNF213 may have played...
, RNF215, SH3MD4, SH3RF1
SH3RF1
Putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SH3RF1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SH3RF1 gene.-Interactions:SH3RF1 has been shown to interact with AKT2 and MAP3K11.-Further reading:...
, SH3RF2, SYVN1
SYVN1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SYVN1 gene.-Further reading:...
, TIF1, TMEM118, TOPORS
TOPORS
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Topors is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TOPORS gene.-Further reading:...
, TRAF2
TRAF2
TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF2 gene.-Interactions:TRAF2 has been shown to interact with BCL10, CD30, CFLAR, IKK2, MAP3K7IP2, CD137, Caveolin 1, CD27, TNFRSF13B, TANK-binding kinase 1, TRAF1, CD40, UBE2N, MAP3K14, MAP4K2, CASP8AP2, HIVEP3,...
, TRAF3
TRAF3
TNF receptor-associated factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF3 gene.-Interactions:TRAF3 has been shown to interact with CD30, CD27, Lymphotoxin beta receptor, Nucleoporin 62, CD40, TNFSF14, RANK, Caspase 3 and TANK....
, TRAF4
TRAF4
TNF receptor-associated factor 4 also known as RING finger protein 83 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF4 gene.TRAF4 is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor family, a family of scaffold proteins...
, TRAF5
TRAF5
TNF receptor-associated factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF5 gene.-Interactions:TRAF5 has been shown to interact with ASK1, TNFRSF13B, CD134, CD30, CD40, RANK and TNFRSF14.-Further reading:...
, TRAF6
TRAF6
TRAF6 is a TRAF human protein.-Interactions:TRAF6 has been shown to interact with SDCBP, IRAK2, IRAK1, MAP3K7IP2, MAP3K7IP1, TNFRSF13B, FHL2, CD40, IKBKG, RANK, HSPB2, UBE2N, SIGIRR, TAX1BP1, ASK1, PPP4C, TNFAIP3, Sequestosome 1, MAP3K7 and Ubiquitin C....
, TRAF7, TRAIP, TRIM2, TRIM3
TRIM3
Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM3 gene.-Interactions:TRIM3 has been shown to interact with Actinin alpha 4.-Further reading:...
, TRIM4, TRIM5, TRIM6
TRIM6
Tripartite motif-containing protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM6 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM7, TRIM8, TRIM9
TRIM9
Tripartite motif-containing protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM9 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM10, TRIM11
TRIM11
Tripartite motif-containing protein 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM11 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM13, TRIM15
TRIM15
Tripartite motif-containing protein 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM15 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM17, TRIM21
TRIM21
Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM21 gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined...
, TRIM22
TRIM22
Tripartite motif-containing 22, also known as TRIM22, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TRIM22 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2,...
, TRIM23
TRIM23
GTP-binding protein ARD-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM23 gene.-Interactions:TRIM23 has been shown to interact with TRIM31, TRIM29 and PSCD1.-Further reading:...
, TRIM24
TRIM24
Tripartite motif-containing 24 also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRIM24 gene.- Function :...
, TRIM25
TRIM25
Tripartite motif-containing protein 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM25 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM26, TRIM27
TRIM27
Zinc finger protein RFP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM27 gene.-Interactions:TRIM27 has been shown to interact with PRAM1 and EIF3S6.-Further reading:...
, TRIM28
TRIM28
Tripartite motif-containing 28 also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1β is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM24 gene.- Function :...
, TRIM31
TRIM31
Tripartite motif-containing protein 31 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM31 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM32
TRIM32
Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM32 gene. Since its discovery in 1995, TRIM32 has been shown to be implicated in a number of diverse biological pathways.- Structure :...
, TRIM34, TRIM35, TRIM36, TRIM38, TRIM39, TRIM40, TRIM41
TRIM41
Tripartite motif-containing protein 41 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM41 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM42, TRIM43, TRIM45
TRIM45
tripartite motif containing 45, also known as TRIM45, is a human gene.This gene encodes a member of the tripartite motif family. The encoded protein may function as a [transcriptional repressor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been...
, TRIM46, TRIM47, TRIM48, TRIM49, TRIM50
TRIM50
Tripartite motif-containing 50, also known as TRIM50, is a human gene. TRIM50 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif family, also called the 'RING-B-box-coiled-coil' subgroup of RING finger proteins. The gene is located at 7q11.23,...
, TRIM52, TRIM54, TRIM55
TRIM55
Tripartite motif-containing protein 55 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM55 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM56, TRIM58, TRIM59, TRIM60, TRIM61, TRIM62
TRIM62
TRIM62, also called DEAR1 , is a protein in the tripartite motif family. In human it is encoded by the gene TRIM62. TRIM62 is involved in the morphogenesis of the mammary gland, and loss of TRIM62 gene expression in breast is associated with a higher risk of recurrence in early-onset breast cancer....
, TRIM63
TRIM63
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TRIM63 gene.-Interactions:TRIM63 has been shown to interact with Titin, GMEB1 and SUMO2.-Further reading:...
, TRIM65, TRIM67, TRIM68
TRIM68
Tripartite motif-containing protein 68 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM68 gene.-Interactions:TRIM68 has been shown to interact with Androgen receptor.-Further reading:...
, TRIM69, TRIM71, TRIM72, TRIM73, TRIM74, TRIML1, TTC3
TTC3
Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC3 gene.-Further reading:...
, UHRF1
UHRF1
Ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1, also known as UHRF1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UHRF1 gene.- Function :...
, UHRF2
UHRF2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UHRF2 gene.-Further reading:...
, VPS11
VPS11
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS11 gene.-Interactions:VPS11 has been shown to interact with VPS18, VPS33A and STX7.-Further reading:...
, VPS8, ZNF179, ZNF294, ZNF313, ZNF364
ZNF364
RING finger protein 115 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF115 gene.-Further reading:...
, ZNF650, ZNFB7, ZNRF1
ZNRF1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ZNRF1 gene.-Further reading:...
, ZNRF2, ZNRF3, ZNRF4, and ZSWIM2.