Timeline of Jewish history
Encyclopedia
This is a timeline of the development of Jews and Judaism
. All dates are given according to the Common Era
, not the Hebrew calendar
.
See also Jewish history
which includes links to individual country histories. For the history of persecution of Jews
, see Antisemitism, History of antisemitism and Timeline of antisemitism
.
)
c. 1150 BCE–c. 1025 BCE: Biblical Judges
lead the people
c. 1025 BCE–c. 1007 BCE: King Saul
c. 1010 BCE–c. 970 BCE: King David
c. 1001 BCE–c. 931 BCE: King Solomon
c. 960 BCE: Solomon's Temple
in Jerusalem completed
c. 931 BCE: Split between Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
and Kingdom of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 913 BCE: King Rehoboam of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 910 BCE: King Jeroboam of Israel
c. 900 BCE: J Source
of the Torah is written
840 BCE: Mesha inscription
describes Moabite victory over a son of King Omri of Israel.
c. 800 BCE: E Source
of the Torah is written
c. 740 BCE–c. 700 BCE: prophesy of Isaiah
c. 740 BCE–c. 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel falls to Neo-Assyrian Empire
c. 715 BCE–c. 687 BCE: King Hezekiah of Judah
c. 690 BCE: P Source
of the Torah is written
c. 649 BCE–c. 609 BCE: King Josiah
of Judah institutes major reforms.
c. 620 BCE: D Source
of the Torah is written. Joshua, Judges, Samuel I and II, Kings I and II are also written, presumably by the same authors.
597 BCE: first deportation to Babylon
586 BCE: Jerusalem falls to Nebuchadnezzar
and Solomon's Temple
destroyed
539 BCE: Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem, by permission of Cyrus
520 BCE: Prophecy of Zechariah
516 BCE: Second Temple of Jerusalem consecrated
c. 475 BCE: Often associated with Xerxes I of Persia
, Queen Esther
revealed her identity to the king and began to plead for her people, pointing to Haman as the evil schemer plotting to destroy them.
c. 460 BCE: Seeing anarchy breaking out in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian King Artaxerxes
sent Ezra
to restore order.
c. 450 BCE: Documentary hypothesis
suggests that the five books were created by combining the four originally independent sources
* Date unknown: Traditionally, slavery in Egypt is given as Jewish years 2332 to 2448 ; This date would compute to 1428 BCE to 1312 BCE. 1 Kings 6:1 states that the Exodus occurred 480 years before the construction of Solomon's Temple; i.e., if using dates found in Wikipedia
: 1312 BCE (832 BC+480 years); see articles 'The Exodus' and 'Moses
'.
200 BCE–100 CE: Throughout this era the Tanakh
(Hebrew Bible
) is gradually canonized
. Jewish religious works that were written after the time of Ezra
were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jews. Those works that made it into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) became known as the deuterocanonical books
.
167–161 BCE: The Maccabees
(Hasmoneans) revolt against the Hellenistic Empire of Seleucids, led by Judah Maccabee, resulting in victory and installation of the Hanukkah
holiday.
157–129 BCE: Hasmonean dynasty establishes its royal dominance in Judea during renewed war with Seleucid Empire
.
63 BCE: The Romans
intervene in the civil war in Judea, which becomes a Roman province (see Iudaea Province
).
40 BCE–4 BCE: Herod the Great
, appointed King of the Jews
by the Roman Senate
.
, considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai
till 30, see also Hillel and Shammai
.
30 CE: Helena of Adiabene
, a vassal Parthian kingdom in Mesopotamia
, converts to Israelite religion. Significant numbers of Adiabene
population follow her, later also providing limited support for Jews during Jewish-Roman wars
. In the following centuries the community mostly converts to Christianity
.
30–70 CE
66–70
70–200: Period of the Tannaim
, rabbis who organized and elucidated
the Jewish oral law
. The decisions of the Tannaim
are contained in the Mishnah
, Beraita, Tosefta
, and various Midrash
compilations.
73: Final events of the Great Jewish Revolt - the fall of Masada
.
(Revolt against Trajan) - a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installed Emperor Hadrian.
131–136: The Roman emperor
Hadrian
, among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina
" and prohibits circumcision. Bar Kokhba
(Bar Kosiba) leads a large Jewish revolt
against Rome
in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian
renames the province of Judea
to Syria Palaestina
, and attempts to root out Judaism.
136: Rabbi Akiva is martyred.
138: With Emperor Hadrian
's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem on Tisha B'av
. In the following centuries the Jewish center moves to Galilee.
, the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted by Judah haNasi
in Eretz Israel.
220–500: Period of the amoraim, the rabbi
s of the Talmud
.
351-352: Jewish revolt, directed against Constantius Gallus
, is put down.
358: Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution, Hillel II
creates a mathematical calendar
for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, the Sanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved.
361–363: The last pagan
Roman Emperor, Julian
, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.
363:Galilee earthquake of 363
removes the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site
and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!
450: Redaction of Talmud Yerushalmi
(Talmud of Jerusalem)
550: The main redaction of Talmud
Bavli (Babylonian Talmud) is completed under Rabbis Ravina
and Ashi. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.
550–700: Period of the savoraim, the sages in Persia who put the Talmud in its final form.
555-572: The Fourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium results in great reduction of the Samaritan community
, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of the Byzantines
.
gain autonomy in Jerusalem after revolting against Heraclius as a joint military campaign with ally Sassanid Empire
under Khosrau II
and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.
7th century: The rise and domination of Islam
among largely pagan Arabs in the Arabian peninsula
results in the almost complete removal and conversion of the ancient Jewish communities there, and sack of Levant
from the hands of Byzantines.
and Asia Minor lived under the often intolerant rule of Christian Kings and clerics. Most Jews lived in the Muslim
Arab realm (Andalusia, North Africa, Palestine, Iraq and Yemen). Despite sporadic periods of persecution, Jewish communal and cultural life flowered in this period. The universally recognized centers of Jewish life were in Jerusalem and Tiberias (Syria), Sura
and Pumbeditha (Iraq). The heads of these law schools were the Gaonim, who were consulted on matters of law by Jews throughout the world. During this time, the Niqqud is invented in Tiberias.
711: Muslim armies invade and occupy most of Spain
(At this time Jews made up about 8% of Spain
's population). Under Christian
rule, Jews had been subject to frequent and intense persecution, but this was alleviated under Muslim rule. Some mark this as the beginning of the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain.
740: The Khazar
(a Turkic
semi-nomadic people
from Central Asia
) King and members of the upper class adopt Judaism
. The Khazarate lasts until 10th century, being overrun by Russians, and finally conquered by Russian and Byzantian forces in 1016.
760: The Karaites reject the authority of the oral law, and split off from rabbinic Judaism.
compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book.)
871: An incomplete marriage contract dated to October 6 of this year is the earliest dated document found in the papers of the Cairo Geniza
.
becomes Caliph of Spain
in 912, ushering in the height of tolerance. Muslims granted Jews and Christians exemptions from military service, the right to their own courts of law, and a guarantee of safety of their property. Jewish poets, scholars, scientists, statesmen and philosophers flourished in and were an integral part of the extensive Arab civilization. This ended with the invasion of Almoravides in 1090.
940: In Iraq
, Saadia Gaon
compiles his siddur
(Jewish prayer book).
, later Spain) writes the Rif, an important work of Jewish law
.
1040–1105: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki (Rashi
) writes important commentaries on almost the entire Tanakh
(Hebrew Bible) and Talmud.
1066: 1066 Granada massacre
1095–1291: Christian Crusades
begin, sparking warfare with Islam in Palestine
. Crusaders temporarily capture Jerusalem in 1099. Tens of thousands of Jews are killed by European crusaders throughout Europe and in the Middle East.
's work. They include some of his descendants.
1107: Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin expels Moroccan Jews who do not convert to Islam.
1135–1204: Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, aka Maimonides
or the Rambam is the leading rabbi of Sephardic Jewry. Among his many accomplishments, he writes an influential code of law (The Mishneh Torah
) as well as, in Arabic
, the most influential philosophical work (Guide for the Perplexed
) in Jewish history.
1141: Yehuda Halevi
issues a call to the Jews to emigrate to Palestine and eventually dies in Jerusalem.
1187: Upon the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin summons the Jews and permits them to resettle in the city. In particular, the residents of Ashkelon, a large Jewish settlement, respond to his request.
, of Spain. He publishes to the public the Zohar
the 2nd century CE esoteric interpretations of the Torah by Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his disciples. This begins the modern form of Kabbalah
(esoteric Jewish mysticism).
1250–1550: Period of the Rishonim, the medieval rabbinic sages. Most Jews at this time lived in lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea
or in Western Europe
under feudal systems. With the decline of Muslim and Jewish centers of power in Iraq
, there was no single place in the world which was a recognized authority for deciding matters of Jewish law and practice. Consequently, the rabbis recognized the need for writing commentaries on the Torah
and Talmud and for writing law codes that would allow Jews anywhere in the world to be able to continue living in the Jewish tradition.
1267: Nahmanides
(Ramban) settles in Jerusalem and builds the Ramban Synagogue
.
1270–1343: Rabbi Jacob ben Asher
of Spain writes the Arba'ah Turim (Four Rows of Jewish Law).
1290: Jews are expelled from England
by Edward I
after the banning of usury in the 1275 Statute of Jewry.
. A 14th century French Jewish philosopher best known for his Sefer Milhamot Adonai ("The Book of the Wars of the Lord") as well as for his philosophical commentaries.
1306–1394: Jews are repeatedly expelled from France
and readmitted, for a price.
1343: Jews persecuted in Western Europe are invited to Poland
by Casimir the Great
.
of Spain institute the Spanish Inquisition
.
1486: First Jewish prayer book published in Italy.
1488–1575: Rabbi Yosef Karo
spends 20 years compiling the Beit Yosef, an enormous guide to Jewish law. He then writes a more concise guide, the Shulkhan Arukh, that becomes the standard law guide for the next 400 years. Born in Spain, Yosef Karo lives and dies in Safed
.
1488: Obadiah ben Abraham
, commentator on the Mishnah
, arrives in Jerusalem and marks a new epoch for the Jewish community.
1492: The Alhambra Decree
: Approximately 200,000 Jews are expelled from Spain, The expelled Jews relocate to the Netherlands
, Turkey
, Arab
lands, and Judea
; some eventually go to South and Central America. However, most emigrate to Poland. In later centuries, more than 50% of Jewish world population lived in Poland. Many Jews remain in Spain after publicly converting to Christianity, becoming Crypto-Jews
.
1492: Bayezid II
of the Ottoman Empire
issued a formal invitation to the Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal and sent out ships to safely bring Jews to his empire.
1493: Jews expelled from Sicily. As many as 137,000 exiled.
1496: Jews expelled from Portugal
and from many German cities.
.
1516: Ghetto
of Venice established, the first Jewish ghetto in Europe. Many others follow.
1525–1572: Rabbi Moshe Isserles (The Rema) of Kraków
writes an extensive gloss to the Shulkhan Arukh called the Mappah, extending its application to Ashkenazi Jewry.
1534: King Sigismund I of Poland
abolishes the law that required Jews to wear special clothes
.
1534: First Yiddish book published, in Poland.
1534–1572: Isaac Luria
("the Arizal") teaches Kabbalah
in Jerusalem and (mainly) Safed to select disciples. Some of those, such as Ibn Tebul, Israel Sarug
and mostly Chaim Vital, put his teachings into writing. While the Sarugian versions are published shortly afterwards in Italy and Holland, the Vitalian texts remain in manuscripti for as long as three centuries.
1547: First Hebrew Jewish printing house in Lublin
.
1550: Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
founds a Kabbalah academy in Safed.
1567: First Jewish university Jeshiva
was founded in Poland.
1577: A Hebrew printing press is established in Safed, the first press in Palestine and the first in Asia.
1580–1764: First session of the Council of Four Lands
(Va'ad Arba' Aratzot) in Lublin, Poland
. 70 delegates from local Jewish kehillot meet to discuss taxation and other issues important to the Jewish community.
1623: First time separate (Va'ad) Jewish Sejm for Grand Duchy of Lithuania
.
1626–1676: False Messiah
Sabbatai Zevi
.
1633: Jews of Poznań
granted a privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city.
1648: Jewish population of Poland reached 450,000 (i.e. 4% of the 11000000 population of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is Jewish), Bohemia 40,000 and Moravia 25,000. Worldwide population of Jewry is estimated at 750,000.
1648–1655: The Ukrainian
Cossack
Bohdan Chmielnicki leads a massacre of Polish gentry and Jewry that leaves an estimated 65,000 Jews dead and a similar number of gentry. The total decrease in the number of Jews is estimated at 100,000. http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/wjcbook/poland/
1655: Jews readmitted to England by Oliver Cromwell
.
1660: 1660 destruction of Safed
.
, a way to approach God
through meditation and fervent joy. He and his disciples attract many followers, and establish numerous Hasidic
sects. The European Jewish opponents of Hasidim (known as Mitnagdim) argue that one should follow a more scholarly approach to Judaism
. Some of the more well-known Hasidic sects today include Bobover, Breslover, Gerer, Lubavitch (Chabad) and Satmar Hasidim.
1700: Rabbi Yehuda HeHasid
makes aliyah
to Palestine
accompanied by hundreds of his followers. A few days after his arrival, Rabbi Yehuda dies suddenly.
1720: Unpaid Arab creditors burn the synagogue unfinished by immigrants of Rabbi Yehuda and expel all Ashkenazi Jews from Jerusalem. See also Hurba Synagogue
1720–1797: Rabbi Elijah of Vilna, the Vilna Gaon.
1729–1786: Moses Mendelssohn
and the Haskalah
(Enlightenment) movement. He strove to bring an end to the isolation of the Jews so that they would be able to embrace the culture of the Western world, and in turn be embraced by gentiles as equals. The Haskalah opened the door for the development of all the modern Jewish denominations and the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, but it also paved the way for many who, wishing to be fully accepted into Christian society, converted to Christianity or chose to assimilate to emulate it.
1740: Parliament of Great Britain
passes a general act permitting Jews to be naturalized in the American colonies. Previously, several colonies had also permitted Jews to be naturalized without taking the standard oath "upon the true faith of a Christian."
1740: Ottoman authorities invite Rabbi Haim Abulafia (1660–1744), renowned Kabbalist and Rabbi of Izmir, to come to the Holy Land. Rabbi Abulafia is to rebuild the city of Tiberias, which has lain desolate for some 70 years. The city’s revival is seen by many as a sign of the coming of the Messiah.
1740–1750: Thousands immigrate to Palestine
under the influence of Messianic predictions. The large immigration greatly increases the size and strength of the Jewish Settlement in Palestine.
1747: Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitov
(d. 1761) is the first immigrant of the Hasidic Aliyah. He is a respected Talmudic scholar, mystic, and brother-in-law of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov (founder of the Hasidic movement). Rabbi Abraham first settles in Hebron. Later, he relocates to Jerusalem at the behest of its residents.
1759: Followers of Jacob Frank
joined ranks of Polish szlachta
(gentry) of Jewish origins.
1772–1795: Partitions of Poland
between Russia
, Kingdom of Prussia and Austria
. Main bulk of World Jewry lives now in those 3 countries. Old privileges of Jewish communities are denounced.
1775–1781: American Revolution
; guaranteed the freedom of religion
.
1775: Mob violence against the Jews of Hebron.
1789: The French revolution
. In 1791 France grants full right to Jews and allows them to become citizens, under certain conditions.
1790: In the USA, President George Washington
sends a letter to the Jewish community in Rhode Island
. He writes that he envisions a country "which gives bigotry no sanction...persecution no assistance". Despite the fact that the US was a predominantly Protestant country, theoretically Jews are given full rights. In addition, the mentality of Jewish immigrants shaped by their role as merchants in Eastern Europe meant they were well-prepared to compete in American society. So far, their number is limited.
1791: Russia creates the Pale of Settlement
that includes land acquired from Poland with a huge Jewish population and in the same year Crimea
. The Jewish population of the Pale was 750,000. 450,000 Jews lived in the Prussian and Austrian parts of Poland.
1798: Rabbi Nachman of Breslov
travels to Palestine.
1799: While French troops were in Palestine besieging the city of Acre
, Napoleon prepared a Proclamation requesting Asian and African Jews to help him conquer Jerusalem
, but his unsuccessful attempt to capture Acre prevented it from being issued.
1799: Mob violence on Jews
in Safed
.
1808–1840:Large-scale aliyah in hope of Hastening Redemption
in anticipation of the arrival of the Messiah in 1840.
1820–1860: The development of Orthodox Judaism
, a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to Halakha
.
1830: Greece
grants citizenship to Jews.
1831: Jewish militias take part in the defense of Warsaw
against Russians.
1834-1835: Muslims, Druze
attack Jews
in Safed
, Hebron
& in Jerusalem. (See related: Safed plunder
).
1837: Moses Haim Montefiore is knighted by Queen Victoria
, the first Jew to receive an English Knighthood.
1837: Galilee earthquake of 1837
devastates Jewish communities of Safed
and Tiberias.
1838–1933: Rabbi Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen
(Chofetz Chaim) opens an important yeshiva. He writes an authoritative Halakhic work, Mishnah Berurah
.
Mid-19th century: Beginning of the rise of classical Reform Judaism
.
Mid-19th century: Rabbi Israel Salanter develops the Mussar Movement
. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.
Mid-19th century: Positive-Historical Judaism, later known as Conservative Judaism
, is developed.
1841: David Levy Yulee
of Florida is elected to the United States Senate
, becoming the first Jew elected to Congress.
1851: Norway
allows Jews to enter the country. They are not emancipated until 1891.
1858: Jews emancipated in England.
1860: Alliance Israelite Universelle
, an international Jewish organization is founded in Paris
with the goal to protect Jewish rights as citizens.
1860–1875: Moshe Montefiori builds Jewish neighbourhoods outside the Old City of Jerusalem starting with Mishkenot Sha’ananim
.
1860–1864: Jews are taking part in Polish national movement, that was followed by January rising.
1860–1943: Henrietta Szold
: educator, author, social worker and founder of Hadassah
.
1861: The Zion Society is formed in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
1862: Jews are given equal rights in Russian-controlled Congress Poland
. The privileges of some towns regarding prohibition of Jewish settlement are revoked.
1867: Jews emancipated in Hungary.
1868: Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
. Though converted to Christianity as a child, he is the first person of Jewish descent to become a leader of government in Europe.
1870–1890: Russian Zionist group Hovevei Zion
(Lovers of Zion) and Bilu
(est. 1882) set up a series of Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel
, financially aided by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild
. In Rishon LeZion Eliezer ben Yehuda revives Hebrew
as spoken modern language.
1870: Jews emancipated in Italy.
1871: Jews emancipated in Germany.
1875: Reform Judaism
's Hebrew Union College
is founded in Cincinnati
. Its founder was Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise
, the architect of American Reform Judaism
.
1877: New Hampshire
becomes the last state to give Jews equal political rights.
1878: Petah Tikva
is founded by religious pioneers from Jerusalem, led by Yehoshua Stampfer
.
1880: World Jewish population around 7.7 million, 90% in Europe, mostly Eastern Europe; around 3.5 million in the former Polish provinces.
1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1918–1920: Three major waves of pogrom
s kill tens of thousands of Jews in Russia and Ukraine. More than two million Russian Jews emigrate in the period 1881–1920.
1881: On December 30–31, the First Congress of all Zionist Unions for the colonization of Palestine was held at Focşani, Romania.
1882–1903: The First Aliyah
, a major wave of Jewish immigrants to build a homeland in Palestine
.
1886: Rabbi Sabato Morais
and Alexander Kohut
begin to champion the Conservative Jewish
reaction to American Reform, and establish The Jewish Theological Seminary of America
as a school of 'enlightened Orthodoxy'.
1890: The term "Zionism
" is coined by an Austria
n Jewish publicist Nathan Birnbaum
in his journal Self Emancipation and was defined as the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.
1895: First published book by Sigmund Freud
.
1897: In response to the Dreyfus affair
, Theodore Herzl writes Der Judenstaat
(The Jewish State), advocating the creation of a free and independent Jewish state in Israel.
1897: The Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) is formed in Russia.
1897: First Russian Empire Census
: 5,200,000 of Jews, 4,900,000 in the Pale. The lands of former Poland
have 1,300,000 Jews or 14% of population.
1897: The First Zionist Congress
was held at Basel
, which brought the World Zionist Organization
(WZO) into being.
reorganizes the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
and makes it into the flagship institution of Conservative Judaism
.
1903: St. Petersburg's Znamya newspaper publishes a literary hoax
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
. Kishinev Pogrom
caused by accusations that Jews practice cannibalism.
1905:1905 Russian Revolution accompanied by pogroms.
1915: Yeshiva College
(later University) and its Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary is established in New York
for training in a Modern Orthodox milieu.
1916: Louis Brandeis
, on the first of June, is confirmed as the United States
' first Jewish Supreme Court justice. Brandeis was nominated by American President Woodrow Wilson
.
1917: The British defeat the Turks and gain control of Palestine. The British issue the Balfour Declaration 1917 which gives official British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people...it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". Many Jews interpret this to mean that all of Palestine was to become a Jewish state
.
1917 February: The Pale of Settlement is abolished, and Jews get equal rights. The Russian civil war
leads to over 2000 pogroms with tens of thousands murdered and hundreds of thousand made homeless.
1918–1939: The period between the two World Wars is often referred to as the "golden age" of hazzan
ut (cantors). Some of the great Jewish cantors of this era include Abraham Davis, Moshe Koussevitzky
, Zavel Kwartin
(1874–1953), Jan Peerce
, Josef "Yossele" Rosenblatt (1882–1933), Gershon Sirota
(1874–1943), and Laibale Waldman.
1919:
1920: At the San Remo conference
Britain
receives the League of Nations
' British Mandate of Palestine.
1920s–present: A variety of Jewish authors, including Gertrude Stein
, Allen Ginsberg
, Saul Bellow
, Adrienne Rich
and Philip Roth
, sometimes drawing on Jewish culture and history, flourish and become highly influential on the Anglophone
literary scene.
1921: British military administration of the Mandate is replaced by civilian rule.
1921: Britain proclaims that all of Palestine east of the Jordan River is forever closed to Jewish settlement, but not to Arab settlement.
1921: Polish-Soviet peace treaty in Riga
. Citizens of both sides are given rights to choose the country. Hundred thousands of Jews, especially small businesses forbidden in the Soviets, move to Poland.
1922: Reform
Rabbi Stephen S. Wise established the Jewish Institute of Religion
in New York. (It merged with Hebrew Union College
in 1950.)
1923: Britain gives the Golan Heights to the French Mandate of Syria
. Arab immigration is allowed; Jewish immigration is not.
1924: 2,989,000 Jews according to religion poll in Poland (10.5% of total). Jewish youth consisted 23% of students of high schools and 26% of students of universities.
1926: Generally, prior to World War I, there were no chassidic yeshivot in Europe, but on Lag Ba'Omer 1926, the Rabbi Shlomo Chanoch Hacohen Rabinowicz, the fourth Radomsker Rebbe said, "The time has come to found yeshivos where the younger generation will be able to learn and toil in Torah.", leading to the founding of the "Kesser Torah" yeshivot throughout Poland.
1930: World Jewry: 15,000,000. Main countries USA(4,000,000), Poland (3,500,000 11% of total), Soviet Union (2,700,000 2% of total), Romania (1,000,000 6% of total). Palestine 175,000 or 17% of total 1,036,000.
1933: Hitler takes over Germany
; his anti-Semitic sentiments are well-known, prompting numerous Jews to emigrate.
1937: Adin Steinsaltz
born, author of the first comprehensive Babylonian Talmud
commentary since Rashi
in the 11th century.
1939: The British government issues the 'White Paper
'. The paper proposed a limit of 10,000 Jewish immigrants for each year between 1940–1944, plus 25,000 refugees for any emergency arising during that period.
1938–1945: The Holocaust
(Ha Shoah), resulting in the methodical extermination of nearly 6 million Jews across Europe.
1940s–present: Various Jewish filmmakers, including Billy Wilder
, Woody Allen
, Mel Brooks
and the Coen Brothers
, frequently draw on Jewish philosophy and humor, and become some of the most artistically and popularly successful in the history of the medium.
1945–1948: Post-Holocaust refugee crisis. British
attempts to detain Jews attempting to enter Palestine illegally.
1946–1948: The violent struggle for the creation of a Jewish state in the British mandate of Palestine is intensified by Jewish defense groups: Haganah
, Irgun
, and Lehi (group)
.
November 29, 1947: The United Nations
approves the creation of a Jewish State and an Arab State in the British mandate of Palestine.
May 14, 1948: The State of Israel
declares itself as an independent Jewish state hours before the British Mandate is due to expire. Within eleven minutes, it is de facto recognized by the United States
. Andrei Gromyko
, the Soviet Union
's UN ambassador, calls for the UN
to accept Israel as a member state. The UN approves.
May 15, 1948: 1948 Arab-Israeli War
: Syria
, Iraq, Transjordan
, Lebanon
and Egypt
invade Israel hours after it's creation. The attack is repulsed, and Israel conquers more territory. A Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands results, as up to a million Jews flee or are expelled from Arab and Muslim nations. Most settle in Israel. See also 1949 Armistice Agreements
.
1948–1949: Almost 250,000 Holocaust survivors make their way to Israel. "Operation Magic Carpet
" brings thousands of Yemen
ite Jews to Israel.
1956: The 1956 Suez War Egypt blockades the Gulf of Aqaba, and closes the Suez canal to Israeli shipping. Egypt's President Nasser
calls for the destruction of Israel. Israel, England, and France go to war and force Egypt to end the blockade of Aqaba, and open the canal to all nations.
1964: Jewish-Christian relations are revolutionized by the Roman Catholic Church
's Vatican II.
1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon
(1888–1970) becomes the first Hebrew writer to win the Nobel Prize
in literature.
May 16, 1967: Egyptian President Nasser
demands that the UN dismantle the UN Emergency Force I (UNEF I) between Israel and Egypt. The UN
complies and the last UN peacekeeper is out of Sinai and Gaza by May 19.
1967 May: Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdel Nasser
closes the strategic Straits of Tiran
to Israeli shipping and states that Egypt is in a state of war with Israel. Egyptian troops begin massing in the Sinai
.
June 5–10, 1967: The Six-Day War
. Israel launches a pre-emptive strike against Egypt
, Jordan
, and Syria
. Israeli aircraft destroy the bulk of the Arab air forces on the ground in a surprise attack
, followed by Israeli ground offensives which see Israel decicively defeat the Arab forces and capture the Sinai Peninsula
, the West Bank
, and the Golan Heights.
September 1, 1967: The Arab Leaders meet in Khartoum
, Sudan
. The Three No's of Khartoum: No recognition of Israel. No negotiations with Israel. No peace with Israel.
1968: Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan formally creates a separate Reconstructionist Judaism
movement by setting up the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia.
1969: First group of African Hebrew Israelites begin to migrate to Israel under the leadership of Ben Ammi Ben Israel.
Mid-1970s to present: Growing revival of Klezmer
music (The folk music of European Jews).http://www.well.com/user/ari/klez/articles/aboutklez.html, http://www.klezmershack.com/
1972: Mark Spitz
sets the record for most gold medals won in a single Olympic Games
(seven) in the 1972 Summer Olympics
. The Munich massacre
occurs when Israeli athletes are taken hostage by Black September
terrorists. The hostages are killed during a failed rescue attempt.
October 6–24, 1973: The Yom Kippur War
. Egypt
and Syria
, backed up by expeditionary forces from other Arab nations, launch a surprise attack against Israel on Yom Kippur
. After absorbing the initial attacks, Israel recaptures lost ground and then pushes into Egypt and Syria. Subsequently, OPEC
reduces oil production, driving up oil prices and triggering a global economic crisis.
1975: President Gerald Ford signs legislation including the Jackson-Vanik amendment
, which ties U.S. trade benefits to the Soviet Union to freedom of emigration for Jews.
1975: United Nations adopts resolution equating Zionism with racism. Rescinded in 1991.
1976: Israel rescues hostages taken to Entebbe
, Uganda.
September 18, 1978: At Camp David
, near Washington D.C., Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace treaty, The Camp David Accord, which included the withdrawal of Israel from the Sinai
.
1978: Yiddish writer Isaac Bashevis Singer
receives Nobel Prize
1979: Prime Minister Menachem Begin
and President Anwar Sadat
are awarded Nobel Peace Prize
.
1979–1983: Operation Elijah: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry.
1982 June–December: The Lebanon War
. Israel invades Southern Lebanon
to drive out the PLO.
1983: American Reform Jews formally accept patrilineal descent, creating a new definition of who is a Jew.
1984–1985: Operations Moses, Joshua: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry by Israel.
1986: Elie Wiesel
wins the Nobel Peace Prize
1986: Nathan Sharansky, Soviet Jewish dissident, is freed from prison.
1987: Beginning of the First Intifada
against Israel.
1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall
between East and West Germany, collapse of the communist East German government, and the beginning of Germany's reunification
(which formally began in October 1990).
1990: The Soviet Union opens its borders for the three million Soviet Jews who had been held as virtual prisoners within their own country. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews choose to leave the Soviet Union and move to Israel.
1990–1991: Iraq invades Kuwait
, triggering a war between Iraq and Allied United Nations forces. Israel is hit by 39 Scud missiles from Iraq.
1991: Operation Solomon
: Rescue of the remainder of Ethiopia
n Jewry in a twenty four hour airlift.
October 30, 1991: The Madrid Peace Conference opens in Spain
, sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union.
September 13, 1993: Israel and PLO sign the Oslo Accords
.
1994: The Lubavitcher (Chabad) Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson
, dies.
October 26, 1994: Israel and Jordan sign an official peace treaty. Israel cedes a small amount of contested land to Jordan, and the countries open official diplomatic relations, with open borders and free trade.
December 10, 1994: Arafat, Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres share the Nobel Peace Prize
.
November 4, 1995: Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
is assassinated.
1996: Peres loses election to Benyamin (Bibi) Netanyahu (Likud party).
1999: Ehud Barak
elected Prime Minister of Israel.
2000 July: Camp David Summit.
2000, Summer: Senator Joseph Lieberman becomes the first Jewish-American to be nominated for a national office (Vice President of the United States
) by a major political party (the Democratic Party
).
September 29, 2000: The al-Aqsa Intifada
begins.
2001: Election of Ariel Sharon
as Israel's Prime Minister.
2001: Jewish Museum of Turkey
is founded by Turkish Jewry
2004: Avram Hershko
and Aaron Ciechanover
of the Technion win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast
builds its first synagogue, Birobidzhan Synagogue
, in accordance with halakha. http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=175487. Uriyahu Butler became the first member of the African Hebrew Israelite community to enlist in the Israel Defense Force (IDF)
March 31, 2005: The Government of Israel officially recognizes the Bnei Menashe
people of North-East India
as one of the Ten Lost Tribes
of Israel, opening the door for thousands of people to immigrate to Israel.
2005 August: The Government of Israel withdraws
its military forces and settlers from the Gaza Strip
.
2005 December: Prime Minister Ariel Sharon falls into a coma; Deputy Premier Ehud Olmert takes over as Acting Prime Minister
2006 March: Ehud Olmert leads the Kadima party to victory in Israeli elections, becomes Prime Minister of Israel.
2006 July–August: A military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel started on July 12, after a Hezbollah cross-border raid
into Israel. The war ended with the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
after 34 days of fighting. About 2,000 Lebanese and 159 Israelis were killed, and civilian infrastructure on both sides heavily damaged.
2008 December: Israeli armed forces (IDF) launch Operation Cast Lead
(מבצע עופרת יצוקה).
2009 March: Benjamin Netanyahu
becomes Prime Minister of Israel
(also, continues as the Chairman of the Likud
Party).
1940s: 1948
- 1949
1950s: 1950
- 1951
- 1952
- 1953
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1957
- 1958
- 1959
1960s: 1960
- 1961
- 1962
- 1963
- 1964
- 1965
- 1966
- 1967
- 1968
- 1969
1970s: 1970
- 1971
- 1972
- 1973
- 1974
- 1975
- 1976
- 1977
- 1978
- 1979
1980s: 1980
- 1981
- 1982
- 1983
- 1984
- 1985
- 1986
- 1987
- 1988
- 1989
1990s: 1990
- 1991
- 1992
- 1993
- 1994
- 1995
- 1996
- 1997
- 1998
- 1999
2000s: 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
- 2004
- 2005
- 2006
- 2007
- 2008
- 2009
2010s: 2010
Judaism
Judaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
. All dates are given according to the Common Era
Common Era
Common Era ,abbreviated as CE, is an alternative designation for the calendar era originally introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century, traditionally identified with Anno Domini .Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the usage of BCE, short for Before the Common Era Common Era...
, not the Hebrew calendar
Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar , or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits , and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses...
.
See also Jewish history
Jewish history
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures. Since Jewish history is over 4000 years long and includes hundreds of different populations, any treatment can only be provided in broad strokes...
which includes links to individual country histories. For the history of persecution of Jews
Persecution of Jews
Persecution of Jews has occurred on numerous occasions and at widely different geographical locations. As well as being a major component in Jewish history, it has significantly affected the general history and social development of the countries and societies in which the persecuted Jews...
, see Antisemitism, History of antisemitism and Timeline of antisemitism
Timeline of antisemitism
This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group. It includes events in the history of antisemitic thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of antisemitism, and events that affected the...
.
Biblical period
c. 1312 BCE(?*): the Exodus from Egypt (MosesMoses
Moses was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Qur'an, a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed...
)
c. 1150 BCE–c. 1025 BCE: Biblical Judges
Biblical judges
A biblical judge is "a ruler or a military leader, as well as someone who presided over legal hearings."...
lead the people
c. 1025 BCE–c. 1007 BCE: King Saul
c. 1010 BCE–c. 970 BCE: King David
c. 1001 BCE–c. 931 BCE: King Solomon
c. 960 BCE: Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the main temple in ancient Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount , before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE....
in Jerusalem completed
c. 931 BCE: Split between Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
and Kingdom of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 913 BCE: King Rehoboam of Judah
Rehoboam
Rehoboam was initially king of the United Monarchy of Israel but after the ten northern tribes of Israel rebelled in 932/931 BC to form the independent Kingdom of Israel he was king of the Kingdom of Judah, or southern kingdom. He was a son of Solomon and a grandson of David...
c. 931 BCE–c. 910 BCE: King Jeroboam of Israel
Jeroboam
Jeroboam was the first king of the northern Israelite Kingdom of Israel after the revolt of the ten northern Israelite tribes against Rehoboam that put an end to the United Monarchy....
c. 900 BCE: J Source
Jahwist
The Jahwist, also referred to as the Jehovist, Yahwist, or simply as J, is one of the sources of the Torah. It gets its name from the fact that it characteristically uses the term Yahweh for God in the book of Genesis...
of the Torah is written
840 BCE: Mesha inscription
Mesha Stele
The Mesha Stele is a black basalt stone bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC ruler Mesha of Moab in Jordan....
describes Moabite victory over a son of King Omri of Israel.
c. 800 BCE: E Source
Elohist
The Elohist is one of four sources of the Torah described by the Documentary Hypothesis. Its name comes from the term it uses for God: Elohim; it is characterised by, among other things, an abstract view of God, using "Horeb" instead of "Sinai" for the mountain where Moses received the laws of...
of the Torah is written
c. 740 BCE–c. 700 BCE: prophesy of Isaiah
Isaiah
Isaiah ; Greek: ', Ēsaïās ; "Yahu is salvation") was a prophet in the 8th-century BC Kingdom of Judah.Jews and Christians consider the Book of Isaiah a part of their Biblical canon; he is the first listed of the neviim akharonim, the later prophets. Many of the New Testament teachings of Jesus...
c. 740 BCE–c. 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel falls to Neo-Assyrian Empire
Assyria
Assyria was a Semitic Akkadian kingdom, extant as a nation state from the mid–23rd century BC to 608 BC centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur...
c. 715 BCE–c. 687 BCE: King Hezekiah of Judah
c. 690 BCE: P Source
Priestly source
The Priestly Source is one of the sources of the Torah/Pentateuch in the bible. Primarily a product of the post-Exilic period when Judah was a province of the Persian empire , P was written to show that even when all seemed lost, God remained present with Israel...
of the Torah is written
c. 649 BCE–c. 609 BCE: King Josiah
Josiah
Josiah or Yoshiyahu or Joshua was a king of Judah who instituted major reforms. Josiah is credited by most historians with having established or compiled important Jewish scriptures during the Deuteronomic reform that occurred during his rule.Josiah became king of Judah at the age of eight, after...
of Judah institutes major reforms.
c. 620 BCE: D Source
Deuteronomist
The Deuteronomist, or simply D, is one of the sources underlying the Hebrew bible . It is found in the book of Deuteronomy, in the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings and also in the book of Jeremiah...
of the Torah is written. Joshua, Judges, Samuel I and II, Kings I and II are also written, presumably by the same authors.
597 BCE: first deportation to Babylon
Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity was the period in Jewish history during which the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon—conventionally 587–538 BCE....
586 BCE: Jerusalem falls to Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar was the name of several kings of Babylonia.* Nebuchadnezzar I, who ruled the Babylonian Empire in the 12th century BC* Nebuchadnezzar II , the Babylonian ruler mentioned in the biblical Book of Daniel...
and Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the main temple in ancient Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount , before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE....
destroyed
539 BCE: Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem, by permission of Cyrus
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia , commonly known as Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much...
516 BCE: Second Temple of Jerusalem consecrated
c. 475 BCE: Often associated with Xerxes I of Persia
Xerxes I of Persia
Xerxes I of Persia , Ḫšayāršā, ), also known as Xerxes the Great, was the fifth king of kings of the Achaemenid Empire.-Youth and rise to power:...
, Queen Esther
Esther
Esther , born Hadassah, is the eponymous heroine of the Biblical Book of Esther.According to the Bible, she was a Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus...
revealed her identity to the king and began to plead for her people, pointing to Haman as the evil schemer plotting to destroy them.
c. 460 BCE: Seeing anarchy breaking out in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian King Artaxerxes
Artaxerxes I of Persia
Artaxerxes I was the sixth king of kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 465 BCE to 424 BCE. He was the son of Xerxes I of Persia and Amestris, daughter of Otanes.*Artaxerxes I was the sixth king of kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 465 BCE to 424 BCE. He was the son of Xerxes I of Persia and...
sent Ezra
Ezra
Ezra , also called Ezra the Scribe and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. According to the Hebrew Bible he returned from the Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem...
to restore order.
c. 450 BCE: Documentary hypothesis
Documentary hypothesis
The documentary hypothesis , holds that the Pentateuch was derived from originally independent, parallel and complete narratives, which were subsequently combined into the current form by a series of redactors...
suggests that the five books were created by combining the four originally independent sources
* Date unknown: Traditionally, slavery in Egypt is given as Jewish years 2332 to 2448 ; This date would compute to 1428 BCE to 1312 BCE. 1 Kings 6:1 states that the Exodus occurred 480 years before the construction of Solomon's Temple; i.e., if using dates found in Wikipedia
Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the main temple in ancient Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount , before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE....
: 1312 BCE (832 BC+480 years); see articles 'The Exodus' and 'Moses
Moses
Moses was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Qur'an, a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed...
'.
Post-Biblical history
332 BCE: Alexander the Great conquers Phoenicia and Gaza, probably passing by Judea without entering the Jewish dominated hill country on his way into Egypt.200 BCE–100 CE: Throughout this era the Tanakh
Tanakh
The Tanakh is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah , Nevi'im and Ketuvim —hence...
(Hebrew Bible
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible is a term used by biblical scholars outside of Judaism to refer to the Tanakh , a canonical collection of Jewish texts, and the common textual antecedent of the several canonical editions of the Christian Old Testament...
) is gradually canonized
Development of the Jewish Bible canon
Rabbinic Judaism recognizes the 24 books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, as authoritative. Evidence suggests that the process of canonization occurred between 200 BCE and 200 CE. A popular former theory is that the Torah was canonized c. 400 BCE, the Prophets c....
. Jewish religious works that were written after the time of Ezra
Ezra
Ezra , also called Ezra the Scribe and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. According to the Hebrew Bible he returned from the Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem...
were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jews. Those works that made it into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) became known as the deuterocanonical books
Deuterocanonical books
Deuterocanonical books is a term used since the sixteenth century in the Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages of the Christian Old Testament that are not part of the Hebrew Bible. The term is used in contrast to the protocanonical books, which are...
.
167–161 BCE: The Maccabees
Maccabees
The Maccabees were a Jewish rebel army who took control of Judea, which had been a client state of the Seleucid Empire. They founded the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled from 164 BCE to 63 BCE, reasserting the Jewish religion, expanding the boundaries of the Land of Israel and reducing the influence...
(Hasmoneans) revolt against the Hellenistic Empire of Seleucids, led by Judah Maccabee, resulting in victory and installation of the Hanukkah
Hanukkah
Hanukkah , also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt of the 2nd century BCE...
holiday.
157–129 BCE: Hasmonean dynasty establishes its royal dominance in Judea during renewed war with Seleucid Empire
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire was a Greek-Macedonian state that was created out of the eastern conquests of Alexander the Great. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir and parts of Pakistan.The Seleucid Empire was a major centre...
.
63 BCE: The Romans
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic was the period of the ancient Roman civilization where the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 508 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and...
intervene in the civil war in Judea, which becomes a Roman province (see Iudaea Province
Iudaea Province
Judaea or Iudaea are terms used by historians to refer to the Roman province that extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel...
).
40 BCE–4 BCE: Herod the Great
Herod the Great
Herod , also known as Herod the Great , was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his...
, appointed King of the Jews
Herodian Dynasty
The Herodian Dynasty was a Jewish dynasty of Idumean descent, client Kings of Roman Judaea Province between 37 BCE and 92 CE.- Origin :During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus 134-104 BCE, Israel conquered Edom and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism.The Edomites were integrated...
by the Roman Senate
Roman Senate
The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic, however, it was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the consuls, and later by the censors. After a magistrate served his term in office, it usually was followed with automatic...
.
1st century CE
10 CE: Hillel the ElderHillel the Elder
Hillel was a famous Jewish religious leader, one of the most important figures in Jewish history. He is associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud...
, considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai
Shammai
Shammai was a Jewish scholar of the 1st century, and an important figure in Judaism's core work of rabbinic literature, the Mishnah....
till 30, see also Hillel and Shammai
Hillel and Shammai
Hillel and Shammai were two leading rabbis of the early 1st century CE who founded opposing schools of Jewish thought, known as the House of Hillel and House of Shammai...
.
30 CE: Helena of Adiabene
Helena of Adiabene
Helena of Adiabene was queen of Adiabene and wife of Monobaz I. With her husband she was the mother of Izates II and Monobaz II. She died about 56 CE. Her name and the fact that she was her husband's sister indicate a Hellenistic origin...
, a vassal Parthian kingdom in Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the...
, converts to Israelite religion. Significant numbers of Adiabene
Adiabene
Adiabene was an ancient Assyrian independent kingdom in Mesopotamia, with its capital at Arbela...
population follow her, later also providing limited support for Jews during Jewish-Roman wars
Jewish-Roman wars
The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Iudaea Province and Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire. Some sources use the term to refer only to the First Jewish–Roman War and Bar Kokhba revolt...
. In the following centuries the community mostly converts to Christianity
Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
.
30–70 CE
- Schism within Judaism during the Second Temple era. A sect within Hellenised JewishHellenistic JudaismHellenistic Judaism was a movement which existed in the Jewish diaspora that sought to establish a Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of Hellenism...
society starts Jewish Christianity, see also Rejection of JesusRejection of JesusThe Canonical Gospels of the New Testament include some accounts of the rejection of Jesus in the course of his ministry. Judaism's view of Jesus, Jesus in Islam, and the view of the Historical Jesus all differ from Christian views of Jesus.-Hometown rejection:...
.
- The Great Jewish Revolt against Roman occupationFirst Jewish-Roman WarThe First Jewish–Roman War , sometimes called The Great Revolt , was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judaea Province , against the Roman Empire...
ended with destruction of the Second TempleSecond TempleThe Jewish Second Temple was an important shrine which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem between 516 BCE and 70 CE. It replaced the First Temple which was destroyed in 586 BCE, when the Jewish nation was exiled to Babylon...
and the fall of Jerusalem. 1,100,000 people are killed by the Romans during the siege, and 97,000 captured and enslaved. The SanhedrinSanhedrinThe Sanhedrin was an assembly of twenty-three judges appointed in every city in the Biblical Land of Israel.The Great Sanhedrin was the supreme court of ancient Israel made of 71 members...
was relocated to YavneYavneYavne is a city in the Central District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 33,000.-History:...
by Yochanan ben ZakaiYochanan ben ZakaiJohanan ben Zakai , also known as Johanan B. Zakkai was one of the tannaim, an important Jewish sage in the era of the Second Temple, and a primary contributor to the core text of Rabbinical Judaism, the Mishnah. He is widely regarded as one of the most important Jewish figures of his time...
, see also Council of JamniaCouncil of JamniaThe Council of Jamnia or Council of Yavne is a hypothetical late 1st-century council at which it is postulated the canon of the Hebrew Bible was finalized....
.
70–200: Period of the Tannaim
Tannaim
The Tannaim were the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 70-200 CE. The period of the Tannaim, also referred to as the Mishnaic period, lasted about 130 years...
, rabbis who organized and elucidated
Talmudical Hermeneutics
Talmudical Hermeneutics is the science which defines the rules and methods for the investigation and exact determination of the meaning of the Scriptures, both legal and historical...
the Jewish oral law
Oral law
An oral law is a code of conduct in use in a given culture, religion or community application, by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted by oral tradition and effectively respected, or the single rule that is orally transmitted....
. The decisions of the Tannaim
Tannaim
The Tannaim were the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 70-200 CE. The period of the Tannaim, also referred to as the Mishnaic period, lasted about 130 years...
are contained in the Mishnah
Mishnah
The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
, Beraita, Tosefta
Tosefta
The Tosefta is a compilation of the Jewish oral law from the period of the Mishnah.-Overview:...
, and various Midrash
Midrash
The Hebrew term Midrash is a homiletic method of biblical exegesis. The term also refers to the whole compilation of homiletic teachings on the Bible....
compilations.
73: Final events of the Great Jewish Revolt - the fall of Masada
Masada
Masada is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel, on top of an isolated rock plateau, or horst, on the eastern edge of the Judean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. Masada is best known for the violence that occurred there in the first century CE...
.
2nd century
115–117: Kitos WarKitos War
The Kitos War , translation: Rebellion of the exile) is the name given to the second of the Jewish–Roman wars. Major revolts by diasporic Jews in Cyrene , Cyprus, Mesopotamia and Aegyptus spiraled out of control resulting in a widespread slaughter of Roman citizens and others by the Jewish rebels...
(Revolt against Trajan) - a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installed Emperor Hadrian.
131–136: The Roman emperor
Roman Emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period . The Romans had no single term for the office although at any given time, a given title was associated with the emperor...
Hadrian
Hadrian
Hadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
, among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina
Aelia Capitolina
Aelia Capitolina was a city built by the emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Jerusalem, which was in ruins since 70 AD, leading in part to the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136.-Politics:...
" and prohibits circumcision. Bar Kokhba
Simon bar Kokhba
Simon bar Kokhba was the Jewish leader of what is known as the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE, establishing an independent Jewish state of Israel which he ruled for three years as Nasi...
(Bar Kosiba) leads a large Jewish revolt
Bar Kokhba's revolt
The Bar Kokhba revolt 132–136 CE; or mered bar kokhba) against the Roman Empire, was the third major rebellion by the Jews of Judaea Province being the last of the Jewish-Roman Wars. Simon bar Kokhba, the commander of the revolt, was acclaimed as a Messiah, a heroic figure who could restore Israel...
against Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian
Hadrian
Hadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
renames the province of Judea
Judea
Judea or Judæa was the name of the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel from the 8th century BCE to the 2nd century CE, when Roman Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina following the Jewish Bar Kokhba revolt.-Etymology:The...
to Syria Palaestina
Syria Palaestina
Syria Palæstina was a Roman province between 135CE and 390CE. It had been established by the merge of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea, following the defeat of the Bar Kokhba Revolt in 135 CE. In 193 Syria-Coele was split to form a separate provincial locality...
, and attempts to root out Judaism.
136: Rabbi Akiva is martyred.
138: With Emperor Hadrian
Hadrian
Hadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem on Tisha B'av
Tisha B'Av
|Av]],") is an annual fast day in Judaism, named for the ninth day of the month of Av in the Hebrew calendar. The fast commemorates the destruction of both the First Temple and Second Temple in Jerusalem, which occurred about 655 years apart, but on the same Hebrew calendar date...
. In the following centuries the Jewish center moves to Galilee.
3rd century
200: The MishnahMishnah
The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
, the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted by Judah haNasi
Judah haNasi
Judah the Prince, or Judah I, also known as Rebbi or Rabbeinu HaKadosh , was a 2nd-century CE rabbi and chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah. He was a key leader of the Jewish community during the Roman occupation of Judea . He was of the Davidic line, the royal line of King David, hence the...
in Eretz Israel.
220–500: Period of the amoraim, the rabbi
Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word רבי , meaning "My Master" , which is the way a student would address a master of Torah...
s of the Talmud
Talmud
The Talmud is a central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history....
.
4th century
315–337: Roman Emperor Constantine I enacts new restrictive legislature. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed, congregations for religious services are curtailed, but Jews are also allowed to enter Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.351-352: Jewish revolt, directed against Constantius Gallus
Constantius Gallus
Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus , commonly known as Constantius Gallus, was a member of the Constantinian dynasty and Caesar of the Roman Empire . Gallus was consul three years, from 352 to 354.- Family :...
, is put down.
358: Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution, Hillel II
Hillel II
Hillel II, also known simply as Hillel held the office of Nasi of the ancient Jewish Sanhedrin between 320 and 385 CE. He was the son and successor of Judah III. He was a Jewish communal and religious authority, circa 330 - 365 CE...
creates a mathematical calendar
Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar , or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits , and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses...
for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, the Sanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved.
361–363: The last pagan
Roman mythology
Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans...
Roman Emperor, Julian
Julian the Apostate
Julian "the Apostate" , commonly known as Julian, or also Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer....
, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.
363:Galilee earthquake of 363
Galilee earthquake of 363
The Galilee earthquake of 363 was a severe earthquake that shook the Galilee and nearby regions in 363 CE.-Impact:* Tzippori was severely damaged.* Nabratein and the Nabratein synagogue were destroyed....
5th century
438: The Empress EudociaLicinia Eudoxia
Licinia Eudoxia was a Roman Empress, daughter of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and wife of the Western Emperors Valentinian III and Petronius Maximus.- Family :...
removes the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site
Temple Mount
The Temple Mount, known in Hebrew as , and in Arabic as the Haram Ash-Sharif , is one of the most important religious sites in the Old City of Jerusalem. It has been used as a religious site for thousands of years...
and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!
450: Redaction of Talmud Yerushalmi
Talmud
The Talmud is a central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history....
(Talmud of Jerusalem)
6th century
500–523: Yosef Dhu Nuwas, King of Himyarite Kingdom (Modern Yemen) converting to Judaism, upgrading existing Yemenese Jewish center. His kingdom falls in a war against Axum and the Christians.550: The main redaction of Talmud
Talmud
The Talmud is a central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history....
Bavli (Babylonian Talmud) is completed under Rabbis Ravina
Ravina II
Ravina II was a Jewish Talmudist and rabbi, accounted as an Amora sage of the 8th generation of the Amora era. In 475 AD, he finished editing the Gemara portion of the Talmud Bavli, completing the work of his teacher Rav Ashi. He was also a nephew of Ravina I. He was a leader for 22 years....
and Ashi. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.
550–700: Period of the savoraim, the sages in Persia who put the Talmud in its final form.
555-572: The Fourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium results in great reduction of the Samaritan community
Samaritan
The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Religiously, they are the adherents to Samaritanism, an Abrahamic religion closely related to Judaism...
, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of the Byzantines
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
.
7th century
610-628: Jews of Galilee led by Benjamin of TiberiasBenjamin of Tiberias
According to Jewish sources Benjamin of Tiberias was a man of immense wealth, who enlisted and armed many soldiers during the Jewish revolt against Heraclius in the 7th century Palaestina province of the Byzantine Empire...
gain autonomy in Jerusalem after revolting against Heraclius as a joint military campaign with ally Sassanid Empire
Sassanid Empire
The Sassanid Empire , known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr and Ērān in Middle Persian and resulting in the New Persian terms Iranshahr and Iran , was the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty from 224 to 651...
under Khosrau II
Khosrau II
250px|thumb|Khosrau II 250px|thumb|Khosrau II 250px|thumb|Khosrau II (Khosrow II, Chosroes II, or Xosrov II in classical sources, sometimes called Parvez, "the Ever Victorious" – (in Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the twenty-second Sassanid King of Persia, reigning from 590 to 628...
and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.
7th century: The rise and domination of Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
among largely pagan Arabs in the Arabian peninsula
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2...
results in the almost complete removal and conversion of the ancient Jewish communities there, and sack of Levant
Battle of Yarmouk
The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the Muslim Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the armies of the East Roman-Byzantine Empire. The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmouk River, along what is today the border...
from the hands of Byzantines.
8th century
700–1250: Period of the Gaonim (the Gaonic era). Jews in southern EuropeEurope
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
and Asia Minor lived under the often intolerant rule of Christian Kings and clerics. Most Jews lived in the Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
Arab realm (Andalusia, North Africa, Palestine, Iraq and Yemen). Despite sporadic periods of persecution, Jewish communal and cultural life flowered in this period. The universally recognized centers of Jewish life were in Jerusalem and Tiberias (Syria), Sura
Sura (city)
Sura was a city in the southern part of ancient Babylonia, located west of the Euphrates River. It was well-known for its agricultural produce, which included grapes, wheat, and barley...
and Pumbeditha (Iraq). The heads of these law schools were the Gaonim, who were consulted on matters of law by Jews throughout the world. During this time, the Niqqud is invented in Tiberias.
711: Muslim armies invade and occupy most of Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
(At this time Jews made up about 8% of Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
's population). Under Christian
Christian
A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Canonical gospels and the letters of the New Testament...
rule, Jews had been subject to frequent and intense persecution, but this was alleviated under Muslim rule. Some mark this as the beginning of the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain.
740: The Khazar
Khazars
The Khazars were semi-nomadic Turkic people who established one of the largest polities of medieval Eurasia, with the capital of Atil and territory comprising much of modern-day European Russia, western Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, large portions of the northern Caucasus , parts of...
(a Turkic
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
semi-nomadic people
Nomad
Nomadic people , commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but...
from Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
) King and members of the upper class adopt Judaism
Judaism
Judaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
. The Khazarate lasts until 10th century, being overrun by Russians, and finally conquered by Russian and Byzantian forces in 1016.
760: The Karaites reject the authority of the oral law, and split off from rabbinic Judaism.
9th century
846: In Sura, Iraq, Rav Amram GaonAmram Gaon
Amram Gaon was a famous Gaon or head of the Jewish Talmud Academy of Sura in the 9th century. He was the author of many Responsa, but his chief work was liturgical.He was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for the synagogue...
compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book.)
871: An incomplete marriage contract dated to October 6 of this year is the earliest dated document found in the papers of the Cairo Geniza
Cairo Geniza
The Cairo Geniza is a collection of almost 280,000 Jewish manuscript fragments found in the Genizah or storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, presently Old Cairo, Egypt. Some additional fragments were found in the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and the collection includes a number of...
.
10th century
900–1090: The Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Abd-ar-Rahman IIIAbd-ar-Rahman III
Abd-ar-Rahman III was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus. Called al-Nasir li-Din Allah , he ascended the throne in his early 20s, and reigned for half a century as the most powerful prince of Iberia...
becomes Caliph of Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
in 912, ushering in the height of tolerance. Muslims granted Jews and Christians exemptions from military service, the right to their own courts of law, and a guarantee of safety of their property. Jewish poets, scholars, scientists, statesmen and philosophers flourished in and were an integral part of the extensive Arab civilization. This ended with the invasion of Almoravides in 1090.
940: In Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, Saadia Gaon
Saadia Gaon
Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon was a prominent rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the Geonic period.The first important rabbinic figure to write extensively in Arabic, he is considered the founder of Judeo-Arabic literature...
compiles his siddur
Siddur
A siddur is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers. This article discusses how some of these prayers evolved, and how the siddur, as it is known today has developed...
(Jewish prayer book).
11th century
1013–1073: Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi (from MoroccoMorocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, later Spain) writes the Rif, an important work of Jewish law
Halakha
Halakha — also transliterated Halocho , or Halacha — is the collective body of Jewish law, including biblical law and later talmudic and rabbinic law, as well as customs and traditions.Judaism classically draws no distinction in its laws between religious and ostensibly non-religious life; Jewish...
.
1040–1105: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki (Rashi
Rashi
Shlomo Yitzhaki , or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi , was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh...
) writes important commentaries on almost the entire Tanakh
Tanakh
The Tanakh is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah , Nevi'im and Ketuvim —hence...
(Hebrew Bible) and Talmud.
1066: 1066 Granada massacre
1066 Granada massacre
The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, which was at that time in Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, assassinated the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred many of the Jewish population of the city.-Joseph ibn Naghrela:Joseph...
1095–1291: Christian Crusades
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars, blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem...
begin, sparking warfare with Islam in Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
. Crusaders temporarily capture Jerusalem in 1099. Tens of thousands of Jews are killed by European crusaders throughout Europe and in the Middle East.
12th century
1100–1275: Time of the tosafot, Talmudic commentators who carried on RashiRashi
Shlomo Yitzhaki , or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi , was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh...
's work. They include some of his descendants.
1107: Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin expels Moroccan Jews who do not convert to Islam.
1135–1204: Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, aka Maimonides
Maimonides
Moses ben-Maimon, called Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn in Arabic, or Rambam , was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the greatest Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages...
or the Rambam is the leading rabbi of Sephardic Jewry. Among his many accomplishments, he writes an influential code of law (The Mishneh Torah
Mishneh Torah
The Mishneh Torah subtitled Sefer Yad ha-Hazaka is a code of Jewish religious law authored by Maimonides , one of history's foremost rabbis...
) as well as, in Arabic
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
, the most influential philosophical work (Guide for the Perplexed
Guide for the Perplexed
The Guide for the Perplexed is one of the major works of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or "the Rambam"...
) in Jewish history.
1141: Yehuda Halevi
Yehuda Halevi
Judah Halevi was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in Palestine in 1141...
issues a call to the Jews to emigrate to Palestine and eventually dies in Jerusalem.
1187: Upon the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin summons the Jews and permits them to resettle in the city. In particular, the residents of Ashkelon, a large Jewish settlement, respond to his request.
13th century
1250–1300: The life of Moses de LeonMoses de Leon
Moses de León , known in Hebrew as Moshe ben Shem-Tov , was a Spanish rabbi and Kabbalist who is thought of as the composer or redactor of the Zohar. It is a matter of controversy if the Zohar is his own work, or that he committed traditions going back to Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai in writing...
, of Spain. He publishes to the public the Zohar
Zohar
The Zohar is the foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as Kabbalah. It is a group of books including commentary on the mystical aspects of the Torah and scriptural interpretations as well as material on Mysticism, mythical cosmogony, and mystical psychology...
the 2nd century CE esoteric interpretations of the Torah by Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his disciples. This begins the modern form of Kabbalah
Kabbalah
Kabbalah/Kabala is a discipline and school of thought concerned with the esoteric aspect of Rabbinic Judaism. It was systematized in 11th-13th century Hachmei Provence and Spain, and again after the Expulsion from Spain, in 16th century Ottoman Palestine...
(esoteric Jewish mysticism).
1250–1550: Period of the Rishonim, the medieval rabbinic sages. Most Jews at this time lived in lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant...
or in Western Europe
Western Europe
Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the...
under feudal systems. With the decline of Muslim and Jewish centers of power in Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, there was no single place in the world which was a recognized authority for deciding matters of Jewish law and practice. Consequently, the rabbis recognized the need for writing commentaries on the Torah
Torah
Torah- A scroll containing the first five books of the BibleThe Torah , is name given by Jews to the first five books of the bible—Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy Torah- A scroll containing the first five books of the BibleThe Torah , is name given by Jews to the first five...
and Talmud and for writing law codes that would allow Jews anywhere in the world to be able to continue living in the Jewish tradition.
1267: Nahmanides
Nahmanides
Nahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça Porta and by his acronym Ramban, , was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.-Name:"Nahmanides" is a Greek-influenced formation meaning "son of Naḥman"...
(Ramban) settles in Jerusalem and builds the Ramban Synagogue
Ramban Synagogue
The Ramban Synagogue , is the oldest active synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was founded by Nahmanides in 1267. Today it is located at the corner of Ha-Yehudim Street and the square in the Jewish Quarter.-Features:The foundation of the building comprises vaults resting on Romanesque and...
.
1270–1343: Rabbi Jacob ben Asher
Jacob ben Asher
Jacob ben Asher, also known as Ba'al ha-Turimas well as Rabbi Yaakov ben Raash , was likely born in Cologne, Germany c.1269 and likely died in Toledo, Spain c.1343....
of Spain writes the Arba'ah Turim (Four Rows of Jewish Law).
1290: Jews are expelled from England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
by Edward I
Edward I of England
Edward I , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons...
after the banning of usury in the 1275 Statute of Jewry.
14th century
1300: Rabbi Levi ben Gershom, aka GersonidesGersonides
Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG , philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer. He was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, France...
. A 14th century French Jewish philosopher best known for his Sefer Milhamot Adonai ("The Book of the Wars of the Lord") as well as for his philosophical commentaries.
1306–1394: Jews are repeatedly expelled from France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and readmitted, for a price.
1343: Jews persecuted in Western Europe are invited to Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
by Casimir the Great
Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III the Great , last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty , was the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Hedwig of Kalisz.-Biography:...
.
15th century
1478:King Ferdinand and Queen IsabellaCatholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; they were given a papal dispensation to deal with...
of Spain institute the Spanish Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition , commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition , was a tribunal established in 1480 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the Medieval...
.
1486: First Jewish prayer book published in Italy.
1488–1575: Rabbi Yosef Karo
Yosef Karo
Joseph ben Ephraim Karo, also spelled Yosef Caro, or Qaro, was author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the Shulchan Aruch, which is still authoritative for all Jews pertaining to their respective communities...
spends 20 years compiling the Beit Yosef, an enormous guide to Jewish law. He then writes a more concise guide, the Shulkhan Arukh, that becomes the standard law guide for the next 400 years. Born in Spain, Yosef Karo lives and dies in Safed
Safed
Safed , is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters...
.
1488: Obadiah ben Abraham
Obadiah ben Abraham
Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro was a 15th-century rabbi best known for his popular commentary on the Mishnah, commonly known as "The Bartenura".He was born and lived in the second half of the 15th-century in Italy and died in Jerusalem, Palestine about 1500...
, commentator on the Mishnah
Mishnah
The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
, arrives in Jerusalem and marks a new epoch for the Jewish community.
1492: The Alhambra Decree
Alhambra decree
The Alhambra Decree was an edict issued on 31 March 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain ordering the expulsion of Jews from the Kingdom of Spain and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.The edict was formally revoked on 16 December 1968, following the Second...
: Approximately 200,000 Jews are expelled from Spain, The expelled Jews relocate to the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
, Arab
Arab
Arab people, also known as Arabs , are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing...
lands, and Judea
Judea
Judea or Judæa was the name of the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel from the 8th century BCE to the 2nd century CE, when Roman Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina following the Jewish Bar Kokhba revolt.-Etymology:The...
; some eventually go to South and Central America. However, most emigrate to Poland. In later centuries, more than 50% of Jewish world population lived in Poland. Many Jews remain in Spain after publicly converting to Christianity, becoming Crypto-Jews
Crypto-Judaism
Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews"...
.
1492: Bayezid II
Bayezid II
Bayezid II or Sultân Bayezid-î Velî was the oldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512...
of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
issued a formal invitation to the Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal and sent out ships to safely bring Jews to his empire.
1493: Jews expelled from Sicily. As many as 137,000 exiled.
1496: Jews expelled from Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
and from many German cities.
16th century
1501: King Alexander of Poland readmits Jews to Grand Duchy of LithuaniaGrand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th /13th century until 1569 and then as a constituent part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791 when Constitution of May 3, 1791 abolished it in favor of unitary state. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic...
.
1516: Ghetto
Ghetto
A ghetto is a section of a city predominantly occupied by a group who live there, especially because of social, economic, or legal issues.The term was originally used in Venice to describe the area where Jews were compelled to live. The term now refers to an overcrowded urban area often associated...
of Venice established, the first Jewish ghetto in Europe. Many others follow.
1525–1572: Rabbi Moshe Isserles (The Rema) of Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
writes an extensive gloss to the Shulkhan Arukh called the Mappah, extending its application to Ashkenazi Jewry.
1534: King Sigismund I of Poland
Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund I of Poland , of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548...
abolishes the law that required Jews to wear special clothes
Yellow badge
The yellow badge , also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order to mark them as Jews in public. It is intended to be a badge of shame associated with antisemitism...
.
1534: First Yiddish book published, in Poland.
1534–1572: Isaac Luria
Isaac Luria
Isaac Luria , also called Yitzhak Ben Shlomo Ashkenazi acronym "The Ari" "Ari-Hakadosh", or "Arizal", meaning "The Lion", was a foremost rabbi and Jewish mystic in the community of Safed in the Galilee region of Ottoman Palestine...
("the Arizal") teaches Kabbalah
Kabbalah
Kabbalah/Kabala is a discipline and school of thought concerned with the esoteric aspect of Rabbinic Judaism. It was systematized in 11th-13th century Hachmei Provence and Spain, and again after the Expulsion from Spain, in 16th century Ottoman Palestine...
in Jerusalem and (mainly) Safed to select disciples. Some of those, such as Ibn Tebul, Israel Sarug
Israel Sarug
Israel Sarug Ashkenazi was a pupil of Isaac Luria, and devoted himself at the death of his master to the propagation of the latter's kabalistic system, for which he gained many adherents in various parts of Italy...
and mostly Chaim Vital, put his teachings into writing. While the Sarugian versions are published shortly afterwards in Italy and Holland, the Vitalian texts remain in manuscripti for as long as three centuries.
1547: First Hebrew Jewish printing house in Lublin
Lublin
Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river...
.
1550: Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, , was a central figure in the historical development of Kabbalah, leader of a mystical school in 16th-century Safed, Israel. He is known by the acronym the Ramak....
founds a Kabbalah academy in Safed.
1567: First Jewish university Jeshiva
Yeshiva
Yeshiva is a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and Torah study. Study is usually done through daily shiurim and in study pairs called chavrutas...
was founded in Poland.
1577: A Hebrew printing press is established in Safed, the first press in Palestine and the first in Asia.
1580–1764: First session of the Council of Four Lands
Council of Four Lands
The Council of Four Lands in Lublin, Poland was the central body of Jewish authority in Poland from 1580 to 1764. Seventy delegates from local kehillot met to discuss taxation and other issues important to the Jewish community...
(Va'ad Arba' Aratzot) in Lublin, Poland
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
. 70 delegates from local Jewish kehillot meet to discuss taxation and other issues important to the Jewish community.
17th century
1621–1630: Shelah HaKadosh writes his most famous work after emigrating to the Land of Israel.1623: First time separate (Va'ad) Jewish Sejm for Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th /13th century until 1569 and then as a constituent part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791 when Constitution of May 3, 1791 abolished it in favor of unitary state. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic...
.
1626–1676: False Messiah
Messiah
A messiah is a redeemer figure expected or foretold in one form or another by a religion. Slightly more widely, a messiah is any redeemer figure. Messianic beliefs or theories generally relate to eschatological improvement of the state of humanity or the world, in other words the World to...
Sabbatai Zevi
Sabbatai Zevi
Sabbatai Zevi, , was a Sephardic Rabbi and kabbalist who claimed to be the long-awaited Jewish Messiah. He was the founder of the Jewish Sabbatean movement...
.
1633: Jews of Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
granted a privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city.
1648: Jewish population of Poland reached 450,000 (i.e. 4% of the 11000000 population of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is Jewish), Bohemia 40,000 and Moravia 25,000. Worldwide population of Jewry is estimated at 750,000.
1648–1655: The Ukrainian
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
Cossack
Cossack
Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-military communities in what is today Ukraine and Southern Russia inhabiting sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper and Don basins and who played an important role in the...
Bohdan Chmielnicki leads a massacre of Polish gentry and Jewry that leaves an estimated 65,000 Jews dead and a similar number of gentry. The total decrease in the number of Jews is estimated at 100,000. http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/wjcbook/poland/
1655: Jews readmitted to England by Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth, and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland....
.
1660: 1660 destruction of Safed
1660 destruction of Safed
The 1660 destruction of Safed by the Druze occurred at the time of the rule of Ottoman Empire sultan Mehmed IV. The towns of Safed and nearby Tiberias, with substantial Jewish communities, were destroyed in the turmoil, following the 1658 death of Mulhim Ma'n. Only a few of the former residents of...
.
18th century
1700–1760: Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Ba'al Shem Tov, founds Hasidic JudaismHasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew —Ḥasidut in Sephardi, Chasidus in Ashkenazi, meaning "piety" , is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith...
, a way to approach God
God
God is the English name given to a singular being in theistic and deistic religions who is either the sole deity in monotheism, or a single deity in polytheism....
through meditation and fervent joy. He and his disciples attract many followers, and establish numerous Hasidic
Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew —Ḥasidut in Sephardi, Chasidus in Ashkenazi, meaning "piety" , is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith...
sects. The European Jewish opponents of Hasidim (known as Mitnagdim) argue that one should follow a more scholarly approach to Judaism
Judaism
Judaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
. Some of the more well-known Hasidic sects today include Bobover, Breslover, Gerer, Lubavitch (Chabad) and Satmar Hasidim.
1700: Rabbi Yehuda HeHasid
Judah he-Hasid (Jerusalem)
Judah he-Hasid Segal ha-Levi was a Jewish preacher who led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to the Land of Israel in the 17th and 18th centuries.-Departure from Europe:...
makes aliyah
Aliyah
Aliyah is the immigration of Jews to the Land of Israel . It is a basic tenet of Zionist ideology. The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to as yerida . The return to the Holy Land has been a Jewish aspiration since the Babylonian exile...
to Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
accompanied by hundreds of his followers. A few days after his arrival, Rabbi Yehuda dies suddenly.
1720: Unpaid Arab creditors burn the synagogue unfinished by immigrants of Rabbi Yehuda and expel all Ashkenazi Jews from Jerusalem. See also Hurba Synagogue
1720–1797: Rabbi Elijah of Vilna, the Vilna Gaon.
1729–1786: Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah is indebted...
and the Haskalah
Haskalah
Haskalah , the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the 18th–19th centuries that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew language, and Jewish history...
(Enlightenment) movement. He strove to bring an end to the isolation of the Jews so that they would be able to embrace the culture of the Western world, and in turn be embraced by gentiles as equals. The Haskalah opened the door for the development of all the modern Jewish denominations and the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, but it also paved the way for many who, wishing to be fully accepted into Christian society, converted to Christianity or chose to assimilate to emulate it.
1740: Parliament of Great Britain
Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland...
passes a general act permitting Jews to be naturalized in the American colonies. Previously, several colonies had also permitted Jews to be naturalized without taking the standard oath "upon the true faith of a Christian."
1740: Ottoman authorities invite Rabbi Haim Abulafia (1660–1744), renowned Kabbalist and Rabbi of Izmir, to come to the Holy Land. Rabbi Abulafia is to rebuild the city of Tiberias, which has lain desolate for some 70 years. The city’s revival is seen by many as a sign of the coming of the Messiah.
1740–1750: Thousands immigrate to Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
under the influence of Messianic predictions. The large immigration greatly increases the size and strength of the Jewish Settlement in Palestine.
1747: Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitov
Abraham Gershon of Kitov
Abraham Gershon of Kitov, also known as Rabbi Gershon of Brody, was probably born in or near Kuty , Poland around 1701 and died in Jerusalem in 1761. He is best known as the Baal Shem Tov's brother-in-law.- Rabbinical career :...
(d. 1761) is the first immigrant of the Hasidic Aliyah. He is a respected Talmudic scholar, mystic, and brother-in-law of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov (founder of the Hasidic movement). Rabbi Abraham first settles in Hebron. Later, he relocates to Jerusalem at the behest of its residents.
1759: Followers of Jacob Frank
Jacob Frank
Jacob Frank was an 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi and also of the biblical patriarch Jacob...
joined ranks of Polish szlachta
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
(gentry) of Jewish origins.
1772–1795: Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
between Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, Kingdom of Prussia and Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
. Main bulk of World Jewry lives now in those 3 countries. Old privileges of Jewish communities are denounced.
1775–1781: American Revolution
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America...
; guaranteed the freedom of religion
Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance; the concept is generally recognized also to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any...
.
1775: Mob violence against the Jews of Hebron.
1789: The French revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
. In 1791 France grants full right to Jews and allows them to become citizens, under certain conditions.
1790: In the USA, President George Washington
George Washington
George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of...
sends a letter to the Jewish community in Rhode Island
Rhode Island
The state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island , is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area...
. He writes that he envisions a country "which gives bigotry no sanction...persecution no assistance". Despite the fact that the US was a predominantly Protestant country, theoretically Jews are given full rights. In addition, the mentality of Jewish immigrants shaped by their role as merchants in Eastern Europe meant they were well-prepared to compete in American society. So far, their number is limited.
1791: Russia creates the Pale of Settlement
Pale of Settlement
The Pale of Settlement was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited...
that includes land acquired from Poland with a huge Jewish population and in the same year Crimea
Crimea
Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
. The Jewish population of the Pale was 750,000. 450,000 Jews lived in the Prussian and Austrian parts of Poland.
1798: Rabbi Nachman of Breslov
Nachman of Breslov
Nachman of Breslov , also known as Reb Nachman of Bratslav, Reb Nachman Breslover , Nachman from Uman , was the founder of the Breslov Hasidic movement....
travels to Palestine.
1799: While French troops were in Palestine besieging the city of Acre
Acre
The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and, in the United States, the survey acre. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.The acre is related...
, Napoleon prepared a Proclamation requesting Asian and African Jews to help him conquer Jerusalem
Napoleon and the Jews
The ascendancy of Napoleon Bonaparte proved to be an important event in European Jewish emancipation from old laws restricting them to ghettos, as well as the many laws that limited Jews' rights to property, worship, and careers.- Napoleon's Law and the Jews :...
, but his unsuccessful attempt to capture Acre prevented it from being issued.
1799: Mob violence on Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
in Safed
Safed
Safed , is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters...
.
19th century
1800–1900: The Golden Age of Yiddish literature, the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, and the revival of Hebrew literature.1808–1840:Large-scale aliyah in hope of Hastening Redemption
Hastening Redemption
Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel is 1997 history of on nineteenth century Haredi migration to Palestine prior to Zionism by Israeli historian Arie Morgenstern.-Scholarly impact:...
in anticipation of the arrival of the Messiah in 1840.
1820–1860: The development of Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism , is the approach to Judaism which adheres to the traditional interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Sanhedrin and subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and...
, a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to Halakha
Halakha
Halakha — also transliterated Halocho , or Halacha — is the collective body of Jewish law, including biblical law and later talmudic and rabbinic law, as well as customs and traditions.Judaism classically draws no distinction in its laws between religious and ostensibly non-religious life; Jewish...
.
1830: Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
grants citizenship to Jews.
1831: Jewish militias take part in the defense of Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
against Russians.
1834-1835: Muslims, Druze
Druze
The Druze are an esoteric, monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism. The Druze have an eclectic set of beliefs that incorporate several elements from Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism...
attack Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
in Safed
Safed
Safed , is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters...
, Hebron
Hebron
Hebron , is located in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to around 165,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter...
& in Jerusalem. (See related: Safed plunder
Safed plunder
The Safed Plunder or Safed Great Plunder was a large scale looting and massacre of Safed's Jewish population, that took place in 1834 in Safed Galilee, during the events of the Arab revolt against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.-Background:...
).
1837: Moses Haim Montefiore is knighted by Queen Victoria
Victoria of the United Kingdom
Victoria was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India....
, the first Jew to receive an English Knighthood.
1837: Galilee earthquake of 1837
Galilee earthquake of 1837
The Galilee earthquake of 1837, often called the Safed earthquake, was a devastating earthquake that shook the Galilee on January 1, 1837.-Impact:...
devastates Jewish communities of Safed
Safed
Safed , is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters...
and Tiberias.
1838–1933: Rabbi Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen
Yisrael Meir Kagan
Yisrael Meir Poupko , known popularly as The Chofetz Chaim, was an influential Eastern European rabbi, Halakhist, posek, and ethicist whose works continue to be widely influential in Jewish life...
(Chofetz Chaim) opens an important yeshiva. He writes an authoritative Halakhic work, Mishnah Berurah
Mishnah Berurah
The Mishnah Berurah is a work of halakha by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan , also colloquially known by the name of another of his books, Chofetz Chaim "Desirer of Life."...
.
Mid-19th century: Beginning of the rise of classical Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism refers to various beliefs, practices and organizations associated with the Reform Jewish movement in North America, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. In general, it maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and should be compatible with participation in the...
.
Mid-19th century: Rabbi Israel Salanter develops the Mussar Movement
Mussar movement
The Musar movement is a Jewish ethical, educational and cultural movement that developed in 19th century Eastern Europe, particularly among Orthodox Lithuanian Jews. The Hebrew term Musar , is from the book of Proverbs 1:2 meaning instruction, discipline, or conduct...
. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.
Mid-19th century: Positive-Historical Judaism, later known as Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s.Conservative Judaism has its roots in the school of thought known as Positive-Historical Judaism,...
, is developed.
1841: David Levy Yulee
David Levy Yulee
David Levy Yulee, born David Levy was an American politician and attorney from Florida, a territorial delegate to Congress, the first Jewish member of the United States Senate, and a member of the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War...
of Florida is elected to the United States Senate
United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each...
, becoming the first Jew elected to Congress.
1851: Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
allows Jews to enter the country. They are not emancipated until 1891.
1858: Jews emancipated in England.
1860: Alliance Israelite Universelle
Alliance Israélite Universelle
The Alliance Israélite Universelle is a Paris-based international Jewish organization founded in 1860 by the French statesman Adolphe Crémieux to safeguard the human rights of Jews around the world...
, an international Jewish organization is founded in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
with the goal to protect Jewish rights as citizens.
1860–1875: Moshe Montefiori builds Jewish neighbourhoods outside the Old City of Jerusalem starting with Mishkenot Sha’ananim
Mishkenot Sha’ananim
Mishkenot Sha’ananim was the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, on a hill directly across from Mount Zion...
.
1860–1864: Jews are taking part in Polish national movement, that was followed by January rising.
1860–1943: Henrietta Szold
Henrietta Szold
Henrietta Szold was a U.S. Jewish Zionist leader and founder of the Hadassah Women's Organization. In 1942, she co-founded Ihud, a political party in Mandate Palestine dedicated to a binational solution.-Biography:...
: educator, author, social worker and founder of Hadassah
Hadassah
Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America is an American Jewish volunteer women's organization. Founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, it is one of the largest international Jewish organizations, with around...
.
1861: The Zion Society is formed in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
1862: Jews are given equal rights in Russian-controlled Congress Poland
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland , informally known as Congress Poland , created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire...
. The privileges of some towns regarding prohibition of Jewish settlement are revoked.
1867: Jews emancipated in Hungary.
1868: Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. Though converted to Christianity as a child, he is the first person of Jewish descent to become a leader of government in Europe.
1870–1890: Russian Zionist group Hovevei Zion
Hovevei Zion
Hovevei Zion , also known as Hibbat Zion , refers to organizations that are now considered the forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism....
(Lovers of Zion) and Bilu
Bilu
Bilu was a movement whose goal was the agricultural settlement of the Land of Israel. "Bilu" is an acronym based on a verse from the Book of Isaiah "בית יעקב לכו ונלכה" Beit Ya'akov Lekhu Venelkha...
(est. 1882) set up a series of Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel
Land of Israel
The Land of Israel is the Biblical name for the territory roughly corresponding to the area encompassed by the Southern Levant, also known as Canaan and Palestine, Promised Land and Holy Land. The belief that the area is a God-given homeland of the Jewish people is based on the narrative of the...
, financially aided by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild
Edmond James de Rothschild
Baron Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild was a French member of the Rothschild banking family. A strong supporter of Zionism, his generous donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years, which helped lead to the establishment of the State of Israel.- Early years :A...
. In Rishon LeZion Eliezer ben Yehuda revives Hebrew
Hebrew language
Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...
as spoken modern language.
1870: Jews emancipated in Italy.
1871: Jews emancipated in Germany.
1875: Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism refers to various beliefs, practices and organizations associated with the Reform Jewish movement in North America, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. In general, it maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and should be compatible with participation in the...
's Hebrew Union College
Hebrew Union College
The Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion is the oldest extant Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main seminary for training rabbis, cantors, educators and communal workers in Reform Judaism.HUC-JIR has campuses in Cincinnati, New York, Los Angeles and Jerusalem.The Jerusalem...
is founded in Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...
. Its founder was Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise
Isaac Mayer Wise
Isaac Mayer Wise , was an American Reform rabbi, editor, and author.-Early life:...
, the architect of American Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism refers to various beliefs, practices and organizations associated with the Reform Jewish movement in North America, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. In general, it maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and should be compatible with participation in the...
.
1877: New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian...
becomes the last state to give Jews equal political rights.
1878: Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva known as Em HaMoshavot , is a city in the Center District of Israel, east of Tel Aviv.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the city's population stood at 209,600. The population density is approximately...
is founded by religious pioneers from Jerusalem, led by Yehoshua Stampfer
Yehoshua Stampfer
Yehoshua Stampfer was one of the founders of the city of Petah Tikva in Israel, and a member of its original municipal council. Petah Tikva was founded in 1878 and is nicknamed "Mother of Settlements" since it was the first renewed modern Jewish agricultural settlement in Palestine at the...
.
1880: World Jewish population around 7.7 million, 90% in Europe, mostly Eastern Europe; around 3.5 million in the former Polish provinces.
1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1918–1920: Three major waves of pogrom
Pogrom
A pogrom is a form of violent riot, a mob attack directed against a minority group, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes and properties, businesses, and religious centres...
s kill tens of thousands of Jews in Russia and Ukraine. More than two million Russian Jews emigrate in the period 1881–1920.
1881: On December 30–31, the First Congress of all Zionist Unions for the colonization of Palestine was held at Focşani, Romania.
1882–1903: The First Aliyah
Aliyah
Aliyah is the immigration of Jews to the Land of Israel . It is a basic tenet of Zionist ideology. The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to as yerida . The return to the Holy Land has been a Jewish aspiration since the Babylonian exile...
, a major wave of Jewish immigrants to build a homeland in Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
.
1886: Rabbi Sabato Morais
Sabato Morais
Sabato Morais was an Italian-American rabbi, leader of Mikveh Israel Synagogue, pioneer of Italian Jewish Studies in America, and founder of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City.- Early years :...
and Alexander Kohut
Alexander Kohut
Alexander Kohut was a rabbi and orientalist. He belonged to a family of rabbis, the most noted among them being Rabbi Israel Palota, his great-grandfather, Rabbi Amram , and Rabbi Chayyim Kitssee,...
begin to champion the Conservative Jewish
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s.Conservative Judaism has its roots in the school of thought known as Positive-Historical Judaism,...
reaction to American Reform, and establish The Jewish Theological Seminary of America
Jewish Theological Seminary of America
The Jewish Theological Seminary of America is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism, and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies.JTS operates five schools: Albert A...
as a school of 'enlightened Orthodoxy'.
1890: The term "Zionism
Zionism
Zionism is a Jewish political movement that, in its broadest sense, has supported the self-determination of the Jewish people in a sovereign Jewish national homeland. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Zionist movement continues primarily to advocate on behalf of the Jewish state...
" is coined by an Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
n Jewish publicist Nathan Birnbaum
Nathan Birnbaum
----Nathan Birnbaum was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker and nationalist. His life had three main phases, representing a progression in his thinking: Zionist phase ; Jewish cultural autonomy phase which included the promotion of the Yiddish language; and religious phase...
in his journal Self Emancipation and was defined as the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.
1895: First published book by Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
.
1897: In response to the Dreyfus affair
Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus affair was a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 1900s. It involved the conviction for treason in November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish descent...
, Theodore Herzl writes Der Judenstaat
Der Judenstaat
Der Judenstaat is a book written by Theodor Herzl and published in 1896 in Leipzig and Vienna by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung...
(The Jewish State), advocating the creation of a free and independent Jewish state in Israel.
1897: The Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) is formed in Russia.
1897: First Russian Empire Census
Russian Empire Census
The Russian Imperial Census of 1897 was the first and the only census carried out in the Russian Empire . It recorded demographic data as of ....
: 5,200,000 of Jews, 4,900,000 in the Pale. The lands of former Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
have 1,300,000 Jews or 14% of population.
1897: The First Zionist Congress
First Zionist Congress
The First Zionist Congress was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization held in Basel , Switzerland, from August 29 to August 31, 1897. It was convened and chaired by Theodor Herzl, the founder of the modern Zionism movement...
was held at Basel
Basel
Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...
, which brought the World Zionist Organization
World Zionist Organization
The World Zionist Organization , or WZO, was founded as the Zionist Organization , or ZO, in 1897 at the First Zionist Congress, held from August 29 to August 31 in Basel, Switzerland...
(WZO) into being.
20th century
1902: Rabbi Dr. Solomon SchechterSolomon Schechter
Solomon Schechter was a Moldavian-born Romanian and English rabbi, academic scholar, and educator, most famous for his roles as founder and President of the United Synagogue of America, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and architect of the American Conservative Jewish...
reorganizes the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
Jewish Theological Seminary of America
The Jewish Theological Seminary of America is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism, and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies.JTS operates five schools: Albert A...
and makes it into the flagship institution of Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s.Conservative Judaism has its roots in the school of thought known as Positive-Historical Judaism,...
.
1903: St. Petersburg's Znamya newspaper publishes a literary hoax
Hoax
A hoax is a deliberately fabricated falsehood made to masquerade as truth. It is distinguishable from errors in observation or judgment, or rumors, urban legends, pseudosciences or April Fools' Day events that are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes.-Definition:The British...
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fraudulent, antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for achieving global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the twentieth century...
. Kishinev Pogrom
Kishinev pogrom
The Kishinev pogrom was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Chişinău, then the capital of the Bessarabia province of the Russian Empire on April 6-7, 1903.-First pogrom:...
caused by accusations that Jews practice cannibalism.
1905:1905 Russian Revolution accompanied by pogroms.
1915: Yeshiva College
Yeshiva University
Yeshiva University is a private university in New York City, with six campuses in New York and one in Israel. Founded in 1886, it is a research university ranked as 45th in the US among national universities by U.S. News & World Report in 2012...
(later University) and its Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary is established in New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
for training in a Modern Orthodox milieu.
1916: Louis Brandeis
Louis Brandeis
Louis Dembitz Brandeis ; November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.He was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Jewish immigrant parents who raised him in a secular mode...
, on the first of June, is confirmed as the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
' first Jewish Supreme Court justice. Brandeis was nominated by American President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
.
Jewish state
A homeland for the Jewish people was an idea that rose to the fore in the 19th century in the wake of growing anti-Semitism and Jewish assimilation. Jewish emancipation in Europe paved the way for two ideological solutions to the Jewish Question: cultural assimilation, as envisaged by Moses...
.
1917 February: The Pale of Settlement is abolished, and Jews get equal rights. The Russian civil war
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
leads to over 2000 pogroms with tens of thousands murdered and hundreds of thousand made homeless.
1918–1939: The period between the two World Wars is often referred to as the "golden age" of hazzan
Hazzan
A hazzan or chazzan is a Jewish cantor, a musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the congregation in songful prayer.There are many rules relating to how a cantor should lead services, but the idea of a cantor as a paid professional does not exist in classical rabbinic sources...
ut (cantors). Some of the great Jewish cantors of this era include Abraham Davis, Moshe Koussevitzky
Moshe Koussevitzky
Moshe Koussevitzky was a cantor and vocalist. A relative of noted conductor Sergei Koussevitzky, he made many recordings in Poland and the United States....
, Zavel Kwartin
Zavel Kwartin
Zevulun "Zavel" Kwartin was a Russian-born chazzan and composer.- External links :*...
(1874–1953), Jan Peerce
Jan Peerce
Jan Peerce was an American operatic tenor. Peerce was an accomplished performer on the operatic and Broadway concert stages, in solo recitals, and as a recording artist. He is the father of film director Larry Peerce....
, Josef "Yossele" Rosenblatt (1882–1933), Gershon Sirota
Gershon Sirota
Gershon-Itskhok Sirota was one of the leading cantors of Europe during the "Golden Age of Hazzanut" , sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Caruso."-Biography:...
(1874–1943), and Laibale Waldman.
1919:
- February 15: Over 1,200 Jews killed in KhmelnitskyKhmelnytskyi, UkraineKhmelnytskyi is a city in Ukraine in the region of Podillia. It is located on the Southern Buh River and about from the Ukrainian capital, Kiev. The town's original name was Płoskirów, later Proskurov, but in 1954 was renamed Khmelnytskyi. It is the center of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western...
pogrom. - March 25: Around 4,000 Jews killed by Cossack troops in Tetiev.
- June 17: 800 Jews decapitated in assembly-line fashion in Dubovo.
1920: At the San Remo conference
San Remo conference
The San Remo Conference was an international meeting of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council, held in Sanremo, Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920. It was attended by the four Principal Allied Powers of World War I who were represented by the prime ministers of Britain , France and Italy and...
Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when what is now the Republic of Ireland formed a part of it....
receives the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
' British Mandate of Palestine.
- April 4–7: Five Jews killed and 216 wounded in the Jerusalem riots1920 Palestine riotsThe 1920 Palestine riots, or Nabi Musa riots, took place in British Mandate of Palestine April 4–7, 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem....
1920s–present: A variety of Jewish authors, including Gertrude Stein
Gertrude Stein
Gertrude Stein was an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France.-Early life:...
, Allen Ginsberg
Allen Ginsberg
Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an American poet and one of the leading figures of the Beat Generation in the 1950s. He vigorously opposed militarism, materialism and sexual repression...
, Saul Bellow
Saul Bellow
Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born Jewish American writer. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts...
, Adrienne Rich
Adrienne Rich
Adrienne Cecile Rich is an American poet, essayist and feminist. She has been called "one of the most widely read and influential poets of the second half of the 20th century."-Early life:...
and Philip Roth
Philip Roth
Philip Milton Roth is an American novelist. He gained fame with the 1959 novella Goodbye, Columbus, an irreverent and humorous portrait of Jewish-American life that earned him a National Book Award...
, sometimes drawing on Jewish culture and history, flourish and become highly influential on the Anglophone
English-speaking world
The English-speaking world consists of those countries or regions that use the English language to one degree or another. For more information, please see:Lists:* List of countries by English-speaking population...
literary scene.
1921: British military administration of the Mandate is replaced by civilian rule.
1921: Britain proclaims that all of Palestine east of the Jordan River is forever closed to Jewish settlement, but not to Arab settlement.
1921: Polish-Soviet peace treaty in Riga
Riga
Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 702,891 inhabitants Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial,...
. Citizens of both sides are given rights to choose the country. Hundred thousands of Jews, especially small businesses forbidden in the Soviets, move to Poland.
1922: Reform
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism refers to various beliefs, practices and organizations associated with the Reform Jewish movement in North America, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. In general, it maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and should be compatible with participation in the...
Rabbi Stephen S. Wise established the Jewish Institute of Religion
Jewish Institute of Religion
The Jewish Institute of Religion was an educational establishment created by Rabbi Stephen S. Wise in 1922 in New York City. While generally incorporating Reform Judaism, it was separate from the previously established Hebrew Union College...
in New York. (It merged with Hebrew Union College
Hebrew Union College
The Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion is the oldest extant Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main seminary for training rabbis, cantors, educators and communal workers in Reform Judaism.HUC-JIR has campuses in Cincinnati, New York, Los Angeles and Jerusalem.The Jerusalem...
in 1950.)
1923: Britain gives the Golan Heights to the French Mandate of Syria
French Mandate of Syria
Officially the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire...
. Arab immigration is allowed; Jewish immigration is not.
1924: 2,989,000 Jews according to religion poll in Poland (10.5% of total). Jewish youth consisted 23% of students of high schools and 26% of students of universities.
1926: Generally, prior to World War I, there were no chassidic yeshivot in Europe, but on Lag Ba'Omer 1926, the Rabbi Shlomo Chanoch Hacohen Rabinowicz, the fourth Radomsker Rebbe said, "The time has come to found yeshivos where the younger generation will be able to learn and toil in Torah.", leading to the founding of the "Kesser Torah" yeshivot throughout Poland.
1930: World Jewry: 15,000,000. Main countries USA(4,000,000), Poland (3,500,000 11% of total), Soviet Union (2,700,000 2% of total), Romania (1,000,000 6% of total). Palestine 175,000 or 17% of total 1,036,000.
1933: Hitler takes over Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
; his anti-Semitic sentiments are well-known, prompting numerous Jews to emigrate.
1937: Adin Steinsaltz
Adin Steinsaltz
Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz or Adin Even Yisrael is a teacher, philosopher, social critic, and spiritual mentor, who has been hailed by Time magazine as a "once-in-a-millennium scholar". He has devoted his life to making the Talmud accessible to all Jews...
born, author of the first comprehensive Babylonian Talmud
Talmud
The Talmud is a central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history....
commentary since Rashi
Rashi
Shlomo Yitzhaki , or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi , was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh...
in the 11th century.
1939: The British government issues the 'White Paper
White Paper of 1939
The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over it, was a policy paper issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning the Mandate for Palestine, as recommended in...
'. The paper proposed a limit of 10,000 Jewish immigrants for each year between 1940–1944, plus 25,000 refugees for any emergency arising during that period.
1938–1945: The Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust , also known as the Shoah , was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi...
(Ha Shoah), resulting in the methodical extermination of nearly 6 million Jews across Europe.
1940s–present: Various Jewish filmmakers, including Billy Wilder
Billy Wilder
Billy Wilder was an Austro-Hungarian born American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist, whose career spanned more than 50 years and 60 films. He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of Hollywood's golden age...
, Woody Allen
Woody Allen
Woody Allen is an American screenwriter, director, actor, comedian, jazz musician, author, and playwright. Allen's films draw heavily on literature, sexuality, philosophy, psychology, Jewish identity, and the history of cinema...
, Mel Brooks
Mel Brooks
Mel Brooks is an American film director, screenwriter, composer, lyricist, comedian, actor and producer. He is best known as a creator of broad film farces and comic parodies. He began his career as a stand-up comic and as a writer for the early TV variety show Your Show of Shows...
and the Coen Brothers
Coen Brothers
Joel David Coen and Ethan Jesse Coen known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are American filmmakers...
, frequently draw on Jewish philosophy and humor, and become some of the most artistically and popularly successful in the history of the medium.
1945–1948: Post-Holocaust refugee crisis. British
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
attempts to detain Jews attempting to enter Palestine illegally.
1946–1948: The violent struggle for the creation of a Jewish state in the British mandate of Palestine is intensified by Jewish defense groups: Haganah
Haganah
Haganah was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces.- Origins :...
, Irgun
Irgun
The Irgun , or Irgun Zevai Leumi to give it its full title , was a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the earlier and larger Jewish paramilitary organization haHaganah...
, and Lehi (group)
Lehi (group)
Lehi , commonly referred to in English as the Stern Group or Stern Gang, was a militant Zionist group founded by Avraham Stern in the British Mandate of Palestine...
.
November 29, 1947: The United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
approves the creation of a Jewish State and an Arab State in the British mandate of Palestine.
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
declares itself as an independent Jewish state hours before the British Mandate is due to expire. Within eleven minutes, it is de facto recognized by the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. Andrei Gromyko
Andrei Gromyko
Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1987. In the West he was given the...
, the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
's UN ambassador, calls for the UN
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
to accept Israel as a member state. The UN approves.
May 15, 1948: 1948 Arab-Israeli War
1948 Arab-Israeli War
The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, known to Israelis as the War of Independence or War of Liberation The war commenced after the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine and the creation of an independent Israel at midnight on 14 May 1948 when, following a period of civil war, Arab armies invaded...
: Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, Iraq, Transjordan
Transjordan
The Emirate of Transjordan was a former Ottoman territory in the Southern Levant that was part of the British Mandate of Palestine...
, Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
and Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
invade Israel hours after it's creation. The attack is repulsed, and Israel conquers more territory. A Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands results, as up to a million Jews flee or are expelled from Arab and Muslim nations. Most settle in Israel. See also 1949 Armistice Agreements
1949 Armistice Agreements
The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and neighboring Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. The agreements ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and established armistice lines between Israeli forces and the forces in...
.
1948–1949: Almost 250,000 Holocaust survivors make their way to Israel. "Operation Magic Carpet
Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)
Operation Magic Carpet is a widely-known nickname for Operation On Wings of Eagles , an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought 49,000 Yemenite Jews to the new state of Israel. British and American transport planes made some 380 flights from Aden, in a secret operation that was...
" brings thousands of Yemen
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
ite Jews to Israel.
1956: The 1956 Suez War Egypt blockades the Gulf of Aqaba, and closes the Suez canal to Israeli shipping. Egypt's President Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of...
calls for the destruction of Israel. Israel, England, and France go to war and force Egypt to end the blockade of Aqaba, and open the canal to all nations.
1964: Jewish-Christian relations are revolutionized by the Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
's Vatican II.
1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Shmuel Yosef Agnon , was a Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon . In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.Agnon was born in Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire...
(1888–1970) becomes the first Hebrew writer to win the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
in literature.
May 16, 1967: Egyptian President Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of...
demands that the UN dismantle the UN Emergency Force I (UNEF I) between Israel and Egypt. The UN
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
complies and the last UN peacekeeper is out of Sinai and Gaza by May 19.
1967 May: Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of...
closes the strategic Straits of Tiran
Straits of Tiran
The Straits of Tiran , are the narrow sea passages, about wide, between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas which separate the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea...
to Israeli shipping and states that Egypt is in a state of war with Israel. Egyptian troops begin massing in the Sinai
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai is a triangular peninsula in Egypt about in area. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Red Sea to the south, and is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia as opposed to Africa, effectively serving as a land bridge between two...
.
June 5–10, 1967: The Six-Day War
Six-Day War
The Six-Day War , also known as the June War, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, or Third Arab-Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt , Jordan, and Syria...
. Israel launches a pre-emptive strike against Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
, Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
, and Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
. Israeli aircraft destroy the bulk of the Arab air forces on the ground in a surprise attack
Operation Focus
Operation Focus was the opening airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as "Sinai Air Strike" since the focus was primarily on airfields around the Sinai Peninsula. At 07:45 on June 5, 1967, the Israeli Air Force under Maj. Gen...
, followed by Israeli ground offensives which see Israel decicively defeat the Arab forces and capture the Sinai Peninsula
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai is a triangular peninsula in Egypt about in area. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Red Sea to the south, and is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia as opposed to Africa, effectively serving as a land bridge between two...
, the West Bank
West Bank
The West Bank ) of the Jordan River is the landlocked geographical eastern part of the Palestinian territories located in Western Asia. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan...
, and the Golan Heights.
September 1, 1967: The Arab Leaders meet in Khartoum
Khartoum
Khartoum is the capital and largest city of Sudan and of Khartoum State. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as "al-Mogran"...
, Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
. The Three No's of Khartoum: No recognition of Israel. No negotiations with Israel. No peace with Israel.
1968: Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan formally creates a separate Reconstructionist Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement based on the ideas of Mordecai Kaplan . The movement views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization. It originated as a branch of Conservative Judaism, before it splintered...
movement by setting up the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia.
1969: First group of African Hebrew Israelites begin to migrate to Israel under the leadership of Ben Ammi Ben Israel.
Mid-1970s to present: Growing revival of Klezmer
Klezmer
Klezmer is a musical tradition of the Ashkenazic Jews of Eastern Europe. Played by professional musicians called klezmorim, the genre originally consisted largely of dance tunes and instrumental display pieces for weddings and other celebrations...
music (The folk music of European Jews).http://www.well.com/user/ari/klez/articles/aboutklez.html, http://www.klezmershack.com/
1972: Mark Spitz
Mark Spitz
Mark Andrew Spitz is a retired American swimmer. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, an achievement only surpassed by Michael Phelps who won eight golds at the 2008 Olympics....
sets the record for most gold medals won in a single Olympic Games
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate...
(seven) in the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972 Summer Olympics
The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from August 26 to September 11, 1972....
. The Munich massacre
Munich massacre
The Munich massacre is an informal name for events that occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Bavaria in southern West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually killed by the Palestinian group Black September. Members of Black September...
occurs when Israeli athletes are taken hostage by Black September
Black September (group)
The Black September Organization was a Palestinian paramilitary group, founded in 1970. It was responsible for the kidnapping and murder of eleven Israeli athletes and officials, and fatal shooting of a West German policeman, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, their most publicized event...
terrorists. The hostages are killed during a failed rescue attempt.
October 6–24, 1973: The Yom Kippur War
Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War , also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Fourth Arab-Israeli War, was fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria...
. Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
and Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, backed up by expeditionary forces from other Arab nations, launch a surprise attack against Israel on Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur , also known as Day of Atonement, is the holiest and most solemn day of the year for the Jews. Its central themes are atonement and repentance. Jews traditionally observe this holy day with a 25-hour period of fasting and intensive prayer, often spending most of the day in synagogue...
. After absorbing the initial attacks, Israel recaptures lost ground and then pushes into Egypt and Syria. Subsequently, OPEC
OPEC
OPEC is an intergovernmental organization of twelve developing countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and hosts regular meetings...
reduces oil production, driving up oil prices and triggering a global economic crisis.
1975: President Gerald Ford signs legislation including the Jackson-Vanik amendment
Jackson-Vanik amendment
The Jackson–Vanik amendment is a 1974 provision in United States federal law, intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights...
, which ties U.S. trade benefits to the Soviet Union to freedom of emigration for Jews.
1975: United Nations adopts resolution equating Zionism with racism. Rescinded in 1991.
1976: Israel rescues hostages taken to Entebbe
Operation Entebbe
Operation Entebbe was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by the Special Forces of the Israel Defense Forces at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976. A week earlier, on 27 June, an Air France plane with 248 passengers was hijacked by Palestinian and German terrorists and...
, Uganda.
September 18, 1978: At Camp David
Camp David
Camp David is the country retreat of the President of the United States and his guests. It is located in low wooded hills about 60 mi north-northwest of Washington, D.C., on the property of Catoctin Mountain Park in unincorporated Frederick County, Maryland, near Thurmont, at an elevation of...
, near Washington D.C., Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace treaty, The Camp David Accord, which included the withdrawal of Israel from the Sinai
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai is a triangular peninsula in Egypt about in area. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Red Sea to the south, and is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia as opposed to Africa, effectively serving as a land bridge between two...
.
1978: Yiddish writer Isaac Bashevis Singer
Isaac Bashevis Singer
Isaac Bashevis Singer – July 24, 1991) was a Polish Jewish American author noted for his short stories. He was one of the leading figures in the Yiddish literary movement, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978...
receives Nobel Prize
1979: Prime Minister Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin
' was a politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before independence, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944,...
and President Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981...
are awarded Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.-Background:According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who...
.
1979–1983: Operation Elijah: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry.
1982 June–December: The Lebanon War
1982 Lebanon War
The 1982 Lebanon War , , called Operation Peace for Galilee by Israel, and later known in Israel as the Lebanon War and First Lebanon War, began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces invaded southern Lebanon...
. Israel invades Southern Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
to drive out the PLO.
1983: American Reform Jews formally accept patrilineal descent, creating a new definition of who is a Jew.
1984–1985: Operations Moses, Joshua: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry by Israel.
1986: Elie Wiesel
Elie Wiesel
Sir Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel KBE; born September 30, 1928) is a Hungarian-born Jewish-American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He is the author of 57 books, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz, Buna, and...
wins the Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.-Background:According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who...
1986: Nathan Sharansky, Soviet Jewish dissident, is freed from prison.
1987: Beginning of the First Intifada
First Intifada
The First Intifada was a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories. The uprising began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem....
against Israel.
1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin...
between East and West Germany, collapse of the communist East German government, and the beginning of Germany's reunification
German reunification
German reunification was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany , and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The start of this process is commonly referred by Germans as die...
(which formally began in October 1990).
1990: The Soviet Union opens its borders for the three million Soviet Jews who had been held as virtual prisoners within their own country. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews choose to leave the Soviet Union and move to Israel.
1990–1991: Iraq invades Kuwait
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
, triggering a war between Iraq and Allied United Nations forces. Israel is hit by 39 Scud missiles from Iraq.
1991: Operation Solomon
Operation Solomon
Operation Solomon was a 1991 covert Israeli military operation to take Ethiopian Jews to Israel.In 1991, the sitting Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was close to being toppled with the recent military successes of Eritrean and Tigrean rebels, threatening Ethiopia with dangerous...
: Rescue of the remainder of Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
n Jewry in a twenty four hour airlift.
October 30, 1991: The Madrid Peace Conference opens in Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union.
Oslo Accords
The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles , was an attempt to resolve the ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict...
.
1994: The Lubavitcher (Chabad) Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson , known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or just the Rebbe among his followers, was a prominent Hasidic rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. He was fifth in a direct paternal line to the third Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe, Menachem Mendel...
, dies.
October 26, 1994: Israel and Jordan sign an official peace treaty. Israel cedes a small amount of contested land to Jordan, and the countries open official diplomatic relations, with open borders and free trade.
December 10, 1994: Arafat, Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres share the Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.-Background:According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who...
.
November 4, 1995: Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Rabin
' was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995....
is assassinated.
1996: Peres loses election to Benyamin (Bibi) Netanyahu (Likud party).
1999: Ehud Barak
Ehud Barak
Ehud Barak is an Israeli politician who served as Prime Minister from 1999 until 2001. He was leader of the Labor Party until January 2011 and holds the posts of Minister of Defense and Deputy Prime Minister in Binyamin Netanyahu's government....
elected Prime Minister of Israel.
21st century
May 24, 2000: Israel unilaterally withdraws its remaining forces from its security zone in southern Lebanon to the international border, fully complying with the UN Security Council Res. 425.2000 July: Camp David Summit.
2000, Summer: Senator Joseph Lieberman becomes the first Jewish-American to be nominated for a national office (Vice President of the United States
Vice President of the United States
The Vice President of the United States is the holder of a public office created by the United States Constitution. The Vice President, together with the President of the United States, is indirectly elected by the people, through the Electoral College, to a four-year term...
) by a major political party (the Democratic Party
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
).
September 29, 2000: The al-Aqsa Intifada
Al-Aqsa Intifada
The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada and the Oslo War, was the second Palestinian uprising, a period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli violence, which began in late September 2000...
begins.
2001: Election of Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon is an Israeli statesman and retired general, who served as Israel’s 11th Prime Minister. He has been in a permanent vegetative state since suffering a stroke on 4 January 2006....
as Israel's Prime Minister.
2001: Jewish Museum of Turkey
Jewish Museum of Turkey
Jewish Museum of Turkey is a cultural center established by the Quincentennial Foundation to inform the society of the traditions and history of Turkish Jewry. It was inaugurated on November 25, 2001...
is founded by Turkish Jewry
History of the Jews in Turkey
Turkish Jews The history of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey covers the 2,400 years that Jews have lived in what is now Turkey. There have been Jewish communities in Asia Minor since at least the 5th century BCE and many Spanish and Portuguese Jews expelled from Spain were welcomed to the...
2004: Avram Hershko
Avram Hershko
Avram Hershko is a Hungarian-Israeli biochemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.-Biography:Born Herskó Ferenc in Karcag, Hungary, Hershko emigrated to Israel in 1950. Received his M.D. in 1965 and his Ph.D in 1969 from the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel...
and Aaron Ciechanover
Aaron Ciechanover
Aaron Ciechanover is an Israeli biologist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.- Biography :Ciechanover was born in Haifa, British mandate of Palestine, a year before the establishment of the State of Israel...
of the Technion win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature,...
. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia situated in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast of Russia and Heilongjiang province of China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan....
builds its first synagogue, Birobidzhan Synagogue
Birobidzhan Synagogue
The Birobidzhan Synagogue was established in 2004. The synagogue is in the city of Birobidzhan, which is the capital of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, an autonomous oblast of Russia. It is "the first synagogue in Russia to be built partly with state money," according to the Federation of Jewish...
, in accordance with halakha. http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=175487. Uriyahu Butler became the first member of the African Hebrew Israelite community to enlist in the Israel Defense Force (IDF)
March 31, 2005: The Government of Israel officially recognizes the Bnei Menashe
Bnei Menashe
The Bnei Menashe are a group of more than 9,000 people from India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel. The claim appeared after a Pentecostalist dreamt in 1951 that his people's pre-Christian religion was Judaism and that...
people of North-East India
North-East India
Northeast India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States, Sikkim, and parts of North Bengal...
as one of the Ten Lost Tribes
Ten Lost Tribes
The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel refers to those tribes of ancient Israel that formed the Kingdom of Israel and which disappeared from Biblical and all other historical accounts after the kingdom was destroyed in about 720 BC by ancient Assyria...
of Israel, opening the door for thousands of people to immigrate to Israel.
2005 August: The Government of Israel withdraws
Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
Israel's unilateral disengagement plan , also known as the "Disengagement plan", "Gaza expulsion plan", and "Hitnatkut", was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, adopted by the government on June 6, 2004 and enacted in August 2005, to evict all Israelis from the Gaza Strip and from...
its military forces and settlers from the Gaza Strip
Gaza Strip
thumb|Gaza city skylineThe Gaza Strip lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the south, east and north. It is about long, and between 6 and 12 kilometres wide, with a total area of...
.
2005 December: Prime Minister Ariel Sharon falls into a coma; Deputy Premier Ehud Olmert takes over as Acting Prime Minister
2006 March: Ehud Olmert leads the Kadima party to victory in Israeli elections, becomes Prime Minister of Israel.
2006 July–August: A military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel started on July 12, after a Hezbollah cross-border raid
Zar'it-Shtula incident
The 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid was a cross-border attack committed by Lebanon-based Hezbollah militants on an Israeli military patrol on 12 July 2006 on Israeli territory....
into Israel. The war ended with the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 is a resolution that was intended to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.It was unanimously approved by the United Nations Security Council on 11 August 2006. The Lebanese cabinet, which includes two members of Hezbollah, unanimously approved the...
after 34 days of fighting. About 2,000 Lebanese and 159 Israelis were killed, and civilian infrastructure on both sides heavily damaged.
2008 December: Israeli armed forces (IDF) launch Operation Cast Lead
2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict
The Gaza War, known as Operation Cast Lead in Israel and as the Gaza Massacre in the Arab world, was a three-week bombing and invasion of the Gaza Strip by Israel, and hundreds of rocket attacks on south of Israel which...
(מבצע עופרת יצוקה).
2009 March: Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu is the current Prime Minister of Israel. He serves also as the Chairman of the Likud Party, as a Knesset member, as the Health Minister of Israel, as the Pensioner Affairs Minister of Israel and as the Economic Strategy Minister of Israel.Netanyahu is the first and, to...
becomes Prime Minister of Israel
Prime Minister of Israel
The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and the most powerful political figure in Israel . The prime minister is the country's chief executive. The official residence of the prime minister, Beit Rosh Hamemshala is in Jerusalem...
(also, continues as the Chairman of the Likud
Likud
Likud is the major center-right political party in Israel. It was founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin in an alliance with several right-wing and liberal parties. Likud's victory in the 1977 elections was a major turning point in the country's political history, marking the first time the left had...
Party).
Years in the State of Israel
This is a timeline of events in the State of Israel since 1948.1940s: 1948
1948 in Israel
Events in the year 1948 in Israel.-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion , from May 14* President of the Provisional State Council of Israel – Chaim Weizmann, from May 17-Events:...
- 1949
1949 in Israel
Events in the year 1949 in Israel.-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Chaim Weizmann...
1950s: 1950
1950 in Israel
Events in the year 1950 in Israel.-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Chaim Weizmann* Chief of General Staff - Yigal Yadin...
- 1951
1951 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Chaim Weizmann* Chief of General Staff - Yigal Yadin* Government of Israel - 2nd Government of Israel until December 24, 3rd Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1952
1952 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Chaim Weizmann until November 9, , Yitzhak Ben-Zvi from December 16...
- 1953
1953 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Mordechai Maklef until December 6, Moshe Dayan* Government of Israel - 4th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1954
1954 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion until January 26, Moshe Sharett * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Dayan...
- 1955
1955 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Moshe Sharett until November 3, David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Dayan...
- 1956
1956 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Dayan* Government of Israel - 7th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1957
1957 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Dayan* Government of Israel - 7th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1958
1958 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Dayan until January 29, Haim Laskov...
- 1959
1959 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Haim Laskov* Government of Israel - 8th Government of Israel until December 17, 9th Government of Israel-Events:...
1960s: 1960
1960 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Haim Laskov* Government of Israel - 9th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1961
1961 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Haim Laskov until January 1, Tzvi Tzur* Government of Israel - 9th Government of Israel until November 2, 10th Government of Israel...
- 1962
1962 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi* Chief of General Staff - Tzvi Tzur* Government of Israel - 10th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1963
1963 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion until June 26, Levi Eshkol * President of Israel – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi until April 23, , Zalman Shazar from May 21...
- 1964
1964 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Levi Eshkol * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Tzvi Tzur until January 1, Yitzhak Rabin* Government of Israel - 11th Government of Israel until December 22, 12th Government of Israel...
- 1965
1965 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Levi Eshkol * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Yitzhak Rabin* Government of Israel - 12th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1966
1966 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Levi Eshkol * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Yitzhak Rabin* Government of Israel - 12th Government of Israel until January 12, 13th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1967
1967 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Levi Eshkol * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Yitzhak Rabin* Government of Israel - 13th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1968
1968 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Levi Eshkol * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Yitzhak Rabin until January 1, Haim Bar-Lev* Government of Israel - 13th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1969
1969 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Levi Eshkol until February 26, Yigal Allon until March 17, Golda Meir * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Haim Bar-Lev...
1970s: 1970
1970 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Golda Meir * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Haim Bar-Lev* Government of Israel - 15th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1971
1971 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Golda Meir * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Haim Bar-Lev* Government of Israel - 15th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1972
1972 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Golda Meir * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar* Chief of General Staff - Haim Bar-Lev until January 1, David Elazar* Government of Israel - 15th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1973
1973 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Golda Meir * President of Israel – Zalman Shazar until May 24, Ephraim Katzir* Chief of General Staff - David Elazar* Government of Israel - 15th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1974
1974 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Golda Meir until June 3, Yitzhak Rabin * President of Israel – Ephraim Katzir* Chief of General Staff - David Elazar until April 3, Mordechai Gur...
- 1975
1975 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Rabin * President of Israel – Ephraim Katzir* Chief of General Staff - Mordechai Gur* Government of Israel - 17th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1976
1976 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Rabin * President of Israel – Ephraim Katzir* Chief of General Staff - Mordechai Gur* Government of Israel - 17th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1977
1977 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Rabin until June 21, Menachem Begin * President of Israel – Ephraim Katzir* Chief of General Staff - Mordechai Gur...
- 1978
1978 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Menachem Begin * President of Israel – Ephraim Katzir until May 29, Yitzhak Navon* Chief of General Staff - Mordechai Gur until April 16 Rafael Eitan* Government of Israel - 18th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1979
1979 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Menachem Begin * President of Israel – Yitzhak Navon* Chief of General Staff - Rafael Eitan* Government of Israel - 18th Government of Israel-Events:...
1980s: 1980
1980 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Menachem Begin * President of Israel – Yitzhak Navon* Chief of General Staff - Rafael Eitan* Government of Israel - 18th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1981
1981 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel - Menachem Begin * President of Israel - Yitzhak Navon* Chief of General Staff - Rafael Eitan* Government of Israel - 18th Government of Israel until August 5, 19th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1982
1982 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel - Menachem Begin * President of Israel - Yitzhak Navon* Chief of General Staff - Rafael Eitan* Government of Israel - 19th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1983
1983 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Menachem Begin until October 10, Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel – Yitzhak Navon until May 5, Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Rafael Eitan until April 19, Moshe Levi...
- 1984
1984 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Shamir until September 13, Shimon Peres * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Levi...
- 1985
1985 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Shimon Peres * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Levi* Government of Israel - 21st Government of Israel-Events:* February 16 – Israel begins withdrawing troops from Lebanon....
- 1986
1986 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Shimon Peres until October 20, Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Levi...
- 1987
1987 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Levi until April 19, Dan Shomron* Government of Israel - 22nd Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1988
1988 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel - Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel - Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Dan Shomron* Government of Israel - 22nd Government of Israel until December 22, 23rd Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1989
1989 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Dan Shomron* Government of Israel - 23rd Government of Israel-Events:* July – The 1989 Maccabiah Games are held....
1990s: 1990
1990 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Dan Shomron* Government of Israel - 23rd Government of Israel until June 11, 24th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1991
1991 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Shamir * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Dan Shomron until April 1, Ehud Barak* Government of Israel - 24th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1992
1992 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Shamir until July 13, Yitzhak Rabin * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog* Chief of General Staff - Ehud Barak...
- 1993
1993 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Rabin * President of Israel – Chaim Herzog until May 13, Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff - Ehud Barak* Government of Israel - 25th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1994
1994 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Rabin * President of Israel – Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff – Ehud Barak* Government of Israel – 25th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1995
1995 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Yitzhak Rabin until November 4, Shimon Peres * President of Israel – Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff – Ehud Barak until January 1, Amnon Lipkin-Shahak...
- 1996
1996 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Shimon Peres until June 18, Benjamin Netanyahu * President of Israel – Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff - Amnon Lipkin-Shahak...
- 1997
1997 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel - Benjamin Netanyahu * President of Israel - Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff - Amnon Lipkin-Shahak* Government of Israel - 27th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1998
1998 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Benjamin Netanyahu * President of Israel – Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff - Amnon Lipkin-Shahak until July 9, Shaul Mofaz* Government of Israel - 27th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 1999
1999 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Benjamin Netanyahu until July 6, Ehud Barak * President of Israel – Ezer Weizman* Chief of General Staff - Shaul Mofaz...
2000s: 2000
2000 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel - Ehud Barak * President of Israel – Ezer Weizman until July 13, , Moshe Katsav from August 1* Chief of General Staff - Shaul Mofaz...
- 2001
2001 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ehud Barak until March 7, Ariel Sharon * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav* Chief of General Staff – Shaul Mofaz...
- 2002
2002 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ariel Sharon * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav* Chief of General Staff - Shaul Mofaz until July 9, Moshe Ya'alon* Government of Israel - 29th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 2003
2003 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ariel Sharon * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav* Chief of General Staff - Moshe Ya'alon* Government of Israel - 29th Government of Israel until February 28, 30th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 2004
2004 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ariel Sharon * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav* Chief of General Staff – Moshe Ya'alon until June 1, Dan Halutz* Government of Israel – 30th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 2005
2005 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ariel Sharon * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav* Chief of General Staff – Moshe Ya'alon until June 1, Dan Halutz* Government of Israel – 30th Government of Israel-Events:...
- 2006
2006 in Israel
-Incumbents in government:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ariel Sharon until January 4, Ehud Olmert * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav* Chief of General Staff – Dan Halutz...
- 2007
2007 in Israel
- Incumbents :* Prime Minister of Israel – Ehud Olmert * President of Israel – Moshe Katsav until July 1, , Shimon Peres from July 15* Chief of General Staff – Dan Halutz until February 14, Gabi Ashkenazi...
- 2008
2008 in Israel
Events in the year 2008 in Israel.-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ehud Olmert * President of Israel – Shimon Peres* Chief of General Staff – Gabi Ashkenazi* Government of Israel – 31st Government of Israel-Events:...
- 2009
2009 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Ehud Olmert until March 31, Benjamin Netanyahu * President of Israel – Shimon Peres* Chief of General Staff – Gabi Ashkenazi...
2010s: 2010
2010 in Israel
-Incumbents:* Prime Minister of Israel – Benjamin Netanyahu * President of Israel – Shimon Peres* Chief of General Staff – Gabi Ashkenazi* Government of Israel – 32nd Government of Israel-Events:...
See also
- Jewish historyJewish historyJewish history is the history of the Jews, their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures. Since Jewish history is over 4000 years long and includes hundreds of different populations, any treatment can only be provided in broad strokes...
- JudaismJudaismJudaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
- History of JerusalemHistory of JerusalemDuring its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE, making Jerusalem one of the oldest cities in the world....
, Timeline of JerusalemTimeline of JerusalemThis is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.... - ZionismZionismZionism is a Jewish political movement that, in its broadest sense, has supported the self-determination of the Jewish people in a sovereign Jewish national homeland. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Zionist movement continues primarily to advocate on behalf of the Jewish state...
, Timeline of ZionismTimeline of ZionismThis is a partial timeline of Zionism in the modern era, since the start of the 16th century.-16th–18th centuries:1561: Joseph Nasi encourages Jewish settlement in Tiberias, having fled the Spanish Inquisition fourteen years previously in 1547... - Timeline of Israeli historyTimeline of Israeli historyThis is a timeline of Israeli history. To read about the background to these events, see History of Israel.This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing...
- Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, Timeline of antisemitismTimeline of antisemitismThis timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group. It includes events in the history of antisemitic thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of antisemitism, and events that affected the...
- Years in IsraelYears in IsraelThis is a list of years in the State of Israel.* 2010s: 201020112012* 2000s: 2000200120022003200420052006200720082009* 1990s: 1990199119921993199419951996199719981999* 1980s: 1980198119821983198419851986198719881989...
External links
- Interactive, searchable, filterable Jewish history timeline from the Gannopedia
- Timelines for Jewish History. The Dinur Center & The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Timeline for the History of Judaism
- The History of the Jewish People The Jewish Agency
- The Avalon Project at Yale Law School The Middle East 1916 - 2001: A Documentary Record
- Historical Maps and Atlases at Dinur Center
- Crash Course in Jewish History (Aish)
- The Year by Year History of the Jewish People - by Eli Birnbaum
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. History page
- Jewish History Timeline. The Dept. of Jewish Zionist Education
- The History Channel
- The Time Machine at World Zionist Organization
- Jewish Intellectual Timeline, a parallel history of intellectual contributions and advances by Jewish and non-Jewish thinkers
- Patheos Interactive Tree Lens - Judaism