Index of contemporary philosophy articles
Encyclopedia
This is a list of articles in contemporary philosophy
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Contemporary philosophy
Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy....
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- 1926 in philosophy1926 in philosophy-Publications:* Smuts, Jan C. Holism and Evolution. [Note: The term holism was coined by the author.]...
- 1962 in philosophy1962 in philosophy-Events:*Progressive utilization theory is fully outlined for the first time by Indian philosopher and spiritual leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar.-Publications:* Geach, Peter. Reference and Generality. Cornell University Press....
- 20th century philosophy
- A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social ComplexityA New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social ComplexityA New Philosophy of Society =ANPS is an attempt to loosely define a new ontology for use by social theorists - one that challenges the existing paradigm of meaningful social analyses being possible only on the level of either individuals or 'society as a whole'...
- A New Refutation of TimeA New Refutation of TimeA New Refutation of Time is an essay by Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges in which he argues that the negations of idealism may be extended to time. It consists of a prologue and two articles: the first one was written in 1944 and appeared in number 115 of the review Sur; the second, written...
- A. C. GraylingA. C. GraylingAnthony Clifford Grayling is a British philosopher. In 2011 he founded and became the first Master of New College of the Humanities, a private undergraduate college in London. Until June 2011, he was Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, where he taught from 1991...
- A.P. MartinichA.P. MartinichAloysius P. Martinich is an analytic philosopher and is the Roy Allison Vaughan Centennial Professor of Philosophy and Professor History at University of Texas at Austin. His area of interest is the nature and practice of interpretation; history of modern philosophy; the philosophy of language and...
- Abandonment (existentialism)Abandonment (existentialism)Abandonment or forlornness is a central idea of atheist existentialism put forward by Jean-Paul Sartre. According to this theory, God does not exist and existence therefore has no intrinsic purpose or meaning. Humanity has been abandoned in the world and each must create his or her own meaning and...
- Abraham EdelAbraham EdelAbraham Edel was a North American philosopher and ethicist. He was the younger brother of North American literary critic and biographer Leon Edel, the uncle of composer Joel Mandelbaum. He was married three times; the first two were fellow academics and co-authors.Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,...
- Abstract expressionismAbstract expressionismAbstract expressionism was an American post–World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris...
- Abstract labour and concrete labourAbstract labour and concrete labourAbstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.- Origin :Marx first advanced this distinction in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy and is discussed in more detail in chapter 1 of Capital, where Marx writes:The...
- Accumulation by dispossessionAccumulation by dispossessionAccumulation by dispossession is a concept presented by the Marxist geographer David Harvey, which defines the neoliberal capitalist policies in many western nations, from the 1970s and to the present day, as resulting in a centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few by dispossessing...
- Against His-Story, Against LeviathanAgainst His-Story, Against LeviathanAgainst His-Story, Against Leviathan! is a 1983 book by Fredy Perlman, for which he is best known. It is a personal critical perspective on contemporary civilization and society...
- Alain BadiouAlain BadiouAlain Badiou is a French philosopher, professor at European Graduate School, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure . Along with Giorgio Agamben and Slavoj Žižek, Badiou is a prominent figure in an anti-postmodern strand of continental philosophy...
- Alain de BenoistAlain de BenoistAlain de Benoist is a French academic, philosopher, a founder of the Nouvelle Droite and head of the French think tank GRECE. Benoist is a critic of liberalism, free markets and egalitarianism.-Biography:...
- Alain EtchegoyenAlain EtchegoyenAlain Etchegoyen , was a philosopher and novelist. He was the last Plan Commissionner before that Commission was abrogated...
- Alan Ross AndersonAlan Ross AndersonAlan Ross Anderson was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh....
- Alan SobleAlan SobleAlan Gerald Soble is an American philosopher and author of several books on the philosophy of sex. Soble was born to William and Sylvia Soble in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania....
- Alan StoutAlan StoutAlan Ker Stout was a moral philosopher working at the University of Sydney, who also wrote on cinema. His father was G. F. Stout, British philosopher.-Biography:...
- Albert CamusAlbert CamusAlbert Camus was a French author, journalist, and key philosopher of the 20th century. In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement, which was opposed to some tendencies of the Surrealist movement of André Breton.Camus was awarded the 1957...
- Albert ChernenkoAlbert ChernenkoAlbert Konstantinovich Chernenko was a Russian philosopher, best known for his innovations in the field of social and legal philosophy. He was the son of Konstantin Chernenko, the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
- Alberto JoriAlberto JoriAlberto Jori is an Italian Neo-Aristotelian philosopher.Born in Mantua, he studied in Padua, Cambridge and Heidelberg. In 2003 he won with his book on Aristotle the Prize of the Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences - International Academy of the History of Science...
- Alberto ToscanoAlberto ToscanoAlberto Toscano is a cultural critic, social theorist, philosopher and translator best known to the English-speaking world for his translations of the work of Alain Badiou, including Badiou’s The Century and Logics of Worlds...
- Albrecht WellmerAlbrecht WellmerAlbrecht Wellmer is a prominent German philosopher at the Freie Universität Berlin.-Biography:He studied maths and physics at Berlin and Kiel, then philosophy and sociology at Heidelberg and Frankfurt. He was an assistant to Jürgen Habermas at the University of Frankfurt from 1966 to 1970...
- Aldo GarganiAldo GarganiAldo Giorgio Gargani was an Italian philosopher.He studied Philosophy at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Oxford University, and Queen's College. He was professor of Aesthetics and History of Philosophy at the University of Pisa.He is considered to be the most important Italian scholar of...
- Alejandro DeustuaAlejandro DeustuaAlejandro Octavio Deustua Escarza was a gifted teacher, a creative researcher, a humanist, a philosopher. Dr. Deuestua studied in Guadalupe National School and he graduated from Lima’s Universidad de San Marcos.His parents were Remigio Deustua and Toribia Escarza.- Works :* Copias de historia del...
- Alejandro RozitchnerAlejandro RozitchnerAlejandro Rozitchner is an Argentine philosopher and writer. “Artist of the ideas” or “intellectual nutritionist” are some of the names with which he describes his work...
- Alexander BardAlexander BardAlexander Bengt Magnus Bard is a Swedish artist, music producer and writer.-Background and education:Bard was born Alexander Bengt Magnus Bard in Medevi, Motala Municipality, Sweden. After he had completed his upper secondary education, Bard studied in the United States and in Amsterdam, Netherlands...
- Alexandre KoyréAlexandre KoyréAlexandre Koyré , sometimes anglicised as Alexander Koiré, was a French philosopher of Russian origin who wrote on the history and philosophy of science.-Life:...
- Alexandru DragomirAlexandru DragomirAlexandru Dragomir was a Romanian philosopher. He made his doctoral studies under Martin Heidegger's direction, in 1940.-Philosophy:...
- Alexis KagameAlexis KagameAlexis Kagame was a Rwandan philosopher, linguist, historian, poet and Catholic priest. His main contributions were in the field of "ethnophilosophy" ....
- Alf RossAlf RossAlf Niels Christian Ross was a Danish legal and moral philosopher and scholar of international law. He is best known as one of the leading exponents of Scandinavian Legal Realism....
- Alfred AdlerAlfred AdlerAlfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. In collaboration with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna...
- Alfred I. TauberAlfred I. TauberAlfred I. Tauber , Zoltan Kohn Professor emeritus of Medicine and Professor emeritus of Philosophy at Boston University, is a philosopher and historian of science, who, from 1993 to 2010, served as Director of the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University...
- Alfred Jules Ayer
- Alfred Jules Émile FouilléeAlfred Jules Émile FouilléeAlfred Jules Émile Fouillée was a French philosopher.-Life:Fouillée was born at La Pouëze, Maine-et-Loire. He held several minor philosophical lectureships, and from 1864 was professor of philosophy at the lycées of Douai, Montpellier and Bordeaux successively. In 1867 and 1868 he was crowned by...
- Alfred North WhiteheadAlfred North WhiteheadAlfred North Whitehead, OM FRS was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education...
- Allan BloomAllan BloomAllan David Bloom was an American philosopher, classicist, and academic. He studied under David Grene, Leo Strauss, Richard McKeon and Alexandre Kojève. He subsequently taught at Cornell University, the University of Toronto, Yale University, École Normale Supérieure of Paris, and the University...
- Alvin PlantingaAlvin PlantingaAlvin Carl Plantinga is an American analytic philosopher and the emeritus John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics...
- AnarchismAnarchismAnarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, or alternatively as opposing authority in the conduct of human relations...
- Anarchism and anarcho-capitalismAnarchism and anarcho-capitalismThis article discusses similarities and differences between anarcho-capitalism and other types of anarchism. Some social anarchists argue that anarcho-capitalism is not a form of anarchism due to their understanding of capitalism as inherently authoritarian...
- Anarchism and Friedrich NietzscheAnarchism and Friedrich NietzscheThe relation between Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche has been ambiguous. Even though Friedrich Nietzsche criticized anarchism his thought proved influential for many thinkers within what can be characterized as the anarchist movement...
- Anarchism in IsraelAnarchism in IsraelAnarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century.- Early Kibbutz movement :The anarchist ideology arrived in Palestine at the beginning of the 20th century, carried by a big wave of emigrants from Eastern Europe...
- Anarchism in RussiaAnarchism in RussiaRussian anarchism is anarchism in Russia or among Russians. The three categories of Russian anarchism were anarchist communism, anarcho-syndicalism and anarchist individualism...
- Anarchism in SpainAnarchism in SpainAnarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else, especially before Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939....
- Anarchism in SwedenAnarchism in SwedenAnarchism was reported to have been extant in Sweden by Mikhail Bakunin as early as 1866. As with the movements in Germany and the Netherlands, Swedish anarchism had a strong syndicalist tendency. One of the earliest Swedish anarchists of note was the artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and...
- Anarchism in the United StatesAnarchism in the United StatesAnarchism in the United States spans a wide range of anarchist philosophy, from individualist anarchism to anarchist communism and other less known forms. America has two main traditions, native and immigrant, with the native tradition being strongly individualist and the immigrant tradition being...
- Anarchism in TurkeyAnarchism in TurkeyAnarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine. It was the starting point of anarchist movement in Turkey in 1986. Before the publication of this magazine, there was no visible anarchist movement in the country.Marxism was an influential...
- Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian IdeasAnarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian IdeasAnarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas is a three-volume anthology of anarchist writings edited by historian Robert Graham. The anthology is published by Black Rose Books. Each selection is introduced by Graham, placing each author and selection in their historical and ideological...
- Anarchist StudiesAnarchist StudiesAnarchist Studies is a biannual academic journal on anarchism. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, examining the history, culture, and theory of anarchism...
- Anarcho-capitalism and minarchismAnarcho-capitalism and minarchismAnarcho-capitalism and minarchism are two distinct strains of libertarianism. Although anarcho-capitalists and minarchists agree on most political issues, they are often hostile towards each other, particularly because most adherents of both philosophies support the non-aggression principle and see...
- Anatoly Lunacharsky
- Anders NygrenAnders NygrenAnders Theodor Samuel Nygren was a Swedish Lutheran theologian. He was professor of systematic theology at Lund University from 1924 and was elected Bishop of Lund in 1948...
- André Malet (philosopher)André Malet (philosopher)André Malet was a French Catholic priest and philosopher who became a Unitarian Protestant. Specialising in Martin Heidegger, he translated Rudolf Bultmann into French...
- Andreas SpeiserAndreas SpeiserAndreas Speiser was a Swiss Mathematician and Philosopher of Science.-Life and work:Speiser studied since 1904 in Göttingen notably with David Hilbert, Felix Klein, Hermann Minkowski. In 1917 he became full time professor at the University of Zurich but later relocated in Basel...
- Andrew Chignell
- Anna-Teresa TymienieckaAnna-Teresa TymienieckaAnna-Teresa Tymieniecka is a Polish-born American philosopher, one of the most important and continuously active contemporary phenomenologists, founder and president of The World Phenomenology Institute, and editor of the book series Analecta Husserliana, presently published by...
- Anomalous monismAnomalous monismAnomalous monism is a philosophical thesis about the mind-body relationship. It was first proposed by Donald Davidson in his 1970 paper Mental events. The theory is twofold and states that mental events are identical with physical events, and that the mental is anomalous, i.e. under their mental...
- Anthony GottliebAnthony GottliebAnthony Gottlieb is a British writer, former Executive Editor of The Economist, and historian of ideas who has taught at the CUNY Graduate Center and the New School in New York, where he has taught a course called "On Nothing" twice. He is a visiting scholar at New York University and a fellow of...
- Anti-consumerismAnti-consumerismAnti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against the equating of personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions...
- Anti-DühringAnti-DühringHerrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, commonly known as Anti-Dühring, is a book written in German by Friedrich Engels, published in 1878. It had previously been serialised in a periodical. There were two further editions in German in the lifetime of Engels...
- Anti-Semite and JewAnti-Semite and JewAnti-Semite and Jew is an essay about antisemitism written by Jean-Paul Sartre shortly after the liberation of Paris from German occupation in 1944...
- Anti-statismAnti-statismAnti-statism is a term describing opposition to state intervention into personal, social, and economic affairs. Anti-statist views may reject the state completely as well as rulership in general , they may wish to reduce the size and scope of the state to a minimum , or they may advocate a...
- Antonio Caso AndradeAntonio Caso AndradeAntonio Caso Andrade was a Mexican philosopher and rector of the former Universidad Nacional de México, nowadays known as the National Autonomous University of Mexico from December 1921 to August 1923. Along with José Vasconcelos, he founded the Ateneo de la Juventud, a humanist group against...
- Antonio GramsciAntonio GramsciAntonio Gramsci was an Italian writer, politician, political philosopher, and linguist. He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime...
- Antonio NegriAntonio NegriAntonio Negri is an Italian Marxist sociologist and political philosopher.Negri is best-known for his co-authorship of Empire, and secondarily for his work on Spinoza. Born in Padua, he became a political philosophy professor in his hometown university...
- ArborescentArborescentArborescent is a term used by the French thinkers Deleuze and Guattari to characterize thinking marked by insistence on totalizing principles, binarism and dualism...
- Arda DenkelArda Denkel-Life and work:Arda Denkel was a Turkish philosopher. He studied at the University of Oxford and, under Peter Strawson, wrote his D. Phil...
- Aretaic turnAretaic turnThe aretaic turn is a movement in contemporary moral philosophy and ethics to emphasize character and human excellence or virtue, as opposed to moral rules or consequences. This movement has been extended to other philosophical disciplines, including epistemology, political philosophy, and...
- Armin MohlerArmin MohlerArmin Mohler was a Swiss-born far right political writer and philosopher associated with the Neue Rechte movement.-Life:Born in Basel, Mohler studied at the University of Basel where for a time he supported communism...
- Arthur DantoArthur DantoArthur Coleman Danto Arthur Coleman Danto Arthur Coleman Danto (born January 1, 1924 is an American art critic, and professor of philosophy. He is best known as the influential, long-time art critic for The Nation and for his work in philosophical aesthetics and philosophy of history, though he...
- Artificial consciousnessArtificial consciousnessArtificial consciousness , also known as machine consciousness or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact .Neuroscience...
- Arvi GrotenfeltArvi GrotenfeltArvi Grotenfelt , was a Finnish philosopher and psychologist.He was one of the founders of the Finnish Science Academy and the chairman of the Finnish Philosophical society 1905-36. He has studied for Wilhelm Wundt and Rudolf Eucken, and written on the subject of history philosophy...
- Asa KasherAsa KasherAsa Kasher is an Israeli philosopher and linguist working at Tel Aviv University, Israel.-Biography:He is noted for authorship of Israel Defense Forces's Code of Conduct...
- Asiatic mode of productionAsiatic mode of productionThe theory of the Asiatic mode of production was devised by Karl Marx around the early 1850s. The essence of the theory has been described as "[the] suggestion .....
- Association for Logic, Language and InformationAssociation for Logic, Language and InformationThe Association for Logic, Language and Information is an international, especially European, learned society administered from Nancy-Université in France...
- Attitude polarizationAttitude polarizationAttitude polarization, also known as belief polarization, is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. It is one of the effects of confirmation bias: the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively, to...
- Aurel KolnaiAurel KolnaiAurel Thomas Kolnai was a 20th century philosopher and political theorist.-Life:Kolnai was born in Budapest, Hungary to Jewish parents, but moved to Vienna before his twentieth birthday to enter Vienna University, studying under Heinrich Gomperz, Moritz Schlick, Felix Kaufmann, Karl Bühler, and...
- Australasian Journal of PhilosophyAustralasian Journal of PhilosophyThe Australasian Journal of Philosophy , founded in Sydney in 1923 as The Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, is Australasia's oldest and most respected philosophy journal. Sponsored by the Australasian Association of Philosophy, it aims to publish the best work in the analytic...
- Avrum StrollAvrum StrollAvrum Stroll is a research professor at the University of California, San Diego. He is a distinguished philosopher and a noted scholar in the fields of epistemology, philosophy of language, and twentieth-century analytic philosophy.-Books:...
- Barrows DunhamBarrows DunhamBarrows Dunham, was an American author and professor of philosophy. Best known for popular works of philosophy such as Man against Myth and Heroes and Heretics , Dunham also gained notoriety as a martyr for academic freedom when he was fired from Temple University in 1953 after refusing to “name...
- Bas van Fraassen
- Base and superstructureBase and superstructureIn Marxist theory, human society consists of two parts: the base and superstructure; the base comprehends the forces and relations of production — employer-employee work conditions, the technical division of labour, and property relations — into which people enter to produce the necessities and...
- Being and Nothingness
- Being in itselfBeing in itselfBeing-in-itself is the self-contained and fully realized Being of objects. It is a term used in early 20th century continental philosophy, especially in the works of Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and the existentialists....
- Benedetto CroceBenedetto CroceBenedetto Croce was an Italian idealist philosopher, and occasionally also politician. He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, methodology of history writing and aesthetics, and was a prominent liberal, although he opposed laissez-faire free trade...
- Berlin Circle
- Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)Bernard Bosanquet was an English philosopher and political theorist, and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy in late 19th and early 20th century Britain...
- Bernard WilliamsBernard WilliamsSir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams was an English moral philosopher, described by The Times as the most brilliant and most important British moral philosopher of his time. His publications include Problems of the Self , Moral Luck , Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy , and Truth and Truthfulness...
- Bert MosselmansBert MosselmansBert Mosselmans is an associate professor of economics and philosophy at Roosevelt Academy, Middelburg, the Netherlands and Dean of Vesalius College, Brussels, Belgium. He has published extensively on the history of economic thought and the history of philosophy, most notably on William Stanley...
- Bertrand de JouvenelBertrand de JouvenelBertrand de Jouvenel des Ursins, usually known only as Bertrand de Jouvenel was a French philosopher, political economist, and futurist.-Life:...
- Between Past and FutureBetween Past and FutureBetween Past and Future is book written by German philosopher Hannah Arendt. It was published for the first time in 1961 by The Viking Press in the United States and by Faber and Faber Ltd in Great Britain. The first edition consisted of six essays, and two more were added to a 1968 revision. The...
- Black swan theoryBlack swan theoryThe black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that encapsulates the concept that The event is a surprise and has a major impact...
- Bob Hale (philosopher)Bob Hale (philosopher)Robert Hale FBA, FRSE is a British philosopher, who is well-known for his contributions to the development of the neo-Fregean philosophy of mathematics in collaboration with Crispin Wright, and for his works in modality and philosophy of language....
- Boris FurlanBoris FurlanBoris Furlan was a Slovenian jurist, philosopher of law, translator and liberal politician. During World War II, he worked as a speaker on Radio London, and was known as the "London's Slovene voice". He served as a Minister in the Tito-Šubašić coalition government...
- Boris Grushin
- Bracha L. EttingerBracha L. EttingerBracha L. Ettinger also known as Bracha Ettinger, Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר, is an artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst. Bracha L. Ettinger is a Professor at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland...
- Bracketing (phenomenology)Bracketing (phenomenology)Bracketing is a term derived from Edmund Husserl for the act of suspending judgment about the natural world that precedes phenomenological analysis....
- Bronius KuzmickasBronius KuzmickasBronius Kuzmickas is a Lithuanian politician and philosopher. In 1990 he was among those who signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.-References:*...
- Bryan MageeBryan MageeBryan Edgar Magee is a noted British broadcasting personality, politician, poet, and author, best known as a popularizer of philosophy.-Early life:...
- BureaucracyBureaucracyA bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials of a governmental or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution, and are occasionally characterized by officialism and red tape.-Weberian bureaucracy:...
- C. D. Broad
- C. S. LewisC. S. LewisClive Staples Lewis , commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis and known to his friends and family as "Jack", was a novelist, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian and Christian apologist from Belfast, Ireland...
- C. Stephen EvansC. Stephen EvansC. Stephen Evans is an American historian and philosopher, he is one of the United States' leading experts on Søren Kierkegaard having published six books on Kierkegaard over 25 years. He is currently Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Humanities at Baylor University. He holds a B.A. with...
- Capital accumulationCapital accumulationThe accumulation of capital refers to the gathering or amassing of objects of value; the increase in wealth through concentration; or the creation of wealth. Capital is money or a financial asset invested for the purpose of making more money...
- Capital, Volume ICapital, Volume ICapital, Volume I , by Karl Marx, is a critical analysis of capitalism as political economy, meant to reveal the economic laws of the capitalist mode of production, how it was the precursor of the socialist mode of production, and of the class struggle rooted in the capitalist social relations of...
- Capitalist mode of productionCapitalist mode of productionIn Marx's critique of political economy, the capitalist mode of production is the production system of capitalist societies, which began in Europe in the 16th century, grew rapidly in Western Europe from the end of the 18th century, and later extended to most of the world...
- Carl Gustav HempelCarl Gustav HempelCarl Gustav "Peter" Hempel was a philosopher of science and a major figure in 20th-century logical empiricism...
- Carlos CastrodezaCarlos CastrodezaCarlos Castrodeza Ruíz de la Cuesta is a Spanish biologist and philosopher. He teaches Philosophy of Science at Madrid's Complutense University.-Work:...
- Carnap-Ramsey sentencesCarnap-Ramsey sentencesIn philosophy, Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content....
- Carveth ReadCarveth ReadCarveth Read was a 19th and 20th century British philosopher and logician. He was Grote professor of philosophy of mind and logic at the University College London from 1903 to 1911.-Bibliography:...
- Categories (Peirce)Categories (Peirce)On May 14, 1867, the 27-year-old Charles Sanders Peirce, who eventually founded Pragmatism, presented a paper entitled "On a New List of Categories" to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among other things, this paper outlined a theory of predication involving three universal categories...
- Charles Morris, Baron Morris of GrasmereCharles Morris, Baron Morris of GrasmereCharles Richard Morris, Baron Morris of Grasmere KCMG was an academic philosopher and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds....
- Charles Parsons (philosopher)Charles Parsons (philosopher)Charles Dacre Parsons is a distinguished figure in the philosophy of mathematics.He is a son of social scientist Talcott Parsons. A specialist in the philosophy of mathematics and logic, Parsons earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1961, under the direction of Burton Dreben and Willard Van...
- Charles Taylor (philosopher)Charles Taylor (philosopher)Charles Margrave Taylor, is a Canadian philosopher from Montreal, Quebec best known for his contributions in political philosophy, the philosophy of social science, and in the history of philosophy. His contributions to these fields have earned him both the prestigious Kyoto Prize and the...
- Chicago school (mathematical analysis)Chicago school (mathematical analysis)In mathematics, the Chicago school of mathematical analysis is a school of thought which emphasizes the applications of Fourier analysis to the study of partial differential equations...
- Chinese roomChinese roomThe Chinese room is a thought experiment by John Searle, which first appeared in his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs", published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1980...
- Christine Buci-GlucksmannChristine Buci-GlucksmannChristine Buci-Glucksmann is a French philosopher and Professor Emeritus from University of Paris VIII specializing in the aesthetics of the Baroque, Japan and computer art...
- Christoph SchrempfChristoph SchrempfChristoph Schrempf was an evangelical theologian and philosopher.-Life:Christoph Schrempf was a pastor and writer from Besigheim, Germany. He had a difficult childhood due to his fathers alcoholism. His mother suffered from the violence until she fled, taking the children...
- Clarence Irving LewisClarence Irving LewisClarence Irving Lewis , usually cited as C. I. Lewis, was an American academic philosopher and the founder of conceptual pragmatism. First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics.-Early years:Lewis was born in...
- Claude LefortClaude LefortClaude Lefort was a French philosopher and activist.He was politically active by 1942 under the influence of his tutor, the phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty...
- Claude Lévi-StraussClaude Lévi-StraussClaude Lévi-Strauss was a French anthropologist and ethnologist, and has been called, along with James George Frazer, the "father of modern anthropology"....
- Claudio CanaparoClaudio CanaparoClaudio Canaparo Visiting Professor in Latin American Studies at in London. He has written as a literary critic, epistemologist, sociology of culture analyst and philosopher.-Career:...
- Clive BellClive BellArthur Clive Heward Bell was an English Art critic, associated with formalism and the Bloomsbury Group.- Origins :Clive Bell was born in East Shefford, Berkshire, in 1881...
- Cognitive mapCognitive mapCognitive maps are a type of mental processing composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.The...
- Colin HowsonColin HowsonProfessor Colin Howson is a British philosopher who is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, where he joined the faculty on July 1, 2008. Previously, he was Professor of Logic at the London School of Economics. He completed a PhD on the philosophy of probability in 1981...
- Colin McGinnColin McGinnColin McGinn is a British philosopher currently working at the University of Miami. McGinn has also held major teaching positions at Oxford University and Rutgers University. He is best known for his work in the philosophy of mind, though he has written on topics across the breadth of modern...
- CommodificationCommodificationCommodification is the transformation of goods, ideas, or other entities that may not normally be regarded as goods into a commodity....
- Commodity (Marxism)Commodity (Marxism)In classical political economy and especially Karl Marx's critique of political economy, a commodity is any good or service produced by human labour and offered as a product for general sale on the market. Some other priced goods are also treated as commodities, e.g...
- Confirmation holismConfirmation holismConfirmation holism, also called epistemological holism is the claim that a single scientific theory cannot be tested in isolation; a test of one theory always depends on other theories and hypotheses....
- Connexive logicConnexive logicConnexive logic names one class of alternative, or non-classical, logics designed to exclude the so-called paradoxes of material implication. The characteristic that separates connexive logic from other non-classical logics is its acceptance of Aristotle's Thesis, i.e...
- Consensual livingConsensual livingConsensual Living, CL, is a philosophy derived from the principles of consensus decision-making which advocates a consent-based approach to conflict resolution....
- Constant capitalConstant capitalConstant capital , is a concept created by Karl Marx and used in Marxian political economy. It refers to one of the forms of capital invested in production, which contrasts with variable capital...
- Constantin NoicaConstantin NoicaConstantin Noica was a Romanian philosopher, essayist and poet. His preoccupations were throughout all philosophy, from epistemology, philosophy of culture, axiology and philosophic anthropology to ontology and logics, from the history of philosophy to systematic philosophy, from ancient to...
- Constructive induction
- Consumption of fixed capitalConsumption of fixed capitalConsumption of fixed capital is a term used in business accounts, tax assessments and national accounts for depreciation of fixed assets...
- Contemporary philosophyContemporary philosophyContemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy....
- Contemporary Political Theory
- Contemporary PragmatismContemporary PragmatismContemporary Pragmatism is an interdisciplinary, international, academic journal for discussions of applying pragmatism, broadly understood, to today's issues...
- Contingency, irony, and solidarityContingency, Irony, and SolidarityContingency, Irony, and Solidarity , is a book by American philosopher Richard Rorty, based on two sets of lectures he gave at University College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge....
- Contrast theory of meaningContrast theory of meaningThe Contrast theory of meaning states that any meaningful term must have a possible example and a possible counterexample.Ernest Gellner in Words and Things, p. 40: "terms derive their meaning from the fact that there are or could be things which fall under them and that there are others which...
- Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning)Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning)Contributions to Philosophy is the title of the English translation of German philosopher Martin Heidegger's Beitrage Zur Philosophie ...
- Cora DiamondCora DiamondCora Diamond is an American philosopher. She has worked on problems in analytic philosophy, the interpretation of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and moral philosophy. A moral vegetarian, she has also examined the rhetorical and philosophical nature of contemporary attitudes towards animal rights...
- Cornel WestCornel WestCornel Ronald West is an American philosopher, author, critic, actor, civil rights activist and prominent member of the Democratic Socialists of America....
- Cornelius CastoriadisCornelius CastoriadisCornelius Castoriadis was a Greek philosopher, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst, author of The Imaginary Institution of Society, and co-founder of the Socialisme ou Barbarie group.-Early life in Athens:...
- Critical pedagogyCritical pedagogyCritical pedagogy is a philosophy of education described by Henry Giroux as an "educational movement, guided by passion and principle, to help students develop consciousness of freedom, recognize authoritarian tendencies, and connect knowledge to power and the ability to take constructive...
- Criticism of capitalism
- Criticism of postmodernismCriticism of postmodernismCriticism of postmodernism has been intellectually diverse, but much of it has centered on the perception that postmodernism tries to "deconstruct" modernity and promote obscurantism in ways that are similar to reactionary movements of the past....
- Criticisms of electoralismCriticisms of electoralismAlthough highly controversial at various points in history, representative democracy has become the modern civics global-standard. Nevertheless, criticisms of electoral politics continue to come from both within the Western world and the developing world...
- Critique of Cynical ReasonCritique of Cynical ReasonCritique of Cynical Reason is a book by the German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, published in 1983 in two volumes under the German title Kritik der zynischen Vernunft. It discusses philosophical Cynicism and popular cynicism as a societal phenomenon in European history.In the first volume of...
- Critique of Dialectical ReasonCritique of Dialectical ReasonCritique of Dialectical Reason, , was the last of Jean-Paul Sartre's major philosophical works...
- Critiques of Slavoj Žižek
- Curt John DucasseCurt John DucasseCurt John Ducasse was a philosopher who taught at the University of Washington and Brown University.Ducasse was born in Angoulême, France. He is most notable for his work in philosophy of mind and aesthetics, and his influence can be seen in the work of Roderick Chisholm and Wilfrid Sellars...
- Czesław ZnamierowskiCzesław ZnamierowskiCzesław Znamierowski was a Polish philosopher, jurist and sociologist.-Life:In 1924–39 and in 1945–65 Znamierowski was professor of law theory at Poznań University...
- Daniel DennettDaniel DennettDaniel Clement Dennett is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He is currently the Co-director of...
- Daniel RynholdDaniel RynholdDr. Daniel Rynhold is the Associate Professor of Modern Jewish Philosophy at Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies at Yeshiva University in New York a post which he has held since August 2007. He was previously Lecturer in Judaism in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at...
- Dariush ShayeganDariush ShayeganDariush Shayegan is one of Iran's prominent thinkers, cultural theorists and comparative philosophers.Shayegan studied at Sorbonne University in Paris...
- Das Argument (journal)Das Argument (journal)Das Argument: Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften is a German academic journal. It was established in 1959 as an independent West German journal of predominantly Marxist orientation...
- DaseinDaseinDasein is a German word famously used by Martin Heidegger in his magnum opus Being and Time, which generally translates to being in its ontological and philosophical sense Dasein is a German word famously used by Martin Heidegger in his magnum opus Being and Time, which generally translates to...
- David BenatarDavid BenatarDavid Benatar is professor of philosophy and head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Cape Town in Cape Town, South Africa. He is best known for his advocacy of antinatalism in his book Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence, in which he argues that coming...
- David Braine (philosopher)
- David ChalmersDavid ChalmersDavid John Chalmers is an Australian philosopher specializing in the area of philosophy of mind and philosophy of language, whose recent work concerns verbal disputes. He is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Consciousness at the Australian National University...
- David CockburnDavid CockburnProfessor David Cockburn MA BPhil DPhil studied Philosophy at St Andrews and Oxford, and has taught at Swansea, the Open University, and, until 2010, has spent over 30 years at the University of Wales, Lampeter, where he teaches courses on the philosophy of mind, Spinoza, Wittgenstein among others...
- David Kellogg LewisDavid Kellogg LewisDavid Kellogg Lewis was an American philosopher. Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton from 1970 until his death. He is also closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than thirty years...
- David Oswald ThomasDavid Oswald ThomasDavid Oswald Thomas was a Welsh philosopher, born in Rhuthun, Denbighshire, the son of the Clerk to the Department of Education for the county. He was educated at Denbigh Grammar School, after which he worked as a bank clerk. In 1943, after two years in the bank, he joined the RAF. He served...
- David Pearce (philosopher)David Pearce (philosopher)David Pearce is a British utilitarian thinker. He believes and promotes the idea that there exists a strong ethical imperative for humans to work towards the abolition of suffering in all sentient life. His book-length internet manifesto The Hedonistic Imperative details how he believes the...
- David PrallDavid PrallDavid Wight Prall was a philosopher of art at the University of California.- Publications :* Concerning the Nature of Philosophy Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 15 :127-130...
- David S. OderbergDavid S. OderbergProfessor David S. Oderberg is an Australian philosopher and ethicist based in Britain since 1987. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading. He describes himself as a non-consequentialist or a traditionalist in his works. Broadly speaking, Oderberg places himself in opposition to...
- David SchmidtzDavid SchmidtzDavid Schmidtz is Kendrick Professor of Philosophy and joint Professor of Economics at the University of Arizona. He grew up in Saskatchewan, Canada, and earned his PhD at Arizona under the direction of Joel Feinberg and Allen Buchanan and taught at Yale and Bowling Green State University before...
- David Wong (philosopher)David Wong (philosopher)David Wong, Ph.D. is the Susan Fox Beischer and George D. Beischer Professor of Philosophy at Duke University. Wong has done work in ethics, moral psychology, comparative ethics, and Chinese philosophy....
- Dean ZimmermanDean ZimmermanDean Zimmerman is an American professor of philosophy at Rutgers University. He specializes in metaphysics and the philosophy of religion. He earned his PhD in philosophy from Brown University, and has taught at the University of Notre Dame and Syracuse University...
- Degenerated workers' stateDegenerated workers' stateIn Trotskyist political theory the term degenerated workers' state has been used since the 1930s to describe the state of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in or about 1924...
- Deleuze and GuattariDeleuze and GuattariDeleuze and Guattari refers to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, two French philosophers who wrote a number of works together. The most notable of these is the two volume Capitalism and Schizophrenia, consisting of Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus...
- Delfim SantosDelfim SantosDelfim Pinto dos Santos , was a Portuguese philosopher, author, pedagogue, University professor and occasional book and movie reviewer.-Life:...
- Democracy in MarxismDemocracy in MarxismThe Marxist view is fundamentally opposed to liberal democracy believing that the capitalist state cannot be democratic by its nature, as it represents the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Marxism views liberal democracy as an unrealistic utopia...
- Democratic RationalizationDemocratic RationalizationDemocratic Rationalization is term used by Andrew Feenberg in his article "Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with technology." Feenberg argues against the idea of technological determinism citing flaws in its two fundamental theses.The first is the thesis of unilinear...
- Denis DuttonDenis DuttonDenis Dutton was an academic, web entrepreneur and libertarian media commentator/activist. He was a professor of philosophy at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand...
- Dermot MoranDermot MoranDermot Moran is an Irish philosopher specialising in phenomenology and in medieval philosophy and also active in the dialogue between analytic and continental philosophy. He is currently Professor of Philosophy at University College Dublin. He previously taught at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth,...
- Dewitt H. ParkerDewitt H. ParkerDewitt H. Parker was a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan. He published works on metaphysics, aesthetics, and ethics.-Books:* The self and nature*The Principles of Aesthetics -Journal articles:...
- DialecticaDialecticaDialectica is a quarterly philosophy journal published by Blackwell. The journal was founded in 1947 by Gaston Bachelard, Paul Bernays and Ferdinand Gonseth. Dialectica is edited in Switzerland and has a focus on analytical philosophy. The journal is the official journal of the European...
- Dieter HenrichDieter HenrichDieter Henrich is a German philosopher. A contemporary thinker in the tradition of German Idealism, Henrich is particularly known for the influence of Kant, Hegel and Fichte in his work.-Life:...
- Differential and Absolute Ground RentDifferential and Absolute Ground RentDifferential ground rent and absolute ground rent are concepts used by Karl Marx in the third volume of Das Kapital to explain how the capitalist mode of production would operate in agricultural production, under the condition where most agricultural land was owned by a social class of land-owners...
- Dimitrije MitrinovićDimitrije MitrinovicDimitrije Mitrinović was a Serbian philosopher, poet, revolutionary, mystic, theoretician of modern painting, traveller and cosmopolite.-Biography:Dimitrije Mitrinović was born in a village near the town of Stolac in Herzegovina...
- Dimitris DimitrakosDimitris DimitrakosDimitris Dimitrakos is a Greek philosopher, currently Professor Emeritus of Political Philosophy in the Philosophy of Science Department of the University of Athens. He originally studied economics at the London School of Economics , taking part in seminars given there by Karl Popper, before...
- Diogenes (journal)Diogenes (journal)Diogenes is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers three times a year in the field of Philosophy. The journal's editors are Maurice Aymard and Luca Maria Scarantino...
- Doctrine of internal relationsDoctrine of internal relationsThe doctrine of internal relations is the philosophical doctrine that all relations are internal to their bearers, in the sense that they are essential to them and the bearers would not be what they are without them. It was a term used in British philosophy around in the early 1900s...
- Dominant ideologyDominant ideologyThe dominant ideology, in Marxist theory, is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics...
- Dominik GrossDominik GrossDominik Gross is a German bioethicist and historian of medicine. He is currently Professor and Director of the Institute of History, Theory and Ethics in Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University, Germany....
- Donald BurtDonald BurtDonald X. Burt , O.S.A., Ph.D., is a member of the Augustinian Order. Recently retired as professor emeritus in philosophy at Villanova University, Father Burt has published twelve books and numerous articles on the thought of St...
- Donald Davidson (philosopher)Donald Davidson (philosopher)Donald Herbert Davidson was an American philosopher born in Springfield, Massachusetts, who served as Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley from 1981 to 2003 after having also held teaching appointments at Stanford University, Rockefeller University, Princeton...
- Dorothy EmmetDorothy EmmetDorothy Mary Emmet was a British philosopher and head of Manchester University's philosophy department for over twenty years...
- Doxastic logic
- Dual powerDual powerDual power is a concept that has taken on a broad meaning in the hands of anarchists and Libertarian socialists who use it to refer to the concept of gradual revolution through the creation of "alternative-institutions" and "counter-institutions" in place of and in opposition to state and corporate...
- Dudley KnowlesDudley KnowlesDudley Knowles is a British political philosopher and professor at Glasgow University. He is widely known for his influential book Political Philosophy .- Publications :Books:...
- Eckart SchütrumpfEckart SchütrumpfEckart Schütrumpf is a professor of classics at the University of Colorado at Boulder known for his work on political, ethical, rhetorical and poetic issues in Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, and other ancient writers. In 2005 he won a prestigious research prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation...
- Edith WyschogrodEdith WyschogrodEdith Wyschogrod was an American philosopher. She received her A.B. from Hunter College in 1957 and her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1970.Wyschogrod joined Rice's Religious Studies Department in 1992. She retired in 2003....
- Edmund GettierEdmund GettierEdmund L. Gettier III is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst; he owes his reputation to a single three-page paper published in 1963 called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"Gettier was educated at Cornell University, where his mentors...
- Edward BulloughEdward BulloughEdward Bullough was a psychologist and philosopher of art. He was a lecturer at Cambridge on modern languages and ultimately was named Serena Professor of Italian in 1933. He is most noted for the idea of psychical distance.- Publications :...
- Elaine ScarryElaine ScarryElaine Scarry , a professor of English and American Literature and Language, is the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University...
- Eleutherius WinanceEleutherius WinanceEleutherius Winance was a Belgian-born Benedictine monk and philosophy professor. Winance was the last surviving founders of St. Andrew's Abbey in Valyermo, California. he taught philosophy at Claremont Graduate University for 38 years.-Early life:Winance was born in Belgium on 10 July 1909. He...
- Elliott SoberElliott SoberElliott Sober is Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Sober is noted for his work in philosophy of biology and general philosophy of science. Sober taught for one year at Stanford University and has...
- Émile DurkheimÉmile DurkheimDavid Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain...
- Émile MeyersonÉmile MeyersonEmile Meyerson was Polish-born French epistemologist, chemist, and philosopher of science. Emile Meyerson was born in Lublin, Poland. He died in his sleep of a heart attack at the age of 74....
- EmotivismEmotivismEmotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes. Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism in the 20th century, the theory was stated vividly by A. J. Ayer in his 1936 book Language, Truth and...
- Epistemological anarchismEpistemological anarchismEpistemological anarchism is an epistemological theory advanced by Austrian philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend which holds that there are no useful and exception-free methodological rules governing the progress of science or the growth of knowledge...
- Eric Higgs (philosopher)Eric Higgs (philosopher)Eric Stowe Higgs is professor in the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria. Trained in ecology, philosophy, and environmental planning, his work concerns ecological restoration, historical ecology, intervention ecology, and the changing character of life in technological...
- Erich FrommErich FrommErich Seligmann Fromm was a Jewish German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory.-Life:Erich Fromm was born on March 23, 1900, at Frankfurt am...
- ErkenntnisErkenntnisErkenntnis is a journal of philosophy that publishes papers in analytic philosophy. Its name is derived from the German word for knowledge recognition. The journal was founded by Hans Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap in 1930. The journal was "refounded" by Wilhelm K. Essler, Carl G...
- Ernest GellnerErnest GellnerErnest André Gellner was a philosopher and social anthropologist, described by The Daily Telegraph when he died as one of the world's most vigorous intellectuals and by The Independent as a "one-man crusade for critical rationalism."His first book, Words and Things —famously, and uniquely...
- Ernesto Garzón ValdésErnesto Garzón ValdésErnesto Garzón Valdés is an Argentine philosopher.He has been professor of philosophy of law at the universities of Córdoba and La Plata in Argentina and, upon being exiled in Germany during the administration of Isabel Perón and the subsequent dictatorship in Argentina, at the universities of...
- Ernst CassirerErnst CassirerErnst Cassirer was a German philosopher. He was one of the major figures in the development of philosophical idealism in the first half of the 20th century...
- Ernst EhrlichErnst EhrlichErnst Ludwig Ehrlich was a German-born Swiss Jewish religious philosopher. He was born in Berlin.Ehrlich fled Nazi Germany for Switzerland in June 1943, using a false passport...
- Ernst GombrichErnst GombrichSir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, OM, CBE was an Austrian-born art historian who became naturalized British citizen in 1947. He spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom...
- Ernst NolteErnst NolteErnst Nolte is a German historian and philosopher. Nolte’s major interest is the comparative studies of Fascism and Communism. He is Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the Free University of Berlin, where he taught from 1973 to 1991. He was previously a Professor at the University of Marburg...
- Erwin PanofskyErwin PanofskyErwin Panofsky was a German art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime. Panofsky's work remains highly influential in the modern academic study of iconography...
- Erwin SchrödingerErwin SchrödingerErwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger was an Austrian physicist and theoretical biologist who was one of the fathers of quantum mechanics, and is famed for a number of important contributions to physics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933...
- Esperanza GuisánEsperanza GuisánEsperanza Guisán is a Spanish moral and political philosopher. Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Devoted mainly to classical utilitarian theory.-References:...
- Ethical problems using children in clinical trialsEthical problems using children in clinical trialsIn health care, a clinical trial is a comparison test of a medication or other medical treatment , versus a placebo , other medications or devices, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition....
- Ethics BowlEthics BowlThe Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl is an activity that combines the excitement of a competitive tournament with a valuable education experience for undergraduate students. Created in 1993 at the Illinois Institute of Technology, the Ethics Bowl has grown steadily over the past few years...
- Étienne BalibarÉtienne BalibarÉtienne Balibar is a French Marxist philosopher. After the death of his teacher Louis Althusser, Balibar quickly became the leading exponent of French Marxist philosophy.- Life and work :...
- Étienne BorneÉtienne BorneÉtienne Vincent Borne was born in Manduel . He was a professor of philosophy Hypokhâgne at Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. Étienne Borne founded the Mouvement Republicain Populaire , and the French Christian Democratic Party. He was a columnist in the newspaper La Croix...
- Étienne SouriauÉtienne SouriauÉtienne Souriau was a French philosopher, best known for his work in aesthetics.He studied at the École Normale Supérieure and received his agrégation of philosophy in 1925. After teaching at the universities of Aix-en-provence and Lyon he eventually became a professor at the Sorbonne, where he...
- Eugen Rosenstock-HuessyEugen Rosenstock-HuessyEugen Rosenstock-Huessy was a historian and social philosopher, whose work spanned the disciplines of history, theology, sociology, linguistics and beyond...
- Exchange valueExchange valueIn political economy and especially Marxian economics, exchange value refers to one of four major attributes of a commodity, i.e., an item or service produced for, and sold on the market...
- ExploitationExploitationThis article discusses the term exploitation in the meaning of using something in an unjust or cruel manner.- As unjust benefit :In political economy, economics, and sociology, exploitation involves a persistent social relationship in which certain persons are being mistreated or unfairly used for...
- Exploitation theoryExploitation theoryThe exploitation theory is the theory, most associated with Marxists, that profit is the result of the exploitation of wage earners by their employers....
- F. H. BradleyF. H. BradleyFrancis Herbert Bradley, OM, was a British idealist philosopher.- Life :Bradley was born at Clapham, Surrey, England . He was the child of Charles Bradley, an evangelical preacher, and Emma Linton, Charles's second wife. A. C. Bradley was his brother...
- Fact, Fiction, and ForecastFact, Fiction, and ForecastFact, Fiction, and Forecast is a book by Nelson Goodman in which he explores some problems regarding scientific law and counterfactual conditionals and presents his New Riddle of Induction...
- False consciousness
- FalsifiabilityFalsifiabilityFalsifiability or refutability of an assertion, hypothesis or theory is the logical possibility that it can be contradicted by an observation or the outcome of a physical experiment...
- Faux frais of productionFaux frais of productionFaux frais of production is a concept used by classical political economists and by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. It refers to "incidental operating expenses" incurred in the productive investment of capital, which do not themselves add new value to output...
- Feng YoulanFeng YoulanFeng Youlan or Fung Yu-Lan was a Chinese philosopher who was important for reintroducing the study of Chinese philosophy.-Early life, education, & career:...
- Ferdinand Canning Scott SchillerFerdinand Canning Scott SchillerFerdinand Canning Scott Schiller was a German-British philosopher. Born in Altona, Holstein , Schiller studied at the University of Oxford, and later was a professor there, after being invited back after a brief time at Cornell University...
- Ferdinand EbnerFerdinand EbnerFerdinand Ebner , was an Austrian elementary school teacher and philosopher. Together with Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig, he is considered one of the most outstanding representatives of dialogical thinking...
- Fi Zilal al-Qur'anFi zilal al-Qur'anIn the Shade of the Qur'an or Fi Zilal al-Qur'an[p][n] is a highly influential commentary of the Qur'an, written during 1951-1965 by Sayyid Qutb[a] , a leader within the Muslim Brotherhood. Most of the original 30 volumes were written while in prison following an attempted assassination of...
- Finance capitalismFinance capitalismFinance capitalism is a term in Marxian political economics defined as the subordination of processes of production to the accumulation of money profits in a financial system. It is characterized by the pursuit of profit from the purchase and sale of, or investment in, currencies and financial...
- Form of life (philosophy)Form of life (philosophy)Form of life is a non-technical term used by Ludwig Wittgenstein and others in the analytic philosophy and philosophy of language traditions...
- Francis FukuyamaFrancis FukuyamaYoshihiro Francis Fukuyama is an American political scientist, political economist, and author. He is a Senior Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford. Before that he served as a professor and director of the International Development program at the School of...
- Frank R. WallaceFrank R. WallaceDr. Frank R. Wallace was an American philosopher, author, publisher, and mail-order magnate. He is known as the originator of the philosophy of Neo-Tech. He was convicted of income tax evasion in 1997.-Education and career:Wallace graduated from Colby College in 1954...
- Frantz FanonFrantz FanonFrantz Fanon was a Martiniquo-Algerian psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer whose work is influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory and Marxism...
- Franz RosenzweigFranz RosenzweigFranz Rosenzweig was an influential Jewish theologian and philosopher.-Early life:Franz Rosenzweig was born in Kassel, Germany to a middle-class, minimally observant Jewish family...
- Fred Miller (philosopher)Fred Miller (philosopher)Fred D. Miller, Jr. is a professor of philosophy at Bowling Green State University, and serves as Executive Director of the University's Social Philosophy and Policy Center. An Objectivist philosopher, he is a member of the Ayn Rand Society, affiliated with the American Philosophical Association,...
- Frederick C. BeiserFrederick C. BeiserFrederick C. Beiser , one of the leading scholars of German Idealism writing in English, is a Professor of Philosophy at Syracuse University. Prior to joining Syracuse, he was a member of the faculty at Indiana University, Bloomington where he received a 1999-2000 NEH Faculty Fellowship...
- Frederick CoplestonFrederick CoplestonFrederick Charles Copleston, SJ, CBE was a Jesuit priest and historian of philosophy.-Biography:...
- Frederick FerréFrederick FerréFrederick Ferré is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at The University of Georgia. He is past president of the Metaphysical Society of America.- Education :* Oberlin College, 1950-51.* Boston University, A.B. summa cum laude, 1954...
- Frederick SuppeFrederick SuppeFrederick Suppe is a professor Emeritus of philosophy at the University of Maryland. He has prominent work in the philosophy of science including much work with the semantic view of theories...
- Fredric JamesonFredric JamesonFredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best known for his analysis of contemporary cultural trends—he once described postmodernism as the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism...
- Freudo-MarxismFreudo-MarxismFreudo-Marxism is a loose designation of several twentieth-century critical theory schools of thought that sought to synthesize the philosophy and political economy of Karl Marx with the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud....
- Friedrich WaismannFriedrich WaismannFriedrich Waismann was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. He is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle and one of the key theorists in logical positivism.-Birth & Early Interest in Philosophy:...
- From Bakunin to LacanFrom Bakunin to LacanFrom Bakunin to Lacan: Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power is a book on political philosophy by Saul Newman, published in 2001. It investigates the essentialist characteristics of anarchist theory, which holds that government and hierarchy are undesirable forms of social organisation...
- Future Primitive and Other EssaysFuture Primitive and Other EssaysFuture Primitive and Other Essays is a collection of essays by anarcho-primitivist philosopher John Zerzan published by Autonomedia in 1994. The book became the subject of increasing interest after Zerzan and his beliefs rose to fame in the aftermath of the trial of fellow thinker Theodore...
- G. E. M. AnscombeG. E. M. AnscombeGertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe , better known as Elizabeth Anscombe, was a British analytic philosopher from Ireland. A student of Ludwig Wittgenstein, she became an authority on his work and edited and translated many books drawn from his writings, above all his Philosophical Investigations...
- Gabriel NuchelmansGabriel NuchelmansGabriel Nuchelmans was a Dutch philosopher, focusing on the history of philosophy, especially philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as logic and philosophy of language....
- Gani BobiGani BobiGani Bobi was an Albanian philosopher and sociologist from Kosovo. He was born in Lubenić, municipality of Peć. Was one of the first Albanian professors of sociology and philosophy at the University of Pristina...
- Gary DrescherGary DrescherGary L. Drescher is a scientist in the field of artificial intelligence , author of the book Made-Up Minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence....
- General intellectGeneral intellectGeneral intellect - crucial factor in production, according to Karl Marx; a combination of technological expertise and social intellect, or general social knowledge - increasing importance of machinery in social organization.See:...
- Geneviève FraisseGeneviève FraisseGeneviève Fraisse is a French philosopher.She was born within Murs blancs , a community founded by Emmanuel Mounier at Châtenay-Malabry. Her parents, Paul Fraisse and Simone Fraisse , were both professors at the Sorbonne...
- Geoffrey HellmanGeoffrey HellmanGeoffrey Hellman is an American professor and philosopher. He is Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota.-Education:He obtained his B.A. and Ph.D...
- Geoffrey Hunter (logician)
- Georg KlausGeorg KlausGeorg Klaus was a German philosopher, cybernetician, chess master, and functionary.In 1928, he started his chess career in Nuremberg, playing at Arbeiterschachklub Nürnberg, then Nürnberger Schachklub Noris. In 1933, he won in the Franconian championships...
- George CaffentzisGeorge CaffentzisGeorge Caffentzis is a political philosopher and an autonomist Marxist. He founded the Midnight Notes Collective, is a founder member of the co-ordinator of the Committee for Academic Freedom in Africa and a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern Maine.-Selected articles:*, LibCom,...
- George DickieGeorge DickieGeorge Dickie is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at University of Illinois at Chicago and is an influential philosopher of art working in the analytical tradition...
- George Edward MooreGeorge Edward MooreGeorge Edward Moore OM, was an English philosopher. He was, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy...
- George H. SmithGeorge H. SmithGeorge Hamilton Smith is an American author, editor, educator and speaker.-Biography:Smith grew up mostly in Tucson, Arizona, and attended the University of Arizona for several years before leaving without a degree; he relocated to Los Angeles during 1971. With the help of libertarian editor Roy A...
- George SantayanaGeorge SantayanaGeorge Santayana was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. A lifelong Spanish citizen, Santayana was raised and educated in the United States and identified himself as an American. He wrote in English and is generally considered an American man of letters...
- Gettier problemGettier problemA Gettier problem is a problem in modern epistemology issuing from counter-examples to the definition of knowledge as justified true belief . The problem owes its name to a three-page paper published in 1963, by Edmund Gettier, called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", in which Gettier argues...
- Gila SherGila SherGila Sher is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, San Diego. She has worked extensively in the theory of truth and philosophy of logic. Sher is a leading advocate of foundational holism, a holistic theory of epistemology....
- Gilbert HarmanGilbert HarmanGilbert Harman is a contemporary American philosopher, teaching at Princeton University, who has published widely in linguistics, semantics, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, ethics, moral psychology, epistemology, statistical learning theory, and metaphysics. He and George Miller...
- Giles FraserGiles FraserGiles Anthony Fraser is a priest of the Church of England. He was Canon Chancellor of St Paul's Cathedral from 2009 until his resignation in October 2011. As Canon Chancellor, Fraser fulfilled the role of a canon residentiary with special responsibility for contemporary ethics and engagement with...
- Gilles DeleuzeGilles DeleuzeGilles Deleuze , was a French philosopher who, from the early 1960s until his death, wrote influentially on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus , both co-written with Félix...
- Giorgio AgambenGiorgio AgambenGiorgio Agamben is an Italian political philosopher best known for his work investigating the concepts of the state of exception and homo sacer....
- Giovanni GentileGiovanni GentileGiovanni Gentile was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. He described himself as 'the philosopher of Fascism', and ghostwrote A Doctrine of Fascism for Benito Mussolini. He also devised his own system of philosophy, Actual Idealism.- Life and thought :Giovanni...
- Giuseppe PeanoGiuseppe PeanoGiuseppe Peano was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named the Peano axioms in...
- Gödel's ontological proofGödel's ontological proofGödel's ontological proof is a formal argument for God's existence by the mathematician Kurt Gödel. It is in a line of development that goes back to Anselm of Canterbury. St. Anselm's ontological argument, in its most succinct form, is as follows: "God, by definition, is that for which no...
- Gopal BalakrishnanGopal BalakrishnanGopal Balakrishnan is associate professor in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, working on political thought, intellectual history, and critical theory. Balakrishnan studied European intellectual history and historical sociology at UCLA during the...
- Gordon Park BakerGordon Park BakerGordon Park Baker was an American-English philosopher. His topics of interest included Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gottlob Frege, Friedrich Waismann, Bertrand Russell, the Vienna Circle, and René Descartes...
- Gottlob FregeGottlob FregeFriedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege was a German mathematician, logician and philosopher. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern logic, and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on...
- Graham PriestGraham PriestGraham Priest is Boyce Gibson Professor of Philosophy at the University of Melbourne and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center, as well as a regular visitor at St. Andrews University. Priest is a fellow in residence at Ormond College. He was educated at the University...
- Gray DorseyGray DorseyGray L. Dorsey was an American law professor. He was professor emeritus of international law at Washington University in St. Louis, and had been the Charles Nagel Professor of Jurisprudence in International Law...
- Gricean maxims
- Günter AbelGünter AbelGünter Abel is a German philosopher. He was born in Homberg , Germany . Since 1987 he has been professor for theoretical philosophy at the Technical University of Berlin....
- Gustav BergmannGustav BergmannGustav Bergmann was a philosopher born in Vienna, Austria. He studied at the University of Vienna and was a member of the Vienna Circle. In the United States, he was a professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Iowa.- Biography :Bergmann earned his Ph.D. in mathematics at the...
- Guy DebordGuy DebordGuy Ernest Debord was a French Marxist theorist, writer, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International . He was also briefly a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie.-Early Life:Guy Debord was born in Paris in 1931...
- György Lukács
- György MárkusGyörgy MárkusGyörgy Márkus is a Hungarian philosopher, a student of Lukács and a member of the "Budapest School" of socialist philosophy. He completed his philosophical training at Lomonosov University in Moscow in 1957...
- Hajime TanabeHajime Tanabewas a Japanese philosopher of the Kyoto School. In 1947 he became a member of The Japan Academy, in 1950 he received the Order of Cultural Merit, and in 1957 an honorary doctorate from University of Freiburg....
- Han Yong-un
- Hans-Georg GadamerHans-Georg GadamerHans-Georg Gadamer was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus, Truth and Method .-Life:...
- Hans HahnHans HahnHans Hahn was an Austrian mathematician who made contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory.-Biography:...
- Hans LippsHans LippsHans Lipps was a German phenomenological and existentialist philosopher.-Biographical Sketch:...
- Hans ReichenbachHans ReichenbachHans Reichenbach was a leading philosopher of science, educator and proponent of logical empiricism...
- Hans SlugaHans SlugaHans D. Sluga is a German academic, who is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. He teaches and writes on, among other things, Gottlob Frege, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, and German philosophy in the Nazi period.He studied at the...
- Hao Wang (academic)
- Harald K. SchjelderupHarald K. SchjelderupHarald Krabbe Schjelderup was a Norwegian physicist, philosopher and psychologist. He worked with all three subjects on university level, but is best remembered as Norway's first professor of psychology....
- Hassan KobeissiHassan KobeissiDr. Hassan Kobeissi was a prominent Lebanese writer, thinker and translator. He was born in Zebdine زبدين Lebanon, and is considered an important figure in the Lebanese intellectual circle...
- HegemonyHegemonyHegemony is an indirect form of imperial dominance in which the hegemon rules sub-ordinate states by the implied means of power rather than direct military force. In Ancient Greece , hegemony denoted the politico–military dominance of a city-state over other city-states...
- Helen LonginoHelen LonginoHelen E. Longino is an American philosopher of science who has argued influentially for the significance of values and social interactions to scientific inquiry.-Career:...
- Hélène CixousHélène CixousHélène Cixous is a professor, French feminist writer, poet, playwright, philosopher, literary critic and rhetorician. She holds honorary degrees from Queen's University and the University of Alberta in Canada; University College Dublin in Ireland; the University of York and University College...
- Helene von DruskowitzHelene von DruskowitzHelene von Druskowitz was an Austrian philosopher, writer and music critic. She was the second woman to obtain a Doctorate in Philosophy, which she obtained in Zürich...
- Henri BerrHenri BerrHenri Berr was a French philosopher and lycée teacher, known as the founder of the journal Revue de synthèse. He is credited with moving the centre of gravity of the study of history in France, in accordance with his ideas on "synthesis"...
- Henri LefebvreHenri LefebvreHenri Lefebvre was a French sociologist, Marxist intellectual, and philosopher, best known for his work on dialectics, Marxism, everyday life, cities, and space.-Biography:...
- Henry CorbinHenry CorbinHenry Corbin was a philosopher, theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, France.Corbin was born in Paris in April 1903. As a boy he revealed the profound sensitivity to music so evident in his work...
- Herbert FeiglHerbert FeiglHerbert Feigl was an Austrian philosopher and a member of the Vienna Circle.-Biography:The son of a weaver, Feigl was born in Reichenberg , Bohemia, and matriculated at the University of Vienna in 1922...
- Herbert MarcuseHerbert MarcuseHerbert Marcuse was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory...
- HeterophenomenologyHeterophenomenologyHeterophenomenology is a term coined by Daniel Dennett to describe an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of consciousness and other mental phenomena...
- Hilary PutnamHilary PutnamHilary Whitehall Putnam is an American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist, who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science...
- Historicity (philosophy)Historicity (philosophy)Historicity in philosophy is the underlying concept of history, or the intersection of teleology , temporality , and historiography...
- History and Future of JusticeHistory and Future of JusticeHistory and Future of Justice is a book of philosopher and political scientist Vojin Rakic. It advocates the thesis that history is marked by a slow but progressive development of justice. Rakic believes that the 'end of history' will be marked by a condition of perfect freedom and perfect justice...
- History of the Church–Turing thesis
- Honorio DelgadoHonorio DelgadoHonorio Delgado Espinosa was a gifted teacher, a creative researcher, a humanist, a philosopher, and scholar whose work covered almost 50 years of the 20th-century history of Latin American psychiatry. Born in Arequipa, Peru, Dr. Delgado graduated from Lima’s Universidad de San...
- Hossein ZiaiHossein ZiaiDr. Hossein Ziai , Tenured Full Professor of Islamic and Iranian Studies, and Director of Iranian Studies at UCLA, where he has taught since 1988. He received his B.S. in 1967 in Mathematics & Physics from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in Islamic Philosophy from Harvard University in 1976...
- Howard AdelmanHoward AdelmanHoward Adelman is a Canadian philosopher and former university professor. He retired as Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at York University in 2003. Adelman was one of the founders of Rochdale College, as well as the founder and director of York's Centre for Refugee Studies...
- Howison Lectures in PhilosophyHowison Lectures in PhilosophyThe Howison Lectures in Philosophy are a lecture series established in 1919 by friends and former students of George Howison, who served as the Mills Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity at the University of California, Berkeley....
- Hubert DamischHubert DamischBorn in 1928, Hubert Damisch is a French philosopher specialised in aesthetics and art history, and professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris from 1975 until 1996....
- Hubert DreyfusHubert DreyfusHubert Lederer Dreyfus is an American philosopher. He is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley....
- Hugh MellorHugh MellorDavid Hugh Mellor is an English philosopher.Mellor was born on 10 July 1938 in London. After studying chemical engineering at university, he took up philosophy. His main work has been in metaphysics....
- Humana.Mente – Journal of Philosophical StudiesHumana.Mente – Journal of Philosophical StudiesHumana.Mente – Journal of Philosophical Studies was founded in Florence in 2007. It is a peer-reviewed international journal that publishes 4 issues a year...
- Huston SmithHuston SmithHuston Cummings Smith is a religious studies scholar in the United States. His book The World's Religions remains a popular introduction to comparative religion.-Education:...
- Hypothetico-deductive modelHypothetico-deductive modelThe hypothetico-deductive model or method, first so-named by William Whewell, is a proposed description of scientific method. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data...
- I Heart Huckabees
- I. A. RichardsI. A. RichardsIvor Armstrong Richards was an influential English literary critic and rhetorician....
- Ideal observer theoryIdeal observer theoryIdeal observer theory is the meta-ethical view which claims that:# Ethical sentences express propositions.# Some such propositions are true.# Those propositions are about the attitudes of a hypothetical ideal observer....
- Idealistic StudiesIdealistic StudiesIdealistic Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal founded in 1971 to discuss themes and topics related to philosophical idealism. While it initially focused on American Personalism and post-Kantian Idealism, the journal's mission has broadened to include other topics, including historically...
- Identity Formation, Agency, and CultureIdentity Formation, Agency, and CultureIdentity Formation, Agency, and Culture: A Social Psychological Synthesis is a textbook by Charles G. Levine and James E. Cote. The work attempts to pull together theoretical and empirical research in Social psychology , Social psychology , and social philosophy to give a treatment of personal and...
- IdeologyIdeologyAn ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things , as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies , or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to...
- Igor PribacIgor PribacIgor Pribac is a Slovenian philosopher and translator.Born in Koper in the Slovenian Littoral, then part of former Yugoslavia, where he attended high school. He studied philosophy and sociology at the University of Ljubljana. He obtained a MA with a thesis on Spinoza's criticism of Descartes under...
- Illtyd TrethowanIlltyd TrethowanDom Illtyd Trethowan , earlier known as Kenneth Trethowan, was an English priest, philosopher, and author, for more than thirty years sub-prior of Downside Abbey in Somerset and a visiting professor in theology at Brown University.-Early life:Born at Salisbury in 1907, he was the son of William...
- ImperialismImperialismImperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationships, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." The imperialism of the last 500 years,...
- In Defense of AnarchismIn Defense of AnarchismIn Defense of Anarchism is a 1970 book by Robert Paul Wolff regarded as a classical work in anarchist scholarship. Wolff specifically defends individualist anarchism; the book is premised on the idea that individual autonomy and state authority are mutually exclusive and, as individual autonomy is...
- Indeterminacy of translationIndeterminacy of translationThe indeterminacy of translation is a thesis propounded by 20th century analytic philosopher W. V. Quine. The classic statement of this thesis can be found in his 1960 book Word and Object, which gathered together and refined much of Quine's previous work on subjects other than formal logic and set...
- IndexicalityIndexicalityIn linguistics and in philosophy of language, an indexical behavior or utterance points to some state of affairs. For example, I refers to whoever is speaking; now refers to the time at which that word is uttered; and here refers to the place of utterance...
- Individualist anarchismIndividualist anarchismIndividualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and his or her will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Individualist anarchism is not a single philosophy but refers to a...
- Inevitability thesisInevitability thesisAn idea in the philosophy of technology stating that once a technology is introduced into a culture that what follows is inevitable development of that technology. This development occurs not because it is of determinism but because we are able to pursue it and it seems like the right thing to do....
- Information processingInformation processingInformation processing is the change of information in any manner detectable by an observer. As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens in the universe, from the falling of a rock to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system...
- Institutional crueltyInstitutional crueltyInstitutional Cruelty is a model developed by Philip Hallie, who believes ethics are rooted in passion and common sense rather than in technical science....
- Instrumental rationalityInstrumental rationalityTwo views of instrumental rationality can be discerned in modern philosophy: one view comes from social philosophy, sociology and critical theory, whereas another comes from natural philosophy.-The view from critical theory and social philosophy:...
- Integral (spirituality)
- Integral ecologyIntegral ecologyIntegral ecology is an emerging field that applies Ken Wilber's integral theory to environmental studies and ecological research. The field was pioneered in the late 1990s by integral theorist Sean Esbjörn-Hargens and environmental philosopher Michael E. Zimmerman.-Teachings:Integral ecology...
- International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social PhilosophyInternational Association for Philosophy of Law and Social PhilosophyInternational Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy , known as IVR from its initials in German, is a learned society.It holds an international conference every two years...
- International Journal of Žižek StudiesInternational Journal of Žižek StudiesThe International Journal of Žižek Studies was established in 2007 as a scholarly outlet for a diverse range of perspectives and disciplinary approaches to the work of Slavoj Žižek, a Slovenian critical philosopher and cultural theorist who applied a mix of German Idealist philosophy and Lacanian...
- International Philosophical QuarterlyInternational Philosophical QuarterlyThe International Philosophical Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal edited by a group of academics at Fordham University, with the collaboration of the Facultés universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix. It was established in 1961 to provide a publishing forum for the international exchange of...
- Interpellation (philosophy)
- Introduction to Mathematical PhilosophyIntroduction to Mathematical PhilosophyIntroduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by Bertrand Russell, published in 1919, written in part to exposit in a less technical way the main ideas of his and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica , including the theory of descriptions....
- Irving CopiIrving CopiIrving Marmer Copi was an American philosopher, logician, and university textbook author....
- Irving SingerIrving SingerIrving Singer is Professor of Philosophy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Singer is the author of numerous books on a diverse range of topics, but his major interests are cinema, love, sexuality, and the philosophy of George Santayana...
- Is God Dead?Is God Dead?"Is God Dead?" was an April 8, 1966, cover story for the news magazine Time. A previous article, from October 1965, had investigated a trend among 1960s theologians to write God out of the field of theology. The 1966 article looked in greater depth at the problems facing modern theologians, in...
- Isaiah BerlinIsaiah BerlinSir Isaiah Berlin OM, FBA was a British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin, regarded as one of the leading thinkers of the twentieth century and a dominant liberal scholar of his generation...
- Ivan AguéliIvan AguéliIvan Aguéli also named Sheikh 'Abd al-Hādī 'Aqīlī upon his acceptance of Islam, was a Swedish wandering Sufi, painter and author. As a devotee of Ibn Arabi, his metaphysics applied to the study of Islamic esoterism and its similarities with other esoteric traditions of the world...
- Ivan SvitákIvan SvitákIvan Sviták was a Czech philosopher, critic, and poet who ranked among Europe's most prominent proponents of Marxist humanism. In a vast oeuvre of essays, Sviták addressed questions of democracy and socialism, of art in bureaucratic and consumer societies, and of the "unbearable burden" of...
- Jaap KruithofJaap KruithofJaap Kruithof was a Belgian philosopher and writer. His parents were Dutch Protestants. Since the 1960s he was, along with Etienne Vermeersch and Leo Apostel, one of the icons of the Ghent University and the Flemish intelligentsia in general...
- Jack CopelandJack CopelandBrian Jack Copeland is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.Copeland received a BPhil and DPhil from the University of Oxford in philosophy, where he undertook research on modal and non-classical logic.He is the Director of the Turing Archive for the...
- Jack Russell WeinsteinJack Russell WeinsteinJack Russell Weinstein is an American philosopher specializing in the history of philosophy, political philosophy, Adam Smith, and contemporary liberal theory. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of North Dakota...
- Jacques DerridaJacques DerridaJacques Derrida was a French philosopher, born in French Algeria. He developed the critical theory known as deconstruction and his work has been labeled as post-structuralism and associated with postmodern philosophy...
- Jacques LacanJacques LacanJacques Marie Émile Lacan was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis and philosophy, and has been called "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud". Giving yearly seminars in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacan influenced France's...
- Jacques MaritainJacques MaritainJacques Maritain was a French Catholic philosopher. Raised as a Protestant, he converted to Catholicism in 1906. An author of more than 60 books, he helped to revive St. Thomas Aquinas for modern times and is a prominent drafter of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights...
- Jacques RancièreJacques RancièreJacques Rancière is a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris Jacques Rancière (born Algiers, 1940) is a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee...
- James DiGiovannaJames DiGiovannaJames DiGiovanna is an award-winning film reviewer and filmmaker, and the author of a number of published short stories. Together with Bob Grimm and Colin Boyd, he is one of three Cinema Writers on the staff of Tucson Weekly...
- James E. FaulconerJames E. FaulconerJames E. Faulconer is an American philosopher, a Richard L. Evans Professor of Philosophy at Brigham Young University, and the former dean of Undergraduate Education and chair of the Philosophy Department at BYU....
- James Franklin (philosopher)James Franklin (philosopher)James Franklin is an Australian philosopher, mathematician and historian of ideas. He was educated at St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, New South Wales. His undergraduate work was at the University of Sydney , where he attended St John's College and he was influenced by philosophers David Stove...
- James G. LennoxJames G. LennoxJames G. Lennox is a professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh, with secondary appointments in the departments of Classics and Philosophy. He a leader in the study of Aristotelian science in light of his groundbreaking work on Aristotle's...
- James Griffin (philosopher)James Griffin (philosopher)James Patrick Griffin is an American-born philosopher, who was White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1996 to 2000.-Life:...
- James GustafsonJames GustafsonJames M. Gustafson is a prominent American theological ethicist of the 20th century. He has held teaching posts at Yale University in the Divinity School and the Department of Religious Studies , the University of Chicago as professor of theological ethics in the Divinity School , and Emory...
- James M. EdieJames M. EdieJames M. Edie was a twentieth century American philosopher.-Life and career:Edie was born in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He studied at Saint John’s University in Minnesota and at the Pontifical Athenaeum of St...
- Jamie WhyteJamie WhyteJamie Whyte is a philosopher who writes on philosophy for a general audience. Born in New Zealand, he now lives in the United Kingdom. He was formerly a lecturer in Philosophy at Cambridge University....
- Janet ColemanJanet ColemanJanet Coleman FRHistS is a British academic and historian of political theory.She is currently the Professor of Ancient and Medieval Political Thought at the London School of Economics. She was the first woman to receive a chair in the LSE government department...
- Jason Walter BrownJason Walter BrownJason W. Brown M.D, born April 14, 1938 in New York, is a neurologist and writer of works in neuropsychology and philosophy of mind. He has been a reviewer and recipient of grants and fellowships from the National Institutes of Health and the Alexander von Humbolt Foundation and is or has been on...
- Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru , often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the...
- Jean-François LyotardJean-François LyotardJean-François Lyotard was a French philosopher and literary theorist. He is well known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition...
- Jean-Luc NancyJean-Luc NancyJean-Luc Nancy is a French philosopher.Nancy's first book, published in 1973, was Le titre de la lettre , a reading of the work of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, written in collaboration with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe...
- Jean-Marc FerryJean-Marc FerryJean-Marc Ferry is a French philosopher who is best known for his book Les puissances de l'expérience , described by Paul Ricoeur as "one of the most important works recently published in the field of social and political philosophy"...
- Jean-Paul SartreJean-Paul SartreJean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy, particularly Marxism, and was one of the key figures in literary...
- Jean BaudrillardJean BaudrillardJean Baudrillard was a French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator, and photographer. His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism.-Life:...
- Jean ClamJean ClamJean Joseph Clam , philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, Research Fellow at the Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Paris , presently affiliated to the Centre Marc Bloch in Berlin ....
- Jean GrenierJean GrenierJean Grenier was a French philosopher and writer. He taught for a time in Algiers, where he became a significant influence on the young Albert Camus.-Biography:...
- Jeff MalpasJeff MalpasJeff Malpas is an Australian philosopher, currently Professor ofPhilosophy at the University of Tasmania in Hobart, Tasmania. Known forhis work across the analytic‚ and continental‚ traditions, Malpas has...
- Jens StaubrandJens StaubrandJens Staubrand is a Danish freelance journalist, author and philosopher. Staubrand gained a degree in philosophy from the University of Copenhagen in 1987, with a thesis about Søren Kierkegaard and Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. He has written books and articles in the field of culture and art, and...
- Jerry FodorJerry FodorJerry Alan Fodor is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. He holds the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University and is the author of many works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science, in which he has laid the groundwork for the...
- Jerzy PerzanowskiJerzy PerzanowskiJerzy Perzanowski , was a Polish logician and ontologist, Professor of Logic to the University of Toruń from 1992 to 2004....
- Jesse CohnJesse CohnJesse Sheppard Cohn is an academic and author of the work Anarchism and the Crisis of Representation. Cohn earned his bachelor's degree in English literature from Earlham College in 1994 before going on to earn an M.A. and Phd from Binghamton University in 1996 and 1999 respectively...
- Jesse PrinzJesse PrinzJesse J. Prinz is currently a Distinguished Professor of philosophy at the City University of New York and an Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he taught until January 2009. He works primarily in the philosophy of psychology and has produced...
- Jesús MosterínJesús MosterínJesús Mosterín is a leading Spanish philosopher and a thinker of broad spectrum, often at the frontier between science and philosophy.-Biography:He was born in Bilbao in 1941. He studied in Spain, Germany and the USA...
- Joel J. KuppermanJoel J. KuppermanJoel J. Kupperman is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut, most renowned for his Six Myths about the Good Life, a popular philosophical volume centering on those values most worth engaging in human life...
- Johannes AgnoliJohannes AgnoliJohannes Agnoli was a German-Italian Marxist political scientist, though he rejected the label Marxist, preferring instead - somewhat ironically - to call himself an Agnolist....
- John Corcoran (logician)John Corcoran (logician).John Corcoran is a logician, philosopher, mathematician, and historian of logic. He is best known for his philosophical work, helping us to understand such central concepts as the nature of inference, the relationship between logic and epistemology, and the place of proof theory and model theory...
- John FinnisJohn FinnisJohn Finnis , is an Australian legal scholar and philosopher, specializing in the philosophy of law. He is Professor of Law at University College, Oxford and at the University of Notre Dame, teaching jurisprudence, political theory, and constitutional law...
- John Foster (philosopher)John Foster (philosopher)John Foster was a British philosopher. He authored several books, among which The Case for Idealism and A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism, which defend Berkelian subjective idealism....
- John Greco (philosopher)John Greco (philosopher)John Greco is an epistemologist and holds the Leonard and Elizabeth Eslick Chair in Philosophy at Saint Louis University.-Notes:...
- John HospersJohn HospersJohn Hospers was an American philosopher. In 1972 he was the first presidential candidate of the Libertarian Party, and the only minor party candidate to receive an electoral vote in the 1972 U.S. Presidential election....
- John KekesJohn KekesJohn Kekes is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University at Albany . He received his Ph.D...
- John L. PollockJohn L. PollockJohn L. Pollock was an American philosopher known for influential work in epistemology, philosophical logic, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence....
- John McDowellJohn McDowellJohn Henry McDowell is a South African philosopher, formerly a fellow of University College, Oxford and now University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Although he has written extensively on metaphysics, epistemology, ancient philosophy, and meta-ethics, McDowell's most influential work...
- John N. Gray
- John P. BurgessJohn P. BurgessJohn Burgess is a John N. Woodhull Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. He received his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley's Group in Logic and Methodology of Science. His interests include logic, philosophy of mathematics and metaethics...
- John RawlsJohn RawlsJohn Bordley Rawls was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University....
- John SearleJohn SearleJohn Rogers Searle is an American philosopher and currently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.-Biography:...
- John von NeumannJohn von NeumannJohn von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics and game theory, computer science, numerical analysis,...
- John WeckertJohn WeckertJohn Weckert is an Australian philosopher who has been an influential figure in, and substantial contributor to the field of information and computer ethics...
- John WisdomJohn WisdomArthur John Terence Dibben Wisdom was a leading British philosopher considered to be an ordinary language philosopher, a philosopher of mind and a metaphysician. He was influenced by G.E...
- Jon BarwiseJon BarwiseKenneth Jon Barwise was an American mathematician, philosopher and logician who proposed some fundamental revisions to the way that logic is understood and used....
- Jordi PigemJordi PigemJordi Pigem is a Catalan philosopher and writer.-Career:Pigem holds a Ph.D in Philosophy from the University of Barcelona . He coordinated the ecology journal Integral between 1989 and 1992...
- José Ortega y GassetJosé Ortega y GassetJosé Ortega y Gasset was a Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist working during the first half of the 20th century while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism and dictatorship. He was, along with Nietzsche, a proponent of the idea of perspectivism.-Biography:José Ortega y Gasset was...
- Josefina AyerzaJosefina AyerzaJosefina Ayerza is a writer and a psychoanalyst who lives and works in New York City. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the 70’s she moved to Paris and then settled in NYC where she established a private practice – J...
- Joseph BeuysJoseph BeuysJoseph Beuys was a German performance artist, sculptor, installation artist, graphic artist, art theorist and pedagogue of art.His extensive work is grounded in concepts of humanism, social philosophy and anthroposophy; it culminates in his "extended definition of art" and the idea of social...
- Joseph de TorreJoseph de TorreJoseph de Torre is a social and political philosopher and a Roman Catholic priest. He is the author of books on social ethics, Catholic social teaching, modern philosophy and spirituality. He is a member of the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, and the Acton Institute for the...
- Joseph Henry WoodgerJoseph Henry WoodgerJoseph Henry Woodger was a British theoretical biologist and philosopher of biology whose attempts to make biological sciences more rigorous and empirical was significantly influential to the philosophy of biology in the twentieth century...
- Joseph HilbeJoseph HilbeJoseph Michael Hilbe is a US statistician and philosopher, atwo-time national champion track & field athlete, and Olympic Games official.He is author of several popular texts on statistical modeling, and is founding chair of the ISI...
- Joseph J. SpenglerJoseph J. SpenglerJoseph John Spengler was an American economist, statistician, and historian of economic thought. A recipient of the 1951 John Frederick Lewis Award of the American Philosophical Society and the 1981 Distinguished Fellow Award from the History of Economics Society, he was Professor Emeritus of...
- Joseph MargolisJoseph MargolisJoseph Zalman Margolis is an American philosopher. A radical historicist, he has published many books critical of the central assumptions of Western philosophy, and has elaborated a robust form of relativism....
- Joseph RunzoJoseph RunzoJoseph Runzo is an American professor publishing mainly in the area of a global philosophy of religion. He is currently Professor of Philosophy, Religious studies, and Honors at Chapman University and a Life Fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge University.- Bibliography :Bibliography*Global Philosophy...
- Josiah RoyceJosiah RoyceJosiah Royce was an American objective idealist philosopher.-Life:Royce, born in Grass Valley, California, grew up in pioneer California very soon after the California Gold Rush. He received the B.A...
- Journal of Aesthetics and Art CriticismJournal of Aesthetics and Art CriticismThe Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to the study of aesthetics and art criticism. It is published on behalf of the American Society for Aesthetics....
- Journal of Applied Non-Classical LogicsJournal of Applied Non-Classical LogicsJournal of Applied Non-Classical Logics is a peer reviewed journal published in France by Éditions Hermès-Lavoisier.The editor-in-chief for 2009 is Luis Fariñas del Cerro.- External links :* — official website...
- Journal of Logic, Language and InformationJournal of Logic, Language and InformationThe Journal of Logic, Language and Information is the official journal of the European Association for Logic, Language and Information. It provides a forum for publication of research in "natural, formal, and programming languages"....
- Journal of Philosophical LogicJournal of Philosophical LogicThe Journal of Philosophical Logic, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal founded in 1972. It is published by Springer and "provides a forum for work at the crossroads of philosophy and logic, old and new, with contributions ranging from conceptual to technical.Accordingly, the Journal publishes...
- Juan Manuel GuillénJuan Manuel GuillénJuan Manuel Guillén Benavides is a Peruvian philosopher and politician. In 2007, he became President of the Arequipa Region.-Biography:...
- Judith ButlerJudith ButlerJudith Butler is an American post-structuralist philosopher, who has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy, and ethics. She is a professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley.Butler received her Ph.D...
- Juha VartoJuha VartoJuha Varto is a Finnish philosopher, considered the most important phenomenologist in Finland, known also for his prolific output on a variety of philosophical themes. Since 1999 he has been professor of research in visual art and education at the Aalto University School of Art and Design, Helsinki...
- Julia KristevaJulia KristevaJulia Kristeva is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, sociologist, feminist, and, most recently, novelist, who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. She is now a Professor at the University Paris Diderot...
- Jürgen HabermasJürgen HabermasJürgen Habermas is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theory on the concepts of 'communicative rationality' and the 'public sphere'...
- Jürgen MittelstraßJürgen MittelstraßJürgen Mittelstraß is a German philosopher especially interested in the philosophy of science.He was born in Düsseldorf in 1936 and studied philosophy, history and protestant theology at Bonn, Erlangen, Hamburg and Oxford from 1956 till 1961.He received his Ph.D...
- Kancha IlaiahKancha IlaiahKancha Ilaiah is an Indian activist and writer. His books include Why I am not a Hindu, God As Political Philosopher: Budha's challenge to Brahminism, A Hollow Shell, The State and Repressive Culture, Manatatwam , and Buffalo Nationalism: A Critique of Spiritual Fascism.- Bibliography :*Why I Am...
- Kang YouweiKang YouweiKang Youwei , was a Chinese scholar, noted calligrapher and prominent political thinker and reformer of the late Qing Dynasty. He led movements to establish a constitutional monarchy and was an ardent Chinese nationalist. His ideas inspired a reformation movement that was supported by the Guangxu...
- Karen J. WarrenKaren J. WarrenKaren J. Warren is an author, scholar, and former Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Macalester College.-Biography:Karen Warren received her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Minnesota and her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 1978.Before her long tenure at Macalester...
- Karl AmeriksKarl AmeriksKarl P. Ameriks is an American philosopher. He is the McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. Ameriks studied at Yale University, A.B., summa cum laude , Ph.D. , where he wrote his thesis under the direction of Karsten Harries...
- Karl JaspersKarl JaspersKarl Theodor Jaspers was a German psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy. After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system...
- Karl LoewensteinKarl LoewensteinKarl Loewenstein was a German philosopher and political scientist, regarded as one of the prominent figures of Constitutional law in the twentieth century....
- Karl MengerKarl MengerKarl Menger was a mathematician. He was the son of the famous economist Carl Menger. He is credited with Menger's theorem. He worked on mathematics of algebras, algebra of geometries, curve and dimension theory, etc...
- Karl PopperKarl PopperSir Karl Raimund Popper, CH FRS FBA was an Austro-British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics...
- Katarzyna JaszczoltKatarzyna JaszczoltKatarzyna Jaszczolt , D.Phil. , PhD , is Professor of Linguistics and Philosophy of Language at the Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge, and Fellow and Director of Studies in Linguistics at Newnham College, Cambridge....
- Keiji Nishitani
- Keith PrestonKeith PrestonKeith Preston is a Third Position anarchist and self-described "pan-secessionist" writer and activist...
- Kit FineKit FineKit Fine is Silver Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at New York University. He previously taught for several years at UCLA...
- Konstantin ChkheidzeKonstantin ChkheidzeKonstantin Alexandrovich Chkheidze was a Georgian-Russian writer, philosopher, and White émigré.Born to a Georgian father, of the noble family of Chkheidze, and a Russian mother, Čcheidze entered the Imperial Russian military service and fought on the side of White armies during the civil war in...
- Konstanty MichalskiKonstanty MichalskiKonstanty Michalski was a Polish Catholic theologian and philosopher.-Life:Michalski was a member of an order of missionary priests. From 1918 he was a professor of philosophy at—from 1931 rector of— Kraków's Jagiellonian University. From 1927 he was a member of the Polish Academy of...
- Krastyo KrastevKrastyo KrastevKrastyo Kotev Krastev , popularly known as Dr. Krastev , was a Bulgarian writer, translator, philosopher and public figure most notable as Bulgaria's first professional literary critic...
- Krishna Chandra BhattacharyaKrishna Chandra BhattacharyaKrishna Chandra Bhattacharya was a philosopher at Calcutta University who studied one of the central questions of Hindu philosophy, which is how mind, life or consciousness creates an apparently material universe....
- Kurt AlmqvistKurt AlmqvistKurt Almqvist , PhD in Romance Languages, Swedish poet, intellectual and spiritual figure, representative of the Traditionalist School and the Perennial philosophy. Almqvist was a life-long disciple of the Swiss metaphysician and spiritual guide Frithjof Schuon. He came into close contact with the...
- Kurt BaierKurt BaierKurt Baier was an Austrian moral philosopher.Born in Vienna, Austria, Baier studied law at the University of Vienna. In 1938 he had to abandon his studies, and went to the United Kingdom as a refugee, where he was interned as a "friendly enemy alien" and sent to Australia where he began studying...
- Kurt GödelKurt GödelKurt Friedrich Gödel was an Austrian logician, mathematician and philosopher. Later in his life he emigrated to the United States to escape the effects of World War II. One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the...
- Kurt GrellingKurt GrellingKurt Grelling was a logician, philosopher and member of the Berlin Circle.- Life and work :Shortly after his arrival in 1905 at University of Göttingen, Grelling began a collaboration with philosopher Leonard Nelson, with whom he tried to solve Russell's paradox, which had shaken the foundations...
- Kyle StanfordKyle StanfordKyle Stanford is an American philosophy professor who specializes in the philosophy of science.He earned his B.A. with Honors in Philosophy and Psychology from Northwestern University in 1991, and his M.A. and Ph. D...
- L'existentialisme est un humanisme
- Labor aristocracyLabor aristocracy"Labor aristocracy" or "Labour aristocracy" has three meanings: as a term with Marxist theoretical underpinnings, as a specific type of trade unionism, and/or as a shorthand description by revolutionary industrial unions for the...
- Lacan at the Scene
- Larry SangerLarry SangerLawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger is an American philosopher, co-founder of Wikipedia, and the founder of Citizendium....
- Latitudinarianism (philosophy)Latitudinarianism (philosophy)Latitudinarianism, in at least one area of contemporary philosophy, is a position concerning de dicto and de re attitudes...
- Laughter (Bergson)Laughter (Bergson)Laughter is the title of a collection of three essays written by French philosopher Henri Bergson, first published in 1900. It was written in French, the original title is Le Rire. Essai sur la signification du comique .- Publication :The three essays were first published in the French review Revue...
- Laurence BonJourLaurence BonJourLaurence BonJour is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Washington.-Life:He received his bachelor's degrees in Philosophy and Political Science from Macalester College and his doctorate in 1969 from Princeton University with a dissertation directed by Richard...
- Law of accumulationLaw of accumulationAccumulation can refer to a cumulative or compound increase in a variable, or to capital accumulation.-Marxian economics:In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, the law of accumulation refers to the way in which the accumulation of capital necessarily develops in the capitalist mode of...
- Law of valueLaw of value-General:The law of value is a central concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, first expounded in his polemic The Poverty of Philosophy against Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, with reference to David Ricardo's economics...
- Lawrence JarachLawrence Jarach- External links :* official website.Publications*"" by Lawrence Jarach at the Berkeley Daily Planet...
- Leo Mikhailovich LopatinLeo Mikhailovich LopatinLeo Mikhailovich Lopatin was a Russian philosopher and former head of the Moscow Psychological Society until the formal liquidation of the society by the Soviet after the Revolution of 1917. Lopatin fell victim to the policies of Soviet reform,...
- Leo StraussLeo StraussLeo Strauss was a political philosopher and classicist who specialized in classical political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later emigrated to the United States...
- Leonardo MoledoLeonardo Moledo-Life and work:Leonardo Moledo was born in Buenos Aires, in 1947. He enrolled at the prestigious, public secondary school, the National College of Buenos Aires...
- Leonidas DonskisLeonidas DonskisLeonidas Donskis, Ph.D., is a Member of the European Parliament , a philosopher, political theorist, historian of ideas, social analyst, and political commentator....
- Les jeux sont faitsLes jeux sont faitsLes jeux sont faits is a screenplay written by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1943 and published in 1947. The title translates literally as "The Plays are Made", an idiomatic French expression used mainly in casino gambling meaning the bets have been placed. An English translation was made from the French...
- Lev ChernyiLev ChernyiPável Dimítrievich Turchanínov , known by the pseudonym Lev Chernyi , was a Russian anarchist theorist, activist and poet, and a leading figure of the Third Russian Revolution. His early thought was individualist, rejecting anarcho-communism as a threat to individual liberty...
- Lewis CallLewis CallLewis Call is an American academic notable for being a central post-anarchist thinker. He is best known for his 2002 book Postmodern Anarchism, which develops an account of postmodern anarchism through philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and cyberpunk writers such as William Gibson and Bruce...
- Lewis White BeckLewis White BeckLewis White Beck was an American philosopher and scholar of German philosophy. Beck was Burbank Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at the University of Rochester and served as the Philosophy Department chair there from 1949 to 1966...
- Lila: An Inquiry into MoralsLila: An Inquiry into MoralsLila: An Inquiry into Morals is the second philosophical novel by Robert M. Pirsig, who is best known for his classic text, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. Lila: An Inquiry into Morals was a nominated finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992...
- Linguistics and PhilosophyLinguistics and PhilosophyLinguistics and Philosophy is a peer reviewed journal addressing "structure and meaning in natural language". This journal, along with Studies in Language, is a continuation of the journal Foundations of Language ....
- List of contributors to Marxist theory
- Listen, Anarchist!
- Ljubomir CuculovskiLjubomir CuculovskiLjubomir Cuculovski is a Macedonian philosopher and professor in Skopje. He graduated from the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy of Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, with a thesis on The Sources of Bergson’s Theory of Knowledge...
- Logic of informationLogic of informationThe logic of information, or the logical theory of information, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce...
- Logica UniversalisLogica UniversalisLogica Universalis is a peer-reviewed academic journal which covers research related to universal features of logic. Topics covered include tools and techniques for studying existing systems of logic and constructing new ones, the study of the various classes of logical systems, the scope of...
- Logical holismLogical holismLogical holism is the belief that the world operates in such a way that no part can be known without the whole being known first.-See also:* The doctrine of internal relations* Holography *# In optics:*#: holography*# In metaphysics:...
- Logical positivismLogical positivismLogical positivism is a philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge—with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.It may be considered as a type of analytic...
- LogicomixLogicomixLogicomix: An Epic Search for Truth is a graphic novel about the foundational quest in mathematics, written by Apostolos Doxiadis, author of Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture, and theoretical computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou of the University of California, Berkeley. Character design...
- LogocentrismLogocentrismLogocentrism is a term coined by German philosopher Ludwig Klages in the 1920s. It refers to the tradition of "Western" science and philosophy that situates the logos, ‘the word’ or the ‘act of speech’, as epistemologically superior in a system, or structure, in which we may only know, or be...
- Lorenzo PeñaLorenzo PeñaLorenzo Peña is a Spanish philosopher, lawyer, logician and political thinker. His rationalism is a neo-Leibnizian approach both in metaphysics and law.-Life:Lorenzo Peña was born in Alicante, Spain, on August 29, 1944...
- Louis AlthusserLouis AlthusserLouis Pierre Althusser was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy....
- Louis PojmanLouis PojmanLouis Paul Pojman was an American philosopher and professor, whose name is most recognized as the author of over a hundred philosophy texts and anthologies which he himself read at more than sixty universities around the world and which continue to be used widely for educational purposes. Dr...
- Ludwig WittgensteinLudwig WittgensteinLudwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He was professor in philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947...
- Luitzen Egbertus Jan BrouwerLuitzen Egbertus Jan BrouwerLuitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer FRS , usually cited as L. E. J. Brouwer but known to his friends as Bertus, was a Dutch mathematician and philosopher, a graduate of the University of Amsterdam, who worked in topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis.-Biography:Early in his career,...
- LuxemburgismLuxemburgismLuxemburgism is a specific revolutionary theory within Marxism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. According to M. K...
- Lwow-Warsaw School of Logic
- Lynn PasquerellaLynn PasquerellaLynn Pasquerella became the 18th president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts in 2010. She was a professor at the University of Rhode Island for 19 years before becoming URI's Associate Dean of the Graduate School. From 2006 to 2008 she was vice provost for research and dean of...
- Mao ZedongMao ZedongMao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
- Marek SiemekMarek SiemekMarek Jan Siemek was a Polish philosopher and historian of German transcendental philosophy...
- Mario BungeMario BungeMario Augusto Bunge is an Argentine philosopher and physicist mainly active in Canada.-Biography:Bunge began his studies at the National University of La Plata, graduating with a Ph.D. in physico-mathematical sciences in 1952. He was professor of theoretical physics and philosophy,...
- Mark AddisMark AddisMark Addis is Professor of Philosophy at Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.-Biography:Addis is a British philosopher who is known for his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein. He grew up in Bolton, England, and was educated at Bolton School, Mansfield College, Oxford, the University of...
- Mark de Bretton PlattsMark de Bretton PlattsMark de Bretton Platts is a philosopher at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México...
- Mark PhilpMark PhilpMark Philp is a British political philosopher and historian of political thought who specialises in British political thought in the late 18th and early 19th centuries...
- Mark SacksMark SacksMark D. Sacks was a British philosopher in the fields of Kant, Post-Kantian idealism, and the epistemological tradition in European Philosophy. He was one of the few philosophers who sought the way to unite Analytic philosophy with Continental philosophy.He founded the European Journal of...
- Mark VernonMark VernonMark Vernon is a writer, broadcaster and journalist. He writes for The Guardian, The Philosophers' Magazine, Financial Times and New Statesman. He has appeared on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time. He used to be a Church of England priest...
- Mark WrathallMark WrathallMark Wrathall is professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Riverside. His main interests include phenomenology, existentialism, the philosophy of popular culture, and the philosophy of law. He is considered a leading interpreter of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger...
- Marshall McLuhanMarshall McLuhanHerbert Marshall McLuhan, CC was a Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar—a professor of English literature, a literary critic, a rhetorician, and a communication theorist...
- Martha NussbaumMartha NussbaumMartha Nussbaum , is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy and ethics....
- Martin BuberMartin BuberMartin Buber was an Austrian-born Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of religious existentialism centered on the distinction between the I-Thou relationship and the I-It relationship....
- Martin HeideggerMartin HeideggerMartin Heidegger was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being."...
- Martin Hollis (philosopher)Martin Hollis (philosopher)Martin Hollis was an English rationalist philosopher. O'Hagan argues that central to Hollis's rationalism was "the epistemological unity of mankind", the view that "some beliefs are universal . ....
- Marvin MinskyMarvin MinskyMarvin Lee Minsky is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence , co-founder of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy.-Biography:...
- Marx W. WartofskyMarx W. WartofskyMarx W. Wartofsky was a philosopher, specialising in historical epistemology. He was a professor of philosophy at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the editor of The Philosophical Forum.. With Robert S...
- Masakazu NakaiMasakazu Nakaiwas a Japanese aesthetician, film theorist, librarian, and social activist.-Career:Born in Hiroshima Prefecture, Nakai studied philosophy at Kyoto University, particularly aesthetics under Yasukazu Fukuda. He started the dōjinshi Bi hihyō in 1930, which changed its name to Sekai bunka in 1935...
- Maurice BlanchotMaurice BlanchotMaurice Blanchot was a French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist. His work had a strong influence on post-structuralist philosophers such as Jacques Derrida.-Works:...
- Maurice De WulfMaurice De WulfMaurice De Wulf , a thomist philosopher, professor of philosophy at the Catholic University of Leuven, is one of the pioneers of the historiography of medieval philosophy. His book History of Medieval Philosophy appeared first in 1900 and was followed by many other editions and translations, one...
- Maurice Merleau-PontyMaurice Merleau-PontyMaurice Merleau-Ponty was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir...
- Mauricio SuarezMauricio SuarezMauricio Suárez is a Spanish anglophone philosopher who specialises in philosophy of science and philosophy of physics. He earned his BSc in astrophysics from the University of Edinburgh , and his MSc and PhD in philosophy of science from the London School of Economics .His appointments...
- Maxence CaronMaxence CaronMaxence Caron is a French writer, poet, philosopher and musicologist.- Biography :He is agrégé in Philosophy , docteur ès Lettres Maxence Caron (born in 1976) is a French writer, poet, philosopher and musicologist.- Biography :He is agrégé in Philosophy (in 1999), docteur ès Lettres Maxence Caron...
- Meera NandaMeera NandaMeera Nanda is an Indian writer, historian and philosopher of science and was a visiting fellow at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi during 2009. She is a John Templeton Foundation Fellow in Religion and Science , with a Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and an initial training in...
- Mental representationMental representationA representation, in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol; "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types...
- Mereological nihilismMereological nihilismMereological nihilism is the position that objects with proper parts do not exist , and only basic building blocks without parts exist...
- Michael OakeshottMichael OakeshottMichael Joseph Oakeshott was an English philosopher and political theorist who wrote about philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, and philosophy of law...
- Michael Tye (philosopher)Michael Tye (philosopher)Michael Tye is a philosopher at the University of Texas at Austin who has made significant contributions to the philosophy of mind. He was educated at Oxford University in England, studying first physics and then physics and philosophy. Before moving to Texas, Tye taught at Temple University in...
- Michel FoucaultMichel FoucaultMichel Foucault , born Paul-Michel Foucault , was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas...
- Michel Foucault bibliography
- Michel OnfrayMichel OnfrayMichel Onfray is a contemporary French philosopher who adheres to hedonism, atheism and anarchism...
- Michel SerresMichel SerresMichel Serres is a French philosopher and author, celebrated for his unusual career.-Life and career:...
- Milan Damnjanović (philosopher)
- Minimum programmeMinimum programmeIn Marxist theory, a minimum programme consists of a series of demands for immediate reforms and, in far fewer and less orthodox cases, also consists of a series of political demands which, taken as a whole, realise key democratic-republican measures enacted by the Paris Commune and thus culminate...
- Mirror stageMirror stageThe mirror stage is a concept in the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan. Philosopher Raymond Tallis describes the mirror stage as "the cornerstone of Lacan’s oeuvre."...
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
- Monroe BeardsleyMonroe BeardsleyMonroe Curtis Beardsley was an American philosopher of art. He was born and raised in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and educated at Yale University , where he received the John Addison Porter Prize...
- Moritz GeigerMoritz GeigerMoritz Geiger was a German philosopher and a disciple of Edmund Husserl. Beside phenomenology, he dedicated himself to psychology, epistemology and aesthetics.- Life :...
- Moritz SchlickMoritz SchlickFriedrich Albert Moritz Schlick was a German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.-Early life and works:...
- Morris WeitzMorris WeitzMorris Weitz was an American aesthetician. He received his doctorate from the University of Michigan. During the course of his career he taught at Vassar College, at Ohio State University and at Brandeis University...
- Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
- Murray RothbardMurray RothbardMurray Newton Rothbard was an American author and economist of the Austrian School who helped define capitalist libertarianism and popularized a form of free-market anarchism he termed "anarcho-capitalism." Rothbard wrote over twenty books and is considered a centrally important figure in the...
- Myth of Progress
- Narhar Ambadas KurundkarNarhar Ambadas KurundkarNarhar Ambadas Kurundkar was a Marathi scholar, critic and writer who wrote on political philosophies in general and cultural matters and historical events in Maharashtra, India....
- Nassim Nicholas Taleb
- Nathan SalmonNathan SalmonNathan U. Salmon is an American philosopher in the analytic tradition, specializing in metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of logic.- Biography :...
- National-AnarchismNational-AnarchismNational-Anarchism is a radical, anti-capitalist, anti-statist, right-wing political and cultural ideology which emphasizes ethnic tribalism. As a prelude to an anticipated racial civil war and a collapse of the capitalist system, National-Anarchists seek to establish autonomous villages for...
- Nationalism and CultureNationalism and CultureNationalism and Culture is a nonfiction book by German anarcho-syndicalist writer Rudolf Rocker. In this book, Rocker's best known work, he criticizes religion, statism, nationalism, and centralism from an anarchist perspective.- Background :...
- Ned Block
- Nelson GoodmanNelson GoodmanHenry Nelson Goodman was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism and aesthetics.-Career:...
- Neocolonial DependenceNeocolonial DependenceThis is an indirect outgrowth of Marxist thinking which is a subgroup of development economics. According to this doctrine, third world underdevelopment is viewed as the result of highly unequal international capitalist system or rich country-poor country relationships...
- NeurophilosophyNeurophilosophyNeurophilosophy or philosophy of neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy. Work in this field is often separated into two distinct methods. The first method attempts to solve problems in philosophy of mind with empirical information from the neurosciences...
- New FoundationsNew FoundationsIn mathematical logic, New Foundations is an axiomatic set theory, conceived by Willard Van Orman Quine as a simplification of the theory of types of Principia Mathematica. Quine first proposed NF in a 1937 article titled "New Foundations for Mathematical Logic"; hence the name...
- New Libertarian ManifestoNew Libertarian ManifestoThe New Libertarian Manifesto is a work of agorist philosophy written by Samuel Edward Konkin III. In it, Konkin proffers various arguments of how a free society would function as well as examples of existing gray and black markets. It contains criticisms of utilizing political or violent means,...
- New SincerityNew SincerityNew sincerity is a term that has been used in music, aesthetics, film criticism, poetry, literary criticism and philosophy, generally to describe art or concepts that run against prevailing modes of postmodernist irony or cynicism.-New sincerity in music:...
- New Times (politics)New Times (politics)New Times was a short-lived intellectual movement among leftists in Great Britain. It was centred on the Eurocommunist faction of the Communist Party of Great Britain , and most of the intellectual groundwork for the movement was laid out in the latter party's official theoretical journal, Marxism...
- Nicholas RescherNicholas RescherNicholas Rescher is an American philosopher at the University of Pittsburgh. In a productive research career extending over six decades, Rescher has established himself as a systematic philosopher of the old style and author of a system of pragmatic idealism which weaves together threads of...
- Nick BostromNick BostromNick Bostrom is a Swedish philosopher at the University of Oxford known for his work on existential risk and the anthropic principle. He holds a PhD from the London School of Economics...
- Nicola AbbagnanoNicola AbbagnanoNicola Abbagnano was an Italian existential philosopher.- Life :Nicola Abbagnano was born in Salerno on 15 July 1901. He was the first born son of a middle-class professional family, his father was a practicing lawyer in the area...
- Nietzsche and PhilosophyNietzsche and PhilosophyNietzsche and Philosophy is a 1962 book by philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Its publication marked a significant turn in 20th-century French philosophy, which had to that point not considered Friedrich Nietzsche a serious philosopher...
- Nina Karin MonsenNina Karin MonsenNina Karin Monsen is a Norwegian moral philosopher and author.She was appointed a government scholarship awardee in 2004...
- Noël CarrollNoël CarrollNoël Carroll is an American philosopher considered to be one of the leading figures in contemporary philosophy of art. Although Professor Carroll is best known for his work in the philosophy of film, he works in general on philosophy of art, theory of media, and also philosophy of history...
- Non-politicsNon-politicsVarious libertarians use non-politics , an idea of aversion in political reform. As suggested by voluntaryists and agorists, they maintain the counter-productivity of political methods to achieve a free society. Samuel Edward Konkin III opposed all political strategies, which he saw as gradualist...
- Non-votingNon-votingNon-voting is a strategy employed by various radical libertarians and anarchists who wish to promote a free society yet who view voting to be either unethical or impractical...
- Norbert BolzNorbert BolzNorbert Bolz is a German philosopher and media theorist. He is a professor at the Technical University of Berlin.Together with Friedrich Kittler, Bernhard Siegert, Georg Christoph Tholen and Wolfgang Coy, he is regarded as a pioneer of German media theory.Bolz developed a media theory, the "",...
- Norbert LeserNorbert LeserNorbert Leser is an Austrian jurist, political scientist and social philosopher best known for his lifelong affiliation with, and critical work on, the Social Democratic Party of Austria and Austromarxism in particular.-Bibliography:...
- Norman MalcolmNorman MalcolmNorman Malcolm was an American philosopher, born in Selden, Kansas. He studied philosophy with O.K. Bouwsma at the University of Nebraska, then enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard University in 1933....
- Norman SwartzNorman SwartzNorman Swartz is a professor emeritus of philosophy, Simon Fraser University. He is the author or co-author of multiple books and multiple articles on the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. He earned a B.A. in physics from Harvard University in 1961, an M.A. in history and philosophy of science...
- Norwood Russell HansonNorwood Russell HansonNorwood Russell Hanson was a philosopher of science. Hanson was a pioneer in advancing the argument that observation is theory-laden – that observation language and theory language are deeply interwoven – and that historical and contemporary comprehension are similarly deeply interwoven...
- Notes on "Camp"
- Now and AfterNow and AfterNow and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism is an introduction to the principles of anarchism and anarchist communism written by Alexander Berkman...
- Objet petit aObjet Petit aIn the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan, objet petit a stands for the unattainable object of desire. It is sometimes called the object cause of desire...
- Oets Kolk BouwsmaOets Kolk BouwsmaOets Kolk Bouwsma was an American philosopher born of Dutch-American parents in Muskegon, Michigan.-Education and early career:He was educated at Calvin College and at the University of Michigan. In his early years he was an advocate of idealism, but later found the work of G. E. Moore’s common...
- Okishio's theoremOkishio's theoremOkishio's theorem is a mathematical theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx's theory of value...
- Olaf HelmerOlaf HelmerOlaf Helmer was a German-American logician and futurologist. He was a researcher at the RAND Corporation from 1946 to 1968 and a co-founder of the Institute for the Future....
- Olavo de CarvalhoOlavo de CarvalhoOlavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho is a Brazilian journalist, and essayist on several issues like the history of astrology and mysticism; the history of revolutionary mentality; and Philosophical Anthropology...
- Olga Hahn-NeurathOlga Hahn-NeurathOlga Hahn-Neurath was an Austrian mathematician and philosopher. She is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle. She was sister of the mathematician Hans Hahn....
- On CertaintyOn CertaintyOn Certainty is a philosophical book composed from the notes written by Ludwig Wittgenstein just prior to his death. Some of the notes were left at the home of G. E. M...
- On Contradiction (Mao Zedong)On Contradiction (Mao Zedong)Mao Zedong's On Contradiction is considered his most important philosophical essay. Along with On Practice it forms the philosophical underpinnings of the political ideology that would later become Maoism. It was written in August 1937 while Mao was at his guerrilla base in Yenan. Mao suggests...
- On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related SystemsOn Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related SystemsÜber formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I is a paper in mathematical logic by Kurt Gödel...
- OntoCleanOntoCleanOntoClean is a methodology for analyzing ontologies based on formal, domain-independent properties of classes due to Nicola Guarino and Chris Welty.-Overview and History:...
- Organic composition of capitalOrganic composition of capitalThe organic composition of capital is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy and used in Marxian economics as a theoretical alternative to neo-classical concepts of factors of production, production functions, capital productivity and capital-output ratios. Marx first...
- Oriental despotismOriental despotismOriental despotism is a term used to describe a despotic form of government that opposes the western tradition. Historically, the term's meaning has varied and today it is hardly ever used at all, largely because of all the issues surrounding the concept of orientalism.- Origins in Ancient Greece...
- Original proof of Gödel's completeness theoremOriginal proof of Gödel's completeness theoremThe proof of Gödel's completeness theorem given by Kurt Gödel in his doctoral dissertation of 1929 is not easy to read today; it uses concepts and formalism that are outdated and terminology that is often obscure...
- Orlando J. SmithOrlando J. SmithOrlando J. Smith was an early 20th-century American philosopher. Smith was an avowed agnostic who still sought to understand meaning as the ultimate intelligence would, if such existed....
- Orthodox TrotskyismOrthodox TrotskyismOrthodox Trotskyism is a branch of Trotskyism which aims to adhere more closely to the philosophy, methods and positions of Trotsky and the early Fourth International, Lenin, and Marx than other Trotskyists....
- Osvaldo LiraOsvaldo LiraJosé Luis Osvaldo Lira Pérez SS.CC. , priest, philosopher and theologian. Author of more than 10 books on topics related to the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas, as well as Ortega y Gasset and Juan Vázquez de Mella...
- Otto BauerOtto BauerOtto Bauer was an Austrian Social Democrat who is considered one of the leading thinkers of the left socialist Austro-Marxist tendency...
- Otto NeurathOtto NeurathOtto Neurath was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist...
- Outline of anarchism
- OverproductionOverproductionIn economics, overproduction, oversupply or excess of supply refers to excess of supply over demand of products being offered to the market...
- Oxford Literary ReviewOxford Literary ReviewOxford Literary Review is an academic journal of literary theory. The journal was founded in the 1970s by Ian McLeod, Ann Wordsworth and Robert J.C. Young, and publishes articles on the history and development of deconstructive thinking in intellectual, cultural and political life...
- P. F. StrawsonP. F. StrawsonSir Peter Frederick Strawson FBA was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1968 to 1987. Before that he was appointed as a college lecturer at University College, Oxford in 1947 and became a tutorial fellow the...
- Panait CernaPanait CernaPanait Cerna was a Romanian poet, philosopher, literary critic and translator...
- Parametric determinismParametric determinismParametric determinism refers to a Marxist interpretation of the course of history formulated by Prof. Ernest Mandel, and it could be viewed as one variant of Karl Marx's historical materialism or as a philosophy of history....
- Patricia ChurchlandPatricia ChurchlandPatricia Smith Churchland is a Canadian-American philosopher noted for her contributions to neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. She has been a Professor at the University of California, San Diego since 1984...
- Paul ChurchlandPaul ChurchlandPaul Churchland is a philosopher noted for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. He is currently a Professor at the University of California, San Diego, where he holds the Valtz Chair of Philosophy. Churchland holds a joint appointment with the Cognitive Science Faculty and...
- Paul de ManPaul de ManPaul de Man was a Belgian-born deconstructionist literary critic and theorist.He began teaching at Bard College. Later, he completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University in the late 1950s...
- Paul GricePaul GriceHerbert Paul Grice , usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H...
- Paul GuyerPaul GuyerPaul Guyer, a Professor of Philosophy and F.R.C. Murray Professor in the Humanities at the University of Pennsylvania, is one of the world's foremost scholars of Kant. Guyer also serves on the Graduate Groups for both Germanic Languages and Literatures and Comparative Literature...
- Paul HaeberlinPaul HaeberlinPaul Haeberlin was a philosopher who at different times in his career took the standpoint that either religion or theoretical knowledge was the answer to human problems. He always gave philosophy an important role, but religion was to him the only way man could understand his real position in...
- Paul R. PattonPaul R. PattonPaul Patton is a Professor of philosophy in the School of History and Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, where he has been since 2002....
- Paul Ricœur
- Paul VirilioPaul VirilioPaul Virilio is a cultural theorist and urbanist. He is best known for his writings about technology as it has developed in relation to speed and power, with diverse references to architecture, the arts, the city and the military....
- Paulo FreirePaulo FreirePaulo Reglus Neves Freire was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of critical pedagogy.-Biography:...
- Penelope MaddyPenelope MaddyPenelope Maddy is a UCI Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine. She is well known for her influential work in the philosophy of mathematics, where she has worked on realism and naturalism.Maddy received her Ph.D. from...
- Per BauhnPer BauhnPer Roald Bauhn is a Swedish philosopher and a professor of practical philosophy at the University of Kalmar since 2004....
- Per Martin-LöfPer Martin-LöfPer Erik Rutger Martin-Löf is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician. He is internationally renowned for his work on the foundations of probability, statistics, mathematical logic, and computer science. Since the late 1970s, Martin-Löf's publications have been mainly in...
- Periyar E. V. RamasamyPeriyar E. V. RamasamyErode Venkata Ramasamy , affectionately called by his followers as Periyar , Thanthai Periyar or E. V...
- Permanent war economyPermanent war economyThe concept of permanent war economy originated in 1944 with an article by Ed Sard , Walter S. Oakes and T.N. Vance, a Third Camp Socialist, who predicted a post-war arms race...
- Peter CawsPeter CawsPeter J. Caws is a British American philosopher and administrator, and University Professor of Philosophy and Professor of Human Sciences at the George Washington University.- Biography :...
- Peter GeachPeter GeachPeter Thomas Geach is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford...
- Peter HackerPeter HackerPeter Michael Stephan Hacker is a British philosopher.His principal expertise is in the philosophy of mind andphilosophy of language...
- Peter MillicanPeter MillicanPeter Millican is Professor of Philosophy at Hertford College, Oxford University in the United Kingdom. His primary interests include the philosophy of David Hume, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language, and epistemology. Millican is particularly well known for his work on David Hume, and...
- Peter SimonsPeter SimonsPeter Simons, FBA, is a professor of philosophy at Trinity College Dublin.He studied at the University of Manchester, and has held teaching posts at the University of Bolton, the University of Salzburg, where he is Honorary Professor of Philosophy, and the University of Leeds...
- Peter SingerPeter SingerPeter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher who is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne...
- Peter SteinbergerPeter SteinbergerPeter Steinberger is a professor of political philosophy at Reed College, where he is Dean of the Faculty. He was the thirteenth president of Reed College, preceding Colin Diver.Steinberger has served on the Reed College faculty since 1977...
- Peter Stillman (academic)Peter Stillman (academic)Peter Stillman is a Professor of political science at Vassar College. He has taught there since 1970. He has an extensive range of publications and his interests cover modern political philosophy, especially that related to ecological thought, utopian political theory, and Hegel and Marx's...
- Philip HalliePhilip HalliePhilip Paul Hallie was an author, philosopher and professor at Wesleyan University for 32 years. During World War II he served in the US Army...
- Philipp FrankPhilipp FrankPhilipp Frank was a physicist, mathematician and also an influential philosopher during the first half of the 20th century. He was a logical-positivist, and a member of the Vienna Circle.He was born on 20 March 1884 in Vienna, Austria, and died on 21 July 1966 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA...
- Philippe Lacoue-LabarthePhilippe Lacoue-LabarthePhilippe Lacoue-Labarthe was a French philosopher. He was also a literary critic and translator....
- Philippe NysPhilippe NysPhilippe Nys is a Belgian-born French philosopher. The focus of his work is hermeneutics, poetics and theory of Space's design...
- Phillip CaryPhillip CaryPhillip Cary is a philosophy professor at Eastern University with a concentration on Augustine of Hippo. He received his Ph.D. from Yale Divinity School under Nicholas Wolterstorff. He has written a number of books, including three published by Oxford University Press...
- Philosophical interpretation of classical physicsPhilosophical interpretation of classical physicsClassical Newtonian physics has, formally, been replaced by quantum mechanics on the small scale and relativity on the large scale. Because most humans continue to think in terms of the kind of events we perceive in the human scale of daily life, it became necessary to provide a new philosophical...
- Philosophical InvestigationsPhilosophical InvestigationsPhilosophical Investigations is, along with the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, one of the most influential works by the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein...
- Philosophical Investigations (journal)Philosophical Investigations (journal)Philosophical Investigations is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which features articles, discussion, and literature reviews from every field of philosophy. Special issues are occasionally published on topics of current philosophical interest...
- Philosophy and Phenomenological ResearchPhilosophy and Phenomenological ResearchPhilosophy and Phenomenological Research is a bimonthly philosophy journal founded in 1940. Until 1980, it was edited by Marvin Farber, then by Roderick Chisholm and since 1986 by Ernest Sosa...
- Philosophy and Real PoliticsPhilosophy and Real PoliticsPhilosophy and Real Politics is a 2008 book by American philosopher and scholar Raymond Geuss whose main subject is the relationship between politics and human needs. The book is an expansion of a lecture given at the University of Athens in April 2007 under the title 'Lenin, Rawls and Political...
- Philosophy and Social HopePhilosophy and Social HopePhilosophy and Social Hope is a 1999 book written by philosopher Richard Rorty and published by Penguin. The book is a collection of cultural and political essays intended to reach a wider audience and, like his previous books, it presents Rorty's own version of pragmatism...
- Philosophy and the Mirror of NaturePhilosophy and the Mirror of NaturePhilosophy and the Mirror of Nature is a famous book by American philosopher Richard Rorty. In it, Rorty attempts to dissolve so-called philosophical problems instead of solving them by exposing them as pseudo-problems that only exist in the language-game of Analytic philosophy...
- Philosophy in a New KeyPhilosophy in a New KeyPhilosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite and Art is the main work of American philosopher Susanne K. Langer , first published in 1941...
- Philosophy of artificial intelligencePhilosophy of artificial intelligenceThe philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as:* Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking?...
- Philosophy of dialoguePhilosophy of dialoguePhilosophy of dialogue is a type of philosophy based on the work of the Austrian-born Jewish philosopher Martin Buber best known through its classic presentation in his 1920s little book I and Thou...
- Philosophy of engineeringPhilosophy of engineeringThe philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do and how their work impacts on society. As such, the philosophy of engineering includes aspects of ethics and aesthetics, as well as the ontology, epistemology, etc...
- Philosophy of informationPhilosophy of informationThe philosophy of information is the area of research that studies conceptual issues arising at the intersection of computer science, information technology, and philosophy.It includes:...
- Philosophy of technologyPhilosophy of technologyThe philosophy of technology is a philosophical field dedicated to studying the nature of technology and its social effects.- History :Considered under the rubric of the Greek term techne , the philosophy of technology goes to the very roots of Western philosophy.* In his Republic, Plato sees...
- Philotheus BoehnerPhilotheus BoehnerPhilotheus Boehner was a member of the Franciscan order and a distinguished medieval scholar.-Biography:Boehner was born Heinrich Boehner in Lichtenau, Westphalia. He entered the Franciscan Order in 1920, and was given the name , the Latin form of the Greek ,...
- Pieranna GaravasoPieranna GaravasoPieranna Garavaso is an analytic philosopher at the University of Minnesota Morris. Her areas of interest include epistemological and metaphysical issues in philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gotlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and feminist epistemology. She...
- Pierre BourdieuPierre BourdieuPierre Bourdieu was a French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher.Starting from the role of economic capital for social positioning, Bourdieu pioneered investigative frameworks and terminologies such as cultural, social, and symbolic capital, and the concepts of habitus, field or location,...
- Pierre BoutangPierre BoutangPierre Boutang was a French philosopher, poet and translator. He was also a political journalist, associated with the currents of Maurrasianism and Royalism.- Biography :...
- Piotr ChmielowskiPiotr ChmielowskiPiotr Chmielowski was a Polish philosopher, literary historian and critic.-Life:...
- Pirmin Stekeler-WeithoferPirmin Stekeler-WeithoferPirmin Stekeler-Weithofer is a German philosopher and professor of theoretical philosophy at the university of Leipzig. He was the president of the international Ludwig Wittgenstein society and is now a vice-president of this institution.- Philosophy :The philosopher studied mathematics and...
- Pirsig's metaphysics of QualityPirsig's metaphysics of qualityThe Metaphysics of Quality is a theory of reality introduced in Robert Pirsig's philosophical novel, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance and expanded in Lila: An Inquiry into Morals . The MOQ incorporates facets of East Asian philosophy, Pragmatism, the work of F. S. C. Northrop, and...
- Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a BarPlato and a Platypus Walk Into a BarPlato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar – Understanding Philosophy Through Jokes is a book that explains basic philosophical concepts through classic jokes. Thomas Cathcart and Daniel Klein, graduates of Harvard in philosophy, collaborated on the book...
- Polish LogicPolish logicPolish Logic is an anthology of papers by several authors, including Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, published in 1967 and covering the period 1920–1939...
- Popper's experimentPopper's experimentPopper's experiment is an experiment proposed by the 20th century philosopher of science Karl Popper, an advocate of an objective interpretation of quantum mechanics. He wanted to test the Copenhagen interpretation, a popular subjectivist interpretation of quantum mechanics...
- Post-anarchismPost-anarchismPost-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and postmodernist approaches. Some prefer to use the term post-structuralist anarchism, so as not to suggest having moved "past" anarchism...
- Post-colonial anarchismPost-colonial anarchismPost-colonial anarchism is a new tendency within the larger anarchist movement. The name is taken from an essay by Roger White, one of the founders of Jailbreak Press and a well known activist in North American APOC circles...
- Post-industrial societyPost-industrial societyIf a nation becomes "post-industrial" it passes through, or dodges, a phase of society predominated by a manufacturing-based economy and moves on to a structure of society based on the provision of information, innovation, finance, and services.-Characteristics:...
- Post-left anarchyPost-left anarchyPost-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Some post-leftists seek to escape the confines of ideology in general also presenting a critique of organizations and morality...
- Post-Scarcity AnarchismPost-Scarcity AnarchismPost-Scarcity Anarchism is a collection of essays written by Murray Bookchin and first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press. It outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of post-scarcity...
- Post-structuralismPost-structuralismPost-structuralism is a label formulated by American academics to denote the heterogeneous works of a series of French intellectuals who came to international prominence in the 1960s and '70s...
- Postanalytic philosophyPostanalytic philosophyPost-analytic philosophy describes a detachment from the mainstream philosophical movement of analytic philosophy, which is the predominant school of thought in English-speaking countries. Postanalytic philosophy derives mainly from contemporary American thought, especially from the works of...
- Postmodern ChristianityPostmodern ChristianityPostmodern Christianity is an outlook of Christianity that is closely associated with the body of writings known as postmodern philosophy. Although it is a relatively recent development in the Christian religion, some Christian postmodernists assert that their style of thought has an affinity with...
- Postmodern social construction of naturePostmodern social construction of natureThe Postmodern social construction of nature is a theorem or speculation of postmodernist continental philosophy that poses an alternative critique of previous mainstream, promethean dialogue about environmental sustainability and ecopolitics.-Position:...
- PostmodernismPostmodernismPostmodernism is a philosophical movement evolved in reaction to modernism, the tendency in contemporary culture to accept only objective truth and to be inherently suspicious towards a global cultural narrative or meta-narrative. Postmodernist thought is an intentional departure from the...
- Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late CapitalismPostmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late CapitalismPostmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism is a 1991 book by Fredric Jameson offering a critique of modernism and postmodernism from a Marxist perspective. The book started its life as a 1984 article in the New Left Review....
- Pragmatic maximPragmatic maximThe pragmatic maxim, also known as the maxim of pragmatism or the maxim of pragmaticism, is a maxim of logic formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce...
- Praxis SchoolPraxis SchoolThe Praxis school was a Marxist humanist philosophical movement. It originated in Zagreb and Belgrade in the SFR Yugoslavia, during the 1960s.Prominent figures among the school's founders include Gajo Petrović and Milan Kangrga of Zagreb and Mihailo Marković of Belgrade...
- Prefigurative politicsPrefigurative politicsThe term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements, and it describes modes of organization and social relationships that strive to reflect the future society being sought by the group...
- PreintuitionismPreintuitionismIn some circles of mathematical philosophy, the Pre-Intuitionists are considered to be a small but influential group who informally shared similar philosophies on the nature of mathematics. The term itself was used by L. E. J...
- Prices of productionPrices of productionPrices of production refers to a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. It is introduced in the third volume of Das Kapital, where Marx considers the operation of capitalist production as the unity of a production process and a circulation process involving commodities, money and...
- Principia EthicaPrincipia EthicaPrincipia Ethica is a monograph by philosopher G. E. Moore, first published in 1903. It is one of the standard texts of modern ethics, and introduced the term naturalistic fallacy.-External links:* of Principia Ethica....
- Principia MathematicaPrincipia MathematicaThe Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910, 1912, and 1913...
- Productive forcesProductive forcesProductive forces, "productive powers" or "forces of production" [in German, Produktivkräfte] is a central idea in Marxism and historical materialism....
- Proletarian internationalismProletarian internationalismProletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is a Marxist social class concept based on the view that capitalism is now a global system, and therefore the working class must act as a global class if it is to defeat it...
- ProletarianizationProletarianizationProletarianization is a concept in Marxism and Marxist sociology. It refers to the social process whereby people move from being either an employer, unemployed or self-employed, to being employed as wage labor by an employer...
- Psychical distance
- Psychoanalysis and ReligionPsychoanalysis and ReligionPsychoanalysis and Religion is a 1950 psychoanalytic treatise that attempts to explain the purpose and goals of psychoanalysis in relation to ethics and religion...
- R. G. CollingwoodR. G. CollingwoodRobin George Collingwood was a British philosopher and historian. He was born at Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands in Lancashire, the son of the academic W. G. Collingwood, and was educated at Rugby School and at University College, Oxford, where he read Greats...
- Rabindranath TagoreRabindranath TagoreRabindranath Tagore , sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European Nobel laureate by earning the 1913 Prize in Literature...
- Rachida TrikiRachida TrikiRachida Triki is a philosopher, art historian, and art curator, currently full Professor of Philosophy at Tunis University specialized in Aesthetics.-Biography and career:...
- Radical interpretationRadical interpretationRadical interpretation is interpretation of a speaker, including attributing beliefs and desires to them and meanings to their words, from scratch—that is, without relying on translators, dictionaries, or specific prior knowledge of their mental states. The term was introduced by American...
- Radical translationRadical translationRadical translation is a term invented by American philosopher W. V. O. Quine to describe the situation in which a linguist is attempting to translate a completely unknown language, which is unrelated to his own, and is therefore forced to rely solely on the observed behavior of its speakers in...
- Rado RihaRado RihaRado Riha is a Slovenian philosopher. He is a senior research fellow and currently the head of the , Centre for Scientific Research at the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and coordinator of the philosophy module at the post-graduate study programme of the University of Nova Gorica.Born in...
- Ralph Johnson (philosopher)Ralph Johnson (philosopher)Ralph H. Johnson is a native of Detroit, Michigan. Johnson has been credited as one of the founding members of the informal logic movement in North America, along with J. Anthony Blair who co-published one of the movement’s most influential texts, “Logical Self-Defense,” with Johnson...
- Ralph Tyler FlewellingRalph Tyler FlewellingRalph Tyler Flewelling was an American philosophy professor, born ar De Witt, Mich., and educated at the University of Michigan, Alma College . the Garrett Biblical Institute , and Boston University...
- Ramendra NathRamendra NathProfessor Ramendra Nath is an Indian philosopher. Reader and Head of the Department of Philosophy at Patna College, Patna University, where he has taught philosophy since January 13, 1983, and where he won his BA in philosophy in 1977, his MA in 1979, his PhD in 1985 and his...
- Ramón XirauRamón XirauRamon Xirau Subias is a Mexican poet, philosopher and literary critic. In 1939, shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish civil war, he emigrated to Mexico where he obtained Mexican citizenship in 1955...
- Randolph ClarkeRandolph ClarkeRandolph Clarke is a Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University. His interests are human agency, particularly intentional action, free will, and moral responsibility....
- Ranjana KhannaRanjana KhannaRanjana Khanna is a literary critic and theorist widely recognized for her interdisciplinary, feminist and internationalist contributions to the fields of post-colonial studies, feminist theory, literature and political philosophy...
- Raphaël EnthovenRaphaël EnthovenRaphael Enthoven is a professor of French philosophy. Son of the publisher Jean-Paul Enthoven, he is the former husband of Justine Lévy and former companion of Carla Bruni , with whom he had a son born July 21, 2001...
- Rate of profitRate of profitIn economics and finance, the profit rate is the relative profitability of an investment project, of a capitalist enterprise, or of the capitalist economy as a whole...
- Raymond AronRaymond AronRaymond-Claude-Ferdinand Aron was a French philosopher, sociologist, journalist and political scientist.He is best known for his 1955 book The Opium of the Intellectuals, the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people -- in contrast, Aron argued that in...
- Raymond SmullyanRaymond SmullyanRaymond Merrill Smullyan is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.Born in Far Rockaway, New York, his first career was stage magic. He then earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959...
- Re.pressRe.pressre.press is a Melbourne based open access publisher of contemporary philosophy . re.press is an independent publisher that seeks to promote philosophical ideas through making many of its works available for free in electronic form in addition to hard-copy paperbacks.-History:re.press began...
- Reading CapitalReading CapitalReading Capital is a 1965 work of Marxist philosophy and theory. The book collects essays developed by Louis Althusser and his students in a seminar on Karl Marx's Das Kapital which took place earlier in 1965...
- Received view of theoriesReceived view of theoriesThe received view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that identifies a scientific theory with a set of propositions which are considered to be linguistic objects, such as axioms...
- Recuperation (sociology)Recuperation (sociology)Recuperation, in the sociological sense, is the process by which politically radical ideas and images are commodified and incorporated within a mainstream society and, thus, become interpreted through a more socially acceptable or conventional perspective. More broadly, it may refer to the...
- Reflective disclosureReflective disclosureReflective disclosure is a term coined by philosopher Nikolas Kompridis. In his book Critique and Disclosure: Critical Theory between Past and Future, Kompridis describes a set of heterogeneous social practices he believes can be a source of significant ethical, political, and cultural transformation...
- ReformismReformismReformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures...
- Religion & Ethics NewsweeklyReligion & Ethics NewsweeklyReligion & Ethics Newsweekly is an American weekly television news-magazine program which airs on PBS-History and content:Premièring in 1997, it is the only television program devoted entirely to the news of religion and spirituality, along with major ethical issues...
- Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theoryReligious interpretations of the Big Bang theorySince the creation of the Big Bang theory, many religious interpretations of the Big Bang hypothesis of physical cosmology have been offered. The Big Bang itself is a scientific hypothesis, and as such stands or falls by its agreement with observations...
- Ren JiyuRen JiyuRen Jiyu in Pingyuan County, Shandong Province was a philosopher, scholar in religious studies, historian, member of the Chinese Communist Party, and honorary director of the National Library of China...
- Rentier capitalismRentier capitalismRentier capitalism is a term used in Marxism and sociology which refers to a type of capitalism where a large amount of profit-income generated takes the form of property income, received as interest, intellectual property rights, rents, dividends, fees, or capital gains.The beneficiaries of this...
- Repressive hypothesis
- Reproduction (economics)Reproduction (economics)In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created...
- Richard A. MackseyRichard A. MackseyRichard A. Macksey is Professor of Humanities and Co-founder and longtime Director of the Humanities Center at The Johns Hopkins University, where he has taught critical theory, comparative literature, and film studies. Professor Macksey was educated at Johns Hopkins, earning his B.A. in 1953 and...
- Richard RortyRichard RortyRichard McKay Rorty was an American philosopher. He had a long and diverse academic career, including positions as Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton, Kenan Professor of Humanities at the University of Virginia, and Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University...
- Richard SchachtRichard SchachtRichard Schacht is an American philosopher, currently professor emeritus at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is a renowned expert on the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, is the editor of International Nietzsche Studies and is currently Executive Director of the North American...
- Richard TarnasRichard TarnasRichard Theodore Tarnas, Jr. is a philosopher and cultural historian known for his 1991 book The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View and Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View, published in 2006...
- Richard von Mises
- Richard WollheimRichard WollheimRichard Arthur Wollheim was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting...
- Robert AudiRobert AudiRobert Audi is an American philosopher whose major work has focused on epistemology, ethics—especially on ethical intuitionism-and the theory of action. He is O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, and previously held a Chair in the Business School there...
- Robert Brandom
- Robert NozickRobert NozickRobert Nozick was an American political philosopher, most prominent in the 1970s and 1980s. He was a professor at Harvard University. He is best known for his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia , a right-libertarian answer to John Rawls's A Theory of Justice...
- Robert Rowland SmithRobert Rowland SmithRobert Rowland Smith was for seven years a Prize Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and is a consultant, lecturer and writer on philosophy, literature and psychoanalysis. He has written for The Independent and The Evening Standard, been profiled in The Sunday Telegraph, Time Out and The Observer,...
- Robert StalnakerRobert StalnakerRobert C. Stalnaker is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007, he delivered the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University on the topic of Our Knowledge of the Internal World...
- Roberto RefinettiRoberto RefinettiRoberto Refinetti is a behavioral physiologist, philosopher of science, and higher-education administrator. He is best known for his book Circadian Physiology.- Biography :Roberto Refinetti was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 19, 1957...
- Rodolfo MondolfoRodolfo MondolfoRodolfo Mondolfo was an Italian philosopher who lived in Italy and Argentina.Born at Senigallia, he studied at University of Florence and the University of Siena...
- Roger CailloisRoger CailloisRoger Caillois was a French intellectual whose idiosyncratic work brought together literary criticism, sociology, and philosophy by focusing on subjects as diverse as games, play and the sacred...
- Roger ScrutonRoger ScrutonRoger Vernon Scruton is a conservative English philosopher and writer. He is the author of over 30 books, including Art and Imagination , Sexual Desire , The Aesthetics of Music , and A Political Philosophy: Arguments For Conservatism...
- Roland BarthesRoland BarthesRoland Gérard Barthes was a French literary theorist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. Barthes' ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of schools of theory including structuralism, semiotics, existentialism, social theory, Marxism, anthropology and...
- Rolf SattlerRolf SattlerRolf Sattler, Ph.D., D.Sc. , F.L.S., F.R.S.C., is a Canadian plant morphologist, biologist, philosopher, and educator. He is considered one of the most significant contributors to the field of plant morphology. His contributions are not only empirical but involved also a revision of the most...
- Romanas PlečkaitisRomanas PlečkaitisRomanas Plečkaitis - Lithuanian philosopher, logic, philosophy, history researcher, Doctor habil, Professor. Romanas Plečkaitis translated the main Immanuel Kant works in to Lithuanian language, wrote the history of Lithuanian philosophy and logic issues, published over 300 publications in various...
- Ronald DworkinRonald DworkinRonald Myles Dworkin, QC, FBA is an American philosopher and scholar of constitutional law. He is Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Emeritus Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, and has taught previously at Yale Law School and the...
- Ronnie Littlejohn
- Rosa LuxemburgRosa LuxemburgRosa Luxemburg was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and activist of Polish Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen...
- Rose RandRose RandRose Rand A logician and a Philosopher. A member of the Vienna Circle.- Life and work :Rand was born in Lemberg . After her family moved to Austria she studied at the Polish Gymnasium in Vienna. In 1924 she enrolled in Vienna University, her teachers included Heinrich Gomperz, Moritz Schlick,...
- Rüdiger SafranskiRüdiger SafranskiRüdiger Safranski is a German philosopher and author.- Life :...
- Rudolf CarnapRudolf CarnapRudolf Carnap was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism....
- Rudolf SchottlaenderRudolf SchottlaenderRudolf Schottlaender was a German philosopher, classical philologist, translator and political publicist of Jewish descent.- Biography :...
- Ruling classRuling classThe term ruling class refers to the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy - assuming there is one such particular class in the given society....
- Rupert ReadRupert ReadRupert Read is an academic and a Green Party politician in England. He is currently a city councillor in Norwich, and a Reader in Philosophy at the University of East Anglia.Read comments regularly through the Eastern Daily Press 'One World Column'...
- Ruth Barcan MarcusRuth Barcan MarcusRuth Barcan Marcus is the American philosopher and logician after whom the Barcan formula is named. She is a pioneering figure in the quantification of modal logic and the theory of direct reference...
- Ryle's regressRyle's regressIn philosophy, Ryle's regress is a classic argument against cognitivist theories, and concludes that such theories are essentially meaningless as they do not explain what they purport to...
- Saint GenetSaint GenetSaint Genet, Actor and Martyr is a book by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre about the writer Jean Genet. It was first published in 1952...
- Sakae Osugi
- Samuel Maximilian RieserSamuel Maximilian RieserSamuel Maximilian Rieser was a Jewish lawyer and philosopher.Born in Kraków, where he went to school, he began the study of law in Vienna. His studies were interrupted by World War I, during which he lived in Switzerland. After the war he returned to Vienna, completed his law studies and obtained...
- Sangeetha MenonSangeetha MenonSangeetha Menon is a Professor at the School of Humanities, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. After graduating in science she took her postgraduate degree in philosophy from University of Kerala. She joined National Institute of Advanced Studies in 1996.Dr Menon has been working...
- Sanjaya BelatthaputtaSanjaya Belatthaputta' was an Indian ascetic teacher who lived around the 5th or 4th c. BCE, contemporaneous with Mahavira and the Buddha....
- Sarvepalli RadhakrishnanSarvepalli RadhakrishnanSir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , OM, FBA was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He was the first Vice President of India and subsequently the second President of India ....
- Sathya Sai BabaSathya Sai BabaŚri Sathya Sai Baba , born as Sathyanarayana Raju was an Indian guru, spiritual figure, mystic, philanthropist, and educator. He claimed to be the reincarnation of Sai Baba of Shirdi, a spiritual saint and miracle worker who died in 1918 and whose teachings were an eclectic blend of Hindu and...
- Saul KripkeSaul KripkeSaul Aaron Kripke is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center...
- Sayyid al-Qimni
- Scientific essentialismScientific essentialismScientific essentialism, a view espoused by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam, maintains that there exist essential properties that objects possess necessarily. In other words, having such and such essential properties is a necessary condition for membership in a given natural kind...
- Search for a MethodSearch for a MethodJean-Paul Sartre wrote the 1957 essay Search for a Method or The Problem of Method in an attempt to reconcile Marxism with existentialism...
- Semantic view of theoriesSemantic view of theoriesThe semantic view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models...
- SemeioticSemeioticSemeiotic is a spelling variant of a word used by Charles Sanders Peirce, likewise as "Semiotic," "Semiotics", and "Semeotic", to refer to his philosophical logic, which he cast as the study of signs, or semiotic. Some, not all, Peircean scholars have used "semeiotic" to refer to distinctly...
- Sergio PanunzioSergio PanunzioSergio Panunzio was an Italian theoretician of revolutionary syndicalism. In the 1920s, he became a major theoretician of Italian Fascism....
- Simon BlackburnSimon BlackburnSimon Blackburn is a British academic philosopher known for his work in quasi-realism and his efforts to popularise philosophy. He recently retired as professor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge, but remains a distinguished research professor of philosophy at the University of North...
- Simple commodity productionSimple commodity productionSimple commodity production is a term coined by Frederick Engels to describe productive activities under the conditions of what Marx had called the "simple exchange" of commodities, where independent producers trade their own products...
- Six Myths about the Good LifeSix Myths about the Good LifeSix Myths about the Good Life: Thinking about what has Value is a popular philosophical book by Joel J. Kupperman of the University of Connecticut...
- Sketch for a Theory of the EmotionsSketch for a Theory of the EmotionsSketch for a Theory of the Emotions is a book by Jean-Paul Sartre published in 1939. In it, Sartre analyses prior ideas, including psychoanalytic theories before presenting his own phenomenological analysis.-Editions:*The Emotions: Outline of a Theory, Bernard Frechtman, tr...
- Slavoj ŽižekSlavoj ŽižekSlavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher, critical theorist working in the traditions of Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. He has made contributions to political theory, film theory, and theoretical psychoanalysis....
- Social conflict theorySocial conflict theorySocial conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within...
- Social ecologySocial ecologySocial ecology is a philosophy developed by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s.It holds that present ecological problems are rooted in deep-seated social problems, particularly in dominatory hierarchical political and social systems. These have resulted in an uncritical acceptance of an overly...
- Socially necessary labour timeSocially necessary labour timeSocially necessary labour time in Marx's critique of political economy is what regulates the exchange value of commodities in trade and consequently guides producers in their attempt to economise on labour....
- South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something TodaySouth Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something TodaySouth Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today is the first non-fiction book in Blackwell Publishing Company’s Philosophy & Pop Culture series and is edited by philosopher and ontologist, Robert Arp, at the time assistant professor of philosophy at Southwest Minnesota State University...
- Spomenka HribarSpomenka HribarSpomenka Hribar is a Slovenian author, philosopher, sociologist, politician, columnist, and public intellectual. She was one of the most influential Slovenian intellectuals in the 1980s, and was frequently called "the First Lady of Slovenian Democratic Opposition", and "the Voice of Slovenian...
- Sri AurobindoSri AurobindoSri Aurobindo , born Aurobindo Ghosh or Ghose , was an Indian nationalist, freedom fighter, philosopher, yogi, guru, and poet. He joined the Indian movement for freedom from British rule and for a duration became one of its most important leaders, before developing his own vision of human progress...
- Stanisław Leśniewski
- Stanley SfekasStanley SfekasDr. Stanley Sfekas is professor of philosophy and religion at the University of Indianapolis/Athens Campus and was born in the United States. After receiving his B.A. in Philosophy and English from the University of Maryland, he went on to earn both his M.A. and Ph.D. in Philosophy from New York...
- State monopoly capitalismState monopoly capitalismThe theory of state monopoly capitalism was initially a Marxist doctrine popularised after World War II. Lenin had claimed in 1916 that World War I had transformed laissez-faire capitalism into monopoly capitalism, but he did not publish any extensive theory about the topic...
- Stefan PawlickiStefan PawlickiStefan Zachariasz Pawlicki was a Polish Catholic priest, philosopher, historian of philosophy, professor and rector of Kraków's Jagiellonian University.-Life:...
- Stephen David RossStephen David RossStephen David Ross is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture, and of Comparative Literature at Binghamton University. Son of Allan Ross and Bessie Schlosberg, he received an undergraduate degree in mathematics at Columbia University. He then discovered his deep love...
- Stephen LaurenceStephen LaurenceStephen Laurence is a scientist and philosopher, currently at the University of Sheffield, whose primary areas of research interest are the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, and cognitive science....
- Stephen MulhallStephen MulhallStephen Mulhall is a philosopher and Fellow of New College, Oxford. His main research areas are Ludwig Wittgenstein and post-Kantian philosophy.-Life:...
- Stephen PepperStephen PepperStephen C. Pepper was an American philosopher.-References:*http://people.sunyit.edu/~harrell/Pepper/Index.htm*http://people.sunyit.edu/~harrell/Pepper/pep_efron.htm-External Links:...
- Stephen ToulminStephen ToulminStephen Edelston Toulmin was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind...
- Steven TainerSteven TainerSteven A. Tainer is considered as one of the world-renowned scholars on contemplative traditions. He is a logician, philosopher, teacher and writer with extensive backgrounds in philosophy of science, mathematical logic and Asian contemplative traditions...
- Stewart ShapiroStewart ShapiroStewart Shapiro is O'Donnell Professor of Philosophy at the Ohio State University and a regular visiting professor at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. He is an important contemporary figure in the philosophy of mathematics where he defends a version of structuralism. He studied...
- Subject of laborSubject of laborSubject of labor is a concept in Marxist political economy that refers to "everything to which man's labor is directed." The subject of labor may be materials provided directly by nature like timber or coal, or materials that have been modified by labor...
- Sun Yat-senSun Yat-senSun Yat-sen was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the "Father of the Nation" , a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China...
- SuperprofitSuperprofitSuperprofit , is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, subsequently elaborated by Lenin and other Marxist thinkers.-The origin of the concept in Marx's Capital:...
- Surplus productSurplus productSurplus product is a concept explicitly theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. Marx first began to work out his idea of surplus product in his 1844 notes on James Mill's Elements of political economy...
- Surplus valueSurplus valueSurplus value is a concept used famously by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. Although Marx did not himself invent the term, he developed the concept...
- Susan HaackSusan HaackSusan Haack is an English professor of philosophy and law at the University of Miami in the United States. She has written on logic, the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. Her pragmatism follows that of Charles Sanders Peirce.-Career:Haack is a graduate of the University of...
- Susan OyamaSusan OyamaSusan Oyama is a psychologist and philosopher of science, currently professor emerita at the John Jay College and CUNY Graduate Center in New York.-Publications:*The Ontogeny of Information *Philadelphia Themn and Now...
- Susan SontagSusan SontagSusan Sontag was an American author, literary theorist, feminist and political activist whose works include On Photography and Against Interpretation.-Life:...
- Susan StebbingSusan StebbingL. Susan Stebbing was a British philosopher. She belonged to the 1930s generation of analytic philosophy, and was a founder in 1933 of the journal Analysis.-Biography:...
- Syed Ali Abbas Jallapuri
- Tadeusz KotarbińskiTadeusz KotarbinskiTadeusz Kotarbiński , a pupil of Kazimierz Twardowski, was a Polish philosopher, logician, one of the most representative figures of the Lwów-Warsaw School, and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning as well as the Polish Academy of Sciences...
- Taha AbdurrahmanTaha AbdurrahmanTaha Abdurrahman is a Morrocan philosopher who is considered as one of the leading philosophers and thinkers in Islamic world whose research centers on logic, philosophy of language and philosophy of morality...
- Takiyyetin MengüşoğluTakiyyetin MengüşoğluTakiyettin Mengüşoğlu , was a Turkish philosopher who founded ontological anthropology. Mengüşoğlu was against approaching man from a conceptual viewpoint. He thought that this way of approaching man will lead us into error. He criticized contemporary anthropological viewpoints and he founded a new...
- Tasos ZembylasTasos ZembylasTasos Zembylas is a philosopher and social scientist with focus in aesthetics and cultural institution studies.- Life :...
- Technological determinismTechnological determinismTechnological determinism is a reductionist theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have been coined by Thorstein Veblen , an American sociologist...
- Technological SomnambulismTechnological SomnambulismTechnological Somnambulism is a concept used when talking about the philosophy of technology. The term was used by Langdon Winner in his essay Technology as forms of life. Winner puts forth the idea that we are simply in a state of sleepwalking in our mediations with technology. This...
- Temporal single-system interpretationTemporal single-system interpretationThe temporal single-system interpretation of Karl Marx's value theory emerged in the early 1980s in response to renewed allegations that his theory was "riven with internal inconsistencies," and that it must therefore be rejected or corrected. The inconsistency allegations had been a prominent...
- Tendency of the rate of profit to fallTendency of the rate of profit to fallThe tendency of the rate of profit to fall is a hypothesis in economics and political economy, most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Das Kapital Vol. 3. It was generally accepted in the 19th century...
- The Absence of the BookThe Absence of the Book"The Absence of the Book" is an essay by French philosopher and literary theorist Maurice Blanchot which appeared in his 1993 collection The Infinite Conversation....
- The Birth of the ClinicThe Birth of the ClinicThe Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception is the second major work of twentieth-century French philosopher Michel Foucault. First published in French in 1963, the work was published in English translation in 1973...
- The Bounds of SenseThe Bounds of SenseThe Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is a 1966 book by P.F. Strawson, a 20th-century Oxford philosopher...
- The Case for GodThe Case for GodThe Case for God is a 2009 book by Karen Armstrong. It is an answer to the recent atheism of Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris and Daniel Dennett and focuses on the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam from the paleolithic age to the present day...
- The Imaginary (Sartre)The Imaginary (Sartre)The Imaginary, first published in French in 1940, is one of Jean-Paul Sartre's important but often-overlooked works. It lays out Sartre's concepts of the imagination and what it says about the nature of human consciousness that we can imagine at all....
- The Logic of Scientific DiscoveryThe Logic of Scientific DiscoveryThe Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1934 book by Karl Popper. It was originally written in German and titled Logik der Forschung. Then Popper reformulated his book in English and republished it in 1959. This forms the rare case of a major work to appear in two languages, both written and one...
- The Myth of SisyphusThe Myth of SisyphusThe Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. It comprises about 120 pages and was published originally in 1942 in French as Le Mythe de Sisyphe; the English translation by Justin O'Brien followed in 1955....
- The Philosophical ForumThe Philosophical ForumThe Philosophical Forum is a philosophy journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. It is currently edited by Douglas Lackey.The Philosophical Forum was founded in 1943 as an annual philosophy journal, published by the Boston University Philosophical Club. The first editor was Sheldon C. Ackley. The...
- The Royal WayThe Royal WayThe Royal Way / The Way of the Kings is an existentialist novel by André Malraux. It is about two nonconformist adventurers who travel on the "Royal Way" to Angkor in the Cambodian jungle. Their intention is to steal precious bas-relief sculptures from the temples...
- The Seminars of Jacques LacanThe Seminars of Jacques LacanFrom 1953 to 1981 French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Jacques Lacan gave an influential annual seminar in Paris.-Sources:**-External links:**...
- The Sublime Object of IdeologyThe Sublime Object of IdeologyThe Sublime Object of Ideology is a book by the Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist Slavoj Žižek, first published in 1989. The book, which Žižek believes to be one of his best, essentially makes thematic the Kantian notion of the sublime in order to liken ideology to an experience of...
- The Transcendence of the EgoThe Transcendence of the EgoThe Transcendence of the Ego is a philosophical and psychological essay written by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1934 and published in 1936...
- Theodor LippsTheodor LippsTheodor Lipps was a German philosopher. Lipps was one of the most influential German university professors of his time, attracting many students from other countries. Lipps was very concerned with conceptions of art and the aesthetic, focusing much of his philosophy around such issues...
- Thierry de DuveThierry de DuveThierry de Duve is a Belgian professor of modern art theory and contemporary art theory, and both actively teaches and publishes books in the field...
- Third campThird campThe third camp, also known as third camp socialism or third camp Trotskyism, is a branch of socialism which aims to oppose both capitalism and Stalinism, by supporting the organised working class as a "third camp"....
- Thomas MunroThomas MunroMajor-general Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet KCB was a Scottish soldier and colonial administrator. He was an East India Company Army officer and statesman.-Lineage:...
- Thomas NagelThomas NagelThomas Nagel is an American philosopher, currently University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. His main areas of philosophical interest are philosophy of mind, political philosophy and ethics...
- Thomas Samuel Kuhn
- Thoralf SkolemThoralf SkolemThoralf Albert Skolem was a Norwegian mathematician known mainly for his work on mathematical logic and set theory.-Life:...
- Three Worlds TheoryThree Worlds TheoryThe Three Worlds Theory , developed by Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong , posited that international relations comprise three politico–economic worlds: the First World, the superpowers, the Second World, the superpowers' allies, and the Third World, the nations of the Non-Aligned...
- Tim DeanTim DeanTim Dean is a British philosopher and writer, notable in the field of contemporary queer theory. He is the author of Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious , Beyond Sexuality , and Unlimited Intimacy: Reflections on the Subculture of Barebacking , all published by the University of Chicago Press,...
- Tom PolgerTom PolgerTom Polger is a professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati in the United States. His research focuses on naturalistic accounts of the metaphysics of mind.- Publications :Books...
- Tomonubu ImamichiTomonubu Imamichiis a Japanese philosopher, who studied Chinese philosophy and has taught in Europe as well as in Japan . Since 1979 he has been president of the Centre International pour l'Étude Comparée de Philosophie et d'Esthétique and since 1997 of the International Institute of Philosophy...
- Tore NordenstamTore NordenstamTore Nordenstam is a Swedish philosopher, with higher degrees from Gothenburg and the University of Khartoum ; he also studied at Uppsala and Oxford....
- Toronto School of communication theoryToronto School of communication theoryThe Toronto School is a school of thought in communication theory and literary criticism, the principles of which were developed chiefly by scholars at the University of Toronto. It is characterized by exploration of Ancient Greek literature and the theoretical view that communication systems...
- Tractatus Logico-PhilosophicusTractatus Logico-PhilosophicusThe Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is the only book-length philosophical work published by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his lifetime. It was an ambitious project: to identify the relationship between language and reality and to define the limits of science...
- Transformation problemTransformation problemIn 20th century discussions of Karl Marx's economics the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule to transform the "values" of commodities into the "competitive prices" of the marketplace...
- Transitional demandTransitional demandIn Marxist theory, a transitional demand either is a partial realisation of a maximum demand after revolution or an agitational demand made by a socialist organisation with the aim of linking the current situation to progress towards their goal of a socialist society.-Development of transitional...
- Two Dogmas of EmpiricismTwo Dogmas of EmpiricismW. V. Quine's paper Two Dogmas of Empiricism, published in 1951, is one of the most celebrated papers of twentieth century philosophy in the analytic tradition. According to Harvard professor of philosophy Peter Godfrey-Smith, this "paper [is] sometimes regarded as the most important in all of...
- Type physicalismType physicalismType physicalism is a physicalist theory, in philosophy of mind. It asserts that mental events can be grouped into types, and can then be correlated with types of physical events in the brain...
- Ugo SpiritoUgo SpiritoUgo Spirito was an Italian fascist political philosopher and academic.-Early life:Spirito was initially an advocate of positivism although in 1918, whilst attending Sapienza University of Rome, he abandoned his position to become a follower of the Actual Idealism of Giovanni Gentile...
- Ultra-imperialismUltra-imperialismUltra-imperialism, or occasionally hyperimperialism and formerly super-imperialism, is a potential, comparatively peaceful phase of capitalism, meaning "after" or "beyond" imperialism. It was described mainly by Karl Kautsky...
- UnderconsumptionUnderconsumptionIn underconsumption theory in economics, recessions and stagnation arise due to inadequate consumer demand relative to the amount produced. The theory has been replaced since the 1930s by Keynesian economics and the theory of aggregate demand, both of which were influenced by...
- Unequal exchangeUnequal exchangeUnequal exchange is a much disputed concept which is used primarily in Marxist economics, but also in ecological economics, to denote forms of exploitation hidden in or underwriting trade...
- Universal classUniversal classUniversal class is a category derived from the philosophy of Hegel, redefined and popularized by Karl Marx. In Marxism it denotes that class of people within a stratified society for which, at a given point in history, self interested action coincides with the needs of humanity as a...
- Uri GordonUri GordonUri Gordon is an Israeli anarchist theorist and activist.He is a lecturer at the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies in Ketura, Israel...
- Ursula WolfUrsula WolfUrsula Wolf is a German philosophy teacher and writer.She has been philosophy teacher at the Free University of Berlin, at the University of Frankfurt, and, now, at the University of Mannheim, where she holds a full professorship in that speciality.Some of her published books are:* Das Tier in der...
- Use valueUse valueUse value or value in use is the utility of consuming a good; the want-satisfying power of a good or service in classical political economy. In Marx's critique of political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use-value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an...
- Vale (author)
- Valentin Ferdinandovich AsmusValentin Ferdinandovich AsmusValentin Ferdinandovich Asmus was a Russian philosopher. He was one of the small group who continued the classical European philosophical tradition through the early Soviet times....
- ValorisationValorisationThe valorisation or valorization of capital is a theoretical concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. The German original term is "Verwertung" but this is difficult to translate, and often wrongly rendered as "realisation of capital", "creation of surplus-value" or...
- Value addedValue addedIn economics, the difference between the sale price and the production cost of a product is the value added per unit. Summing value added per unit over all units sold is total value added. Total value added is equivalent to Revenue less Outside Purchases...
- Value productValue productThe value product is an economic concept formulated by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy during the 1860s, and used in Marxian social accounting theory for capitalist economies...
- Vanja SutlićVanja SutlićVanja Sutlić was a Croatian philosopher. He was regarded as the father of the Heideggerian philosophy in former Yugoslavia and its successor states, especially in Croatia and Slovenia....
- Varadaraja V. RamanVaradaraja V. RamanVaradaraja V. Raman is Emeritus Professor of Physics and Humanities at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He has lectured and written profusely on many aspects of Indian heritage and culture and authored numerous books, more than 300 book reviews and scores of articles on science and religion...
- Verification theoryVerification theoryThe verification theory is a philosophical theory proposed by the logical positivists of the Vienna Circle. A simplified form of the theory states that a proposition's meaning is determined by the method through which it is empirically verified. In other words, if something cannot be empirically...
- Verificationism
- Vianney DécarieVianney DécarieJoseph Fernand Lionel Vianney Décarie, , was a Canadian philosopher. He was born November 28, 1917, in Montreal, Canada and died there on September 6, 2009, of pneumonia.-Early life:Vianney Décarie was a descendant of an old Quebec family...
- Victor KraftVictor KraftVictor Kraft was an Austrian philosopher, best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle.-Biography:Kraft studied philosophy, geography and history at the University of Vienna...
- Vienna CircleVienna CircleThe Vienna Circle was an association of philosophers gathered around the University of Vienna in 1922, chaired by Moritz Schlick, also known as the Ernst Mach Society in honour of Ernst Mach...
- Vincent F. HendricksVincent F. HendricksVincent Fella Hendricks , is a Danish philosopher and logician. He holds two doctoral degrees in philosophy and is Professor of Formal Philosophy at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He was previously Professor of Formal Philosophy at Roskilde University, Denmark. He is member of IIP, the...
- Vittorio HösleVittorio HösleVittorio Hösle is a German philosopher. Having begun his academic career with extraordinary success, including the completion of his doctorate at age 21, he is the author of many distinguished works, including Hegels System , Morals and Politics , and Der philosophische Dialog...
- Vojin RakicVojin RakićVojin B. Rakic is a political scientist and philosopher. He publishes in English, but also in Serbian. He has a PhD in political science from Rutgers University in the United States.- Biography :...
- W. D. RossW. D. RossSir David Ross KBE was a Scottish philosopher, known for work in ethics. His best known work is The Right and the Good , and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G.E. Moore's intuitionism...
- Wage labourWage labourWage labour is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells their labour under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages are market determined...
- Walter BernsWalter BernsWalter Berns is an American constitutional law and political philosophy professor. He is currently a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a professor emeritus at Georgetown University.- Early life and career :...
- Walter Terence StaceWalter Terence StaceWalter Terence Stace was a British civil servant, educator, philosopher and epistemologist, who wrote on Hegel, Mysticism, and Moral relativism...
- Warren ShiblesWarren ShiblesWarren A. Shibles is an American philosopher, historian and professor. His B.A. is from the University of Connecticut and his M.A. from the University of Colorado. He was head of the department of philosophy of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. He is the author of numerous articles in history...
- Wendell BerryWendell BerryWendell Berry is an American man of letters, academic, cultural and economic critic, and farmer. He is a prolific author of novels, short stories, poems, and essays...
- Werner HamacherWerner HamacherWerner Hamacher is a German literary critic and theorist influenced by deconstruction. Hamacher studied philosophy, comparative literature and religious studies at the Free University of Berlin and the École Normale Supérieure , where he got in touch with Jacques Derrida...
- Werner HeisenbergWerner HeisenbergWerner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory...
- Werner KrieglsteinWerner KrieglsteinWerner Josef Krieglstein, Ph.D. , a Fulbright Scholar and University of Chicago fellow, is an award winning and internationally recognized scholar, director and actor. Krieglstein is the founder of a neo-Nietzschean philosophical school called Transcendental Perspectivism...
- What Is Literature?What is literature?What Is Literature? is a 1947 book by Jean-Paul Sartre. The book is divided into three topics of discussion:...
- What Is Your Dangerous Idea?What Is Your Dangerous Idea?What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable is a book edited by John Brockman, which deals with "dangerous" ideas, or ideas that some people would react to in ways that suggest a disruption of morality and ethics...
- Whitny BraunWhitny BraunWhitny Braun is an American bioethicist known for her research with regard to the Jain practice of Sallekhana and the Parsi practice of Dakhmenashini. She is also affiliated with the Center for Christian Bioethics at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California and currently studies philosophy...
- Why I Am Not a ChristianWhy I Am Not a ChristianWhy I Am Not a Christian is a 1927 essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell hailed by The Independent as "devastating in its use of cold logic", and listed in the New York Public Library's list of the most influential books of the 20th century....
- Wilfrid SellarsWilfrid SellarsWilfrid Stalker Sellars was an American philosopher. His father was the Canadian-American philosopher Roy Wood Sellars, a leading American philosophical naturalist in the first half of the twentieth-century...
- Willard Van Orman QuineWillard Van Orman QuineWillard Van Orman Quine was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition...
- Willem B. DreesWillem B. DreesIn 2009 Willem B. Drees assumed the editorship of Zygon, Journal of Religion & Science the leading journal of religion and science in the world . It is available in 3,000 academic libraries all over the world and publishes 1000 pages of peer reviewed articles annually...
- William Craig (philosopher)
- William FontaineWilliam FontaineWilliam Thomas Valerio Fontaine was an American philosopher. Teaching at the University of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1967, he was an American Professor of philosophy in the Ivy League.- Early life and career :Fontaine was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, an industrial town southwest of Philadelphia...
- William Irwin ThompsonWilliam Irwin ThompsonWilliam Irwin Thompson is known primarily as a social philosopher and cultural critic, but he has also been writing and publishing poetry throughout his career and received the Oslo International Poetry Festival Award in 1986. He describes his writing and speaking style as "mind-jazz on ancient...
- William James LecturesWilliam James LecturesThe William James Lectures are a series of invited lectureships at Harvard University sponsored by the Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, who alternate in the selection of speakers. The series was created in honor of the American Pragmatist philosopher William James, a former faculty member...
- William KnealeWilliam KnealeWilliam Kneale was an English logician best known for his 1962 book The Development of Logic, a history of logic from its beginnings in Ancient Greece written with his wife Martha. Kneale was also known as a philosopher of science and the author of a book on probability and induction...
- William L. RoweWilliam L. RoweWilliam Leonard Rowe is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialises in the philosophy of religion. His work has played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s"...
- William McNeill (philosopher)William McNeill (philosopher)- Career and work :McNeill was educated at the University of Essex, and he is now teaching Heidegger at DePaul University. He is a translator of the work of Martin Heidegger, about whom he has written two books. The Glance of the Eye closely examines the relation between Heidegger's thought and...
- William W. TaitWilliam W. TaitWilliam Walker Tait is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, where he served as a faculty member from 1972 to 1996, and as department chair from 1981 to 1987....
- Władysław Mieczysław KozłowskiWładysław Mieczysław Kozłowski-Life:Kozłowski lectured at Brussels' Université Nouvelle and at Geneva University. In 1919–28 he was professor of the theory and methodology of science at Poznań University.His philosophical views were a synthesis of Positivism and Neo-Kantism.-Works:...
- Władysław WeryhoWładysław WeryhoWładysław Weryho was a Polish social activist, popularizer of learning, especially of philosophy and psychology, and organizer of learned life in partitioned Poland.-Life:Weryho created a center of the philosophical movement in Warsaw...
- Wolfgang SmithWolfgang SmithWolfgang Smith is a mathematician, physicist, philosopher of science, metaphysician, Roman Catholic and member of the Traditionalist School...
- Wolfgang StegmüllerWolfgang StegmüllerWolfgang Stegmüller , was a German-Austrian philosopher with important contributions in philosophy of science and in analytic philosophy.-Biography:...
- Word and ObjectWord and ObjectWord and Object is a 1960 book of epistemology by Willard Van Orman Quine. In it, Quine develops his thesis of the Indeterminacy of translation....
- WorkerismWorkerismWorkerism is a name given to different trends in left-wing political discourse, especially anarchism and Marxism. In one sense, it describes a political position concerning the political importance and centrality of the working class. Because this was of particular significance in the Italian...
- World communismWorld communismWorld communism, also known as international communism or global communism, is the terminal stage of development of the history of communism in Marxist theory. It has also usually been equated to the Comintern . This is the meaning that typically and historically has been meant by opponents of...
- Xu LiangyingXu LiangyingXu Liangying , b 1920, is a Chinese physicist, translator and a famous historian and philosopher of natural science in China.-Biography:...
- Yujian ZhengYujian ZhengYujian Zheng is a philosopher studying ethics and comparative Chinese and Western philosophy, with interests in rationality and rational choice theory, philosophy of mind, moral epistemology and psychology, social science and political philosophy. He is an associate professor at Lingnan University...
- Yves BrunsvickYves BrunsvickYves Brunsvick was a famous humanist and philosopher of education. Initially a French teacher, in 1948 he joined the French National Commission , initially as assistant to the Secretary-General, Louis François. In 1958 he became head of the commission...
- Zen and the Art of Motorcycle MaintenanceZen and the Art of Motorcycle MaintenanceZen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values is a 1974 philosophical novel, the first of Robert M. Pirsig's texts in which he explores his Metaphysics of Quality.The book sold 5 million copies worldwide...
- Zeno VendlerZeno VendlerZeno Vendler was an American philosopher of language, and a founding member and former director of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary. His work on lexical aspect, quantifiers, and nominalization has been influential in the field of linguistics.-Life:Vendler was born and...
- Zofia ZdybickaZofia ZdybickaZofia Józefa Zdybicka is a nun and philosopher. She has been a professor at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin since 1978. Her order name is Maria Józefa in the Congregation of the Ursulines of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus in Poland...
- Zollikon SeminarsZollikon SeminarsThe Zollikon Seminars were a series of philosophical seminars delivered between 1959 and 1969 by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger at the home of Swiss psychiatrist Medard Boss. The topic of the seminars was Heidegger's ontology and phenomenology as it pertained to the theory and praxis of...