Radical
Encyclopedia
Radical, from Late Latin
radicalis "of roots" and from Latin radix "root", may refer to:
In chemistry:
In mathematics:
In medicine:
In linguistics:
In politics:
In religion:
In culture:
In architecture:
In music:
Brands, titles and proper names:
Late Latin
Late Latin is the scholarly name for the written Latin of Late Antiquity. The English dictionary definition of Late Latin dates this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD extending in Spain to the 7th. This somewhat ambiguously defined period fits between Classical Latin and Medieval Latin...
radicalis "of roots" and from Latin radix "root", may refer to:
In chemistry:
- A radical (chemistry)Radical (chemistry)Radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons on an open shell configuration. Free radicals may have positive, negative, or zero charge...
is an atom, molecule, or ion, that is likely to take part in chemical reactions
In mathematics:
- Radical symbol (√), a symbol used to indicate the square rootSquare rootIn mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r2 = x, or, in other words, a number r whose square is x...
or nth rootNth rootIn mathematics, the nth root of a number x is a number r which, when raised to the power of n, equals xr^n = x,where n is the degree of the root... - Radical of an algebraic groupRadical of an algebraic groupThe radical of an algebraic group is the identity component of its maximal normal solvable subgroup.- External links :*, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics...
, a concept in algebraic group theory - Radical of an idealRadical of an idealIn commutative ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal I is an ideal such that an element x is in the radical if some power of x is in I. A radical ideal is an ideal that is its own radical...
, an important concept in abstract algebra - Radical of a ringRadical of a ringIn ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of "bad" elements of the ring.The first example of a radical was the nilradical introduced in , based on a suggestion in . In the next few years several other radicals were discovered, of which the most important example is...
, in ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of "bad" elements of the ring - Radical of a moduleRadical of a moduleIn mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc of M.-Definition:Let R be a ring and M a left...
, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification - Jacobson radicalJacobson radicalIn mathematics, more specifically ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, the Jacobson radical of a ring R is an ideal which consists of those elements in R which annihilate all simple right R-modules. It happens that substituting "left" in place of "right" in the definition yields the same...
, the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R that annihilate all simple right R-modules - Nilradical of a ring, the nilradical of a commutative ring is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
- Nilradical of a Lie algebra, the nilradical of a Lie algebra is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
- Radical of an integer, a concept in number theory
- Symmetric bilinear formSymmetric bilinear formA symmetric bilinear form is a bilinear form on a vector space that is symmetric. Symmetric bilinear forms are of great importance in the study of orthogonal polarity and quadrics....
, a concept in linear algebra - Radical of a Lie algebra, a concept in Lie theory
In medicine:
- Radical surgeryRadical surgeryRadical surgery, also called radical dissection, refers to the removal of blood supply, lymph nodes and sometimes adjacent structures of a diseased organ or tumor during surgery. In surgical oncology, radical surgery typically describes the removal of a tumor or mass and ancillary lymph nodes that...
, surgery carried out in extreme circumstances and/or with extensive treatment
In linguistics:
- In an inflected language such as English or Spanish, the radical verbs (also called 'radical-changing') are exceptionsStrong inflectionA strong inflection is a system of verb conjugation or noun/adjective declension which can be contrasted with an alternative system in the same language, which is then known as a weak inflection. The term strong was coined with reference to the Germanic verb, but has since been used of other...
to the standard patterns of word change (e.g., to beIndo-European copulaA feature common to all Indo-European languages is the presence of a verb corresponding to the English verb to be. Though in some languages, such as Russian, it is vestigial, it is present nonetheless in atrophied forms or derivatives.-General features:...
is in most Indo European languages). - Root (linguistics)Root (linguistics)The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family , which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents....
, also called a "radical", the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed - Radical (Chinese character)Radical (Chinese character)A Chinese radical is a component of a Chinese character. The term may variously refer to the original semantic element of a character, or to any semantic element, or, loosely, to any element whatever its origin or purpose...
, part of a Chinese character under which it is indexed in a dictionary (also called bùshǒu 部首) - Radical, one of the three consonants in a Semitic root
- Radical consonantRadical consonantRadical consonants are those consonants articulated with the root of the tongue in the throat. This includes the pharyngeal, epiglottal, and epiglotto-pharyngeal places of articulation, though technically epiglottal consonants take place in the larynx....
, a consonant articulated with the root of the tongue
In politics:
- Political radicalismPolitical radicalismThe term political radicalism denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways...
- Radicalism (historical)Radicalism (historical)The term Radical was used during the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement. It later became a general pejorative term for those favoring or seeking political reforms which include dramatic changes to the social order...
, the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century - Radical left, another term for the far left
- Radical rightRadical RightRadical Right is a generally pejorative term used to describe various political movements on the right that are conspiracist, attuned to anti-American or anti-Christian agents of foreign powers, and "politically radical." The term was first used by social scientists in the 1950s regarding small...
, another term for the far right - Radical WhigsRadical WhigsThe Radical Whigs were "a group of British political commentators" associated with the British Whig faction who were at the forefront of Radicalism...
, influential early writers on Radicalism - Radical Republicans, a member of an influential group of American politicians during the Civil War reconstruction
- Radical Party, one of a number of political parties around the world
- Radicals (UK)Radicals (UK)The Radicals were a parliamentary political grouping in the United Kingdom in the early to mid 19th century, who drew on earlier ideas of radicalism and helped to transform the Whigs into the Liberal Party.-Background:...
, parliamentary progressives who were part of the nineteenth-century Liberal coalition - RadicalizationRadicalizationRadicalization is the process in which an individual changes from passiveness or activism to become more revolutionary, militant or extremist. Radicalization is often associated with youth, adversity, alienation, social exclusion, poverty, or the perception of injustice to self or others.-...
In religion:
- Radical ReformationRadical ReformationThe Radical Reformation was a 16th century response to what was believed to be both the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland, the Radical Reformation birthed many radical...
, an Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation - Radical Christianity
- Radical Islam
In culture:
- Radical feminismRadical feminismRadical feminism is a current theoretical perspective within feminism that focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on an assumption that "male supremacy" oppresses women...
, a current within feminism that focuses on patriarchy as a system of power - Radical veganism, a radical interpretation of veganism, usually combined with anarchism
- Radical chicRadical chicRadical chic is a term coined by journalist Tom Wolfe in his 1970 essay "Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's," to describe the adoption and promotion of radical political causes by celebrities, socialites, and high society...
, a term coined by Tom Wolfe to describe the pretentious adoption of radical causes by celebrities, socialites, and high society
In architecture:
- Radical Baroque, an architectural style characterized by the curvature of walls and intersection of oval spaces
In music:
- Radical (mixtape), a mixtape by the alternative hip hopAlternative hip hopAlternative hip hop is a sub-genre of hip hop music. Allmusic defines it as follows: -Origin:...
collective OFWGKTAOFWGKTAOdd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All, often abbreviated OFWGKTA and also known simply as Odd Future or Golf Wang, is an alternative hip hop collective from Los Angeles, California... - Radicals (song)Radicals (song)"Radicals" is a song by American rapper Tyler, The Creator from his second studio album Goblin. Tyler has stated that the song has had a major influence on rebellious teenagers who have heard it, partially due to it's chorus "kill people, burn shit, fuck school".-Overview:Tyler has said that the...
, a song by Tyler, The CreatorTyler, the CreatorTyler Okonma , better known by his stage name Tyler, The Creator, is an American rapper, record producer, music video director, actor, graphic artist and fashion designer from Los Angeles, currently signed to English independent record label XL Recordings and his own record label, Odd Future...
from his album GoblinGoblin (album)Goblin is the second studio album by OFWGKTA leader Tyler, The Creator. It was released on May 10, 2011 through XL Recordings. The album's production came almost entirely from Tyler himself, along with contributions from fellow OFWGKTA member Left Brain. Goblin continues Tyler's dialogues with his... - Free Radicals (band)Free Radicals (band)Free Radicals is an American jazz, funk, hip-hop, avant-garde, ska, reggae, African music, Indian music, punk, klezmer, polka and latin jazz group based in Houston, Texas.- History :Free Radicals' live band includes six or seven members...
, a jazz-funk musical group from Houston, Texas - Radical (album), Smack's fourth studio album, released in 1988
Brands, titles and proper names:
- Radical Sportscars, an English sports car maker
- Radical EntertainmentRadical EntertainmentRadical Entertainment is a video game developer based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded in 1991 and previously developed games for game publishers such as THQ, Microsoft and Fox Interactive. It is now an entirely owned subsidiary of Activision Blizzard after being acquired by...
, a video game developer based in Vancouver, Canada - Free Radical DesignFree Radical DesignCrytek UK, formerly known as Free Radical Design, is a video game developer based in Nottingham, United Kingdom, probably best known for Second Sight and the TimeSplitters series. After going into financial administration, it was announced on February 4 2009 that the studio had been acquired by...
, a video game developer based in Nottingham, England - Free Radical CentreFree Radical CentreThe Free Radical Centre or ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, was established in the 2005 Australian Research Council funding rounds...
, a centre for free radical chemistry and biotechnology that was established in 2005