St'at'imcets language
Encyclopedia
Lillooet or Lilloet, also known as St’át’imcets (ˈst͡ɬʼæt͡ɬʼemxət͡ʃ), is the Interior Salish
an language of the St’át’imc
, spoken in southern British Columbia
, Canada
around the middle Fraser
and Lillooet
rivers. The dialect of the Lower Lillooet people uses the name Ucwalmícwts as St’át’imcets properly means "the language of the people of Sat’, i.e. the Upper Lillooet of the Fraser River.
Lillooet is an endangered language
with as few as 200 native speakers practically all of whom are over 60 years of age (Gordon 2005).
Upper St'at'imcets is spoken around Fountain
, Pavilion
, Lillooet
, and neighboring areas. Lower St'at'imcets is spoken around Mount Currie
and neighboring areas. An additional subdialect called Skookumchuck is spoken within the Lower St'at'imcets dialect area, but there is no information available in van Eijk (1981, 1997) (which are the main references for this article).
s:
s:
symbols.
Post-velar Harmony (retraction):
The variable word type may be affected by many morphological
processes, such as prefixation, suffix
ation, infix
ation, reduplication
, and glottalization
.
(and triplication) that have a range of functions such as expressing plural, diminutive, aspect, etc.
A more complicated type of reduplication is the internal reduplication used to express the diminutive. In this case the consonant before a stressed vowel is reduplicated after the stressed vowel and usually the vowel then changes to e (IPA: [ə]). Examples are below:
More than one reduplicative process can occur in a given word:
St’át’imcets has several other variants of the above types. Reduplication is further complicated by consonant glottalization (see van Eijk (1997) for details).
appears in nine distinct environments, with a range of semantic effects, including:
The St’át’imcets subjunctive also differs from Indo-European subjunctives in that it is not selected by attitude verbs.
St’át’imcets has a complex system of subject and object agreement. There are different subject agreement paradigms for transitive vs. intransitive predicates. For intransitive predicates, there are three distinct subject paradigms, one of which is glossed as ‘subjunctive’ by van Eijk (1997) and Davis (2006)
St'at'imcets:
English translation:
This time it is Máma I am going to talk about. She went that way to get some food from her roothouse. So she took along her bucket. She got there, and she stayed around, taking potatoes. She was doing that, and then a mouse ran by there. So she grabbed it, she squeezed it. So she said: "You get all squashed now!" So she opened her hand and she let go of what turned out to be a potato, it was a rotten potato that she had caught....
Interior Salish
The Interior Salish languages are one of the two main subgroups of the Salishan language family, the other being Coast Salish. It can be further subdivided into Northern and Southern Interior Salish...
an language of the St’át’imc
St'at'imc
The St'át'imc are an Interior Salish people located in the southern Coast Mountains and Fraser Canyon region of the Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia.St'át'imc culture displayed many features typical of Northwest Coast peoples: the...
, spoken in southern British Columbia
British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
around the middle Fraser
Fraser River
The Fraser River is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Mount Robson in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for , into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver. It is the tenth longest river in Canada...
and Lillooet
Lillooet River
The Lillooet River is a major river of the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. It begins at Silt Lake, on the southern edge of the Lillooet Crown Icecap about 80 kilometres northwest of Pemberton and about 85 kilometres northwest of Whistler...
rivers. The dialect of the Lower Lillooet people uses the name Ucwalmícwts as St’át’imcets properly means "the language of the people of Sat’, i.e. the Upper Lillooet of the Fraser River.
Lillooet is an endangered language
Endangered language
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use. If it loses all its native speakers, it becomes a dead language. If eventually no one speaks the language at all it becomes an "extinct language"....
with as few as 200 native speakers practically all of whom are over 60 years of age (Gordon 2005).
Regional varieties
St'at'imcets has two main dialects:- Upper St’at’imcets ( St’aá’imcets, Fountain)
- Lower St’at’imcets ( Lil'wat7úlmec, Mount Currie)
Upper St'at'imcets is spoken around Fountain
Fountain, British Columbia
Fountain is an unincorporated rural area and Indian Reserve community in the Fraser Canyon region of British Columbia, Canada, located at the ten-mile mark from the town of Lillooet on BC Highway 99, which in that area is also on the route of the Old Cariboo Road and is located at the junction of...
, Pavilion
Pavilion, British Columbia
Pavilion is a ranching and Indian Reserve community in the Fraser Canyon area of British Columbia, Canada. Most of the community is the population of the Pavilion 1 Indian Reserve of the Pavilion Indian Band, aka the Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation but there are also a number of ranches in the...
, Lillooet
Lillooet, British Columbia
Lillooet is a community on the Fraser River in western Canada, about up the British Columbia Railway line from Vancouver. Situated at an intersection of deep gorges in the lee of the Coast Mountains, it has a dry climate- of precipitation is recorded annually at the town's weather station,...
, and neighboring areas. Lower St'at'imcets is spoken around Mount Currie
Mount Currie
Mount Currie may refer to:*Mount Currie , the northernmost summit of the Garibaldi Ranges in British Columbia**Mount Currie, British Columbia, a rural community near Pemberton, British Columbia, named for the summit...
and neighboring areas. An additional subdialect called Skookumchuck is spoken within the Lower St'at'imcets dialect area, but there is no information available in van Eijk (1981, 1997) (which are the main references for this article).
Consonants
St'at'imcets has 44 consonantConsonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of the tongue; , pronounced with the back of the tongue; , pronounced in the throat; and ,...
s:
| Bilabial Bilabial consonant In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:... |
Dental | Postalv. Postalveolar consonant Postalveolar consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, further back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself, but not as far back as the hard palate... /Palatal Palatal consonant Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate... |
Velar Velar consonant Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).... |
Post- velar |
Glottal Glottal consonant Glottal consonants, also called laryngeal consonants, are consonants articulated with the glottis. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the so-called fricative, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have; in fact, some do not consider... |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central Central consonant A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue. The class contrasts with lateral consonants, in which air flows over the sides of the tongue rather than down its center.... |
lateral Lateral consonant A lateral is an el-like consonant, in which airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.... |
retracted lateral |
plain | retracted | plain | labial Labialisation Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.The most common... |
plain | labial Labialisation Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.The most common... |
||||
| Plosive and affricate Affricate consonant Affricates are consonants that begin as stops but release as a fricative rather than directly into the following vowel.- Samples :... |
plain | p | t | t͡ʃ | t͡ʂ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | |||
| glottalized Ejective consonant In phonetics, ejective consonants are voiceless consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated or tenuis consonants... |
pʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | q͡χʼ | q͡χʷʼ | ʔ | ||||
| Fricative Fricative consonant Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German , the final consonant of Bach; or... |
ɬ | ʃ | ʂ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | |||||
| Nasal Nasal consonant A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. Examples of nasal consonants in English are and , in words such as nose and mouth.- Definition :... |
plain | m | n | |||||||||
| glottalized Glottalic consonant A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution of the glottis .... |
ˀm | ˀn | ||||||||||
| Approximant Approximant consonant Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough or with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no... |
plain | z | l | ḻ | j | ɣ | ɣʷ | ʕ | ʕʷ | h | ||
| glottalized Glottalic consonant A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution of the glottis .... |
zʼ | ˀl | ˀḻ | ˀj | ɣʼ | ɣʷʼ | ʕʼ | ʕʷʼ | ||||
- ObstruentObstruentAn obstruent is a consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract, such as [k], [d͡ʒ] and [f]. In phonetics, articulation may be divided into two large classes: obstruents and sonorants....
s consist of the stops, affricates, and fricatives. There are 22 obstruents. - SonorantSonorantIn phonetics and phonology, a sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; fricatives and plosives are not sonorants. Vowels are sonorants, as are consonants like and . Other consonants, like or , restrict the airflow enough to cause turbulence, and...
s consist of the nasals and approximants. There are 22 sonorants. - Glottalized stops are pronounced as ejective consonantEjective consonantIn phonetics, ejective consonants are voiceless consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated or tenuis consonants...
s. Glottalized sonorants are pronounced with creaky voiceCreaky voiceIn linguistics, creaky voice , is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact...
: /ˀn/ = [n̰]. - The glottalized consonants of St'at'imcets contrast not only with plain consonants, but also with sequences of plain consonant + glottal stop, or glottalized consonant + glottal stop, in either order. This holds for both the obstruents and the sonorants: [ɣʷ] ≠ [ɣʷʼ] ≠ [ʔɣʷ] ≠ [ɣʷʔ] ≠ [ʔɣʷʼ] ≠ [ɣʷʼʔ] and [k] ≠ [kʼ] ≠ [ʔk] ≠ [kʔ] ≠ [ʔkʼ] ≠ [kʼʔ].
- The dental approximants /z, zʼ/ are pronounced alternatively as interdental fricatives [ð, ð̰] or as dental fricatives [z̪, z̪̰], depending on the dialect of St'at'imcets.
- There are four pairs of retracted and nonretracted consonants (which alternate morphophonemically). Retraction on consonants is essentially velarizationVelarizationVelarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of three diacritics:...
, although additionally, nonretracted /t͡ʃ/ is phonetically laminalLaminal consonantA laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue on the top. This contrasts with apical consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex only...
[t͡ʃ̻] while retracted /t͡ʃ̠/ is apicalApical consonantAn apical consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the apex of the tongue . This contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue .This is not a very common distinction, and typically applied only to fricatives...
[t͡ʂ̺]. (Note also that St'at'imcets has retracted-nonretracted vowel pairs.)- /t͡ʃ/ - /t͡ʃ̠/
- /ʃ/ - /ʃ̠/
- /l/ - /ḻ/
- /lʼ/ - /ḻʼ/
- Among the post-velar consonants, the obstruents [q, qʷ, q͡χʼ, q͡χʷʼ, χ, χʷ] are all uvularUvular consonantUvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars may be plosives, fricatives, nasal stops, trills, or approximants, though the IPA does not provide a separate symbol for the approximant, and...
while the approximants [ʕ, ʕʷ, ʕʼ, ʕʷʼ] are all pharyngealPharyngeal consonantA pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.-Pharyngeal consonants in the IPA:Pharyngeal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet :...
.
Vowels
St'at'imcets has 8 vowelVowel
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s:
| Front Front vowel A front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far in front as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Front vowels are sometimes also... |
Central Central vowel A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel... |
Back Back vowel A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Back vowels are sometimes also called dark... |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| non- retracted |
retracted | non- retracted |
retracted | non- retracted |
retracted | |
| High Close vowel A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.This term is prescribed by the... |
e [e] | e̠ [ɛ] | o [o] | o̠ [ɔ] | ||
| Mid Mid vowel A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel... |
ə [ə] | ə̠ [ʌ] | ||||
| Low Open vowel An open vowel is defined as a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth. Open vowels are sometimes also called low vowels in reference to the low position of the tongue... |
a [ɛ] | a̠ [a] | ||||
- The phonetic realization of the phonemes are indicated in brackets to the right.
- All retracted vowels are indicated by a line under the vowel. These retracted vowels alternate morphophonemically. (Note that St'at'imcets also has retracted consonants.)
- The non-retracted vowel /a/ ranges from [ɛ~æ]. Since retracted /e̠/ and non-retracted /a/ can both pronounced [ɛ], there is often phonetic overlap.
Orthography
The following table shows the vowels and consonants and their respective orthographicOrthography
The orthography of a language specifies a standardized way of using a specific writing system to write the language. Where more than one writing system is used for a language, for example Kurdish, Uyghur, Serbian or Inuktitut, there can be more than one orthography...
symbols.
| Phoneme | Orthography | Phoneme | Orthography |
| Vowels | |||
| /e/ | i | /e̠/ | ii |
| /o/ | u | /o̠/ | o |
| /ə/ | e | /ə̠/ | v |
| /a/ | a | /a̠/ | ao |
| Consonants | |||
| /p/ | p | /m/ | m |
| /pʼ/ | p̓ | /ˀm/ | m̓ |
| /t/ | t | /n/ | n |
| /tɬʼ/ | t’ | /ˀn/ | n̓ |
| /tʃ/ | ts | /ɬ/ | lh |
| /tʃˠ/ | ts̲ | /z/ | z |
| /tsʼ/ | ts̓ | /zʼ/ | z̓ |
| /k/ | k | /ɣ/ | r |
| /kʷ/ | kw | /ɣʷ/ | w |
| /kʼ/ | k̓ | /ɣʼ/ | r̓ |
| /kʷʼ/ | k̓w | /ɣʷʼ/ | w̓ |
| /q/ | q | /ʕ/ | g |
| /qʷ/ | qw | /ʕʷ/ | gw |
| /qχʼ/ | q̓ | /ʕʼ/ | g̓ |
| /qχʷʼ/ | q̓w | /ʕʷʼ/ | g̓w |
| /ʔ/ | 7 | /h/ | h |
| /ʃ/ | s | /j/ | y |
| /ʃ̠/ | s̠ | /ˀj/ | y̓ |
| /x/ | c | /l/ | l |
| /xʷ/ | cw | /ḻ/ | |
| /χ/ | x | /ˀl/ | l’ |
| /χʷ/ | xw | /ˀḻ/ | ḻ’ |
Phonological processes
- epenthetic /ə/.
Post-velar Harmony (retraction):
- Within rootsRoot (linguistics)The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family , which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents....
, there is a restriction that all consonant and vowel retracted-nonretracted pairs must be of the same type. That is, a root may not contain both a retracted and a nonretracted vowel or consonant. This is a type of Retraced Tongue Root harmonyVowel harmonyVowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels that occurs in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on which vowels may be found near each other....
(also called pharyngeal harmony) involving both vowels and consonants that is an areal feature of this region of North America, shared by other Interior Salishan and non-Salishan languages (for example see Chilcotin vowel flattening).
- In addition to the root harmony restriction, some suffixes harmonize with the root to which they are attached. For instance, the inchoativeInchoativeInchoative aspect is a grammatical aspect, referring to the beginning of an action or state. It can be found in conservative Indo-European languages such as Latin and Lithuanian, and also in Finnic languages. It should not be confused with the prospective, which denotes actions that are about to...
suffix /-ɣʷélʼx/ -gwil’c:
| ama "good" | /ʔáma/ | + /-ɣʷélʼx/ | → | /ʔamaɣʷélʼx/ [ʔɛmɛɣʷél̰x] | "to get better" |
| qaoḻ "bad" | /qá̱ḻ/ | + /-ɣʷélʼx/ | → | /qa̠ḻɣʷé̱ḻʼx/ [qaɫɣʷɛ́ɫ̰x] | "to get spoiled" |
Grammar
St'at'imcets has two main types of words:- full words
- variable words
- invariable words
- cliticCliticIn morphology and syntax, a clitic is a morpheme that is grammatically independent, but phonologically dependent on another word or phrase. It is pronounced like an affix, but works at the phrase level...
s- proclitics
- enclitics
The variable word type may be affected by many morphological
Morphology (linguistics)
In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description, in a language, of the structure of morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context...
processes, such as prefixation, suffix
Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs...
ation, infix
Infix
An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem . It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the end of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix.-Indonesian:...
ation, reduplication
Reduplication
Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word is repeated exactly or with a slight change....
, and glottalization
Glottalization
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice...
.
- question of category of noun
Reduplication
St’át’imcets, as is typical of the Salishan family, has several types of reduplicationReduplication
Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word is repeated exactly or with a slight change....
(and triplication) that have a range of functions such as expressing plural, diminutive, aspect, etc.
| Initial reduplication: | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kl’ácw | 'muskrat' | → | kl’ekl’ácw | 'muskrats' | Plural | |||
| stálhlec | 'standing up' | → | státalhlec | 'to keep standing up' | Continuative | (has s- prefix, stem: -tálhlec) | ||
| sráp | 'tree' | → | srepráp | 'trees' | Collective/Plural | (stem: -rap) | ||
| snúk’wa7 | 'friend' | → | snek’wnúk’wa7 | 'friends' | Collective/Plural | (stem: -núk’wa7) | ||
| Final reduplication/triplication: | ||||||||
| p’líxw | 'boil over' | → | p’líxwexw | 'boiling over' | Ongoing Action | |||
| p’líxw | 'boil over' | → | p’lixwixwíxw | 'to keep boiling over' | Continuative/Intensive | |||
| lhésp | 'rash' | → | lhéslhsep | 'rash all over' | Collective/Plural | (stem: lhes-) (the e before -p is epenthetic Epenthesis In phonology, epenthesis is the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word. Epenthesis may be divided into two types: excrescence, for the addition of a consonant, and anaptyxis for the addition of a vowel.... ) |
||
A more complicated type of reduplication is the internal reduplication used to express the diminutive. In this case the consonant before a stressed vowel is reduplicated after the stressed vowel and usually the vowel then changes to e (IPA: [ə]). Examples are below:
| Internal reduplication: | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| naxwít | 'snake' | → | naxwéxwt | 'worm' | (naxwé-xw-t) | |||
| sqáxa7 | 'dog' | → | sqéqxa7 | 'pup' | (sqé-q-xa7) | |||
| sqláw’ | 'beaver' | → | sqlélew’ | 'little beaver' | (sqlé-l-ew’) | (the extra e here is an epenthetic Epenthesis In phonology, epenthesis is the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word. Epenthesis may be divided into two types: excrescence, for the addition of a consonant, and anaptyxis for the addition of a vowel.... vowel) |
||
More than one reduplicative process can occur in a given word:
| Diminutive | Plural+Diminutive | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sqáxa7 | 'dog' | sqéqxa7 | 'pup' | sqexqéqxa7 | 'pups' | ||
| s-qéxa7 | s-qé-q-xa7 | s-qex-qé-q-xa7 |
St’át’imcets has several other variants of the above types. Reduplication is further complicated by consonant glottalization (see van Eijk (1997) for details).
Mood and Modality
The subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
In grammar, the subjunctive mood is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of irreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred....
appears in nine distinct environments, with a range of semantic effects, including:
- weakening an imperative to a polite request,
- turning a question into an uncertainty statement,
- creating an ignorance free relative.
The St’át’imcets subjunctive also differs from Indo-European subjunctives in that it is not selected by attitude verbs.
St’át’imcets has a complex system of subject and object agreement. There are different subject agreement paradigms for transitive vs. intransitive predicates. For intransitive predicates, there are three distinct subject paradigms, one of which is glossed as ‘subjunctive’ by van Eijk (1997) and Davis (2006)
Text
The following is a portion of a story in van Eijk (1981:87) told by Rosie Joseph of Mount Currie.St'at'imcets:
English translation:
This time it is Máma I am going to talk about. She went that way to get some food from her roothouse. So she took along her bucket. She got there, and she stayed around, taking potatoes. She was doing that, and then a mouse ran by there. So she grabbed it, she squeezed it. So she said: "You get all squashed now!" So she opened her hand and she let go of what turned out to be a potato, it was a rotten potato that she had caught....
External links
- map of Northwest Coast First Nations (including St'at'imc)
- Bibliography of Materials on the Lillooet Language (YDLI)
- The Lillooet Language (YDLI)
- Northern St'at'imcets - The Lillooet Language
- The St’at’imcets Language (Native Language, Font, & Keyboard)
- USLCES webpages (USLCES webpages)
- Ethnologue: Lillooet
