The Rough Wooing
Encyclopedia
The War of the Rough Wooing (December 1543 – March 1550) was fought between Scotland and England. War was declared by Henry VIII of England
, in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between his son Edward
and Mary, Queen of Scots. Scotland benefited from French military aid. Edward VI continued the war until changing circumstances made it irrelevant in 1550. It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns
in 1603, excepting perhaps the English intervention at the Siege of Leith
in 1560, and was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars
of the 16th century.
The term "Rough Wooing" was only coined many years later by Sir Walter Scott
. The phrase appears to derive from a famous remark attributed to George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly
by Patrick Abercromby
in his edition of Jean de Beaugué
's history of the war; "We liked not the manner of the wooing, and we could not stoop to being bullied into love."
and James V died soon after, leaving Mary an infant sovereign in the care of her mother Mary of Guise
. The English marriage for Mary proposed by the Treaty of Greenwich
was conditionally accepted by the Scottish government led by Regent Arran
. However, Arran was slow to advance the marriage due to strong internal factions favouring alliance with France and the continuance of the Catholic religion in Scotland. Twenty years later, the English diplomat Ralph Sadler
reported Adam Otterburn
's words to him on the Scottish opinion of the marriage;
In Scotland civil war ensued with the Regent opposed by the Douglas faction in the East and Matthew, Earl of Lennox
in the West at Glasgow
. With this internal background, the Scots then faced the anger of Henry VIII, after the Scottish Parliament
renounced the Greenwich treaty in December 1543. Five days later, on 20 December, war was declared in Edinburgh by the messenger Henry Ray, Berwick Pursuivant.
Major hostilities began with an attack on Edinburgh on 3 May 1544
, led by the Earl of Hertford
and Viscount Lisle
. Hertford had instructions to burn Edinburgh and issue Henry's proclamation of 24 March 1544, which laid the blame on Cardinal Beaton's
"sinister enticement" of Regent Arran. Hertford had also considered establishing an English garrison at Leith
but the Privy Council had vetoed this plan. Henry VIII had also asked him to destroy St Andrews
, but Hertford pointed out the extra distance would be troublesome. After burning St Mynettes on the north side of the Forth
and taking fishing boats for landing-craft, the English army landed at Granton
, then occupied Leith. Hertford parleyed with Adam Otterburn who was Provost of Edinburgh but he had been instructed not to make terms. The next day the troops entered Edinburgh's Canongate, and set the city on fire. Edinburgh Castle
was defended by cannon-fire commanding the Royal Mile
. Hertford decided not to lay siege but thoroughly burn the city. According to the English contemporary account, all the houses within the suburbs and city walls were burnt including Holyroodhouse and the Abbey. The English ships at Leith were loaded with looted goods and sailed with the captured Unicorn and Salamander
. The army returned to England by land, burning towns and villages along the way. Soon after the English force landed, Regent Arran released the Earl of Angus
and George Douglas of Pittendreich
who had been imprisoned in Blackness Castle
. Although they had been supporters of the English marriage, Arran now needed the support of the Douglas family
against an English invasion. Following this attack, Sir William Eure and Ralph Eure
made a number of raids across the border from Berwick upon Tweed, burning houses and buying the loyalty of Scots who became "assured men."
Against these English incursions, the Scots won a victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor
in February 1545. Scotland was included the Treaty of Camp, or Treaty of Ardres, of 6 June 1546, which concluded the Italian War of 1542-1546. This brought 18 months of peace between England and Scotland. However, in May 1546 Fife lairds had murdered the Francophile Cardinal Beaton
at St Andrews Castle
. These Protestant lairds became known as the Castilians, and garrisoned the castle
against Regent Arran, hoping for English military support.
The English retained a fort they had established at Langholm
in the Scottish borders. Unable to secure its return by diplomatic leverage, Regent Arran reduced it by force on 17 July 1547 following an unsuccessful attempt in June. At the same time, a French naval force took St Andrews Castle from the Castilians. An English invasion then quelled internal dissent in September 1547, when the English won a major encounter at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
close to Musselburgh
, and put much of southern Scotland under military occupation. Haddington was occupied, along with Broughty Castle
near Dundee. Beginning on 5 April 1548, Sir Robert Bowes
built a fort at Lauder
. Increased French support included the services of military engineers like Migiliorino Ubaldini
who strengthened Edinburgh Castle
and Dunbar
. At the command of Grey of Wilton
, Musselburgh
was burnt by the English on 9 June 1548 and Dunbar
on 12 June. On 16 June 10,000 French troops arrived at Leith, and besieged Haddington with artillery.
Mary was taken to safety and bethrothal to the dauphin in France in August 1548 and Piero Strozzi
began to fortify Leith with 300 Scottish workmen. Strozzi had been shot in the leg at Haddington and was carried around the works by 4 men in a chair. By May 1549, the English army on the frontier included 3200 soldiers with 1700 German and 500 Spanish and Italian mercenaries. However, with more military and financial assistance from France brought by Paul de Thermes
, the Scots were able to maintain resistance. André de Montalembert
, sieur d'Essé took Inchkeith
on 19 June 1549.
The English abandoned Haddington on 19 September 1549. Hostilities ended with Scotland comprehended in the Treaty of Boulogne of 24 March 1550, which was primarily between France and England. Peace was declared in England on Saturday 29 March 1550; a week earlier the Privy Council
had sent secret orders to English commanders telling them not to move cannon that would be abandoned to the Scots. There were conditions to return prisoners and dismantle border fortifications. As part of the treaty six French and English hostages were to be exchanged on 7 April. These were, for France; Mary of Guise's brother the Marquis de Mayenne
; Louis Trémoille; Jean de Bourbon, Comte de Enghien; Francis de Montmorency; Jean d'Annebaut son of the Admiral of France
; Francis of Vendôme, were sent to London. For England; Henry Brandon
; Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford
; George Talbot
; John Bourchier, 5th Baron FitzWarren; Henry Fitzalan
; Henry Stanley
. The hostages at both courts were well entertained and most had returned home by August 1550. In France, Henry II
organised a triumphal entry to Rouen
on 1 October 1550. Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots took part. There were banners depicting the French victories in Scotland; and a herald recited,
and church on 10 June 1551 was negotiated by Thomas Erskine, Master of Erskine, Lord Maxwell, Sir Robert Carnegy of Kinnaird, and Robert Reid
, Bishop of Orkney
with Louis St Gelais, Seigneur de Lansac, representing Henry II of France
. The English delegation included Sir Robert Bowes
, Sir Leonard Beckwith, Sir Thomas Challoner
and Richard Sampson
, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry
. The terms included: the English abandoning their holdings in Scotland; the border and Debatable Lands
to revert to original lines and usage; Edrington
and fishing rights on the Tweed returned to Scotland; all captives, pledges, and hostages to be returned. Edward VI ratified the treaty on 30 June and Mary on 14 August 1551.
to encourage these feelings. These focussed on four aspects of the conflict; long-standing debates about the rights of the English crown in Scotland; the perceived injustice of the Scottish rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich; and the merit of the Protestant religion. The English commander at Broughty, Andrew Dudley
, hoped to distribute bibles printed in English which were not freely available in Scotland. Scotland countered the English propaganda with the Complaynt of Scotland, probably printed in France in 1549. Another work, Ane Resonyng by William Lamb
did not make it to the press.
The first of these books was written before the battle of Solway Moss. This was A Declaration, conteyning the iust causes and consyderations, of this present warre with the Scottis, wherein alsoo appereth the trewe & right title, that the kings most royall maiesty hath to the soveraynitie of Scotlande. A journal of Hertford's raid on Edinburgh of 1544 was printed as The Late expedicion of the Earl of Hertford into Scotland. A contribution by a Scot in England, John Elder
, remained unpublished. This was intended to preface a detailed description and map of Scotland. Elder claimed that the northern lords of Scotland, who were 'red-shanks' of Irish descent would be loyal to Henry VIII, and reject the French culture imposed by Cardinal Beaton and the Scottish court. (Elder would later become the tutor of Lord Darnley
.)
Somerset began a new round in 1547 shortly before the battle of Pinkie by publishing the Scot James Henrisoun's, An Exhortacion to the Scottes to conforme themselfes to the honourable, Expedient & godly Union betweene the two realmes of Englande & Scotland. This was followed by Somerset's printed Proclamation of 4 September 1547, and the Epistle or Exhortation of February 1548. The Pinkie campaign was described by William Patten
in The Expedition into Scotland of the most worthy Prince, Edward Duke of Somerset. A Welshman, Nicholas Bodrugan, added his Epitome of the title of the kynges majestie of Englande, which looks back to Geoffrey of Monmouth
to justify English claims and seeks to reassure Scottish fears that the civil law of England was harsher than Scots law. In October 1548, Sir John Mason and other clerks were rewarded £20 for their archival researches into "records of matters of Scotland" for these tracts.
Lord Methven
understood the effect of the English propaganda and raised concern with Mary of Guise in June 1548. The Protestant Fife lairds who had killed David Beaton and held the Regent's son, James Hamilton
hostage at St Andrews Castle gambled on English assistance. Lord Gray
and the Master of Ruthven
were also happy to deal with the English. Other Scots were induced to sign bonds and take payments from the English and became "assured men". This mostly happened in the war-zones of the border and around English garrisons. A sample bond for assurance was drafted by a Scot Henry Balnaves
at St Andrews Castle in December 1546. After the war ended many Scots were accused of assurance or collaboration as a crime; 192 citizens of Dundee were acquitted in 1553 and the whole town of Dumfries received a pardon. In July 1549 with English losses in France the assurance system ceased. James Henrisoun then asked his English masters;
At the end of the war the French celebrated their successful intervention at fêtes like the entry to Rouen. The details of these events were published in illustrated festival books. In England a number of the English commanders had their portraits painted celebrating their martial prowess, including John Luttrell
, James Wilford
, Thomas Wyndham
, and a picture (now lost) was made to commemorate Edward Shelley who was killed at Pinkie. Exploits during the siege of Haddington were later celebrated by the Elizabethan author Ulpian Fulwell
in 1575.
Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France...
, in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between his son Edward
Edward VI of England
Edward VI was the King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first monarch who was raised as a Protestant...
and Mary, Queen of Scots. Scotland benefited from French military aid. Edward VI continued the war until changing circumstances made it irrelevant in 1550. It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns
Union of the Crowns
The Union of the Crowns was the accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England, and the consequential unification of Scotland and England under one monarch. The Union of Crowns followed the death of James' unmarried and childless first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I of...
in 1603, excepting perhaps the English intervention at the Siege of Leith
Siege of Leith
The Siege of Leith ended a twelve year encampment of French troops at Leith, the port near Edinburgh, Scotland. The French troops arrived by invitation in 1548 and left in 1560 after the English arrived to assist in removing them from Scotland...
in 1560, and was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars
Anglo-Scottish Wars
The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between England and Scotland during the sixteenth century.After the Wars of Scottish Independence, England and Scotland had fought several times during the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In most cases, one country had attempted to...
of the 16th century.
The term "Rough Wooing" was only coined many years later by Sir Walter Scott
Walter Scott
Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world during his time....
. The phrase appears to derive from a famous remark attributed to George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly
George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly
George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly was a Scottish nobleman.-Biography:He was the son of John Gordon, Lord Gordon, and Margaret Stewart, daughter of James IV. George Gordon inherited his earldom and estates in 1524 at age 10...
by Patrick Abercromby
Patrick Abercromby
Patrick Abercromby , Scottish physician and antiquarian, noted for being physician to King James VII and his fervent opposition to the Act of Union between Scotland and England.-Early life:...
in his edition of Jean de Beaugué
Jean de Beaugué
Jean de Beaugué, was a French soldier who served in Scotland in the 1540s during the war of the Rough Wooing. He wrote a memoir of the fighting which, first published in 1556, is still an important source for historians...
's history of the war; "We liked not the manner of the wooing, and we could not stoop to being bullied into love."
From Solway Moss to the Treaty of Boulogne
In 1542, a Scottish army came to grief at the Battle of Solway MossBattle of Solway Moss
The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish Border in November 1542 between forces from England and Scotland.-Background:...
and James V died soon after, leaving Mary an infant sovereign in the care of her mother Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise was a queen consort of Scotland as the second spouse of King James V. She was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, and served as regent of Scotland in her daughter's name from 1554 to 1560...
. The English marriage for Mary proposed by the Treaty of Greenwich
Treaty of Greenwich
The Treaty of Greenwich contained two agreements both signed on July 1, 1543 in Greenwich between representatives of England and Scotland. The accord, overall, entailed a plan developed by Henry VIII of England to unite both kingdoms...
was conditionally accepted by the Scottish government led by Regent Arran
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault and 2nd Earl of Arran was a Scottish nobleman.-Biography:He was the eldest legitimate son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran....
. However, Arran was slow to advance the marriage due to strong internal factions favouring alliance with France and the continuance of the Catholic religion in Scotland. Twenty years later, the English diplomat Ralph Sadler
Ralph Sadler
Sir Ralph Sadler, PC, Knight banneret was an English statesman of the 16th century, and served as a Secretary of State for King Henry VIII.-Background:...
reported Adam Otterburn
Adam Otterburn
Adam Otterburn of Auldhame and Reidhall was a Scottish lawyer and diplomat. He was king's advocate to James V of Scotland and secretary to Mary of Guise and Regent Arran.-Servant to James V:...
's words to him on the Scottish opinion of the marriage;
"Our people do not like of it. And though the Governor and some of the nobility have consented to it, yet I know that few or none of them do like of it; and our common people do utterly mislike of it. I pray you give me leave to ask you a question: if your lad was a lass, and our lass were a lad, would you then be so earnest in this matter? ... And lykewise I assure you that our nation will never agree to have an Englishman king of Scotland. And though the whole nobility of the realm would consent, yet our common people, and the stones in the street would rise and rebel against it.
In Scotland civil war ensued with the Regent opposed by the Douglas faction in the East and Matthew, Earl of Lennox
Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox
Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox was the 4th Earl of Lennox, and leader of the Catholic nobility in Scotland. He was the son of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox. His grandson was James VI of Scotland....
in the West at Glasgow
Battle of Glasgow (1544)
The Battle of Glasgow was fought on 16 March 1544, between Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and the Scottish Regent James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, and their adherents, during the minority of Mary, Queen of Scots.-Prelude:...
. With this internal background, the Scots then faced the anger of Henry VIII, after the Scottish Parliament
Parliament of Scotland
The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The unicameral parliament of Scotland is first found on record during the early 13th century, with the first meeting for which a primary source survives at...
renounced the Greenwich treaty in December 1543. Five days later, on 20 December, war was declared in Edinburgh by the messenger Henry Ray, Berwick Pursuivant.
Major hostilities began with an attack on Edinburgh on 3 May 1544
Burning of Edinburgh (1544)
The Burning of Edinburgh in 1544 by an English sea-borne army was the first major action of the war of the Rough Wooing. A Scottish army observed the landing on 3 May 1544 but did not engage with the English force. The Provost of Edinburgh was compelled to allow the English to sack Leith and...
, led by the Earl of Hertford
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp of Hache, KG, Earl Marshal was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in 1547 and his own indictment in 1549....
and Viscount Lisle
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane Grey on the English throne after the King's death...
. Hertford had instructions to burn Edinburgh and issue Henry's proclamation of 24 March 1544, which laid the blame on Cardinal Beaton's
David Beaton
The Most Rev. Dr. David Cardinal Beaton was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scottish Cardinal prior to the Reformation.-Career:...
"sinister enticement" of Regent Arran. Hertford had also considered establishing an English garrison at Leith
Leith
-South Leith v. North Leith:Up until the late 16th century Leith , comprised two separate towns on either side of the river....
but the Privy Council had vetoed this plan. Henry VIII had also asked him to destroy St Andrews
St Andrews
St Andrews is a university town and former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife in Scotland. The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle.St Andrews has a population of 16,680, making this the fifth largest settlement in Fife....
, but Hertford pointed out the extra distance would be troublesome. After burning St Mynettes on the north side of the Forth
River Forth
The River Forth , long, is the major river draining the eastern part of the central belt of Scotland.The Forth rises in Loch Ard in the Trossachs, a mountainous area some west of Stirling...
and taking fishing boats for landing-craft, the English army landed at Granton
Granton, Edinburgh
Granton is a district in the north of Edinburgh, Scotland. Granton forms part of Edinburgh's waterfront along the Firth of Forth and is, historically, an industrial area having a large harbour. Granton is part of Edinburgh's large scale waterfront regeneration programme.-Name:Granton first appears...
, then occupied Leith. Hertford parleyed with Adam Otterburn who was Provost of Edinburgh but he had been instructed not to make terms. The next day the troops entered Edinburgh's Canongate, and set the city on fire. Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle is a fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position atop the volcanic Castle Rock. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of early settlement is unclear...
was defended by cannon-fire commanding the Royal Mile
Royal Mile
The Royal Mile is a succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of the city of Edinburgh in Scotland.As the name suggests, the Royal Mile is approximately one Scots mile long, and runs between two foci of history in Scotland, from Edinburgh Castle at the top of the Castle...
. Hertford decided not to lay siege but thoroughly burn the city. According to the English contemporary account, all the houses within the suburbs and city walls were burnt including Holyroodhouse and the Abbey. The English ships at Leith were loaded with looted goods and sailed with the captured Unicorn and Salamander
Salamander of Leith
Salamander of Leith was a warship of the 16th-century Royal Scots Navy. She was a wedding present from Francis I of France to James V of Scotland....
. The army returned to England by land, burning towns and villages along the way. Soon after the English force landed, Regent Arran released the Earl of Angus
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus was a Scottish nobleman active during the reigns of James V and Mary, Queen of Scots...
and George Douglas of Pittendreich
George Douglas of Pittendreich
George Douglas of Pittendreich was a member of the powerful Douglas family who struggled for control of the young James V of Scotland in 1528. His second son became James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton and Regent of Scotland. Initially, George Douglas promoted the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and...
who had been imprisoned in Blackness Castle
Blackness Castle
Blackness Castle is a 15th century fortress, near the village of Blackness, Scotland, on the south shore of the Firth of Forth. It was built, probably on the site of an earlier fort, by Sir George Crichton in the 1440s. At this time, Blackness was the main port serving the Royal Burgh of...
. Although they had been supporters of the English marriage, Arran now needed the support of the Douglas family
Clan Douglas
Clan Douglas is an ancient Scottish kindred from the Scottish Lowlands taking its name from Douglas, South Lanarkshire, and thence spreading through the Scottish Borderland, Angus, Lothian and beyond. The clan does not currently have a chief, therefore it is considered an armigerous clan.The...
against an English invasion. Following this attack, Sir William Eure and Ralph Eure
William Eure, 1st Baron Eure
Sir William Eure of Witton was an English knight and soldier active on the Anglo-Scottish border. Henry VIII of England made him Baron Eure by patent in 1544. The surname is often written as 'Evers.' William was Governor of Berwick upon Tweed in 1539, Commander in the North in 1542, Warden of the...
made a number of raids across the border from Berwick upon Tweed, burning houses and buying the loyalty of Scots who became "assured men."
Against these English incursions, the Scots won a victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor
Battle of Ancrum Moor
The Battle of Ancrum Moor was fought during the War of the Rough Wooing in 1545. The Scottish victory put a temporary end to English depredations in the Scottish border and lowlands.-Background :...
in February 1545. Scotland was included the Treaty of Camp, or Treaty of Ardres, of 6 June 1546, which concluded the Italian War of 1542-1546. This brought 18 months of peace between England and Scotland. However, in May 1546 Fife lairds had murdered the Francophile Cardinal Beaton
David Beaton
The Most Rev. Dr. David Cardinal Beaton was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scottish Cardinal prior to the Reformation.-Career:...
at St Andrews Castle
St Andrews Castle
St Andrew's Castle is a picturesque ruin located in the coastal Royal Burgh of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. The castle sits on a rocky promontory overlooking a small beach called Castle Sands and the adjoining North Sea. There has been a castle standing at the site since the times of Bishop Roger...
. These Protestant lairds became known as the Castilians, and garrisoned the castle
Siege of St Andrews Castle
The Siege of St Andrews Castle followed the killing of Cardinal David Beaton by a group of Protestants at St Andrews Castle. They remained in the castle and were besieged by the Governor of Scotland. However, over 18 months the Scottish besieging forces made little impact, and the Castle finally...
against Regent Arran, hoping for English military support.
The English retained a fort they had established at Langholm
Langholm
Langholm , also known colloquially as the "Muckle Toon", is a burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, on the River Esk and the A7 road.- History:...
in the Scottish borders. Unable to secure its return by diplomatic leverage, Regent Arran reduced it by force on 17 July 1547 following an unsuccessful attempt in June. At the same time, a French naval force took St Andrews Castle from the Castilians. An English invasion then quelled internal dissent in September 1547, when the English won a major encounter at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the War of the Rough Wooing. It was the last pitched battle between Scottish and English armies, and is seen as the first modern battle in the British Isles...
close to Musselburgh
Musselburgh
Musselburgh is the largest settlement in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth, six miles east of Edinburgh city centre.-History:...
, and put much of southern Scotland under military occupation. Haddington was occupied, along with Broughty Castle
Broughty Castle
Broughty Castle is a historic castle in Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland. It was completed around 1495, although the site was earlier fortified in 1454 when George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus received permission to build on the site. His son Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus was coerced into...
near Dundee. Beginning on 5 April 1548, Sir Robert Bowes
Robert Bowes (lawyer)
Sir Robert Bowes was an English lawyer and military commander.-Life:He was son of Sir Ralph Bowes and Marjory Conyers of South Cowton, Yorkshire, and studied law in his early years; but his ancestral connection with the Border country marked him out for employment in border affairs, where he did...
built a fort at Lauder
Thirlestane Castle
Thirlestane Castle is a castle set in extensive parklands near Lauder in the Borders of Scotland. The site is aptly named Castle Hill, as it stands upon raised ground. However, the raised land is within Lauderdale, the valley of the Leader Water. The land has been in the ownership of the Maitland...
. Increased French support included the services of military engineers like Migiliorino Ubaldini
Migiliorino Ubaldini
Migiliorino Ubaldini was an Italian military engineer working in Scotland.-Scottish assignment:During the war with England known as the Rough Wooing, on 5 February 1548 Regent Arran appointed Migiliorino Ubaldini as supreme commander of all Scottish forces by land and sea. Ubaldini had been sent...
who strengthened Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle is a fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position atop the volcanic Castle Rock. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of early settlement is unclear...
and Dunbar
Dunbar Castle
Dunbar Castle is the remnants of one of the most mighty fortresses in Scotland, situated over the harbour of the town of Dunbar, in East Lothian.-Early history:...
. At the command of Grey of Wilton
William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton
William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton KG, was an English baron and military commander serving in France in the 1540s and 1550s, and in the Scottish wars of the 1540s.He was the thirteenth Baron Grey de Wilton....
, Musselburgh
Musselburgh
Musselburgh is the largest settlement in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth, six miles east of Edinburgh city centre.-History:...
was burnt by the English on 9 June 1548 and Dunbar
Dunbar
Dunbar is a town in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 28 miles east of Edinburgh and 28 miles from the English Border at Berwick-upon-Tweed....
on 12 June. On 16 June 10,000 French troops arrived at Leith, and besieged Haddington with artillery.
Mary was taken to safety and bethrothal to the dauphin in France in August 1548 and Piero Strozzi
Piero Strozzi
Piero Strozzi was an Italian military leader. He was a member of the rich Florentine family of the Strozzi.-Biography:Piero Strozzi was the son of Filippo Strozzi the Younger and Clarice de' Medici....
began to fortify Leith with 300 Scottish workmen. Strozzi had been shot in the leg at Haddington and was carried around the works by 4 men in a chair. By May 1549, the English army on the frontier included 3200 soldiers with 1700 German and 500 Spanish and Italian mercenaries. However, with more military and financial assistance from France brought by Paul de Thermes
Paul de Thermes
Paul de La Barthe de Thermes , also Paul de Terme or Maréchal de Thermes, was a French Army Marshal who led the French effort in the Invasion of Corsica in 1553. The Ottoman fleet supported the French by ferrying the French troops under Marshal de Thermes from Siennese Maremma to Corsica...
, the Scots were able to maintain resistance. André de Montalembert
André de Montalembert
André de Montalembert , Seigneur d'Essé, was a French noble man and officer of the 16th century. As a young boy he fought in the Italian Wars...
, sieur d'Essé took Inchkeith
Inchkeith
Inchkeith is an island in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. It is part of the council area of Fife.Inchkeith has had a colourful history as a result of its proximity to Edinburgh and strategic location for use as home for a lighthouse and for military purposes defending the Firth of Forth for attack...
on 19 June 1549.
Treaty of Boulogne
Privy council
A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on...
had sent secret orders to English commanders telling them not to move cannon that would be abandoned to the Scots. There were conditions to return prisoners and dismantle border fortifications. As part of the treaty six French and English hostages were to be exchanged on 7 April. These were, for France; Mary of Guise's brother the Marquis de Mayenne
Claude, Duke of Aumale
Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Aumale was the third son of Claude, Duke of Guise and Antoinette de Bourbon. He was a prince of Lorraine by birth....
; Louis Trémoille; Jean de Bourbon, Comte de Enghien; Francis de Montmorency; Jean d'Annebaut son of the Admiral of France
Claude d'Annebault
Claude d'Annebault was a French military officer; Marshall of France ; Admiral of France ; and Governor of Piedmont in 1541. He led the French invasion of the Isle of Wight in 1545...
; Francis of Vendôme, were sent to London. For England; Henry Brandon
Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk
Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk , styled Lord Henry Brandon before 1545, was an English nobleman, the son of the 1st Duke of Suffolk, by his fourth wife, the suo jure 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby....
; Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford
Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford
Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Hache and 1st Earl of Hertford, KG was the son of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, by his second wife Anne Stanhope....
; George Talbot
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, 6th Earl of Waterford, 12th Baron Talbot, KG, Earl Marshal was a 16th century English statesman.-Life:...
; John Bourchier, 5th Baron FitzWarren; Henry Fitzalan
Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel
Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel was an English nobleman, who over his long life assumed a prominent place at the court of all the later Tudor sovereigns, probably the only person to do so.-Court career:...
; Henry Stanley
Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby
Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby KG was a prominent English nobleman who served as Lord High Steward during the trial of Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel....
. The hostages at both courts were well entertained and most had returned home by August 1550. In France, Henry II
Henry II of France
Henry II was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.-Early years:Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany .His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy,...
organised a triumphal entry to Rouen
Rouen
Rouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...
on 1 October 1550. Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots took part. There were banners depicting the French victories in Scotland; and a herald recited,
"Voila Dondy, Edimpton, Portugray,The Treaty of Norham in 1551 formally ended the war and the English military presence withdrew from Scotland. By October 1551, Mary of Guise herself was welcomed in England and she travelled from Portsmouth to meet Edward VI in London.
Où TermesPaul de ThermesPaul de La Barthe de Thermes , also Paul de Terme or Maréchal de Thermes, was a French Army Marshal who led the French effort in the Invasion of Corsica in 1553. The Ottoman fleet supported the French by ferrying the French troops under Marshal de Thermes from Siennese Maremma to Corsica...
prist & Essé le degrè,
Pour devenir chevalier de ton ordre.
Sire, voyez ceste Ysle de Chevaulx,
Voyez aussy le fort chasteau de Fargues,
O quants assaulx, escarmouches & cargues,
Voila aussi le fort pres de Donglass,
Et plus deca ou est assis ce bourg,
Est le chasteau conquis de Rossebourg.
Here are DundeeDundeeDundee is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and the 39th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom. It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea...
, HaddingtonHaddington, East LothianThe Royal Burgh of Haddington is a town in East Lothian, Scotland. It is the main administrative, cultural and geographical centre for East Lothian, which was known officially as Haddingtonshire before 1921. It lies about east of Edinburgh. The name Haddington is Anglo-Saxon, dating from the 6th...
, Broughty Craig,
Where de ThermesPaul de ThermesPaul de La Barthe de Thermes , also Paul de Terme or Maréchal de Thermes, was a French Army Marshal who led the French effort in the Invasion of Corsica in 1553. The Ottoman fleet supported the French by ferrying the French troops under Marshal de Thermes from Siennese Maremma to Corsica...
, with d'Essé,
became knights of your order.
Sire, see InchkeithInchkeithInchkeith is an island in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. It is part of the council area of Fife.Inchkeith has had a colourful history as a result of its proximity to Edinburgh and strategic location for use as home for a lighthouse and for military purposes defending the Firth of Forth for attack...
,
Also see strong Fast CastleFast CastleFast Castle is the ruined remains of a coastal fortress in Berwickshire, south-east Scotland, in the Scottish Borders. It lies north west of the village of Coldingham, and just outside of the St Abb's Head National Nature Reserve, run by the National Trust for Scotland...
,
So much assault, skirmish and hassle,
Here also close to DunglassDunglassDunglass is a location in East Lothian, Scotland, lying east of the Lammermuir Hills on the North Sea coast. It has a 15th century Dunglass Collegiate Church, now in the care of Historic Scotland...
,
Further the side where sits the burgh
the castle conquered is RoxburghRoxburghRoxburgh , also known as Rosbroch, is a village, civil parish and now-destroyed royal burgh. It was an important trading burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland...
.
Treaty of Norham
The peace concluded at Norham CastleNorham Castle
Norham Castle is a partly ruined castle in Northumberland, England, overlooking the River Tweed, on the border between England and Scotland. It is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument...
and church on 10 June 1551 was negotiated by Thomas Erskine, Master of Erskine, Lord Maxwell, Sir Robert Carnegy of Kinnaird, and Robert Reid
Robert Reid (bishop)
Robert Reid was abbot of Kinloss, commendator-prior of Beauly, and bishop of Orkney. He was one of the greatest of the bishops of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Scotland, and his legacy was the founding of the University of Edinburgh....
, Bishop of Orkney
Bishop of Orkney
The Bishop of Orkney was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Orkney, one of thirteen medieval bishoprics within the territory of modern Scotland. It included both Orkney and Shetland. It was based for almost all of its history at St...
with Louis St Gelais, Seigneur de Lansac, representing Henry II of France
Henry II of France
Henry II was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.-Early years:Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany .His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy,...
. The English delegation included Sir Robert Bowes
Robert Bowes (lawyer)
Sir Robert Bowes was an English lawyer and military commander.-Life:He was son of Sir Ralph Bowes and Marjory Conyers of South Cowton, Yorkshire, and studied law in his early years; but his ancestral connection with the Border country marked him out for employment in border affairs, where he did...
, Sir Leonard Beckwith, Sir Thomas Challoner
Thomas Chaloner (statesman)
Sir Thomas Chaloner was an English statesman and poet.-Life:He was the son of Roger Chaloner, mercer of London, a descendant of the Denbighshire Chaloners...
and Richard Sampson
Richard Sampson
Richard Sampson was an English clergyman and composer of sacred music, who was Anglican bishop of Chichester and subsequently of Coventry and Lichfield.-Biography:...
, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry
Diocese of Lichfield
The Diocese of Lichfield is a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury, England. The bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Chad in the city of Lichfield. The diocese covers 4,516 km² The Diocese of Lichfield is a Church of England...
. The terms included: the English abandoning their holdings in Scotland; the border and Debatable Lands
Debatable Lands
The Debatable Lands, also known as Debatable ground, batable ground or thriep lands, was land lying between Scotland and England, formerly in question to which it belonged, when they were distinct kingdoms...
to revert to original lines and usage; Edrington
Edrington
Edrington is a medieval estate occupying the lower part of Mordington parish in Berwickshire, Scottish Borders, Scotland, five miles west of Berwick-upon-Tweed. From probably the 14th century, if not earlier, a castle occupied the steep hill above the mill of the same name on the Whiteadder Water...
and fishing rights on the Tweed returned to Scotland; all captives, pledges, and hostages to be returned. Edward VI ratified the treaty on 30 June and Mary on 14 August 1551.
Propaganda war
The English objective to forward a union between Scotland and England had wavering support among some sectors of the Scots population. These Scots may not have relished French domination of Scottish affairs or may have seen alliance with England as furthering the Protestant cause. A number of books and pamphlets were published in England as propagandaPropaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
to encourage these feelings. These focussed on four aspects of the conflict; long-standing debates about the rights of the English crown in Scotland; the perceived injustice of the Scottish rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich; and the merit of the Protestant religion. The English commander at Broughty, Andrew Dudley
Andrew Dudley
Sir Andrew Dudley, KG was an English soldier, courtier, and diplomat. A younger brother of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, he served in Henry VIII's navy and obtained court offices under Edward VI...
, hoped to distribute bibles printed in English which were not freely available in Scotland. Scotland countered the English propaganda with the Complaynt of Scotland, probably printed in France in 1549. Another work, Ane Resonyng by William Lamb
William Lamb alias Paniter
William Lamb, or William Paniter alias Lamb, was a Scottish cleric, lawyer, and author.-Life:William Lamb was the son of a sister of Patrick Paniter, and a cousin of David Panter. In his early career he adopted his uncle Patrick Paniter's name. His clerical appointments included the Prebendaries...
did not make it to the press.
The first of these books was written before the battle of Solway Moss. This was A Declaration, conteyning the iust causes and consyderations, of this present warre with the Scottis, wherein alsoo appereth the trewe & right title, that the kings most royall maiesty hath to the soveraynitie of Scotlande. A journal of Hertford's raid on Edinburgh of 1544 was printed as The Late expedicion of the Earl of Hertford into Scotland. A contribution by a Scot in England, John Elder
John Elder (writer)
-Life:Elder was a native of Caithness. He passed twelve years of his life at the universities of St. Andrews, Aberdeen, and Glasgow, and appears to have entered the ministry. He went to England soon after the death of James V of Scotland in 1542. At Mary's accession Elder turned Roman catholic, as...
, remained unpublished. This was intended to preface a detailed description and map of Scotland. Elder claimed that the northern lords of Scotland, who were 'red-shanks' of Irish descent would be loyal to Henry VIII, and reject the French culture imposed by Cardinal Beaton and the Scottish court. (Elder would later become the tutor of Lord Darnley
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Henry Stewart or Stuart, 1st Duke of Albany , styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland and murdered at Kirk o'Field...
.)
Somerset began a new round in 1547 shortly before the battle of Pinkie by publishing the Scot James Henrisoun's, An Exhortacion to the Scottes to conforme themselfes to the honourable, Expedient & godly Union betweene the two realmes of Englande & Scotland. This was followed by Somerset's printed Proclamation of 4 September 1547, and the Epistle or Exhortation of February 1548. The Pinkie campaign was described by William Patten
William Patten (historian)
William Patten was an author, scholar and government official during the reigns of King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I.-Early career:...
in The Expedition into Scotland of the most worthy Prince, Edward Duke of Somerset. A Welshman, Nicholas Bodrugan, added his Epitome of the title of the kynges majestie of Englande, which looks back to Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey of Monmouth was a cleric and one of the major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of tales of King Arthur...
to justify English claims and seeks to reassure Scottish fears that the civil law of England was harsher than Scots law. In October 1548, Sir John Mason and other clerks were rewarded £20 for their archival researches into "records of matters of Scotland" for these tracts.
Lord Methven
Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven
Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven was Master of the Scottish Artillery and third husband of Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.-Ancient lineage:...
understood the effect of the English propaganda and raised concern with Mary of Guise in June 1548. The Protestant Fife lairds who had killed David Beaton and held the Regent's son, James Hamilton
James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran
James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran was a Scottish nobleman and soldier who fought against French troops during the Scottish Reformation....
hostage at St Andrews Castle gambled on English assistance. Lord Gray
Patrick Gray, 4th Lord Gray
Patrick Gray, 4th Lord Gray was a Scottish landowner and Sheriff of Angus active during the war of the Rough Wooing as a supporter of the Scottish Reformation.-Family:...
and the Master of Ruthven
Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven
Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven , played an important part in the political intrigues of the 16th century. He succeeded to the lordship in December 1552...
were also happy to deal with the English. Other Scots were induced to sign bonds and take payments from the English and became "assured men". This mostly happened in the war-zones of the border and around English garrisons. A sample bond for assurance was drafted by a Scot Henry Balnaves
Henry Balnaves
Henry Balnaves was a Scottish politician and religious reformer.-Biography:Born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, around 1512, he was educated at the University of St Andrews and on the continent, where he adopted Protestant views. Returning to Scotland, he continued his legal studies and in 1538 was appointed...
at St Andrews Castle in December 1546. After the war ended many Scots were accused of assurance or collaboration as a crime; 192 citizens of Dundee were acquitted in 1553 and the whole town of Dumfries received a pardon. In July 1549 with English losses in France the assurance system ceased. James Henrisoun then asked his English masters;
"Whether it were better to conquer hearts without charges, or burn, and build forts at great charges, which will never conquer Scotland?"
At the end of the war the French celebrated their successful intervention at fêtes like the entry to Rouen. The details of these events were published in illustrated festival books. In England a number of the English commanders had their portraits painted celebrating their martial prowess, including John Luttrell
John Luttrell (soldier)
Sir John Luttrell was an English soldier, diplomat, and courtier under Henry VIII and Edward VI. He served under Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford in Scotland and France...
, James Wilford
James Wilford
Sir James Wilford was an English soldier, and commander of Haddington in Scotland during its occupation in the war of the Rough Wooing....
, Thomas Wyndham
Thomas Wyndham (navigator)
Thomas Wyndham was an English naval officer and navigator.The son of Sir Thomas Wyndham of Felbrigg and Elizabeth Wentworth, he was educated at Louvain University and possibly in Italy....
, and a picture (now lost) was made to commemorate Edward Shelley who was killed at Pinkie. Exploits during the siege of Haddington were later celebrated by the Elizabethan author Ulpian Fulwell
Ulpian Fulwell
Ulpian Fulwell was an English Renaissance theatre playwright, satirist and poet.He became a rector of Naunton in 1570 and became a part of St. Mary Hall, Oxford in 1578....
in 1575.
Primary
- Anonymous, C'est la Deduction du Sumpteaux Spectacles, ... par les citoiens de Rouen, Rouen (1551)
- Anonymous, The late expedition in Scotland under the conduct of the Earl of Hertford, Reynold Wolf, London (1544).
- Beaugué, Jean deJean de BeauguéJean de Beaugué, was a French soldier who served in Scotland in the 1540s during the war of the Rough Wooing. He wrote a memoir of the fighting which, first published in 1556, is still an important source for historians...
, , Histoire de la guerre d'Écosse pendant les campagnes 1548 et 1549, Maitland Club, Edinburgh (1830) - Beaugué, Jean de, trans. by Patrick AbercrombyPatrick AbercrombyPatrick Abercromby , Scottish physician and antiquarian, noted for being physician to King James VII and his fervent opposition to the Act of Union between Scotland and England.-Early life:...
, History of the Campaigns of 1548 and 1549, (1707) - Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots 1547–1603, H.M. General Register House Edinburgh, vol. 1, ed. J. Bain, (1898)
- Calendar of State Papers of Edward VI, 1547–1553, ed. C. S. Knighton, (1992).
- Calendar of State Papers, Foreign series, Edward VI, ed. W. B. Turnbull, Longman (1861)
- Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report and Appendix, Part IV, Duke of Rutland, vol. 1 (1888), p. 33–56.
- Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of King Henry VIII, ed. J. S. Brewer & R. H. Brodie, 1965 reprint.
- Correspondance Politique de Odet de Selve, (1888), French Ambassador in London
- Elder, John, 'A Proposal for uniting Scotland and England' (1827), Bannatyne Miscellany, vol.1, (1827), p. 1–18
- Fullwell, Ulpian, The Flower of Fame, with a discourse of the worthie service that was done at Haddington in Scotlande the second yere of the raigne of King Edward the Sixe, William Hoskins, London (1575)
- Bain, JS., ed., The Hamilton Papers, 2 vols, Edinburgh, (1890–2)
- Haynes, Samuel, ed., A Collection of State Papers, vol. 1, London (1740)
- Henrisoun (Harryson), James, An Exhortation to the Scottes, Richard GraftonRichard GraftonRichard Grafton , was King's Printer under Henry VIII and Edward VI. He was a member of the Grocers' Company and MP for Coventry elected 1562-63.-Under Henry VIII:...
, London (1547) - Patten, William, The Expedition into Scotland of Edward Duke of Somerset, Richard GraftonRichard GraftonRichard Grafton , was King's Printer under Henry VIII and Edward VI. He was a member of the Grocers' Company and MP for Coventry elected 1562-63.-Under Henry VIII:...
, London, (1548) - Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1809)
- Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 2, Edinburgh (1809)
- State Papers of Henry VIII – part iv – Scotland and the Borders, vol. 5, (1836)
- The Complaynt of Scotland, 1549, Early English Text Society, (1872)
- Jordan, WK ed., The Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI, George Allen (1966).
- Lamb, William, ed. Lyall, R. J., Ane Resonyng, AUP (1985) ISBN 0 08 028485 X
Secondary
- Balfour Paul, J., Edinburgh in 1544 and Hertford's Invasion, in Scottish Historical Review, vol. 8, 1911.
- Bonnar, Elizabeth, The recovery of St. Andrews Castle in 1547, French diplomacy in the British Isles, English Historical Review, June 1996, 578–598
- Bush, M. L., The Government Policy of Protector Somerset, 1975.
- Donaldson, G., Scotland: James V to James VII, 1965.
- Ferguson, J., 1547: The Rough Wooing, in Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 258, 1947.
- Hale, John Rigby, 'Tudor Fortifications, 1485-1558', in Renaissance War Studies, Hambledon (1983) pp.63-98
- Head, D. M. Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment, in the Scottish Historical Review, vol. 61, 1981–2.
- Mackie, J. D.J. D. MackieJohn Duncan Mackie CBE MC Hon. LLD was a distinguished Scottish historian who wrote a one-volume history of Scotland as well as several works on early modern Scotland....
, Henry VIII and Scotland, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, fourth series, vol 29, 1947. - Merriman, M.Marcus MerrimanMarcus Merriman was an historian researching Anglo-Scottish relations in the 16th centuryand their European context.-Life:Merriman was born in Baltimore on the 3rd of May 1940. Educated at Bowdoin College Maine, he spent a year at Edinburgh University, then completed his PhD at the Institute of...
, The Assured Scots: Scottish Collaboration with England during the Rough Wooing, in the Scottish Historical Review, vol. 47, 1968. - Merriman, M, 'War and Propaganda during the "Rough Wooing",' International Review of Scottish Studies, Vol 10 (1980)
- Merriman, M. & Summerson, J., The History of King's Works, part 8, vol. 4 part iv, HMS0, (1982)
- Merriman, M., The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551, Tuckwell (2000) ISBN 1 86232 090 X
- Pollard, A. F., The Protector Somerset and Scotland, in the English Historical Review, vol. 13, 1898.
- Ritchie, Pamela E., Mary of Guise in Scotland 1548–1560, Tuckwell (2002) ISBN 1 86232 184 1