Electric vehicle network
Encyclopedia
An electric vehicle network is a proposed infrastructure
system of publicly accessible charging station
s and possibly battery swap stations to recharge electric vehicle
s.
Government, car manufacturers, and charging infrastructure providers have entered into many agreements to create such networks.
owners.
The California, Arizona and Nevada along with their Automobile Clubs are funding the Clean Car Maps to list the available stations for alternative fuel. The database contains 381 charging stations in California (367 operational) in August 2010.
The LEMnet internet database is operated by Park & Charge
. The database does not only provide locations of the Park & Charge
stations but everyone is free to register their stations. As of August 2011 the database lists more than 3100 active charging locations in Europe. This includes some of the 190 locations (March 2011) of the Drehstromnetz initiative which is specialized on privately owned 400 V three-phase charging stations (German "Drehstromnetz" means "three-phase network") and the 200 (May 2010) charging stations of the RWE Mobility infrastructure which also offers 400 V three-phase charging. The LEMnet database does not include all of the 2500 charging stations (March 2010) listed in the ElektroTankstellen internet database operated by the Austrian "Eurosolar" initiative even that there is some overlap in data. All of them offer KMZ map
files and POI collection
files for navigation systems enhanced with information required for electric vehicle owners to find a public charging point in Europe.
In Spain Alargador.org offers an editable map of EV recharge points in which everybody who wants to share his electric outlet can do it easily. All data is downloadable freely to most common GPS navigators and mapping software. Another source is ElectroMaps.com to find a station in Spain.
POD Point http://www.pod-point.com/ is a UK based provider of electric vehicle infrastructure actually publish the live availability http://www.pod-point.com/live-availabilty/ of their charging points online, and in the near future will allow users to book charging points in advance.
, Israel
, Portugal
, Denmark
and the U.S. state of Tennessee
.
Nissan plans to install 200-volt level 2 charging stations at 2,200 Nissan dealers in Japan, and level 3 fast charging stations at 200 dealers.
Tesla Motors
, in March, 2009, announced that they are "working with a government-affiliated partner to set up battery changing stations at various locations" to service their Model S
platform cars.
Australia currently has thirteen electric vehicle charging stations across Sydney
, Melbourne
and Canberra
from Coulomb Technologies
. They opened in 2010 and 2011. One charge point from ECOtality has been installed in the car park at 140 William Street in Melbourne
CBD with Exigency providing project management and metering.
Construction of infrastructure has been proposed by Better Place for the major cities Melbourne
, Sydney
and Brisbane
.
Australia
will become the third country in the world to have an electric car network in a bid to run the country's 15 million cars on batteries powered by green energy under a plan announced in October 2008.
The proposal includes charging spots connected to the energy grid, located in places where cars park — home garages, shopping centres and carparks; "battery switching stations" where drivers swap batteries to get a longer range for long trips.
The project will involve Better Place partnered with AGL Energy, Australia's largest portfolio of privately owned renewable generation and Macquarie, prominent infrastructure investment group. AGL will provide the required energy from wind and other sources to power the electric vehicles and will work with Better Place to optimise the network. Macquarie will provide financial advice to help raise AUD $1 billion for the initial construction of the network.
In May 2011 CO2 Smart has completed a fast recharge network in test city Perth
. Electromotive has provided 11 dual-headed IEC-compatible fast-charge stations at 32A to be used with the CO2 Smart of the test fleet. In the test drive the European connectors have been preferred over the American connectors since Australia (like Europe) does have three-phase power (at 415V) in most home locations. The fast-charge outlets connect with a special 8-pin IEC-compatible round connector integrating single-phase and three-phase power
China's first large electric charging station for electric vehicles—the Tangshan Nanhu EV Charging Station – was put into service on March 31, 2010. Five cities in northern Hebei province - Tangshan, Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao, Langfang and Chengde – want to build three charging stations and 100 charging poles in 2010.
Shandong is the province with most car manufacturers in China. The province planned to start in May 2010 with a charging station for 45 cars. According to China's State Grid Corporation, 75 electric vehicle charging stations are planned in 27 cities across China by the end of 2010. Additionally 6,209 charging posts and some battery replacement stations had been planned for 2010. The State Grid Corporation China announced success in distributing 7,031 charge poles in Hangzhou-Jinhua and wants to add 211 additional charging poles in 2011 along with 173 charging stations.
China is planning on installing 10 million electric vehicle charging stations by 2020. In the 12th Five Year Plan (2011–2015) China wants to deploy 2,351 charge and replacement power stations and 220,000 charge spots. The reason is to get rid of crude oil imports which makes for 54 percent of the oil usage and cars accounted for 40 percent of national oil consumption (2010).
. The AVERE is also the parent organization of CITELEC / Association of European Cities interested in Electric Vehicles and Eurelectric. The European Commission funds the "Green Cars Initiative" since November 2008. In March 2011 the European Commission along with forty two partners from the industries, utilities, electric car manufacturers, municipalities, universities and technology and research institutions have founded the "Green eMotion" initiative funded with €41.8 million under the Seventh Research and Development Framework Programme. The defined goal is to provide an interoperable electromobility framework to align the ongoing regional and national electromobility initiatives. At the same time the partners unveiled the "Transport 2050" plan which includes the aim to half the number of conventionally fuelled cars in cities by 2030 and phase them out by 2050.
Infrastructure is planned by Better Place and has been installed by Coulomb Technologies for Copenhagen. Denmark has enacted policies that create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars to accelerate the transition to electric car
s.
Norway has a tradition in building electric vehicles based on the Think Car. It is popular in Southern Norway (Oslo), Southern Sweden (Gothenburg) and Eastern Denmark (Copenhagen). The concept of the "Move About" project will provide 60 new Think cars in a test including charging stations in 50 towns in the area until 2013. The MoveAbout concept is actually derived from a car sharing system where cars are not offered for purchase but for leasing.
The Estonian government has announced to build an charging station network by the end of 2012 in cooperation with Mitsubishi - the 250 fast charge stations will be installed in big cities and along the country’s main highways.
In France, Électricité de France
(EDF) and Toyota are installing recharging points for PHEVs on roads, streets and parking lot
s.
The Renault-Nissan alliance and the largest French electric utility, Electricite de France
(EDF) have signed an agreement to promote emission-free mobility in France. The move aims at offering all-electric volume vehicles from 2011 — including a countrywide network of battery charging stations. The partner Vinci Autoroutes has announced to rebuild 738 car parks along motorways with at least 5 parking lots for charging electric vehicles - construction will start at the end of 2011 and the full extent will be reached in 2013.
The Environment Ministry of France, led by Jean-Louis Borloo
has announced to promote the installation of 400,000 charging points in France up to 2015. Jean-Louis Borloo has assigned 1.5 billion Euros in 2009 to support research and preparations of a first part of the electric vehicle network with 75,000 charging stations.
Meanwhile the pilot project in Paris has started with the introduction of 100 Z.E. cars. The map of charging stations can be downloaded from the city website ("Bornes de recharge pour véhicules électriques") There are 101 locations with 178 charging points across the town and its suburbs (May 2010). The charging points have either Schuko-like sockets (Type E / 2P+T) or a Marechal plug on spiral cord where both variants are rated at 230 V/16 A (mains).
Schneider Electric
supports test drives in France with its charging stations that include a Type 3 (EV Plug Alliance) connector. In Strasbourg 100 Toyota Prius were tested with 135 recharging spots beginning Q1 2010. In the suburbs of Paris there will be 300 recharging spots to be installed in the Q1 2011. In the "Projet Klébér" the Strasbourg vehicle fleet may use the charging stations of EnBW in Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart and vice versa. In Yvelines
near Paris the fleet test SAVE (Seine Aval Véhicule Électrique) was started in April 2011 - until September 2011 a number of 200 charging stations will be built.
The Renault-Nissan group - including EDF - has enlarged its scope with partnering to the Italian utility Enel
and Spanish utility Endesa
in March 2010. The Italian Enel company had an early agreement with Daimler to run a test with their Smart line of cars. Renault-Nissan offers a broader range by providing 60 all-electric vehicles – the Kangoo Express Z.E. and the Renault Fluence Z.E - to the new pilot project "E-Moving" in Italy. The project will start to install 270 charge points in the in Lombardy region (including the cities of Milan and Brescia) up to June 2010. This "E-Moving" network will contain 150 public charging stations to be put up until the end of 2010. Enel will start the "emobility Italy" program in September 2010 in cooperation with Daimler - this program will put up 400 public and private charging stations The emobility test will run in Rome, Milan and Pisa.
The Monacco government has sketched a plan to run a fleet test in 2011 including 300 charging stations and 3 fast-charge stations.
Germany has four major transmission system operator
s being each largely owned by one of the five largest utility companies (Vattenfall↔50HERTZ, EON↔transpower, RWE↔ampirion, EnBW↔EnBWtransport). They try to set themselves into the position to sell electricity power to electric vehicle owners by becoming also the operators of the upcoming electric vehicle networks. To that avail, they offered partnerships to the German car makers, where they provided charging stations for field tests.
Carmaker Daimler AG and utility RWE AG are running a joint electric car and charging station test project in the German capital, Berlin
, called "E-Mobility Berlin.". The have set up 60 charging stations in Berlin (September 2009) and are in the process of extending the system to include 500 charging stations. Daimler has provided for 100 e-Smart
to the project. The second phase started in November 2010. The RWE subsidiary "RWE Mobility" has created cooperations with the automobilist club ADAC
, car rental service Sixt
and car park provider APCOA to equip all locations with charging stations. since mid of 2009. Renault joined the RWE Mobility program in September 2009 whereby the project goals of erecting charging stations were enlarged to mid of 2011 Renault's partner Nissan has joined the RWE-mobility program on 21. June 2010 announcing that RWE will create a network of 1000 charging stations until the end of the year 2010 focusing on the Berlin and Rhein-Ruhr region. On 28. August a cooperation with fuel retailer PKN Orlen
(owning 2700 gas stations in Poland, Czechia and Germany) was announced - they are starting to equip 30 gas stations in Hamburg with charging points for electric vehicles. The current list of RWE-mobility charging stations contains 500 locations in Germany, 50 locations in the Netherlands, 11 in Poland and Austria plus a few stations in other neighbouring countries - also RWE has switched all of its charging stations to Type 2 sockets.
Carmaker BMW
and utility Vattenfall
run a joint electric car and charging test project called "MINI E" in the German capital, Berlin
. They are in the process of erecting 50 charging stations and the project lends 50 BMW Mini
cars to citizens. The project started in June 2009 and a second phase has been started in December 2009. Up to June 2011 there were 42 public charge points by Vattenfall in Berlin and the company is in the process of building 50 public charge points in Hamburg. While the earliest charging stations were using CEEplus sockets the newer charging stations are built to Type 2 Mode 3 sockets.
Carmaker VW and utility E.ON
run a joint electric car and charging station test project in the German capital, Berlin
and in Wolfsburg
. The "Electric Mobility Fleet Test" ("Flottenversuch Elektromobilität") was started as a research project with mostly partners in German universities using the VW hybrid cars (to be tested in 2010). E.ON has later joined also in the MINI E project providing the infrastructure in Munich which was started in Juli 2009. erecting an initial series of 11 charging stations (May 2010) enlarging it continuously (21 locations in December 2010). The region test in Munich has been extended by BMW i3 and BMW i8
prototypes (project i) as well as Audi e-tron models (project eflott) in 2011. E.ON has announced to provide the eflott project with 200 public charging stations the Munich region.
Carmaker Daimler, the utility EnBW
and the government of Baden-Württemberg
have announced on 18. June 2010 to enlarge the "Landesinitiative Elektromobilität" program with the „e-mobility Baden-Württemberg“ project that includes erecting 700 charging stations in the state until the end of 2011. Additionally there will be 200 electric vehicles added to the test including some electric trucks. The government of Baden-Württemberg has assigned 28.5 million Euros to support EV research up to 2014. Meanwhile EnBW has sponsored 500 E-Bikes in the Elektronauten project in 2010 which can use 13 charging stations in the Stuttgart region. EnBW has claimed to offer 250 charging stations for the Elektronauten 500 project in May 2011 although the map has not been updated. Bosch has developed a new charging station type for EnBW that is capable for 63A - the station was certified on 11. April 2011 by DEKRA and EnBW has announced to install 260 charge stations in the following weeks for MeRegioMobil project in Stuttgart and Karlsruhe.
The German government has announced to support a fleet of 1 million electric cars in Germany by 2020. There are 500 million Euros assigned to the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany)
to support research and pilot projects in Germany. The ministry has created a dedicated coordination office in the "Gemeinsame Geschäftsstelle Elektromobilität der Bundesregierung (GGEMO)" (Joint Agency for Electric Mobility (of the Federal Government)) which was opened in February 2010. The GGEMO has coordinated a partnership program with the German car industry named "Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität
(NPE)" inaugurated on May 3, 2010 in the German Chancellery
.
The NPE partnership is supposed to detail the plans for network evolution. The technical standardization part is mostly concentrated in the Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik
(DKE) of the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies
(VDE) - the Standardization Overview on E-Mobility shows a wide range of efforts from electric grid management to the charging station infrastructure to the car charger electronics. The NPE partnership has published an interim report on November 30, 2010 showing a test fleet of 2800 electric vehicles and 2500 charging stations in 8 test regions.
The German government has announced that it will not install a rebate system for the introduction of electric cars but that it will reshape the legal provisions to quickly create a charging station network in Germany. Bernd Pischetsrieder (formerly Volskwagen) points to studies saying that most of the current buyers of electric cars did already own multiple cars so that a rebate plan would merely come out as a subvention of a consumer class that can afford the expense anyway.
The VDE E-mobility congress on the subject was held in Leipzig on 8./9. November 2010. During the congress a large consumer study was precented that showed some 64 percent want to buy an electric car. The study did also look at the requirements to the charging process - 51 percent of consumers in Germany expect a car to be charged in less than 2 hours, up to 4 hours is acceptable to 60 percent of consumers. 64 percent of consumers expect to charge in their own garage, 21 percent want to frequent a central charging station while casual charging in parking lots of shops and company grounds is expected by a mere 6 and 4 percent respectively. The maximum travel distance shows mixed results - while 53 percent say that 300 km is enough there are also 31 percent who like to travel 450 to 1000 km until required to recharge.
The interim report of the NPE partnership classifies electric vehicles in 3 categories, all-electric city cars, family cars and light trucks with an electric range for city transport. Development is sketched in phases 2010-2013, 2014–2017, 2018–2020 and post-2020 with the government goal to get 1 million electric cars up to 2020 and 6 million electric cars up to 2030 (for comparison there are 44 million cars in Germany in 2010). Batteries are not expected to show great advancements in terms of capacity but the safety will increase and the prices will fall to 250-300 €/kWh in the 2018-2020 time frame. In the post-2020 time frame new battery types are expected - instead of lithium-ion the fourth generation batteries will be introduced to the mobility market including lithium-air
, lithium-sulfur
and zinc-air batteries. As for charging stations a wide network of fast-charging points is considered possible with 22 kW (400 V 32 A) stations to be introduced in 2010-2013 and 44 kW (400 V 63 A) stations to be introduced in 2014-2017. For the time beyond 2020 there is an expectation of charging stations at 60 kW (400 V DC 150 A) allowing to charge the standard 20kWh battery pack to 80% in less than 10 minutes whereas this station type requires integration with smart grid technology and a strict world-wide standard (including SAE procedures). The "early adoptors" of electric vehicles are identified to be from the middle class owning multiple cars as well as owning a garage - the existence of a public network of charging stations is considered to be not (sic!) a prerequisite for market introduction in the first phases. Instead government funds should back the investments in privately owned charging stations for example with faster tax write off and cheap credits from the government KfW
bank.
A preliminary review of the Mercedes / RWE test drive in the smart ed project shows the importance of vehicle-to-grid communications in charging stations as an incentive to charge at night times. While most US households own a garage even for small cars the situation is different in Central Europe where public charging stations are needed.
The charging station network in Switzerland is derived from research in solar cars. In 1992 the government decided to support a charging station network. The network has since extended to neighbouring countries - in 2010 the Park & Charge
network in Switzerland, Germany and Austria did encompass 500 charging locations, additionally there a few charging locations in the Netherlands and Italy.
In 2009-2010 the Irish Government
, and electric utility Electricity Supply Board
(ESB) entered into tripartite agreements with a number of major electric vehicle manufacturers (Renault-Nissan
,
Mitsubishi Motors
,
Toyota
, and
PSA Peugeot Citroën
) to promote the uptake of electric vehicles in Ireland.
The Irish government has instituted a package of measures, including a €5,000 grant (US$7,158) on the purchase of new electric vehicles, exemption from Vehicle Registration Tax
, and Accelerated Capital Allowances to promote electric vehicle purchase.
ESB is providing the charging network, which will be made up of 30 fast-charging (50 kW DC) stations located at intervals on inter-urban national primary routes, 1,500 medium-speed(22 kW AC) public charging points distributed across all towns with population over 1500, and home chargers (3.6 kW 1Φ
, 16A) at no cost to the first 2,000 grant qualifying electric car owners.
The first station of the charger network was commissioned in August 2010.
Amsterdam announced it will set up 200 charging stations by 2012. In the first step the city will put up 100 stations from Coulomb Technologies in cooperation with Dutch utility Nuon
and grid company Alliander. The project "Amsterdam Elektrisch" project includes 100 street-side charging stations plus 100 charging stations at car parks The first one was put up on 6. November 2009, the 100th street-side charging station became operational on 4. March 2011, with also over 100 charging stations at car parks. In April 2011, the City of Amsterdam announced the expansion of the street-side charging network with another 1000 charging stations, to be installed by Essent
and a joint venture of Nuon
and Heijmans
.
The Dutch government created the “Formula E Team,” a working group collaborating with local governments, private companies and research institutes to create national and regional electric vehicle initiatives. The Foundation E-Laad.nl has the ambitious plan to put up 10,000 charging points by 2012. The Dutch government and the regional grid companies help Foundation E-laad.nl to put up a charging station network adding 65 million Euro investment support in the timeframe 2009 to 2011. The point of 500 charging stations (disributed over 125 communities) was reached on 24. June.
According to the roadmap of Formula E-Team the office has been created and the first RFI has started in August 2010; the results will be published in early November for comments and proposals with a definite guide for the infrastructure to be published in March 2011. The integration tests will run in mid of 2011 and the back office system for the networked charging stations to go live in late 2011 along with the "Charge Authority Board" for further development. On 19. July 2010 the Formula E-Team has resolved that charge points in the Netherlands will be equipped with Type 2 Mode 3 sockets, based on a decision by providers from 9. April 2010 that will replace the earlier 5-pin CEE red sockets.
The Netherlands is one of the first European markets for the Nissan Leaf;
Holland is also the first European country to adopt stations for the "level 3" fast-charging supported by the Leaf. Epyon
has unveiled the first charging station at a gasoline station in Leeuwarden, in the northern province of Friesland
.
RWE and the Green Stream Cluster have started in June 2010 to put up a network of 130 charging stations in Warsaw. The Grean Stream Cluster project will run until mid of 2011. The Green Stream Cluster will put up overall 330 charging stations in five cities: Warsaw, Gdansk, Katowice, Kraków and Mielec. Ekoenergetyka-Zachod works on an electric vehicle network in the western cities of Zielona Gora (Grünberg), Sulechow, Pila (Schneidemühl) und Sieradz.
Renault-Nissan have signed a contract with MOBIE.Tech that was started back in 2008. There shall be 1300 new charging stations and 50 fastcharge stations within the 2011 timeframe.
The government wants to enlarge to renewable energy sector up to 60% and usage of electric vehicles is considered an important strategy to cut dependency on imports. The MOBI.E network has installed 100 charging stations and it is deploying 1300 charging stations as well as 50 fast-charge stations in 25 cities up to June 2011. The MOBI.E stations work with magnetic stripe card and bills are sent to the cell phone - the government hopes to export the concept to other countries.
The Alargador.org map has 190 (August 2010) contributors of charging stations in Spain and Portugal (May 2010). They are mainly hotels, camping sites, restaurants, commercial centers, foundations, associations, EV dealers and private individuals with most systems operated manually.
In Madrid
, Spain
, a trial project will convert 30 former telephone boxes
into charging points for electric car
s. They are considered suitable, since telephone boxes
are generally located at the roadside and are already connected to the electricity supply network. They would form part of a planned network of 546 charging points in Madrid, Barcelona
and Seville
, subsidised by the Spanish Government. The charging grid is created for the MOVELE pilot project of the Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy (Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía, IDAE) that is also providing for 2,000 electric vehicles to the field test. The Spanish government has committed itself to have 1 million electric vehicles (fully electric and hybrid cars) in Spain by 2014.
The Chairman of Endesa
, Borja Prado
, together with the mayor of Madrid, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, and the Chairman of Telefónica
, César Alierta, have the phone booth in Madrid which can also be used for recharging electric vehicles. Reserved parking spaces will be located next to this and all other booths set up in Metropolitan areas where users will be able to park their EVs and recharge at no cost once they have obtained their free "zero emissions" pre-paid card from the Madrid city council.
The Live Barcelona map (sponsored by the Barcelona city council, the Energy state department of Catalonia, utility Endesa, car maker Seat) lists 138 charging spots in Barcelona with 55 of them functional (February 2011).
Électricité de France is partnering with Elektromotive
, Ltd. to install 250 new charging points over six months from October 2007 in London and elsewhere in the UK.
The Renault-Nissan Alliance and UK company Elektromotive, a provider of electric vehicle recharging stations, are collaborating in the Partnership for Zero-Emission-Mobility, with the aim of accelerating the installation of charging networks for plug-in vehicles
in cities. The Alliance and Elektromotive have signed a Memorandum of Understanding
.
A fleet of electric cars and charge points will be rolled out across Coventry
(England
) as part of a multi-million pound pilot project.
The Department for Transport (DfT) announced in April 2009 that £230 million would be allocated to incentivise the market uptake of EVs in the UK. The scheme will become operational in 2011 and each EV purchaser could receive a rebate of between £2,000 -£5,000. Electric vehicles are exempt from purchase and annual vehicle tax. From April 2010, purchasers of an average new car (Band G) will pay a one off £155 showroom tax and an annual vehicle tax of £155.EVs are tax free.
On the 25 February 2010, London, the North East region and Milton Keynes were selected to be the lead places for electric vehicle infrastructure. In total, their plans will result in over 2,500 charge points in the first year and over 11,000 in the next three years, at a variety of publicly accessible car parks, transport hubs and workplaces.
The London mayor called for an E-revolution in March 2009 and he presented the "Electric Delivery Plan for London" in May 2009. The plan projects 25,000 charging points London by 2015 including 500 on-street, 2000 off-street in car-parks and 22,000 privately owned locations. London itself will buy 1000 electric vehicles up to 2015. Owners of the an electric car will not need to pay the Congestion Charge for the city of London being worth up to £1,700 a year. At that point (May 2009) London already had 100 charge points in public places which will be increased to 250 by 2012. Beginning 2011 20% of new lots in car parks must have access to a charging outlet. Additionally, the parking in the Westminster boroughs will be free for electric vehicles saving the user up to £6,000 a year and a flat rate of £200 electricity cost is charged for the usage of public outlets in Westminster.
As of February 2011 the "Source London" project has contracted Siemens to build a network of public charging stations in London. At least 1,300 charging points will be installed by the end of 2013 in public locations and streets across the Capital. Transport for London (TfL) has also finalised a contract that will see Siemens manage the operation of the network and registration of drivers. The deal between TfL and Siemens will see Siemens run the Source London back office to March 2014 at no cost.
In July 2011 a charity called Zero Carbon World announced their Charge Points Everywhere network, their aim is to help business's install free to use charge points on their business's with the implicit understanding the person using the charge point will use the services of that business. The connections themselves are standard 32 and 13amp connectors and the inclusion of the 32amp connector means that car with powerful chargers such as Tesla
can charge much faster than with the 13a connectors on the majority of chargers
Better Place is building its first electric vehicle network in Israel
in conjunction with French car-maker, Renault
. Better Place will conduct its first market tests in Israel
, Denmark
and Hawaii
as their small size also makes them suitable as test markets. The company opened its first functional charging station in Israel
the first week of December 2008 at Cinema City in Pi-Glilot, and additional stations in Tel Aviv
, Haifa
, Kfar Sava, Holon, and Jerusalem are being planned and installed.
Israel has enacted policies that create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars, to accelerate the transition to electric car
s.
In March 2011 Betterplace presented the detailed plan on network construction including 40 battery swap stations and 400 charging station location agreements across Israel. 200 locations are under construction to be finalized at the end of 2011.
for Singapore
Infrastructure has been installed by Coulomb Technologies in Arizona
; California
- San Francisco, San Jose
, Walnut Creek
, and Sonoma
; Colorado
; Washington, D.C.
; Florida
; Chicago
, Illinois
; Massachusetts
; Detroit, Michigan
; Minneapolis, Minnesota
; New York
; Cary
, North Carolina
; Ohio
; Portland
, Oregon
; Nashville, Tennessee
; Texas
; Seattle, Washington; Wisconsin
.
Gilbarco Veeder-Root
are partnering with Coulomb to advance public charging facilities. Gilbarco exhibited Coulomb Technologies' Smartlet Charging Station at the National Association of Convenience Stores
(NACS) show in October 2008.
At the end of 2008, Coulomb Technologies planned to roll out five curbside charging stations in downtown
San Jose
that drivers can access through a prepaid plan. The company was working with entities in Las Vegas Nevada, New York and Florida to do something similar there. Coulomb Technologies has announced to provide 1000 free public charging stations until December 2010. They also plan to expand its ChargePoint network to 4600 free home and public level-2 charging stations until October 2011 in nine regions: Austin, Texas; Detroit, Michigan; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Orlando, Florida; Sacramento, California; the San Jose/San Francisco Bay Area, California; Redmond, Washington; and Washington DC. The $37 million ChargePoint America program is made possible by a $15M grant funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act through the Transportation Electrification Initiative administered by the Department of Energy. So far 149 stations are operational according to the ChargePoint map, 51 stations are in California. New York joins the ChargePoint network building more than 100 charging stations in public places until October 2011.
Infrastructure is planned by Better Place for Hawaii
, Oregon
, and California
- the San Francisco Bay area, Sacramento
, San Jose
, Los Angeles
, San Diego, and the highway and freeway corridors between them.
Other companies that are building charging stations throughout the U.S are ECOtality and SolarCity
In the first phase 11 cities are participating in the initial phase of the "EV Project" of ECOtality: Phoenix
(AZ), Tucson (AZ), San Diego (CA), Portland
(OR), Eugene
(OR), Salem
(OR), Corvallis
(OR), Seattle (WA), Nashville (TN), Knoxville (TN) and Chattanooga (TN). The contract for the "EV Project" was signed on October 1, 2009 with the US Department of Energy and it includes 8,300 Level 2 chargers installed in owner’s homes; 6,350 Level 2 chargers installed in commercial and public locations; and 310 Level 3 DC fast-chargers. The EV project will run for 36 months. The public charging stations will be put up beginning in summer 2010. Texas has joined the EV Project in July 2010. San Diego will take a share of 1,500 public charging stations and 1,000 home base charging points.
Portland General Electric
installs 12 electric vehicle
charging stations in Portland
and Salem, Oregon
till September 2008 and it has installed 20 charging stations by 2010 as part of a demonstration project to develop the transportation infrastructure needed to support electric vehicles and plug-in cars.
Drivers can now plug in at two park-and-ride lots in King County, which includes Seattle. The county plans to add sockets at three garages under construction. There are about 30 reliable sites in the Seattle area to plug in. Most are free, others charge the same as parking a gas-powered car -- $7 an hour.
In recent months, the cities of Edmonds
and Lacey
invited drivers to plug in their electric vehicles at free public stations.
In Virginia, with the participation of the Town of Wytheville, and several businesses, Plugless Power
inductive charging
stations began field testing in March 2010.
South Carolina has unveiled its "Plug in Carolina" program including 100 public charging stations in December 2010
In San Antonio, TX, a downtown church (Travis Park United Methodist Church) made Level 1 charging available in its parking lot in 2009.
The DBEDT ministry of Hawaii had a state rebate program "EV Ready Grant" that was funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act - the program was offering $4500 for a full-speed commercially available electric vehicle and $500 for electric vehicle chargers. The "EV Ready Grant" program is followed by the "EV Ready Rebate" program offering 20% of the purchase price with a maximum of $4500 for a full-speed commercially available electric vehicle and 30% of the purchase prices with a maximum of $500 for electric vehicle chargers. Charging equipment is expected follow the standards including SAE J1772. The designated Transportation Working Group expects 200 charging stations to be available in 2010
In California the car maker Tesla has put up 18 public charging stations. Within the SF Bay Area Activities & Coalition has identified 109 locations to put up public charging stations beginning 2009 based on funding by ARRA. The last California ZEV Program Review symposium was held on 23. September 2009, the next one is scheduled for late summer 2010. In the past there had been a charging station network to support the General Motors EV1
that had installed 500 public charging station.
The U.S. Department of Energy offers a list of locations of the available alternative fuel infrastructure. The historic trend summary (1992–2010) shows a total of 541 electric charging locations by 2010 which is still lower than the peak count of 873 charging locations in 2002.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function...
system of publicly accessible charging station
Charging station
An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric recharging point, charging point and EVSE , is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles) or semi-static and mobile...
s and possibly battery swap stations to recharge electric vehicle
Electric vehicle
An electric vehicle , also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion...
s.
Government, car manufacturers, and charging infrastructure providers have entered into many agreements to create such networks.
Maps
The EV Charger Maps website is a volunteer run effort coordinated by EV Charger News that catalogs EV charging station information across the U.S. It contains information targeted for real-world use by electric vehicleElectric vehicle
An electric vehicle , also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion...
owners.
The California, Arizona and Nevada along with their Automobile Clubs are funding the Clean Car Maps to list the available stations for alternative fuel. The database contains 381 charging stations in California (367 operational) in August 2010.
The LEMnet internet database is operated by Park & Charge
Park & Charge
Park & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
. The database does not only provide locations of the Park & Charge
Park & Charge
Park & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
stations but everyone is free to register their stations. As of August 2011 the database lists more than 3100 active charging locations in Europe. This includes some of the 190 locations (March 2011) of the Drehstromnetz initiative which is specialized on privately owned 400 V three-phase charging stations (German "Drehstromnetz" means "three-phase network") and the 200 (May 2010) charging stations of the RWE Mobility infrastructure which also offers 400 V three-phase charging. The LEMnet database does not include all of the 2500 charging stations (March 2010) listed in the ElektroTankstellen internet database operated by the Austrian "Eurosolar" initiative even that there is some overlap in data. All of them offer KMZ map
Keyhole Markup Language
Keyhole Markup Language is an XML notation for expressing geographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based, two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. KML was developed for use with Google Earth, which was originally named Keyhole Earth Viewer. It was created by...
files and POI collection
Point of interest
A point of interest, or POI, is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. An example is a point on the Earth representing the location of the Space Needle, or a point on Mars representing the location of the mountain, Olympus Mons.The term is widely used in...
files for navigation systems enhanced with information required for electric vehicle owners to find a public charging point in Europe.
In Spain Alargador.org offers an editable map of EV recharge points in which everybody who wants to share his electric outlet can do it easily. All data is downloadable freely to most common GPS navigators and mapping software. Another source is ElectroMaps.com to find a station in Spain.
POD Point http://www.pod-point.com/ is a UK based provider of electric vehicle infrastructure actually publish the live availability http://www.pod-point.com/live-availabilty/ of their charging points online, and in the near future will allow users to book charging points in advance.
Infrastructure providers
- ElektromotiveElektromotiveElektromotive is a UK based company specialising in the manufacture and installation of charging infrastructure for electric cars and other electric vehicles, using their trade name of Elektrobay...
Elektromotive is a UK based company specialising in the manufacture and installation of charging infrastructure for electric cars and other electric vehicles, using their trade name of Elektrobay. The company has partnerships with major corporations including EDF Energy and Mercedes-Benz to supply charging posts and data services.
- Coulomb TechnologiesCoulomb TechnologiesCoulomb Technologies is an electric vehicle infrastructure company, based in Campbell, California. Coulomb Technologies was founded in 2007 by Richard Lowenthal and Praveen Mandal....
´ ChargePoint Network includes public charging stations, a consumer subscription plan and utility grid management technology to help electric utilityElectric utilityAn electric utility is a company that engages in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity for sale generally in a regulated market. The electrical utility industry is a major provider of energy in most countries. It is indispensable to factories, commercial establishments,...
companies to smooth electrical demands on the grid. Coulomb Technologies is developing their commercial ChargePoint network in the U.S., Norway, the Netherlands and Germany. The ChargePoint network does not include battery swap stations as of 2009.
- Better Place was started by Shai AgassiShai AgassiShai Agassi is an Israeli entrepreneur. He is the founder and CEO of Better Place, which has developed a model and infrastructure for employing electric cars as an alternative to fossil fuel technology. Agassi was President of the Products and Technology Group at SAP AG...
on October 29, 2007, focusing on building massive scale Electric Recharge Grids as infrastructure to support the deployment of electric vehicles (including plug-in hybrids). The company has said it is in talks with more than 25 countries around the world. Better Place calls themselves the first Electric Recharge Grid Operator (ERGO) and is developing commercial electric vehicle networks in Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Israel, Japan, the U.K., and the U.S. Better Place plans to include battery switching, or swapping, stations in their network which will allow drivers to quickly exchange an electric vehicle's discharged battery pack for a fully charged pack. In Better Place's business model, the battery pack is owned by the network operator who then bills the electric vehicle owner for use of the battery based on distance traveled.
- Park & ChargePark & ChargePark & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
is a European Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. Park & ChargePark & ChargePark & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
was founded in 1992 by members of the electric car club in Switzerland (ECS). Today there is a Park & ChargePark & ChargePark & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
at nearly 500 locations in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Holland and Italy, offering a safe and easy way for drivers of electric vehicles to charge their vehicle batteries. The locations of the charging stations in Europe will be published in LEMnet internet database which is operated by Park & ChargePark & ChargePark & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
.
- Advanced EnergyAdvanced EnergyAdvanced Energy is an American company that develops power and control technologies for the manufacture of semiconductors, flat panel displays, data storage products, solar cells and architectural glass.-General:...
, in partnership with Rocky Mountain InstituteRocky Mountain InstituteRocky Mountain Institute is an organization in the United States dedicated to research, publication, consulting, and lecturing in the general field of sustainability, with a special focus on profitable innovations for energy and resource efficiency. RMI was established in 1982 and has grown into a...
has announced a Request for InformationRequest for InformationA request for information is a standard business process whose purpose is to collect written information about the capabilities of various suppliers. Normally it follows a format that can be used for comparative purposes....
(RFI) for EVSE specific to charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles (EV).
- EV-Charge America of Las Vegas has developed the first networked charging stations capable of charging up to 4 vehicles simultaneously. They have sold charging stations worldwide and are working to provide the most advanced grid management software tools in the industry for utility companies and vehicle communications.
- CIRCONTROL is a European manufacturer of recharging stations for electric vehicles with one of the most advanced and complete range of products with a real production nowadays (2011)so it is supplying to municipalities and parkings with actually more than 2000 charging points installed and working in countries suchs as Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, Ireland, Italy, Poland.
- POD Point http://www.pod-point.com/ is a UK based provider of charging point infrastructure. They provide next generation electric vehicle charging with each POD Point able to charge two vehicles simultaneously and are compatible with all electric vehicles which can charge at the standard domestic rate. Pod Points are all linked to the network which allows integrated flexible billing, detailed usage analysis and remote management. They also provide a live availability http://www.pod-point.com/live-availabilty/ of their charging stations to update users as to the vacant charging bays. The company has also expanded into Europe with a number of charging stations being installed in Ireland.
- Car Charging GroupCar Charging GroupCar Charging Group is an American publicly traded company listed on the OTC Bulletin Board and headquartered in Miami Beach, Florida that installs and manages electric vehicle charging stations.-Company:...
is a Miami Beach based infrastructure provider that has installed a number of stations in Florida, specifically Dania Beach, Aventura, Pompano Beach and Delray Beach.
- School Charging is a New York City based not-for-profit founded by Ken FieldsKen Fields-Early Life And Education:Fields was born and raised in New York City where he attended the prestigious Collegiate School on Manhattans upper west side, later transferring to The Indian Mountain School and The Salisbury School, both boarding schools in Lakeville CT...
that raises funds to install charging stations at schools, with no cost to the school. The organization is open for any school to participate.
- Next Green Car's Zap-Map http://www.nextgreencar.com/electric-cars/charging-points.php is the most comprehensive map showing electric vehicle charging points of all types across the UK.
- Greenlots develops and markets a robust, network-enabled charging system with the flexibility to cater to different socket types, various modes of charging as well as branding customisation. They supply network operators with the hardware, software and support to enable them to install, own and operate their own local network of charging devices. http://www.evbatteryforum.com/greenlots-charging-stations-in-hong-kong/ The platform was developed, manufactured and tested in Singapore, and the solution is now rolled out internationally throughout Asiahttp://www.greenlots.com/category/press-releases , as well as Europe and North America.
Automobile manufacturers
The Renault-Nissan alliance has made agreements to promote emission-free mobility in FranceFrance
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
and the U.S. state of Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
.
Nissan plans to install 200-volt level 2 charging stations at 2,200 Nissan dealers in Japan, and level 3 fast charging stations at 200 dealers.
Tesla Motors
Tesla Motors
Tesla Motors, Inc. is a Silicon Valley-based company that designs, manufactures and sells electric cars and electric vehicle powertrain components. It was the only automaker building and selling a zero-emission sports car, the Tesla Roadster, in serial production...
, in March, 2009, announced that they are "working with a government-affiliated partner to set up battery changing stations at various locations" to service their Model S
Tesla Model S
The Tesla Model S is a full-sized battery electric sedan developed by Tesla Motors. It is an electric car that was initially codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development. Model S was announced in a press release on June 30, 2008...
platform cars.
Australia
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Adelaide | ChargePoint | 16 | AS 3112 AS 3112 AS 3112 is an Australian standard for mains power plug. It is also known as a Type I plug.-Description:The plug matching the pictured socket, used in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Tokelau, has an earthing pin and two flat pins forming an inverted V-shape... (230 V, 15 A) |
SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
2010 | 1 additional non-public demo station | ||
| 1 Functional | Perth | CO2 Smart | 12 (23 outlets) | IEC 62196 IEC 62196 IEC 62196 is an international standard for set of electrical connectors and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission .... -compatible 32 A (8-pin) |
2010 | 2011 | Dual head stations. | ||
| 1 Functional | Melbourne | ECOtality+Exigency | 1 | AS 3112 AS 3112 AS 3112 is an Australian standard for mains power plug. It is also known as a Type I plug.-Description:The plug matching the pictured socket, used in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Tokelau, has an earthing pin and two flat pins forming an inverted V-shape... (230 V, 15 A) |
SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
2010 | 140 William St car park | ||
| 4 Proposed | Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane | BetterPlace | 200,000 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
2012 | 2008 | plus 150 switch-stations | ||
Australia currently has thirteen electric vehicle charging stations across Sydney
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
, Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
and Canberra
Canberra
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of over 345,000, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory , south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Melbourne...
from Coulomb Technologies
Coulomb Technologies
Coulomb Technologies is an electric vehicle infrastructure company, based in Campbell, California. Coulomb Technologies was founded in 2007 by Richard Lowenthal and Praveen Mandal....
. They opened in 2010 and 2011. One charge point from ECOtality has been installed in the car park at 140 William Street in Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
CBD with Exigency providing project management and metering.
Construction of infrastructure has been proposed by Better Place for the major cities Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
, Sydney
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
and Brisbane
Brisbane
Brisbane is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of over 2 million, and the South East Queensland urban conurbation, centred around Brisbane, encompasses a population of...
.
Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
will become the third country in the world to have an electric car network in a bid to run the country's 15 million cars on batteries powered by green energy under a plan announced in October 2008.
The proposal includes charging spots connected to the energy grid, located in places where cars park — home garages, shopping centres and carparks; "battery switching stations" where drivers swap batteries to get a longer range for long trips.
The project will involve Better Place partnered with AGL Energy, Australia's largest portfolio of privately owned renewable generation and Macquarie, prominent infrastructure investment group. AGL will provide the required energy from wind and other sources to power the electric vehicles and will work with Better Place to optimise the network. Macquarie will provide financial advice to help raise AUD $1 billion for the initial construction of the network.
In May 2011 CO2 Smart has completed a fast recharge network in test city Perth
Perth, Western Australia
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia and the fourth most populous city in Australia. The Perth metropolitan area has an estimated population of almost 1,700,000....
. Electromotive has provided 11 dual-headed IEC-compatible fast-charge stations at 32A to be used with the CO2 Smart of the test fleet. In the test drive the European connectors have been preferred over the American connectors since Australia (like Europe) does have three-phase power (at 415V) in most home locations. The fast-charge outlets connect with a special 8-pin IEC-compatible round connector integrating single-phase and three-phase power
China
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Beijing outskirts | North China Grid | 100 | (240 V) | 2010 | plus 3 stations | ||
| 2 Under Construction | 27 cities | State Grid Corp | 75 stations | 2010 | dozens of outlets per station | |||
| 2 Under Construction | Zhejiang Zhejiang Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital... |
State Grid Corp | 7,200 | 173 stations | 2011 | dozens of outlets per station | ||
| 3 Planned | State Grid Corp | 6,209 | 2010 | plus some battery swap stations | ||||
| 4 Proposed | State Grid Corp | 220,000 | 2351 stations | 2015 |
China's first large electric charging station for electric vehicles—the Tangshan Nanhu EV Charging Station – was put into service on March 31, 2010. Five cities in northern Hebei province - Tangshan, Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao, Langfang and Chengde – want to build three charging stations and 100 charging poles in 2010.
Shandong is the province with most car manufacturers in China. The province planned to start in May 2010 with a charging station for 45 cars. According to China's State Grid Corporation, 75 electric vehicle charging stations are planned in 27 cities across China by the end of 2010. Additionally 6,209 charging posts and some battery replacement stations had been planned for 2010. The State Grid Corporation China announced success in distributing 7,031 charge poles in Hangzhou-Jinhua and wants to add 211 additional charging poles in 2011 along with 173 charging stations.
China is planning on installing 10 million electric vehicle charging stations by 2020. In the 12th Five Year Plan (2011–2015) China wants to deploy 2,351 charge and replacement power stations and 220,000 charge spots. The reason is to get rid of crude oil imports which makes for 54 percent of the oil usage and cars accounted for 40 percent of national oil consumption (2010).
Europe
The AVERE / European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles was founded already in 1978 and it is a member of the World Electric Vehicle AssociationWorld Electric Vehicle Association
The World Electric Vehicle Association is an organization that promotes electric vehicles.It is based in Palo Alto, California.The chairman is Hisashi Ishitani.- Member associations :It is composed by :...
. The AVERE is also the parent organization of CITELEC / Association of European Cities interested in Electric Vehicles and Eurelectric. The European Commission funds the "Green Cars Initiative" since November 2008. In March 2011 the European Commission along with forty two partners from the industries, utilities, electric car manufacturers, municipalities, universities and technology and research institutions have founded the "Green eMotion" initiative funded with €41.8 million under the Seventh Research and Development Framework Programme. The defined goal is to provide an interoperable electromobility framework to align the ongoing regional and national electromobility initiatives. At the same time the partners unveiled the "Transport 2050" plan which includes the aim to half the number of conventionally fuelled cars in cities by 2030 and phase them out by 2050.
Denmark / Norway
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Planned | Oslo, Copenhangen | Move About | 50+ | 2013 | Think | |||
| 4 Proposed | Copenhagen | BetterPlace | ? | 2012 |
Infrastructure is planned by Better Place and has been installed by Coulomb Technologies for Copenhagen. Denmark has enacted policies that create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars to accelerate the transition to electric car
Electric car
An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass...
s.
Norway has a tradition in building electric vehicles based on the Think Car. It is popular in Southern Norway (Oslo), Southern Sweden (Gothenburg) and Eastern Denmark (Copenhagen). The concept of the "Move About" project will provide 60 new Think cars in a test including charging stations in 50 towns in the area until 2013. The MoveAbout concept is actually derived from a car sharing system where cars are not offered for purchase but for leasing.
Estonia
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Planned | Estonia | 250 | (all stations) | 2012 | coop Mitsubishi |
The Estonian government has announced to build an charging station network by the end of 2012 in cooperation with Mitsubishi - the 250 fast charge stations will be installed in big cities and along the country’s main highways.
France / Italy
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Paris | Paris | 101 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | (Marechal) | 2010 | free of charge | |
| 1 Functional | Strasbourg | 135 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 3 Mode 3 | 2010 | Toyota Prius test drive | ||
| 1 Functional | Pisa | Enel | 35 | Type 2 / Type 3 | 2010 | 2011 | Enel Drive, coop. Daimler or Renault-Nissan | |
| 1 Functional | Rome | Enel | 35 | Type 2 / Type 3 | 2010 | 2011 | Enel Drive, coop. Daimler or Renault-Nissan | |
| 1 Functional | Milan, Bologna | Enel | 4 | Type 2 / Type 3 | 2010 | 2011 | Enel Drive, coop. Daimler or Renault-Nissan | |
| 2 Under Construction | Ile de France | 300 | Type 3 Mode 3 | 2011 | Renault-Nissan test drive | |||
| 2 Under Construction | Western France | Vinci Autoroutes | 738 | ? | ? | 2012 | coop. Renault | |
| 2 Under Construction | Lombardy | Enel | 150 | ? | ? | 2011 | coop. EDF, Endesa, Renault-Nissan (plus 120 private stations) | |
| 2 Under Construction | Rome, Milan, Pisa | Enel | 400* | Type 2 Mode 3 | 2011 | E-Mobility Italy, coop. Daimler | ||
| 3 Planned | Monacco | 300 | 3x | 2011 | ||||
| 4 Proposed | France | EDF Électricité de France Électricité de France S.A. is the second largest French utility company. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120,000+ megawatts of generation capacity in Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.EDF is one of... |
400,000 | ? | 2015 | 2010 |
In France, Électricité de France
Électricité de France
Électricité de France S.A. is the second largest French utility company. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120,000+ megawatts of generation capacity in Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.EDF is one of...
(EDF) and Toyota are installing recharging points for PHEVs on roads, streets and parking lot
Parking lot
A parking lot , also known as car lot, is a cleared area that is intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface....
s.
The Renault-Nissan alliance and the largest French electric utility, Electricite de France
Électricité de France
Électricité de France S.A. is the second largest French utility company. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120,000+ megawatts of generation capacity in Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.EDF is one of...
(EDF) have signed an agreement to promote emission-free mobility in France. The move aims at offering all-electric volume vehicles from 2011 — including a countrywide network of battery charging stations. The partner Vinci Autoroutes has announced to rebuild 738 car parks along motorways with at least 5 parking lots for charging electric vehicles - construction will start at the end of 2011 and the full extent will be reached in 2013.
The Environment Ministry of France, led by Jean-Louis Borloo
Jean-Louis Borloo
Jean-Louis Borloo is a French politician, and was the French Minister for Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Town and Country Planning between 2007 and 2010.-Professional résumé:Education...
has announced to promote the installation of 400,000 charging points in France up to 2015. Jean-Louis Borloo has assigned 1.5 billion Euros in 2009 to support research and preparations of a first part of the electric vehicle network with 75,000 charging stations.
Meanwhile the pilot project in Paris has started with the introduction of 100 Z.E. cars. The map of charging stations can be downloaded from the city website ("Bornes de recharge pour véhicules électriques") There are 101 locations with 178 charging points across the town and its suburbs (May 2010). The charging points have either Schuko-like sockets (Type E / 2P+T) or a Marechal plug on spiral cord where both variants are rated at 230 V/16 A (mains).
Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric is a French global company. It was founded in 1836 by two brothers, Eugène and Adolphe Schneider.In the first part of the 20th century, Schneider et Cie associated itself with Westinghouse Systems, a major international electrical group at the time. The group began manufacturing...
supports test drives in France with its charging stations that include a Type 3 (EV Plug Alliance) connector. In Strasbourg 100 Toyota Prius were tested with 135 recharging spots beginning Q1 2010. In the suburbs of Paris there will be 300 recharging spots to be installed in the Q1 2011. In the "Projet Klébér" the Strasbourg vehicle fleet may use the charging stations of EnBW in Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart and vice versa. In Yvelines
Yvelines
Yvelines is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.-History:Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application from 26 February 1965.It gained the...
near Paris the fleet test SAVE (Seine Aval Véhicule Électrique) was started in April 2011 - until September 2011 a number of 200 charging stations will be built.
The Renault-Nissan group - including EDF - has enlarged its scope with partnering to the Italian utility Enel
Enel
Enel may refer to:*Enel SpA, an Italian electricity company*Enel , a fictional villain in the One Piece manga and anime series*Enel, meaning third in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, cf. Awakening of the Elves...
and Spanish utility Endesa
Endesa (Spain)
Endesa, S.A. is the largest electric utility company in Spain. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power...
in March 2010. The Italian Enel company had an early agreement with Daimler to run a test with their Smart line of cars. Renault-Nissan offers a broader range by providing 60 all-electric vehicles – the Kangoo Express Z.E. and the Renault Fluence Z.E - to the new pilot project "E-Moving" in Italy. The project will start to install 270 charge points in the in Lombardy region (including the cities of Milan and Brescia) up to June 2010. This "E-Moving" network will contain 150 public charging stations to be put up until the end of 2010. Enel will start the "emobility Italy" program in September 2010 in cooperation with Daimler - this program will put up 400 public and private charging stations The emobility test will run in Rome, Milan and Pisa.
The Monacco government has sketched a plan to run a fleet test in 2011 including 300 charging stations and 3 fast-charge stations.
Germany
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Germany | Park & Charge | 115 | CEE blue (230 V, 16 A) | 1998 | 2011 | ||
| 1 Functional | Germany | Drehstromnetz | 190 | CEE blue (230 V, 16 A) | CEE red (400 V, 32 A) | 2006 | 2011 | Drehstromnetz |
| 1 Functional | Berlin | Vattenfall | 42 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2009 | 2011 | MINI E |
| 1 Functional | Berlin | RWE | 77 (154) | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2009 | 2010 | E-Mobility |
| 1 Functional | Rhein-Ruhr | RWE | 165 (330) | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2010 | 2011 | E-Mobility |
| 1 Functional | Koeln-Bonn | RWE | 57 (114) | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2010 | 2011 | E-Mobility |
| 1 Functional | Rhein-Main | RWE | 34 (68) | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2010 | 2011 | E-Mobility |
| 1 Functional | Hamburg | RWE / Orlen | 28 (56) | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2010 | 2011 | E-Mobility |
| 1 Functional | (other) | RWE | 98 (196) | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2010 | 2011 | E-Mobility |
| 1 Functional | Munich | E.ON | 21 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 (was CEEplus) | 2009 | 2010 | eflott (Audi e-tron), BMW MINI E |
| 1 Functional | Stuttgart | EnBW | 13 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | - | 2010 | Elektronauten 500 | |
| 2 Under Construction | Stuttgart/Karlsruhe | EnBW | 260 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V 63 A) | 2011 | MeRegioMobil | |
| 2 Under Construction | Munich | E.ON | 200 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 | 2011 | eflott (Audi e-tron), BMW MINI E | |
| 2 Under Construction | Hamburg | Vattenfall | 50 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2011 | Green eMobility | |
| 2 Under Construction | Berlin | RWE | 500 | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2011 | E-Mobility | ||
| 2 Under Construction | Rhein-Ruhr | RWE | 400 | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2011 | E-Mobility coop. Renault-Nissan | ||
| 3 Planned | Baden-Württemberg | EnBW | 700 | 2012 | Landesinitiative Elektromobilität |
Germany has four major transmission system operator
Transmission system operator
File:Electricity grid simple- North America.svg|thumb|380px|right|Simplified diagram of AC electricity distribution from generation stations to consumersrect 2 243 235 438 Power stationrect 276 317 412 556 Transformer...
s being each largely owned by one of the five largest utility companies (Vattenfall↔50HERTZ, EON↔transpower, RWE↔ampirion, EnBW↔EnBWtransport). They try to set themselves into the position to sell electricity power to electric vehicle owners by becoming also the operators of the upcoming electric vehicle networks. To that avail, they offered partnerships to the German car makers, where they provided charging stations for field tests.
Carmaker Daimler AG and utility RWE AG are running a joint electric car and charging station test project in the German capital, Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
, called "E-Mobility Berlin.". The have set up 60 charging stations in Berlin (September 2009) and are in the process of extending the system to include 500 charging stations. Daimler has provided for 100 e-Smart
Smart (automobile)
Smart is an automotive branch of Daimler AG. Smart is a German manufacturer of microcars produced in Hambach, France, and Böblingen, Germany...
to the project. The second phase started in November 2010. The RWE subsidiary "RWE Mobility" has created cooperations with the automobilist club ADAC
ADAC
The ADAC is Germany's and Europe's largest automobile club, with more than 17 million members in June 2010. It was founded on May 24, 1903 as "Deutsche Motorradfahrer-Vereinigung" and was renamed in 1911...
, car rental service Sixt
Sixt
Sixt is a European car rental company. It has around 3,500 service stations in over 80 countries. Sixt was founded in 1912 by Martin Sixt in Munich.-Company facts:*Revenue : €1.44 billion*EBIT: €153.3 million*EBT: €121.647 million*Employees: 2,015...
and car park provider APCOA to equip all locations with charging stations. since mid of 2009. Renault joined the RWE Mobility program in September 2009 whereby the project goals of erecting charging stations were enlarged to mid of 2011 Renault's partner Nissan has joined the RWE-mobility program on 21. June 2010 announcing that RWE will create a network of 1000 charging stations until the end of the year 2010 focusing on the Berlin and Rhein-Ruhr region. On 28. August a cooperation with fuel retailer PKN Orlen
PKN Orlen
PKN Orlen is a major European oil refiner, and petrol retailer. The company is Poland's and Central Europe's largest publicly traded firm with major operations in Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, and the Baltic States...
(owning 2700 gas stations in Poland, Czechia and Germany) was announced - they are starting to equip 30 gas stations in Hamburg with charging points for electric vehicles. The current list of RWE-mobility charging stations contains 500 locations in Germany, 50 locations in the Netherlands, 11 in Poland and Austria plus a few stations in other neighbouring countries - also RWE has switched all of its charging stations to Type 2 sockets.
Carmaker BMW
BMW
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916. It also owns and produces the Mini marque, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW produces motorcycles under BMW Motorrad and Husqvarna brands...
and utility Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
run a joint electric car and charging test project called "MINI E" in the German capital, Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
. They are in the process of erecting 50 charging stations and the project lends 50 BMW Mini
MINI (BMW)
Mini is a British automotive marque owned by BMW which specialises in small cars.Mini originated as a specific vehicle, a small car originally known as the Morris Mini-Minor and the Austin Seven, launched by the British Motor Corporation in 1959, and developed into a brand encompassing a range of...
cars to citizens. The project started in June 2009 and a second phase has been started in December 2009. Up to June 2011 there were 42 public charge points by Vattenfall in Berlin and the company is in the process of building 50 public charge points in Hamburg. While the earliest charging stations were using CEEplus sockets the newer charging stations are built to Type 2 Mode 3 sockets.
Carmaker VW and utility E.ON
E.ON
E.ON AG, marketed with an interpunct as E•ON, is the holding company of the world's largest investor-owned energy service provider based in Düsseldorf, Germany. The name comes from the Greek word aeon which means eternity....
run a joint electric car and charging station test project in the German capital, Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
and in Wolfsburg
Wolfsburg
Wolfsburg is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located on the River Aller northeast of Braunschweig , and is mainly notable as the headquarters of Volkswagen AG...
. The "Electric Mobility Fleet Test" ("Flottenversuch Elektromobilität") was started as a research project with mostly partners in German universities using the VW hybrid cars (to be tested in 2010). E.ON has later joined also in the MINI E project providing the infrastructure in Munich which was started in Juli 2009. erecting an initial series of 11 charging stations (May 2010) enlarging it continuously (21 locations in December 2010). The region test in Munich has been extended by BMW i3 and BMW i8
BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics
The BMW i8, first introduced as the BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics, is a plug-in hybrid under development by BMW. The initial concept car was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, and the BMW i8 concept car destined for production was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show...
prototypes (project i) as well as Audi e-tron models (project eflott) in 2011. E.ON has announced to provide the eflott project with 200 public charging stations the Munich region.
Carmaker Daimler, the utility EnBW
EnBW
EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG, or simply EnBW, is a publicly traded electric utilities company headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany.-History:...
and the government of Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine, and is the third largest in both area and population of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of and 10.7 million inhabitants...
have announced on 18. June 2010 to enlarge the "Landesinitiative Elektromobilität" program with the „e-mobility Baden-Württemberg“ project that includes erecting 700 charging stations in the state until the end of 2011. Additionally there will be 200 electric vehicles added to the test including some electric trucks. The government of Baden-Württemberg has assigned 28.5 million Euros to support EV research up to 2014. Meanwhile EnBW has sponsored 500 E-Bikes in the Elektronauten project in 2010 which can use 13 charging stations in the Stuttgart region. EnBW has claimed to offer 250 charging stations for the Elektronauten 500 project in May 2011 although the map has not been updated. Bosch has developed a new charging station type for EnBW that is capable for 63A - the station was certified on 11. April 2011 by DEKRA and EnBW has announced to install 260 charge stations in the following weeks for MeRegioMobil project in Stuttgart and Karlsruhe.
The German government has announced to support a fleet of 1 million electric cars in Germany by 2020. There are 500 million Euros assigned to the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany)
Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany)
The Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology is a ministry of the German Federal Government since 1998...
to support research and pilot projects in Germany. The ministry has created a dedicated coordination office in the "Gemeinsame Geschäftsstelle Elektromobilität der Bundesregierung (GGEMO)" (Joint Agency for Electric Mobility (of the Federal Government)) which was opened in February 2010. The GGEMO has coordinated a partnership program with the German car industry named "Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität
Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität
The German - rendered in English as National Electric Mobility Platform or National Platform for Electric Mobility or National Platform for Electromobility - is a joint council of the German government covering electric vehicle introduction. It was officially established on 3...
(NPE)" inaugurated on May 3, 2010 in the German Chancellery
German Chancellery
The German Chancellery is a federal agency serving the executive office of the Chancellor, the head of the German federal government. The chief of the Chancellery holds the rank of either a Secretary of State or a Federal Minister ...
.
The NPE partnership is supposed to detail the plans for network evolution. The technical standardization part is mostly concentrated in the Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik
Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN und VDE
Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN und VDE , abbreviated DKE, is the German organisation responsible for the elaboration of standards and safety specifications in the areas of electrical engineering, electronics and information technologies...
(DKE) of the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies
Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik
The VDE Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies e.V. is one of Europe’s largest technical-scientific associations with 35,000 members, including 1,300 corporate and institutional members and 8,000 students.- Organization :...
(VDE) - the Standardization Overview on E-Mobility shows a wide range of efforts from electric grid management to the charging station infrastructure to the car charger electronics. The NPE partnership has published an interim report on November 30, 2010 showing a test fleet of 2800 electric vehicles and 2500 charging stations in 8 test regions.
The German government has announced that it will not install a rebate system for the introduction of electric cars but that it will reshape the legal provisions to quickly create a charging station network in Germany. Bernd Pischetsrieder (formerly Volskwagen) points to studies saying that most of the current buyers of electric cars did already own multiple cars so that a rebate plan would merely come out as a subvention of a consumer class that can afford the expense anyway.
The VDE E-mobility congress on the subject was held in Leipzig on 8./9. November 2010. During the congress a large consumer study was precented that showed some 64 percent want to buy an electric car. The study did also look at the requirements to the charging process - 51 percent of consumers in Germany expect a car to be charged in less than 2 hours, up to 4 hours is acceptable to 60 percent of consumers. 64 percent of consumers expect to charge in their own garage, 21 percent want to frequent a central charging station while casual charging in parking lots of shops and company grounds is expected by a mere 6 and 4 percent respectively. The maximum travel distance shows mixed results - while 53 percent say that 300 km is enough there are also 31 percent who like to travel 450 to 1000 km until required to recharge.
The interim report of the NPE partnership classifies electric vehicles in 3 categories, all-electric city cars, family cars and light trucks with an electric range for city transport. Development is sketched in phases 2010-2013, 2014–2017, 2018–2020 and post-2020 with the government goal to get 1 million electric cars up to 2020 and 6 million electric cars up to 2030 (for comparison there are 44 million cars in Germany in 2010). Batteries are not expected to show great advancements in terms of capacity but the safety will increase and the prices will fall to 250-300 €/kWh in the 2018-2020 time frame. In the post-2020 time frame new battery types are expected - instead of lithium-ion the fourth generation batteries will be introduced to the mobility market including lithium-air
Lithium air battery
The lithium–air battery is a class of lithium battery that employs a cathode which relies on oxygen reduction forming a discharge product...
, lithium-sulfur
Lithium sulfur battery
The lithium–sulfur battery is a rechargeable galvanic cell with a very high energy density. By virtue of the low atomic weight of lithium and moderate weight of sulfur, Li–S batteries are relatively light; about the density of water. They were demonstrated on the longest and highest-altitude...
and zinc-air batteries. As for charging stations a wide network of fast-charging points is considered possible with 22 kW (400 V 32 A) stations to be introduced in 2010-2013 and 44 kW (400 V 63 A) stations to be introduced in 2014-2017. For the time beyond 2020 there is an expectation of charging stations at 60 kW (400 V DC 150 A) allowing to charge the standard 20kWh battery pack to 80% in less than 10 minutes whereas this station type requires integration with smart grid technology and a strict world-wide standard (including SAE procedures). The "early adoptors" of electric vehicles are identified to be from the middle class owning multiple cars as well as owning a garage - the existence of a public network of charging stations is considered to be not (sic!) a prerequisite for market introduction in the first phases. Instead government funds should back the investments in privately owned charging stations for example with faster tax write off and cheap credits from the government KfW
KFW
KFW may refer to:*Keith Fullerton Whitman , an American musician*KfW or Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, a German public-sector financial institution...
bank.
A preliminary review of the Mercedes / RWE test drive in the smart ed project shows the importance of vehicle-to-grid communications in charging stations as an incentive to charge at night times. While most US households own a garage even for small cars the situation is different in Central Europe where public charging stations are needed.
Switzerland
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Switzerland | Park & Charge | 230 | CEE blue (230 V, 16 A) | 1992 | 2011 |
The charging station network in Switzerland is derived from research in solar cars. In 1992 the government decided to support a charging station network. The network has since extended to neighbouring countries - in 2010 the Park & Charge
Park & Charge
Park & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Since 1992 it has been supported by the Electromobile Club of Switzerland ....
network in Switzerland, Germany and Austria did encompass 500 charging locations, additionally there a few charging locations in the Netherlands and Italy.
Ireland
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Under Construction | Ireland | ESB Electricity Supply Board The Electricity Supply Board , is a semi-state electricity company in Ireland. While historically a monopoly, the ESB now operates as a commercial semi-state concern in a liberalised and competitive market... ecars |
× 22kW 3Φ Three-phase electric power Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads... , 32A Electric current Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium.This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire... , 230V Voltage Voltage, otherwise known as electrical potential difference or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points — or the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points... |
Type 2 Mode 3 IEC 62196 IEC 62196 is an international standard for set of electrical connectors and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission .... |
30 × 50 kW CHAdeMO CHAdeMO CHAdeMO is the trade name of a quick charging method for battery electric vehicles delivering up to 62.5 kW of high-voltage direct current via a special electrical connector.... DC Direct current Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through... |
2010 | 2011 | Co-Op. Renault-Nissan, Mitsubishi, Toyota, PSA Peugeot Citroën |
In 2009-2010 the Irish Government
Irish Government
The Government of Ireland is the cabinet that exercises executive authority in Ireland.-Members of the Government:Membership of the Government is regulated fundamentally by the Constitution of Ireland. The Government is headed by a prime minister called the Taoiseach...
, and electric utility Electricity Supply Board
Electricity Supply Board
The Electricity Supply Board , is a semi-state electricity company in Ireland. While historically a monopoly, the ESB now operates as a commercial semi-state concern in a liberalised and competitive market...
(ESB) entered into tripartite agreements with a number of major electric vehicle manufacturers (Renault-Nissan
,
Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsubishi Motors
is a multinational automaker headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. In 2009 it was the fifth-largest Japan-based automaker and the 17th-largest in the world measured by production...
,
Toyota
, and
PSA Peugeot Citroën
PSA Peugeot Citroën
PSA Peugeot Citroën is a French manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles sold under the Peugeot and Citroën marques. Headquartered in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, PSA is the second largest automaker based in Europe and the number eight in the world.-History:In December 1974 Peugeot S.A....
) to promote the uptake of electric vehicles in Ireland.
The Irish government has instituted a package of measures, including a €5,000 grant (US$7,158) on the purchase of new electric vehicles, exemption from Vehicle Registration Tax
Vehicle Registration Tax
Vehicle registration tax or VRT is a tax that must be paid in Ireland when registering a motor vehicle.The tax is paid to the Revenue in two ways:*VRT is included in the retail price of a new motor vehicle purchased from a dealership...
, and Accelerated Capital Allowances to promote electric vehicle purchase.
ESB is providing the charging network, which will be made up of 30 fast-charging (50 kW DC) stations located at intervals on inter-urban national primary routes, 1,500 medium-speed(22 kW AC) public charging points distributed across all towns with population over 1500, and home chargers (3.6 kW 1Φ
Single-phase electric power
In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors...
, 16A) at no cost to the first 2,000 grant qualifying electric car owners.
The first station of the charger network was commissioned in August 2010.
Netherlands
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Amsterdam | Nuon/Alliander | 100 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | 2009 | 2011 | ||
| 1 Functional | Amsterdam | several suppliers | 100 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | 2009 | 2011 | ||
| 1 Functional | Netherlands | Foundation E-Laad.nl | 500 | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 16 A) ~5% are CEE red (400 V, 16 A) |
2009 | 2011 | ||
| 2 Under Construction | Amsterdam | Essent / Nuon/Heijmans | 1000 | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 16 A) | 2011 | 2012 | ||
| 3 Planned | Netherlands | Foundation E-Laad.nl | 10,000 | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 16 A) | 2012 |
Amsterdam announced it will set up 200 charging stations by 2012. In the first step the city will put up 100 stations from Coulomb Technologies in cooperation with Dutch utility Nuon
Nuon (company)
Nuon is a Dutch utility company. It belongs to the group of Vattenfall.Nuon produces, sells and delivers electricity, gas, heat and additional services. The company is active in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany and has more than 2.7 million customers. With over 10,000 employees in 2005 it...
and grid company Alliander. The project "Amsterdam Elektrisch" project includes 100 street-side charging stations plus 100 charging stations at car parks The first one was put up on 6. November 2009, the 100th street-side charging station became operational on 4. March 2011, with also over 100 charging stations at car parks. In April 2011, the City of Amsterdam announced the expansion of the street-side charging network with another 1000 charging stations, to be installed by Essent
Essent
Essent NV, based in Arnhem, The Netherlands, is an energy company. It is a public limited liability corporation. Essent is one of the largest players on the energy market in its chief market the Netherlands, and also operates in Belgium...
and a joint venture of Nuon
Nuon (company)
Nuon is a Dutch utility company. It belongs to the group of Vattenfall.Nuon produces, sells and delivers electricity, gas, heat and additional services. The company is active in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany and has more than 2.7 million customers. With over 10,000 employees in 2005 it...
and Heijmans
Heijmans
Heijmans N.V. is a major European construction-services business with Dutch-based headquarters.-History:The company was founded by Jan Heijmans in Rosmalen in 1923...
.
The Dutch government created the “Formula E Team,” a working group collaborating with local governments, private companies and research institutes to create national and regional electric vehicle initiatives. The Foundation E-Laad.nl has the ambitious plan to put up 10,000 charging points by 2012. The Dutch government and the regional grid companies help Foundation E-laad.nl to put up a charging station network adding 65 million Euro investment support in the timeframe 2009 to 2011. The point of 500 charging stations (disributed over 125 communities) was reached on 24. June.
According to the roadmap of Formula E-Team the office has been created and the first RFI has started in August 2010; the results will be published in early November for comments and proposals with a definite guide for the infrastructure to be published in March 2011. The integration tests will run in mid of 2011 and the back office system for the networked charging stations to go live in late 2011 along with the "Charge Authority Board" for further development. On 19. July 2010 the Formula E-Team has resolved that charge points in the Netherlands will be equipped with Type 2 Mode 3 sockets, based on a decision by providers from 9. April 2010 that will replace the earlier 5-pin CEE red sockets.
The Netherlands is one of the first European markets for the Nissan Leaf;
Holland is also the first European country to adopt stations for the "level 3" fast-charging supported by the Leaf. Epyon
Epyon
Epyon is a Dutch company that produces fast-chargers for electric vehicles.Epyon recently opened Europe’s first commercial fast-charging station in the Netherlands...
has unveiled the first charging station at a gasoline station in Leeuwarden, in the northern province of Friesland
Friesland
Friesland is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the ancient region of Frisia.Until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân...
.
Poland
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Warsaw | RWE | 11 | mains (230 V, 16 A) | Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2010 | E-Mobility | |
| 2 Under Construction | Warsaw | GreenStream | 130 | CEE blue (230 V, 16 A) | 2011 | RWE | ||
| 2 Under Construction | Zielona Gora | easyPoint | 130 | Ekoenergetyka-Zachod | ||||
| 3 Planned | Warsaw, Gdanks, Katowice, Kraków, Mielec |
GreenStream | 330 | 2020 | RWE |
RWE and the Green Stream Cluster have started in June 2010 to put up a network of 130 charging stations in Warsaw. The Grean Stream Cluster project will run until mid of 2011. The Green Stream Cluster will put up overall 330 charging stations in five cities: Warsaw, Gdansk, Katowice, Kraków and Mielec. Ekoenergetyka-Zachod works on an electric vehicle network in the western cities of Zielona Gora (Grünberg), Sulechow, Pila (Schneidemühl) und Sieradz.
Portugal
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Portugal | MOBI.E | 100 | 2010 | ||||
| 2 Under Construction | Portugal | MOBI.E | 1300 | 50x | 2011 | coop. Renault-Nissan |
Renault-Nissan have signed a contract with MOBIE.Tech that was started back in 2008. There shall be 1300 new charging stations and 50 fastcharge stations within the 2011 timeframe.
The government wants to enlarge to renewable energy sector up to 60% and usage of electric vehicles is considered an important strategy to cut dependency on imports. The MOBI.E network has installed 100 charging stations and it is deploying 1300 charging stations as well as 50 fast-charge stations in 25 cities up to June 2011. The MOBI.E stations work with magnetic stripe card and bills are sent to the cell phone - the government hopes to export the concept to other countries.
Spain
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Barcelona | Endesa | 55 | 2010 | Live Barcelona | |||
| 2 Under Construction | Barcelona | Endesa | 191 | 2012 | MOVELE | |||
| 2 Under Construction | Madrid | Telefonica | 30 | 2011 | MOVELE | |||
| 3 Planned | Sevilla, Madrid, Barcelona | Endesa | 546 | 2014 | MOVELE |
The Alargador.org map has 190 (August 2010) contributors of charging stations in Spain and Portugal (May 2010). They are mainly hotels, camping sites, restaurants, commercial centers, foundations, associations, EV dealers and private individuals with most systems operated manually.
In Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, a trial project will convert 30 former telephone boxes
Telephone booth
A telephone booth, telephone kiosk, telephone call box or telephone box is a small structure furnished with a payphone and designed for a telephone user's convenience. In the USA, Canada and Australia, "telephone booth" is used, while in the UK and the rest of the Commonwealth it is a "telephone...
into charging points for electric car
Electric car
An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass...
s. They are considered suitable, since telephone boxes
Telephone booth
A telephone booth, telephone kiosk, telephone call box or telephone box is a small structure furnished with a payphone and designed for a telephone user's convenience. In the USA, Canada and Australia, "telephone booth" is used, while in the UK and the rest of the Commonwealth it is a "telephone...
are generally located at the roadside and are already connected to the electricity supply network. They would form part of a planned network of 546 charging points in Madrid, Barcelona
Barcelona
Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...
and Seville
Seville
Seville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level...
, subsidised by the Spanish Government. The charging grid is created for the MOVELE pilot project of the Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy (Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía, IDAE) that is also providing for 2,000 electric vehicles to the field test. The Spanish government has committed itself to have 1 million electric vehicles (fully electric and hybrid cars) in Spain by 2014.
| MOVELE network | Sevilla | Madrid | Barcelona | TOTAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| charging points | 75 | 280 | 191 | 546 |
| station costs (€) | 488,498 | 1,366,000 | 704,666 | 2,559,164 |
| IDAE funding | 144,000 | 586,000 | 287,000 | 1,017,000 |
The Chairman of Endesa
Endesa (Spain)
Endesa, S.A. is the largest electric utility company in Spain. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power...
, Borja Prado
Endesa (Spain)
Endesa, S.A. is the largest electric utility company in Spain. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power...
, together with the mayor of Madrid, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, and the Chairman of Telefónica
Telefónica
Telefónica, S.A. is a Spanish broadband and telecommunications provider in Europe and Latin America. Operating globally, it is the third largest provider in the world...
, César Alierta, have the phone booth in Madrid which can also be used for recharging electric vehicles. Reserved parking spaces will be located next to this and all other booths set up in Metropolitan areas where users will be able to park their EVs and recharge at no cost once they have obtained their free "zero emissions" pre-paid card from the Madrid city council.
The Live Barcelona map (sponsored by the Barcelona city council, the Energy state department of Catalonia, utility Endesa, car maker Seat) lists 138 charging spots in Barcelona with 55 of them functional (February 2011).
United Kingdom
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | England | Elektromotive Elektromotive Elektromotive is a UK based company specialising in the manufacture and installation of charging infrastructure for electric cars and other electric vehicles, using their trade name of Elektrobay... |
99 | BS 1363 BS 1363 BS 1363 is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the line and neutral socket holes, and a fuse in the plug... (230 V 13 A) |
2007 | 2010 | 99 stations, 141 charge outlets | |
| 1 Functional | England | Charge Points Everywhere | 8 | BS 1363 BS 1363 BS 1363 is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the line and neutral socket holes, and a fuse in the plug... (230 V 13 A) |
CEE blue (230 V 32 A) | 2010 | 2011 | High power and free to use |
| 1 Functional | London | Siemens | 180 | BS 1363 BS 1363 BS 1363 is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the line and neutral socket holes, and a fuse in the plug... (230 V 13 A) |
CEE blue (230 V 32 A) | 2011 | Source London | |
| 1 Functional | UK | Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity is a green energy company based in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England specialising in selling and generating wind power. It is built on the principle of heavily reinvesting its profit in building more of its own windfarms.-History:... |
12 | BS 1363 BS 1363 BS 1363 is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the line and neutral socket holes, and a fuse in the plug... (230 V 13 A) |
Type 2 Mode 3 (400 V, 32 A) | 2011 | Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity is a green energy company based in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England specialising in selling and generating wind power. It is built on the principle of heavily reinvesting its profit in building more of its own windfarms.-History:... |
|
| 2 Under Construction | London | Elektromotive Elektromotive Elektromotive is a UK based company specialising in the manufacture and installation of charging infrastructure for electric cars and other electric vehicles, using their trade name of Elektrobay... |
250 | BS 1363 BS 1363 BS 1363 is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the line and neutral socket holes, and a fuse in the plug... (230 V 13 A) |
2008 | coop. EDF | ||
| 2 Under Construction | London | Siemens | 1300 | BS 1363 BS 1363 BS 1363 is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the line and neutral socket holes, and a fuse in the plug... (230 V 13 A) |
CEE blue (230 V 32 A) | 2011 | (2013) | Source London |
| 3 Planned | London, North-East | 2500 | 2012 | plus 11,000 private stations | ||||
| 3 Planned | London | 2500 | 2015 | plus 22,000 private stations |
Électricité de France is partnering with Elektromotive
Elektromotive
Elektromotive is a UK based company specialising in the manufacture and installation of charging infrastructure for electric cars and other electric vehicles, using their trade name of Elektrobay...
, Ltd. to install 250 new charging points over six months from October 2007 in London and elsewhere in the UK.
The Renault-Nissan Alliance and UK company Elektromotive, a provider of electric vehicle recharging stations, are collaborating in the Partnership for Zero-Emission-Mobility, with the aim of accelerating the installation of charging networks for plug-in vehicles
Plug-in electric vehicle
A plug-in electric vehicle is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels...
in cities. The Alliance and Elektromotive have signed a Memorandum of Understanding
Memorandum of understanding
A memorandum of understanding is a document describing a bilateral or multilateral agreement between parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. It is often used in cases where parties either do not imply a legal commitment or in...
.
A fleet of electric cars and charge points will be rolled out across Coventry
Coventry
Coventry is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although...
(England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
) as part of a multi-million pound pilot project.
The Department for Transport (DfT) announced in April 2009 that £230 million would be allocated to incentivise the market uptake of EVs in the UK. The scheme will become operational in 2011 and each EV purchaser could receive a rebate of between £2,000 -£5,000. Electric vehicles are exempt from purchase and annual vehicle tax. From April 2010, purchasers of an average new car (Band G) will pay a one off £155 showroom tax and an annual vehicle tax of £155.EVs are tax free.
On the 25 February 2010, London, the North East region and Milton Keynes were selected to be the lead places for electric vehicle infrastructure. In total, their plans will result in over 2,500 charge points in the first year and over 11,000 in the next three years, at a variety of publicly accessible car parks, transport hubs and workplaces.
The London mayor called for an E-revolution in March 2009 and he presented the "Electric Delivery Plan for London" in May 2009. The plan projects 25,000 charging points London by 2015 including 500 on-street, 2000 off-street in car-parks and 22,000 privately owned locations. London itself will buy 1000 electric vehicles up to 2015. Owners of the an electric car will not need to pay the Congestion Charge for the city of London being worth up to £1,700 a year. At that point (May 2009) London already had 100 charge points in public places which will be increased to 250 by 2012. Beginning 2011 20% of new lots in car parks must have access to a charging outlet. Additionally, the parking in the Westminster boroughs will be free for electric vehicles saving the user up to £6,000 a year and a flat rate of £200 electricity cost is charged for the usage of public outlets in Westminster.
As of February 2011 the "Source London" project has contracted Siemens to build a network of public charging stations in London. At least 1,300 charging points will be installed by the end of 2013 in public locations and streets across the Capital. Transport for London (TfL) has also finalised a contract that will see Siemens manage the operation of the network and registration of drivers. The deal between TfL and Siemens will see Siemens run the Source London back office to March 2014 at no cost.
In July 2011 a charity called Zero Carbon World announced their Charge Points Everywhere network, their aim is to help business's install free to use charge points on their business's with the implicit understanding the person using the charge point will use the services of that business. The connections themselves are standard 32 and 13amp connectors and the inclusion of the 32amp connector means that car with powerful chargers such as Tesla
Tesla Roadster
The Tesla Roadster is a battery electric vehicle sports car produced by the electric car firm Tesla Motors in California. The Roadster was the first highway-capable all-electric vehicle in serial production available in the United States. Since 2008 Tesla has sold 2,024 Roadsters in 30 countries...
can charge much faster than with the 13a connectors on the majority of chargers
Israel
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | Tel Aviv | BetterPlace | 1 | 2010 | BetterPlace demo center | |||
| 1 Functional | Israel | Gnrgy | 4 | 2011 | ||||
| 2 Under Construction | Israel | BetterPlace | 200 | 2011 | ||||
| 2 Under Construction | Israel | Gnrgy | 25 | 2011 | ||||
| 3 Planned | Israel | BetterPlace | 400 | and 40 swap stations | 2011 | coop. Renault | ||
| 3 Planned | Israel | Gnrgy | 500 | 2012 | ||||
| 4 Proposed | Israel | BetterPlace | 220 | 2011 | coop. Israel Railways | |||
Better Place is building its first electric vehicle network in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
in conjunction with French car-maker, Renault
Renault
Renault S.A. is a French automaker producing cars, vans, and in the past, autorail vehicles, trucks, tractors, vans and also buses/coaches. Its alliance with Nissan makes it the world's third largest automaker...
. Better Place will conduct its first market tests in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
and Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
as their small size also makes them suitable as test markets. The company opened its first functional charging station in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
the first week of December 2008 at Cinema City in Pi-Glilot, and additional stations in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv , officially Tel Aviv-Yafo , is the second most populous city in Israel, with a population of 404,400 on a land area of . The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in west-central Israel. It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, with...
, Haifa
Haifa
Haifa is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 268,000. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel and Nesher...
, Kfar Sava, Holon, and Jerusalem are being planned and installed.
Israel has enacted policies that create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars, to accelerate the transition to electric car
Electric car
An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass...
s.
In March 2011 Betterplace presented the detailed plan on network construction including 40 battery swap stations and 400 charging station location agreements across Israel. 200 locations are under construction to be finalized at the end of 2011.
Singapore
Infrastructure is planned by Greenlots and Keppel EnergyKeppel Corporation
The Keppel Group of Companies includes Keppel Offshore & Marine, Keppel Integrated Engineering, Keppel Energy, Keppel Telecommunications & Transportation and Keppel Land, among others....
for Singapore
United States of America
| Status | Region | Provider | Number | Connector | FastCharge | Started | Updated | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Functional | U.S. Alternative Fuels Data Center Summary | 541 | 1992 | 2010 | ||||
| 1 Functional | California | Tesla | 15 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
2010 | SolarCity stations | ||
| 1 Functional | Portland | Portland G. Electric | 20 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
2008 | 2010 | ||
| 1 Functional | California | ChargePoint | 51 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
4x Level-II (220 V) | 2010 | Coulomb Tech | |
| 1 Functional | South Carolina | EATON | 100 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
(some of them) | 2010 | state program | |
| 2 Under Construction | SF Bay Area | 109 | 2010 | California ARB | ||||
| 2 Under Construction | San Diego | EV Project | 1500 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... (220 V) |
2012 | ECOtality | ||
| 2 Under Construction | Texas | NRG Energy NRG Energy NRG Energy, Inc. is an American energy company headquartered in West Windsor Township, New Jersey, near Princeton.-Electrical Power Generation Operations:... |
50 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
2010 | eVgo | ||
| 2 Under Construction | California and others | ChargePoint | 1000* | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
(optional) | 2011 | Coulomb Tech | |
| 2 Under Construction | New York | ChargePoint | 100 | 2011 | Coulomb Tech | |||
| 3 Planned | San Diego, Arizona, Seattle, Oregon, Tennessee, Dallas |
EV Project | 6350 | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... (220 V) |
310x Level-3 DC | 2012Q4 | ECOtality | |
| 3 Planned | Hawaii | (Rebate Program) | 200* | 2010 | DBEDT | |||
| 3 Planned | Detroit, New York, Wash.DC, California, Washington, Austin |
ChargePoint | 4600* | SAE J1772 SAE J1772 SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”... |
(optional) | 2011 | Coulomb Tech | |
| 3 Out of service | California, Arizona | GM EV1 | 500 | mains (110 V) | MagneCharge (220 V, 30 A) | 1996 | 2001 | program cancelled |
| 4 Proposed | Hawaii | BetterPlace | 2012 | DBEDT | ||||
| 4 Proposed | California | BetterPlace | 2012 | |||||
Infrastructure has been installed by Coulomb Technologies in Arizona
Arizona
Arizona ; is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the western United States and the mountain west. The capital and largest city is Phoenix...
; California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
- San Francisco, San Jose
San Jose, California
San Jose is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the U.S., and the county seat of Santa Clara County which is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay...
, Walnut Creek
Walnut Creek, California
Walnut Creek is an incorporated city located east of the city of Oakland. It lies in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. While not as large as neighboring Concord, Walnut Creek serves as the business and entertainment hub for the neighboring cities within central Contra Costa...
, and Sonoma
Sonoma, California
Sonoma is a historically significant city in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, USA, surrounding its historic town plaza, a remnant of the town's Mexican colonial past. It was the capital of the short-lived California Republic...
; Colorado
Colorado
Colorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains...
; Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
; Florida
Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...
; Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
, Illinois
Illinois
Illinois is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal,...
; Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
; Detroit, Michigan
Michigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
; Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.3 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state...
; New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
; Cary
Cary, North Carolina
Cary is a large town and suburb of Raleigh, North Carolina in Wake and Chatham counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Located almost entirely in Wake County, it is the second largest municipality in that county and the third largest municipality in The Triangle after Raleigh and Durham...
, North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina is a state located in the southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte...
; Ohio
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...
; Portland
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...
, Oregon
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
; Nashville, Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
; Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
; Seattle, Washington; Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is...
.
Gilbarco Veeder-Root
Gilbarco Veeder-Root
Gilbarco Veeder-Root, a subsidiary of the Danaher Corporation, is a supplier of fuel dispensers, point of sale systems, payment systems, forecourt merchandising and support services worldwide...
are partnering with Coulomb to advance public charging facilities. Gilbarco exhibited Coulomb Technologies' Smartlet Charging Station at the National Association of Convenience Stores
National Association of Convenience Stores
NACS is an international trade association representing the convenience and fuel retailing industry.-Background:NACS was founded August 14, 1961, as the National Association of Convenience Stores. It is an international trade association representing more than 2,100 retail and 1,500 supplier...
(NACS) show in October 2008.
At the end of 2008, Coulomb Technologies planned to roll out five curbside charging stations in downtown
Downtown
Downtown is a term primarily used in North America by English speakers to refer to a city's core or central business district ....
San Jose
San Jose, California
San Jose is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the U.S., and the county seat of Santa Clara County which is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay...
that drivers can access through a prepaid plan. The company was working with entities in Las Vegas Nevada, New York and Florida to do something similar there. Coulomb Technologies has announced to provide 1000 free public charging stations until December 2010. They also plan to expand its ChargePoint network to 4600 free home and public level-2 charging stations until October 2011 in nine regions: Austin, Texas; Detroit, Michigan; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Orlando, Florida; Sacramento, California; the San Jose/San Francisco Bay Area, California; Redmond, Washington; and Washington DC. The $37 million ChargePoint America program is made possible by a $15M grant funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act through the Transportation Electrification Initiative administered by the Department of Energy. So far 149 stations are operational according to the ChargePoint map, 51 stations are in California. New York joins the ChargePoint network building more than 100 charging stations in public places until October 2011.
Infrastructure is planned by Better Place for Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
, Oregon
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
, and California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
- the San Francisco Bay area, Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, in the United States of America.Sacramento may also refer to:- United States :*Sacramento County, California*Sacramento, Kentucky*Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta...
, San Jose
San Jose, California
San Jose is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the U.S., and the county seat of Santa Clara County which is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay...
, Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
, San Diego, and the highway and freeway corridors between them.
Other companies that are building charging stations throughout the U.S are ECOtality and SolarCity
SolarCity
SolarCity is an American provider of solar energy system design, financing, installation and related services and also builds charging stations for electric vehicles....
In the first phase 11 cities are participating in the initial phase of the "EV Project" of ECOtality: Phoenix
Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix is the capital, and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the sixth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,445,632 people according to the official 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data...
(AZ), Tucson (AZ), San Diego (CA), Portland
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...
(OR), Eugene
Eugene, Oregon
Eugene is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Lane County. It is located at the south end of the Willamette Valley, at the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette rivers, about east of the Oregon Coast.As of the 2010 U.S...
(OR), Salem
Salem, Oregon
Salem is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood...
(OR), Corvallis
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis is a city located in central western Oregon, United States. It is the county seat of Benton County and the principal city of the Corvallis, Oregon Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Benton County. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 54,462....
(OR), Seattle (WA), Nashville (TN), Knoxville (TN) and Chattanooga (TN). The contract for the "EV Project" was signed on October 1, 2009 with the US Department of Energy and it includes 8,300 Level 2 chargers installed in owner’s homes; 6,350 Level 2 chargers installed in commercial and public locations; and 310 Level 3 DC fast-chargers. The EV project will run for 36 months. The public charging stations will be put up beginning in summer 2010. Texas has joined the EV Project in July 2010. San Diego will take a share of 1,500 public charging stations and 1,000 home base charging points.
Portland General Electric
Portland General Electric
Portland General Electric is an electrical utility based in Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. It distributes electricity to customers in parts of Multnomah, Clackamas, Marion, Yamhill, Washington, and Polk counties - half of the inhabitants of Oregon...
installs 12 electric vehicle
Electric vehicle
An electric vehicle , also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion...
charging stations in Portland
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...
and Salem, Oregon
Salem, Oregon
Salem is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood...
till September 2008 and it has installed 20 charging stations by 2010 as part of a demonstration project to develop the transportation infrastructure needed to support electric vehicles and plug-in cars.
Drivers can now plug in at two park-and-ride lots in King County, which includes Seattle. The county plans to add sockets at three garages under construction. There are about 30 reliable sites in the Seattle area to plug in. Most are free, others charge the same as parking a gas-powered car -- $7 an hour.
In recent months, the cities of Edmonds
Edmonds, Washington
Edmonds is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. Edmonds has a view of Puget Sound and both the Olympic Mountains and Cascade Range. The third most populous city in Snohomish County after Everett and Marysville, the population was 39,709 according to the 2010 census...
and Lacey
Lacey, Washington
Lacey is a city in Thurston County, Washington, United States. Established as a suburb of Olympia, its population was 42,393 at the 2010 census out of a county population of 252,264.-History:...
invited drivers to plug in their electric vehicles at free public stations.
In Virginia, with the participation of the Town of Wytheville, and several businesses, Plugless Power
Plugless Power
Plugless Power is a type of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment based on inductive charging. Plugless Power, a charging system for the electric vehicle , connects the on-board EV battery charger inductively to the electrical power source, without physical connection...
inductive charging
Inductive charging
Inductive charging uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which then can use that energy to charge batteries....
stations began field testing in March 2010.
South Carolina has unveiled its "Plug in Carolina" program including 100 public charging stations in December 2010
In San Antonio, TX, a downtown church (Travis Park United Methodist Church) made Level 1 charging available in its parking lot in 2009.
The DBEDT ministry of Hawaii had a state rebate program "EV Ready Grant" that was funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act - the program was offering $4500 for a full-speed commercially available electric vehicle and $500 for electric vehicle chargers. The "EV Ready Grant" program is followed by the "EV Ready Rebate" program offering 20% of the purchase price with a maximum of $4500 for a full-speed commercially available electric vehicle and 30% of the purchase prices with a maximum of $500 for electric vehicle chargers. Charging equipment is expected follow the standards including SAE J1772. The designated Transportation Working Group expects 200 charging stations to be available in 2010
In California the car maker Tesla has put up 18 public charging stations. Within the SF Bay Area Activities & Coalition has identified 109 locations to put up public charging stations beginning 2009 based on funding by ARRA. The last California ZEV Program Review symposium was held on 23. September 2009, the next one is scheduled for late summer 2010. In the past there had been a charging station network to support the General Motors EV1
General Motors EV1
The General Motors EV1 was an electric car produced and leased by the General Motors Corporation from 1996 to 1999. It was the first mass-produced and purpose-designed electric vehicle of the modern era from a major automaker, and the first GM car designed to be an electric vehicle from the...
that had installed 500 public charging station.
The U.S. Department of Energy offers a list of locations of the available alternative fuel infrastructure. The historic trend summary (1992–2010) shows a total of 541 electric charging locations by 2010 which is still lower than the peak count of 873 charging locations in 2002.