List of drugs banned from the Olympics

The list of drug
Drug
A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.In pharmacology, a...

s banned from the Olympics is determined by the World Anti-Doping Agency

World Anti-Doping Agency

The World Anti-Doping Agency , , is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee . It was set up on November 10, 1999 in Lausanne, Switzerland, as a result of what was called the "Declaration of Lausanne", to promote, coordinate and...

, established in 1999 to deal with the increasing problem of doping in the sports world. The banned substances and techniques fall into the following categories: androgen

Androgen

Androgen, also called androgenic hormone or testoid, is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors...

s, blood doping

Blood doping

Blood doping is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete’s aerobic capacity and...

, peptide hormone

Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA template inside the...

s, stimulant

Stimulant

Stimulants are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others...

s, diuretic

Diuretic

A diuretic provides a means of forced diuresis which elevates the rate of urination. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies, although each class does so in a distinct way.- Medical uses :...

s, narcotic

Narcotic

The term narcotic originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with any sleep-inducing properties. In the United States of America it has since become associated with opioids, commonly morphine and heroin and their derivatives, such as hydrocodone. The term is, today, imprecisely...

s, and cannabinoids. The use of alcohol

Alcoholic beverage

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption...

(ethanol

Ethanol

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...

) is banned in selected sports only during actual competition.

Blood doping

is the injection of red blood cell

Red blood cell

Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system...

s, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...

containers. This is done by extracting and storing one's own blood prior to an athletic competition, well in advance of the competition so that the body can replenish its natural levels of red blood cells, and subsequently injecting the stored blood immediately before competition. The resulting unnatural level of red blood cells improves oxygen transport and athletic endurance; thus, it is prohibited in most events.

Banned androgenic agents

Banned androgenic agents are either anabolic steroid

Steroid

A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.The core...

s, which increase testosterone

Testosterone

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands...

and epitestosterone

Epitestosterone

Epitestosterone is a natural steroid, an inactive epimer of the hormone testosterone. Structurally, it differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the OH-bearing carbon, C17...

, thereby improving muscle strength and endurance, or beta-2 agonists (see adrenergic beta-agonist). Andro, DHEA, stanozolol

Stanozolol

Stanozolol, commonly sold under the name Winstrol , Tenabol and Winstrol Depot , was developed by Winthrop Laboratories in 1962...

, testosterone

Testosterone

, and nandrolone

Nandrolone

Nandrolone is an anabolic steroid that may be present naturally in the human body, albeit in minute quantities of less than 0.4 ng/ml. Nandrolone is most commonly sold commercially as its decanoate ester and less commonly as a phenylpropionate ester...

, or derivates (see below) are banned anabolic steroids. Beta-2 agonists can act as bronchodilator

Bronchodilator

A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous , or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties...

s and increase heart rate

Heart rate

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute . Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep....

s, in addition to their mild androgenic effects. Other banned androgenic agents include bambuterol

Bambuterol

Bambuterol is a long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma; it also is a prodrug of terbutaline. Commercially, the AstraZeneca pharmaceutical company produces and markets bambuterol as Bambec and Oxeol ....

, clenbuterol

Clenbuterol

Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier...

, salbutamol

Salbutamol

Salbutamol or albuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is marketed as Ventolin among other brand names....

, tibolone

Tibolone

Tibolone is a synthetic steroid hormone drug, which is fairly non-selective in its binding profile, acting as an agonist at all five of the Type I steroid hormone receptors. It is used mainly for treatment of endometriosis, as well as hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women...

, zeranol

Zeranol

Zeranol is a non-steroidal estrogen agonist. It is a mycotoxin, derived from fungi in the Fusarium family, and may be found as a contaminant in fungus-infected crops. It is 3-4x more potent as an estrogen agonist than the related compound zearalenone.Zeranol is approved for use as a growth...

, zilpaterol

Zilpaterol

Zilpaterol is a beta-adrenergic agonist....

, and selective androgen receptor modulators. While a few of the banned drugs are endogenous, that is they are normally produced in the human body, most of the banned drug are exogenous drugs chemically produced.

Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids

This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2008:

1-androstendiol
1-androstendione
Bolandiol
Bolasterone
Bolasterone
Bolasterone is a 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroid. It has close structural similarity to testosterone, and like methyltestosterone has a methyl group at C17 in order to increase oral bioavailability. In addition, it is also 7a-methylated, similar to its 7ß-methylated isomer Calusterone....
Boldenone
Boldenone
Boldenone , also known under the trade names Equipoise, Ganabol, Equigan and Ultragan, is an anabolic steroid developed for veterinary use, mostly for treatment of horses...
Boldione
Boldione
Boldione is the precursor to boldenone, and as of January 4, 2010 is a Schedule III Controlled Substance.In 2004 the United States Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2005 which placed 36 steroids and over the counter pro-hormones into schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act...
Calusterone
Calusterone
Calusterone is an anabolic steroid. It is a 17-alpha alkylated steroid similar in structure to Bolasterone ....
Clostebol
Clostebol
Clostebol , usually as the ester clostebol acetate, is a synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid. Clostebol is the 4-chloro derivative of the natural hormone testosterone....
Danazol
Danazol
Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. Also known as 17alpha-ethinyl testosterone. Before becoming available as a generic drug, Danazol was marketed as Danocrine in the United States. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the...
Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone
Dexosymethytestosterone
Drostanolone
Drostanolone
Drostanolone is an anabolic steroid. Its main medical applications are to lower cholesterol levels, and as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of some cancers. It is most commonly marketed as the ester drostanolone propionate .Ringold, H. J.; Batres, E.; Halpern, O.; Necoechea, E.; J. Amer....
Ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol is an anabolic steroid with some progesterone-like activity, and little androgenic activity. It is a nandrolone derivative and lacks the 3-keto functional group. It was approved in 1964 for testosterone deficiency in male patients....
Fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone is an anabolic steroid with strong androgenic properties that has been used in the treatment of male hypogonadism, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women. It is approximately 5 times as potent as methyltestosterone...
Formebolone
Formebolone
Formebolone is an anabolic steroid....
Furazabol
Furazabol
Furazabol is a derivative of the anabolic steroid stanozolol. It differs from stanozolol by having a furazan ring system in place of the pyrazole...
Gestrinone
Gestrinone
Gestrinone is a synthetic steroid hormone that acts as an anti-progestin and also has some androgenic activity. It is marketed under the names Dimetriose, Dimetrose, and Nemestran, as a treatment for endometriosis. Gestrinone is available in many countries, but not in the USA...
4-hydroxytestosterone
4-Hydroxytestosterone
4-Hydroxytestosterone is an anabolic steroid. It was first patented by G.D. Searle & Company in 1955 and is testosterone with a hydroxy group at the four position. 4-OHT has moderate anabolic, mild androgenic, and anti-aromatic properties and is similar to the steroid clostebol....
Mestanolone
Mestanolone
Mestanolone is the 17α-methylated version of dihydrotestosterone . The systematic name of mestanolone is: 17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrost-3-one. It is an orally bioavailable androgenic steroid that is highly androgenic while only slightly anabolic...
Mesterolone
Mesterolone
Mesterolone is an orally applicable androgen, and DHT derivative. It is sold under the brand name Proviron, by Schering. In the late 70's and early 80's it was used with some success in controlled studies of men suffering from various forms of depression....
Mestenolone
Methandienone
Methandriol
Methandriol
Methandriol is an androstenediol....

Methasterone
Methasterone
Methasterone is an oral anabolic steroid that was never marketed through legitimate channels for medicinal purposes...
Methyldienolone
Methyl-1-testosterone
Methylnortestosterone
Methyltrienolone
Methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone is a 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroid used to treat men with a testosterone deficiency. It is also used in women to treat breast cancer, breast pain, swelling due to pregnancy, and with the addition of estrogen it can treat symptoms of menopause...
Mibolerone
Mibolerone
Mibolerone is a potent anabolic steroid which is both higher affinity and more selective for the androgen receptor than metribolone.http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=GiUgAAAAEBAJ&dq=3341557...
Nandrolone
Nandrolone
Nandrolone is an anabolic steroid that may be present naturally in the human body, albeit in minute quantities of less than 0.4 ng/ml. Nandrolone is most commonly sold commercially as its decanoate ester and less commonly as a phenylpropionate ester...
19-norandrostenedione
19-Norandrostenedione
19-Norandrostenedione is a precursor of the anabolic steroid nandrolone. Until 2005 19-Norandrostenedione was available without prescription in United States, where it was marketed as a prohormone, but it is now classified as a Schedule III drug...
Norboletone
Norclostebol
Norclostebol
Norclostebol is an anabolic steroid....
Norethandrolone
Norethandrolone
Norethandrolone is an anabolic steroid....
Oxabolone
Oxandrolone
Oxandrolone
Oxandrolone is a drug created by Raphael Pappo while at Searle Laboratories, now Pfizer Inc. under the trademark Anavar, and introduced into the US in 1964....
Oxymesterone
Oxymesterone
Oxymesterone is an anabolic steroid....
Oxymetholone
Oxymetholone
Oxymetholone is a synthetic anabolic steroid developed in 1960 by Zoltan 'Anadrol Z' F. Its primary clinical applications include treatment of osteoporosis and anaemia, as well as stimulating muscle growth in undernourished or underdeveloped patients. The drug was approved for human use by the FDA...
Prostanozol
Prostanozol
Prostanozol is an anabolic steroid designer drug which is a prodrug of the 17-demethylated analogue of stanozolol . It was found in 2005 as an ingredient of products sold as "dietary supplements" for bodybuilding....
Quinbolone
Quinbolone
Quinbolone is an anabolic steroid with weak androgenic effects. It was developed by Parke-Davis in an attempt to create a viable orally-administered anabolic steroid with little or no liver toxicity....
Stanozolol
Stanozolol
Stanozolol, commonly sold under the name Winstrol , Tenabol and Winstrol Depot , was developed by Winthrop Laboratories in 1962...
Stenbolone
Stenbolone
Stenbolone is an anabolic steroid. It is structurally similar to 1-Testosterone....
1-testosterone
1-Testosterone
1-Testosterone is an anabolic steroid that differs from testosterone by having a 1,2-double bond instead of 4,5-double bond in its A ring...
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Tetrahydrogestrinone is an anabolic steroid developed by Patrick Arnold. It has affinity to the androgen receptor and the progesterone receptor, but not to the estrogen receptor...
Trenbolone
Trenbolone
Trenbolone is a steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite. To increase its effective half-life, trenbolone is not used in an unrefined form, but is rather administered as ester derivatives such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate or trenbolone...

Drugs with similar structures and biological activity are also banned because new designer drug

Designer drug

Designer drug is a term used to describe drugs that are created to get around existing drug laws, usually by preparing analogs or derivatives of existing drugs by modifying their chemical structure to varying degrees, or less commonly by finding drugs with entirely different chemical structures...

s of this sort are always being developed in order to beat the drug test

Drug test

A drug test is a technical analysis of a biological specimen – for example urine, hair, blood, sweat, or oral fluid / saliva – to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites...

Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids

Androstenediol
Androstenediol
Androstenediol may refer to:* 4-Androstenediol, the steroid androgen that can be converted to testosterone* 5-Androstenediol, steroid* Methandriol, a synthetic androstenediol derivative...
Androstenedione
Androstenedione
Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol.-Synthesis:Androstenedione is the common precursor of male and female sex...
Dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone is an androgen or male sex hormone. The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesises DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands...
Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)
Testosterone
Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands...

Metabolites and isomers

5-androstane-3,17-diol
5-androstane-3,17-diol
5-androstane-3,17-diol
5-androstane-3,17-diol
Androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
Androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
Androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
Androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
Androst-5-ene-3,17-diol

Androst-5-ene-3,17-diol
Androst-5-ene-3,17-diol
4-androstenediol
4-Androstenediol
4-Androstenediol is an androstenediol that is converted to testosterone. The conversion rate is about 15.76%, almost triple that of androstenedione, due to utilization of a different enzymatic pathway. There is no direct conversion to estrogen, though some secondary aromatization does occur...
5-androstenedione
epi-dihydrotestosterone
3-hydroxy-5-androstan-17-one
3-hydroxy-5-androstan-17-one
19-norandrosterone
19-Norandrosterone
19-Norandrosterone is a nandrolone and 19-norandrostenedione metabolite. It is created as a byproduct of nandrolone via the 5-alpha reductase enzyme and is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone which is an anabolic...
19-noretiocholanolone

Hormones and related substances

Certain peptide

Peptide

Peptides are short polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. They are distinguished from proteins on the basis of size, typically containing less than 50 monomer units. The shortest peptides are dipeptides, consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond...

hormone

Hormone

A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one...

s increase bulk, strength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones erythropoietin

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin, or its alternatives erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production...

(EPO), growth hormone

Growth hormone

Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior...

(hGH), Insulin-like growth factor

Insulin-like growth factor

The insulin-like growth factors are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment...

s (IGF-1, etc.), Mechano growth factors (MGFs), chorionic gonadotropin (banned in men only), somatotrophin (growth hormone), insulin

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle....

s and corticotrophins, corticosteroid

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte...

mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned.

Beta-2 agonists

All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L- isomers, are banned. However, formoterol

Formoterol

Formoterol or eformoterol is a long-acting β2-agonist used in the management of asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...

, salbutamol

Salbutamol

, salmeterol

Salmeterol

Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist drug that is currently prescribed for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is currently available as a dry powder inhaler that releases a powdered form of the drug...

, and terbutaline

Terbutaline

Terbutaline is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist.Terbutaline is currently on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited drugs for Olympic athletes, except when administered by inhalation and a Therapeutic Use Exemption has been obtained in advance.Terbutaline is currently used to delay...

may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form.

Hormone antagonists and modulators

Hormone levels of a particular hormone, like testosterone, can be changed not only by administering it, but also by alterating related hormones. For example, the estrogens estrone

Estrone

Estrone is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary as well as adipose tissue.Estrone is one of several natural estrogens, which also include estriol and estradiol...

and estradiol

Estradiol

Estradiol is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has 1 and estriol has 3 . Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect...

are biosynthetically produced by the enzyme aromatase

Aromatase

Aromatase is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens. It is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily , which are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in steroidogenesis. In particular, aromatase is responsible for the aromatization of androgens into...

, respectively, from androstenedione

Androstenedione

Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol.-Synthesis:Androstenedione is the common precursor of male and female sex...

and testosterone, which are both produced from 17-hydroxyprogesterone

17-Hydroxyprogesterone

17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone produced during the synthesis of glucocorticoids and sex steroids.As a hormone, 17OHP also interacts with the progesterone receptor.-Production:...

. Thus, when the body senses low levels of estrogen, the precursor compounds 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone are up-regulated. Likewise, interferring with a hormone's receptor leads to similar effects. Because of these natural hormone-hormone interdependent biosynthetic pathways and hormone-receptor interactions, all aromatase inhibitor

Aromatase inhibitor

Aromatase inhibitors are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women. AIs may also be used off-label to treat or prevent gynaecomastia in men....

s, including but not limited to, anastrozole

Anastrozole

Anastrozole is an aromatase-inhibiting drug approved for treatment of breast cancer after surgery, as well as for metastasis in both pre and post-menopausal women. The severity of breast cancer is increased by estrogen, as sex hormones cause hyperplasia, and differentiation at estrogen receptor...

, letrozole

Letrozole

Letrozole is an oral non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery.Estrogens are produced by the conversion of androgens through the activity of the aromatase enzyme...

, aminoglutethimide

Aminoglutethimide

Aminoglutethimide is an anti-steroid drug marketed under the tradename Cytadren by Novartis around the world. It blocks the production of steroids derived from cholesterol and is clinically used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome and metastatic breast cancer...

, exemestane

Exemestane

Exemestane is a drug used to treat breast cancer. It is a member of the class of drugs known as aromatase inhibitors. Some breast cancers require estrogen to grow. Those cancers have estrogen receptors , and are called ER-positive. They may also be called estrogen-responsive,...

, formestane

Formestane

Formestane belongs to a class of drugs known as 2 aromatase inhibitors. It is used in the treatment of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in post-menopausal women. It is available as an intramuscular depot injection ....

, and testolactone

Testolactone

Testolactone, or Teslac is an antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and is used to treat advanced stage breast cancer.It is nonselective.-Pharmacology:...

are banned. Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators are a class of compounds that act on the estrogen receptor. A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure receptor agonists and antagonists is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively...

s, including but not limited to raloxifene

Raloxifene

Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator that has estrogenic actions on bone and anti-estrogenic actions on the uterus and breast...

, tamoxifen

Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, hence tamoxifen may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist...

and toremifene

Toremifene

Toremifene citrate is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which helps oppose the actions of estrogen in the body. Licensed in the United States under the brand name Fareston, toremifene citrate is FDA-approved for use in advanced breast cancer...

are banned. Clomiphene, cyclofenil

Cyclofenil

Cyclofenil is a selective estrogen receptor modulator.It was investigated as a possible treatment for scleroderma in the 1980s, but was found to be ineffective. Later study of its efficacy in treating Raynaud's phenomenon in people with scleroderma also found no statistically significant benefit....

, fulvestrant

Fulvestrant

Fulvestrant, also known as ICI 182,780, is a drug treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. It is an estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, which works both by down-regulating and...

, and all other anti-estrogenic substances are banned. Myostatin inhibitors are banned.

Stimulants

Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include amphetamine

Amphetamine

Amphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...

s, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine

Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia....

, pseudoephedrine

Pseudoephedrine

Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is used as a nasal/sinus decongestant and stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent....

, fencamfamine

Fencamfamine

Fencamfamine is a stimulant which was developed by Merck in the 1960s.-Medical uses:Fencamfamine is still used, though rarely, for treating depressive day-time fatigue, lack of concentration and lethargy, particularly in individuals who have chronic medical conditions, as its favourable safety...

, cocaine

Cocaine

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...

, methamphetamine

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...

s, mesocarb

Mesocarb

Mesocarb is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s. It has been shown to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor which is slower acting but longer lasting and less neurotoxic than dextroamphetamine....

, and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects, including, but not limited to, the following:

Adrafinil
Adrafinil
Adrafinil is a mild central nervous system stimulant drug used to relieve excessive sleepiness and inattention in elderly patients...
Adrenaline (local use allowed)
Amfepramone
Amiphenazole
Amiphenazole
Amiphenazole is a respiratory stimulant traditionally used as an antidote for barbiturate or opiate overdose, usually in combination with bemegride, as well as poisoning from other sedative drugs and treatment of respiratory failure from other causes...
Amphetamine
Amphetamine
Amphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...
Amphetaminil
Amphetaminil
Amphetaminil is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine, which was developed in the 1970s and used for the treatment of obesity, ADHD, and narcolepsy. It has largely been withdrawn from clinical use following problems with abuse....
Benphetamine
Benzylepiperazine
Bromantan
Cathine
Cathine
Cathine, also known as d-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which acts as a stimulant...

(5 ug/ml urine limit)
Clobenzorex
Clobenzorex
Clobenzorex is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes used as an appetite suppressant...
Cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
Cropropamide
Crotetamide
Cyclazodone
Cyclazodone
Cyclazodone is a centrally acting stimulant drug developed by American Cyanamid Company in the 1960s. The drug is related to other drugs such as pemoline and 4-methylaminorex. It is a banned stimulant under the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list....
Dimethylamphetamine
Dimethylamphetamine
Dimethylamphetamine , also referred to as dimetamfetamine and N,N-dimethylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. Dimethylamphetamine has weaker stimulant effects than amphetamine or methamphetamine and is considerably less addictive and less...
Ephedrine
Ephedrine
Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia....
Etamivan
Etilamphetamine

Etilefrine
Etilefrine
Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive. It is a sympathomimetic amine of the 3-hydroxy-phenylethanolamine series used in treating orthostatic hypotension of neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine or metabolic origin...
Famprofazone
Famprofazone
Famprofazone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent of the pyrazolone series which is available over-the-counter in some countries such as Taiwan. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Famprofazone has been known to produce methamphetamine as an active metabolite, with...
Fenbutrazate
Fenbutrazate
Fenbutrazate , also known as phenbutrazate , is a psychostimulant used as an appetite suppressant under the trade names Cafilon, Filon, and Sabacid in Europe, Japan, and Hong Kong. It is a derivative of phenmetrazine and may function as a prodrug to it similarly to phendimetrazine...
Fencamfamin
Fencamine
Fencamine
Fencamine is a psychostimulant drug of the amphetamine class. It is closely related to fenethylline....
Fenetylline
Fenfluramine
Fenfluramine
Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication . Fenfluramine was introduced on the U.S. market in 1973. It is the racemic mixture of two enantiomers, dextrofenfluramine and levofenfluramine...
Fenproporex
Fenproporex
Fenproporex is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which was developed in the 1960s. It is used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity....
Furfenorex
Furfenorex
Furfenorex , also known as furfurylmethylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug which was developed in the 1960s and used as an appetite suppressant. It produces methamphetamine as a metabolite, and is no longer marketed, due to possible problems with abuse.- References :...
Heptaminol
Heptaminol
Heptaminol is an amino alcohol which is classified as a vasoconstrictor . It is sometimes used in the treatment of low blood pressure, particularly orthostatic hypotension....
Isometheptene
Isometheptene
Isometheptene is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties, that is, it causes constriction of blood vessels...
Levmethamfetamine
Meclofenoxate
Mefenorex
Mefenorex
Mefenorex is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. It is an amphetamine derivative which was developed in the 1970s and used for the treatment of obesity...
Mephentermine
Mephentermine
Mephentermine is a cardiac stimulant. It was formerly used in Wyamine nasal decongestant inhalers and before that as a stimulant in psychiatry.It has been used as a treatment for hypotension.-References:...
Mesocarb
Mesocarb
Mesocarb is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s. It has been shown to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor which is slower acting but longer lasting and less neurotoxic than dextroamphetamine....
Methamphetamine (D-)
Methylenedioxyamphetamine
Methylephedrine

Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...
Modafinil
Modafinil
Modafinil is an analeptic drug manufactured by Cephalon, and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea...
Nikethamide
Nikethamide
Nikethamide is a stimulant which mainly affects the respiratory cycle. Widely known by its former trade name of Coramine, it was used in the mid-1900s as a medical countermeasure against tranquilizer overdoses, before the advent of endotracheal intubation and positive-pressure lung expansion...
Norfenefrine
Norfenefrine
Norfenefrine is a cardiac stimulant....
Norfenfluramine
Norfenfluramine
Norfenfluramine is a psychoactive drug which functions as a serotonin releasing agent and potent 5HT2B receptor agonist. The action of norfenfluramine on 5HT2B receptors on heart valves leads to a characteristic pattern of heart failure following proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts on the...
Octopamine
Octopamine
Octopamine is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems. It is also found naturally in numerous plants, including bitter orange. Biosynthesis of the D--enantiomer of octopamine is by β-hydroxylation of...
Ortetamine
Ortetamine
Ortetamine is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine class. In animal drug discrimination tests it substituted for dextroamphetamine more closely than either 3- or 4-methylamphetamine, although with only around 1/10 the potency of dextroamphetamine itself.- See also :* 2-Fluoroamphetamine*...
Oxilofrine
Oxilofrine
Oxilofrine ' is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine chemical class....
Parahydroxyamphetamine
Pemoline
Pemoline
Pemoline was first synthesized in 1913 but it's activity was not discovered until the 1930s. Under the names it was used as a medication used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, it is a Schedule IV drug...
Pentetrazol
Phendimetrazine
Phendimetrazine
Phendimetrazine is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class used as an appetite suppressant....

(carphedon)
Prolintane
Prolintane
Prolintane is a stimulant of norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors developed in the 1950s which is closely related in chemical structure to other drugs such as pyrovalerone and MDPV, and with a similar mechanism of action. It is a mild stimulant with a very good safety profile...
Propylhexedrine
Propylhexedrine
Propylhexedrine is a stimulant drug related to methamphetamine. It is used mainly to provide temporary symptomatic relief of nasal congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis...
Selegiline
Selegiline
Selegiline is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease, depression and senile dementia. In normal clinical doses it is a selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitor, however in larger doses it loses its specificity and also inhibits MAO-A...
Sibutramine
Sibutramine
Sibutramine is an oral anorexiant. Until 2010 it was marketed and prescribed as an adjunct in the treatment of exogenous obesity along with diet and exercise...
Strychnine
Strychnine
Strychnine is a highly toxic , colorless crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine causes muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia or sheer exhaustion...
Tuaminoheptane
Tuaminoheptane
Tuaminoheptane is a nasal decongestant drug which is a sympathomimetic stimulant and vasoconstrictor. However, it can cause skin irritation, which limits its usefulness as a nasal decongestant...

Diuretics and masking agents

Diuretic

s, which increase the production of urine

Urine

Urine is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body that is secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require elimination from the bloodstream...

, and masking agents, chemical compounds which interefere with drug tests, are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention

Water retention

Water retention can refer to:*Water retention , an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the circulatory system or within the tissues or cavities of the body...

and thus decreasing an athlete's weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of an athlete. Secondly, increased urine production depletes the concentration of both the banned drugs and their metabolites, making their detection more difficult. Masking agents, on the other hand, work by making drug tests ineffective, leading to false-negative results.

Diuretics

The following diuretics, and chemicals with similar structure or biological activity are banned:

Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia...
Amiloride
Amiloride
Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic, first approved for use in 1967 , used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Amiloride was also tested as treatment of cystic fibrosis, but it was revealed inefficient in vivo due to it's short time of action, therefore...
Bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide , formerly bendrofluazide , is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension.It is also a fairly cheap drug, made cheap through mass production...
Chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide sodium is a diuretic used within the hospital setting or for personal use to manage excess fluid associated with congestive heart failure. It is also used as an antihypertensive....
Furosemide
Furosemide
Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Lasix...

Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide, abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT, is a first-line diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is...
Indapamide
Indapamide
Indapamide is a thiazide diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure. The US trade name for indapamide is Lozol. Indapamide is marketed as Natrilix outside of the US, as Insig in Australia...
Metolazone
Metolazone
Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox. It is primarily used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. Metolazone indirectly decreases the amount of water reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the kidney,...
Spironolactone
Spironolactone
Spironolactone , commonly referred to as simply spiro, is a diuretic and is used as an antiandrogen.It is a synthetic 17-lactone drug that is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called...
Triamterene

Narcotics and cannabinoids

Narcotic

analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competition after serious injuries. While some painkillers are allowed, including codeine

Codeine

Codeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...

, the following are banned:

Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is used...
Dextromoramide
Dextromoramide
Dextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties, and by the criminal law of individual states...
Diamorphine (heroin)
Fentanyl and its derivatives
Methadone
Methadone
Methadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937...

Morphine
Morphine
Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
Oxycodone
Oxycodone
Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...
Oxymorphone
Oxymorphone
Oxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...
Pentazocine
Pentazocine
Pentazocine is a synthetically prepared prototypical mixed agonist-antagonist narcotic drug of the benzomorphan class of opioids used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain...
Pethidine
Pethidine
Pethidine or meperidine Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (commonly referred to as Demerol but also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; pethanol; piridosal; Algil; Alodan; Centralgin; Dispadol; Dolantin; Mialgin (in Indonesia); Petidin Dolargan (in Poland);...

The cannabis products marijuana and hashish

Hashish

Hashish is a cannabis preparation composed of compressed stalked resin glands, called trichomes, collected from the unfertilized buds of the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves...

are also banned due to their cannabinoid content.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor , which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell...

s are a class of corticosteroid

Corticosteroid

s that affect the metabolism

Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories...

of carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is an organic compound with the empirical formula ; that is, consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 . However, there are exceptions to this. One common example would be deoxyribose, a component of DNA, which has the empirical...

s, fat

Fat

Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure...

, and protein

Protein

Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...

s, and regulate glycogen

Glycogen

Glycogen is a molecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue...

and blood pressure

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, BP varies...

levels.They possess pronounced anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system....

activity and cause alteration of connective tissue

Connective tissue

"Connective tissue" is a fibrous tissue. It is one of the four traditional classes of tissues . Connective Tissue is found throughout the body.In fact the whole framework of the skeleton and the different specialized connective tissues from the crown of the head to the toes determine the form of...

in response to injuries. The anti-inflammatory and connective tissue effects of glucocorticoids might mask injuries, leading to more serious injuries to athletes. Because of this and metabolic regulation effects, the administration of any glucorticoid orally, rectally, intraveniously, or intramuscularly is prohibited and requires a therapeutic use exemption. Topical uses of glucocorticoids does not require an exemption.

Beta blockers

Beta blockers are prohibited during competition in a number of sports; out of competition, they are prohibited only in archery

Target archery

Modern competitive archery is governed by the World Archery Federation, abbreviated WA . Olympic rules are derived from WA rules. WA is the International Olympic Committee's recognized governing body for all of archery.Currently 142 nations are represented by WA archery governing bodies...

and shooting

Shooting sports

A shooting sport is a competitive sport involving tests of proficiency using various types of guns such as firearms and airguns . Hunting is also a shooting sport, and indeed shooting live pigeons was an Olympic event...

. The prohibited beta blockers include, but are not limited to:

Acebutolol
Acebutolol
Acebutolol is a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias.-Pharmacology:Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta blocker with ISA...
Alprenolol
Alprenolol
Alprenolol, or alfeprol, alpheprol, and alprenololum , is a non-selective beta blocker as well as 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of angina pectoris...
Atenolol
Betaxolol
Betaxolol
Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm as timolol may...
Bisoprolol
Bisoprolol
Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers, a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker. The FDA approved Duramed Pharmaceutical's application for Zebeta Oral Tablets as a new molecular...
Bunolol
Carteolol
Carteolol
Carteolol is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma....

Carvedilol
Carvedilol
Carvedilol is a non-selective beta blocker/alpha-1 blocker indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate congestive heart failure . It is marketed under various trade names including Carvil , Coreg , Dilatrend , Eucardic , and Carloc as a generic drug ., and as a...
Celiprolol
Celiprolol
Celiprolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure....
Esmolol
Esmolol
Esmolol is a cardioselective beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset, a very short duration of action, and no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilising activity at therapeutic dosages....
Labetalol
Labetalol
Labetalol is a mixed alpha/beta adrenergic antagonist, which is used to treat high blood pressure.-Indications:...
Levobunolol
Levobunolol
Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically to manage glaucoma....
Metpranolol
Metoprolol
Metoprolol
Metoprolol is a selective β1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially hypertension. The active substance metoprolol is employed either as metoprolol succinate or metoprolol tartrate...

Nadolol
Nadolol
Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure, migraine headaches, and chest pain.-Pharmacology:...
Oxprenolol
Oxprenolol
Oxprenolol is a non-selective beta blocker with some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity...
Pindolol
Pindolol
Pindolol is a beta blocker....
Propranolol
Sotalol
Sotalol
Sotalol is a drug used in individuals with rhythm disturbances of the heart, and to treat hypertension in some individuals. It is a non-selective competitive β-adrenergic receptor blocker that also exhibits Class III antiarrhythmic properties by its inhibition of potassium channels...
Timolol
Timolol
Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.