S01AA Antibiotics

S01AA01 Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial that became available in 1949. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines, and as it is both cheap and easy to manufacture it is frequently found as a drug of choice in the third world.Chloramphenicol is...

S01AA02 Chlortetracycline

Chlortetracycline

Chlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic, and was the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 by Dr. Benjamin Duggar working at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of Dr.Subba Rao...

S01AA03 Neomycin

Neomycin

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops. The discovery of Neomycin dates back to 1949. It was discovered in the lab of Selman Waksman, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine in 1951...

S01AA04 Oxytetracycline

Oxytetracycline

Oxytetracycline was the second of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group of antibiotics to be discovered.Oxytetracycline works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to produce proteins that are essential to them. Without these proteins the bacteria cannot grow, multiply and increase in numbers...

S01AA05 Tyrothricin

Tyrothricin

Tyrothricin is a cyclic polypeptide-antibiotic mixture from Bacillus brevis. It is a locally effective antibiotic effective against gram-positive bacteria. It is sometimes combined with benzocaine 5 mg to provide relief from sore throats...

S01AA07 Framycetin

Framycetin

Framycetin is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside class similar to neomycin. Like neomycin, it has poor systemic absorption. It is used in topical preparations for infections of the skin, nose, ears, and eyes, often in combination with other antibacterial drugs and corticosteroids...

S01AA09 Tetracycline

S01AA10 Natamycin

Natamycin

Natamycin , also known as pimaricin, is a naturally occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly found in soil. Natamycin has a very low solubility in water, however, natamycin is effective at very low levels. Most molds have an MIC of...

S01AA11 Gentamicin

Gentamicin

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms. However, gentamicin is not used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis or Legionella pneumophila...

S01AA12 Tobramycin

S01AA13 Fusidic acid

Fusidic acid

Fusidic acid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that is often used topically in creams and eyedrops, but may also be given systemically as tablets or injections...

S01AA14 Benzylpenicillin

Benzylpenicillin

Benzylpenicillin, commonly known as penicillin G, is the gold standard type of penicillin. 'G' in the name 'Penicillin G' refers to 'Gold Standard'. Penicillin G is typically given by a parenteral route of administration because it is unstable in the hydrochloric acid of the stomach...

S01AA15 Dihydrostreptomycin

Dihydrostreptomycin

Dihydrostreptomycin is an antibiotic....

S01AA16 Rifamycin

Rifamycin

The rifamycins are a group of antibiotics that are synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei or artificially. They are a subclass of the larger family Ansamycin...

S01AA17 Erythromycin

Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and...

S01AA18 Polymyxin B

Polymyxin B

Polymyxin B is an antibiotic primarily used for resistant gram-negative infections. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa. Polymyxin B is a mixture of two closely related compounds, polymyxin B1 and polymyxin B2. It has a bactericidal action against almost all gram-negative bacilli...

S01AA19 Ampicillin

Ampicillin

Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci...

S01AA20 Antibiotics in combination with other drugs

S01AA21 Amikacin

Amikacin

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Amikacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.-Administration:Amikacin may be...

S01AA22 Micronomicin

Micronomicin

Micronomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic....

S01AA23 Netilmicin

Netilmicin

Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion...

S01AA24 Kanamycin

Kanamycin

Kanamycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, available in oral, intravenous, and intramuscular forms, and used to treat a wide variety of infections. Kanamycin is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus.-Mechanism:...

S01AA25 Azidamfenicol

Azidamfenicol

Azidamfenicol is an amphenicol antibiotic, which has similar profile to chloramphenicol. It is used only topically, as eye drops and ointment for treatment of susceptible bacterial infections....

S01AA26 Azithromycin

Azithromycin

Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics...

S01AA30 Combinations of different antibiotics

QS01AA90 Cloxacillin

Cloxacillin

Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham. It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin....

S01AB Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide (medicine)

Sulfonamide or sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame...

S01AB01 Sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-External links:...

S01AB02 Sulfafurazole

Sulfafurazole

Sulphafurazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. It is sometimes given in combination with erythromycin or phenazopyridine. It is used locally in a 4% solution or ointment....

S01AB03 Sulfadicramide

Sulfadicramide

Sulfadicramide is an anti-infective....

S01AB04 Sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-Uses:Sulfacetamide 10% topical lotion, sold under the brand name Klaron or Ovace, is approved for the treatment of acne and seborrheic dermatitis. When combined with sulfur, it is sold under the brand names Plexion, Clenia, Prascion, and Avar, which...

S01AB05 Sulfafenazol

S01AD Antivirals

S01AD01 Idoxuridine

Idoxuridine

Idoxuridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug.It is a nucleoside analogue, a modified form of deoxyuridine, similar enough to be incorporated into viral DNA replication, but the iodine atom added to the uracil component blocks base pairing. It is used only topically due to...

S01AD02 Trifluridine

Trifluridine

Trifluridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug, used primarily on the eye. It was sold under the trade name, Viroptic, by Glaxo Wellcome, now merged into GlaxoSmithKline...

S01AD03 Aciclovir

Aciclovir

Aciclovir or acyclovir , chemical name acycloguanosine, abbreviated as ACV,is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug, marketed under trade names such as Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, and Zovir...

S01AD05 Interferon

Interferon

Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to...

S01AD06 Vidarabine

Vidarabine

Vidarabine or adenine arabinoside is an antiviral drug which is active against herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses.- How the drug was discovered :...

S01AD07 Famciclovir

Famciclovir

Famciclovir is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster . It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability...

S01AD08 Fomivirsen

Fomivirsen

Fomivirsen is an antiviral drug. It is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS...

S01AD09 Ganciclovir

Ganciclovir

Ganciclovir INN is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus infections.Ganciclovir sodium is marketed under the trade names Cytovene and Cymevene . Ganciclovir for ocular use is marketed under the trade name Vitrasert...

S01AX Other anti-infectives

S01AX01 Mercury

Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum...

 compounds

S01AX02 Silver

Silver

Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal...

 compounds

S01AX03 Zinc

Zinc

Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...

 compounds

S01AX04 Nitrofural

S01AX05 Bibrocathol

Bibrocathol

Bibrocathol is the substance 4,5,6,7-Tetrabrom-1,3,2-benzodioxabismol-2-ol. It contains bismuth and is used to treat eye infections and control swelling....

S01AX06 Resorcinol

Resorcinol

Resorcinol is a dihydroxy benzene. It is the 1,3-isomer of benzenediol with the formula C6H42.-Nomenclature:Benzene-1,3-diol is the name recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.-Production:It is...

S01AX07 Sodium borate

S01AX08 Hexamidine

Hexamidine

Hexamidine is an antiseptic/disinfectant.Hexomedine is a diisethionate solution of hexamidine....

S01AX09 Chlorhexidine

S01AX10 Sodium propionate

Sodium propionate

Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na.-Uses:It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products...

S01AX11 Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class considered to be a second-generation fluoroquinolone. The original brand, Floxin, has been discontinued by the manufacturer in the United States on 18 June 2009, though generic equivalents continue to be...

S01AX12 Norfloxacin

Norfloxacin

Norfloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterial agent occasionally used to treat common as well as complicated urinary tract infections. It is sold under various brand names with the most common being Noroxin. In form of ophthalmic solutions it is known as Chibroxin...

S01AX13 Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class.It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial. It kills bacteria by interfering with the enzymes that cause DNA to rewind after being copied, which stops synthesis of DNA and of...

S01AX14 Dibrompropamidine

Dibrompropamidine

Dibrompropamidine is an antiseptic and disinfectant. As dibrompropamidine isethionate, it is used in eyedrops and ointment for the treatment of minor eye and eyelid infections in adults and children...

S01AX15 Propamidine

Propamidine

Propamidine is an antiseptic and disinfectant.Propamidine isethinoate, the salt of propamidine with isethionic acid, is used in the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection....

S01AX16 Picloxydine

Picloxydine

Picloxydine is a bisbiguanide antiseptic used in eye drops. It is structurally similar to chlorhexidine....

S01AX17 Lomefloxacin

Lomefloxacin

Lomefloxacin hydrochloride , is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery...

S01AX18 Povidone-iodine

S01AX19 Levofloxacin

Levofloxacin

Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class and is used to treat severe or life-threatening bacterial infections or bacterial infections that have failed to respond to other antibiotic classes. It is sold under various brand names, such as Levaquin and...

S01AX21 Gatifloxacin

Gatifloxacin

Gatifloxacin sold under the brand names Gatiflo, Tequin and Zymar, is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV...

S01AX22 Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent developed by Bayer AG . It is marketed worldwide under the brand names Avelox, Avalox, and Avelon for oral treatment. In most countries, the drug is also available in parenteral form for intravenous infusion...

S01AX23 Besifloxacin

Besifloxacin

Besifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. The marketed compound is besifloxacin hydrochloride.It was developed by SSP Co. Ltd., Japan, and designated SS734. SSP licensed U.S. and European rights to SS734 for ophthalmic use to InSite Vision Incorporated in 2000...

S01BA Corticosteroid

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte...

s, plain

S01BA01 Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant...

S01BA02 Hydrocortisone

S01BA03 Cortisone

Cortisone

Cortisone is a steroid hormone. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. In chemical structure, it is a corticosteroid closely related to corticosterone. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally,...

S01BA04 Prednisolone

Prednisolone

Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone, which is also used as a drug.-Uses:Prednisolone is a corticosteroid drug with predominant glucocorticoid and low mineralocorticoid activity, making it useful for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory and auto-immune conditions such as...

S01BA05 Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone is a long-acting synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream....

S01BA06 Betamethasone

Betamethasone

Betamethasone is a potent glucocorticoid steroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Unlike other drugs with these effects, betamethasone does not cause water retention. It is applied as a topical cream, ointment, foam, lotion or gel to treat itching...

S01BA07 Fluorometholone

Fluorometholone

Fluorometholone is a corticosteroid, most often used after laser-based refractive surgery. It is marketed under the brand names FML and Flarex ....

S01BA08 Medrysone

Medrysone

Medrysone is a corticosteroid used in optometry and ophthalmology....

S01BA09 Clobetasone

Clobetasone

Clobetasone is a corticosteroid used in dermatology, for treating such skin inflammation as seen in eczema and other forms of dermatitis, and ophthalmology....

S01BA10 Alclometasone

Alclometasone

Alclometasone is synthetic glucocorticoid steroid for topical use in dermatology as anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, antiallergic, antiproliferative and vasoconstrictive agent....

S01BA11 Desonide

Desonide

Desonide is the generic name of a low potency topical corticosteroid that has been available since the 1970s. It is primarily used to treat atopic dermatitis , seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis and contact dermatitis in both adults and children. It has a fairly good safety profile and is available...

S01BA12 Formocortal

Formocortal

Formocortal is a corticosteroid used in ophthalmology....

S01BA13 Rimexolone

Rimexolone

Rimexolone is a glucocorticoid steroid used to treat inflammation in the eye. It is marketed as a 1% eye drop suspension under the trade name Vexol by Alcon Laboratories....

S01BA14 Loteprednol

Loteprednol

Loteprednol is a corticosteroid used in ophthalmology. Marketed by Bausch and Lomb as Lotemax in the U.S., ocular applications for this drug include the treatment of inflammation of the eye due to allergies , as well as chronic forms of keratitis ,...

S01BA15 Fluocinolone acetonide

Fluocinolone acetonide

Fluocinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid primarily used in dermatology to reduce skin inflammation and relieve itching. It is a synthetic hydrocortisone derivative. The fluorine substitution at position 9 in the steroid nucleus greatly enhances its activity. A typical dosage strength used in...

S01BB Corticosteroids and mydriatics in combination

S01BB01 Hydrocortisone and mydriatics

S01BB02 Prednisolone and mydriatics

S01BB03 Fluorometholone and mydriatics

S01BB04 Betamethasone and mydriatics

S01BC Anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroids

S01BC01 Indometacin

Indometacin

Indometacin or indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to reduce fever, pain, stiffness, and swelling. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, molecules known to cause these symptoms...

S01BC02 Oxyphenbutazone

Oxyphenbutazone

Oxyphenbutazone is a metabolite of phenylbutazone.-Scrabble:The word oxyphenbutazone holds the title for the highest possible score for a single play under American tournament Scrabble rules, scoring 1,780 points across three triple-word-score squares, joining seven tiles to eight already played...

S01BC03 Diclofenac

Diclofenac

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug taken to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions....

S01BC04 Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen is a member of the phenylalkanoic acid derivative family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat the inflammation and pain of arthritis...

S01BC05 Ketorolac

Ketorolac

Ketorolac or ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivative, often used as an analgesic...

S01BC06 Piroxicam

Piroxicam

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class used to relieve the symptoms of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, postoperative pain; and act as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component...

S01BC07 Bendazac

Bendazac

Bendazac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for joint and muscular pain....

S01BC08 Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin...

S01BC09 Pranoprofen

Pranoprofen

Pranoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in ophthalmology....

S01BC10 Nepafenac

Nepafenac

Nepafenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug , usually sold as a prescription eye drop Nepafenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), usually sold as a prescription eye drop Nepafenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), usually sold as a prescription eye drop...

S01BC11 Bromfenac

Bromfenac

Bromfenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug marketed in the US as an ophthalmic solution by ISTA Pharmaceuticals for short-term, local use...

S01CA Corticosteroids and anti-infectives in combination

S01CA01 Dexamethasone and antiinfectives

S01CA02 Prednisolone and antiinfectives

S01CA03 Hydrocortisone and antiinfectives

S01CA04 Fluocortolone

Fluocortolone

Fluocortolone is a glucocorticoid used in the treatment of several conditions, including hemorrhoids.It is similar to fluocortin, but with one less keto group....

 and antiinfectives

S01CA05 Betamethasone and antiinfectives

S01CA06 Fludrocortisone

Fludrocortisone

Fludrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid with moderate glucocorticoid potency and much greater mineralocorticoid potency. The brand name in the U.S. and Canada is Florinef.-Uses:...

 and antiinfectives

S01CA07 Fluorometholone and antiinfectives

S01CA08 Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid or corticosteroid drug. It is marketed in the USA and Canada under the brand names Medrol and Solu-Medrol. It is also available as a generic drug....

 and antiinfectives

S01CA09 Chloroprednisone and antiinfectives

S01CA10 Fluocinolone acetonide and antiinfectives

S01CA11 Clobetasone and antiinfectives

S01CB Corticosteroids/anti-infectives/mydriatics in combination

S01CB01 Dexamethasone

S01CB02 Prednisolone

S01CB03 Hydrocortisone

S01CB04 Betamethasone

S01CB05 Fluorometholone

S01CC Anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroids and anti-infectives in combination

S01CC01 Diclofenac and antiinfectives

S01EA Sympathomimetics in glaucoma

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is an eye disorder in which the optic nerve suffers damage, permanently damaging vision in the affected eye and progressing to complete blindness if untreated. It is often, but not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye...

 therapy

S01EA01 Epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...

S01EA02 Dipivefrine

Dipivefrine

Dipivefrine is a prodrug of epinephrine used to treat glaucoma. It is available as ophthalmic solution. It causes vasoconstriction, decreased aqueous humor production, and decreases intraoccular pressure. It is converted to epinephrine upon penetration of the cornea....

S01EA03 Apraclonidine

Apraclonidine

Apraclonidine , also known as Iopidine, is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy. It is an α2-adrenergic agonist and a weak alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist....

S01EA04 Clonidine

Clonidine

Clonidine is a sympatholytic medication used to treat medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, some pain conditions, ADHD and anxiety/panic disorder...

S01EA05 Brimonidine

Brimonidine

Brimonidine is a drug used to treat open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.It acts via decreasing synthesis of aqueous humor, and increasing the amount that drains from the eye through uveoscleral outflow.As a treatment for glaucoma, it is usually given in eyedrop form.Brimonidine is an...

S01EA51 Epinephrine, combinations

S01EB Parasympathomimetics

S01EB01 Pilocarpine

Pilocarpine

Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid obtained from the leaves of tropical American shrubs from the genus Pilocarpus. It is a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system, which acts therapeutically at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 due to its...

S01EB02 Carbachol

Carbachol

Carbachol , also known as carbamylcholine, is a drug that binds and activates the acetylcholine receptor. Thus it is classified as a cholinergic agonist. It is primarily used for various ophthalmic purposes, such as for treating glaucoma, or for use during ophthalmic surgery...

S01EB03 Ecothiopate

S01EB04 Demecarium

S01EB05 Physostigmine

Physostigmine

Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean....

S01EB06 Neostigmine

Neostigmine

Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic that acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.- Synthesis :Neostigmine was first synthesized by Aeschlimann and Reinert in 1931....

S01EB07 Fluostigmine

S01EB08 Aceclidine

Aceclidine

Aceclidine is a parasympathomimetic miotic agent used in the treatment of narrow angle glaucoma. It decreases intraocular pressure.- Adverse effects :...

S01EB09 Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including humans...

S01EB10 Paraoxon

Paraoxon

Paraoxon is a parasympathomimetic which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an organophosphate oxon, and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. It is also used as an ophthalmological drug against glaucoma...

S01EB51 Pilocarpine, combinations

S01EB58 Aceclidine, combinations

S01EC Carbonic anhydrase

Carbonic anhydrase

The carbonic anhydrases form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons , a reversible reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst...

 inhibitors

S01EC01 Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia...

S01EC02 Diclofenamide

Diclofenamide

Diclofenamide is a sulfonamide and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor of the meta-Disulfamoylbenzene class....

S01EC03 Dorzolamide

Dorzolamide

Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent and topically applied in the form of eye drops. This drug, developed by Merck, was the first drug in human therapy which resulted from structure-based drug design...

S01EC04 Brinzolamide

Brinzolamide

Brinzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to lower intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.- Chemistry :...

S01EC05 Methazolamide

Methazolamide

Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor....

S01ED Beta blocking

Beta blocker

Beta blockers or beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists or beta antagonists, are a class of drugs used for various indications. They are particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction ,...

 agents

S01ED01 Timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

S01ED02 Betaxolol

Betaxolol

Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm as timolol may...

S01ED03 Levobunolol

Levobunolol

Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically to manage glaucoma....

S01ED04 Metipranolol

Metipranolol

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in eye drops to treat glaucoma. It is rapidly metabolized into desacetylmetipranolol....

S01ED05 Carteolol

Carteolol

Carteolol is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma....

S01ED06 Befunolol

Befunolol

Befunolol is a beta blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity used in the management of open-angle glaucoma....

S01ED51 Timolol, combinations

S01ED52 Betaxolol, combinations

S01ED54 Metipranolol, combinations

S01ED55 Carteolol, combinations

S01EE Prostaglandin

Prostaglandin

A prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring....

 analogues

S01EE01 Latanoprost

Latanoprost

Latanoprost ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension by reducing intraocular pressure...

S01EE02 Unoprostone

Unoprostone

Unoprostone is a prostaglandin analogue. Its isopropyl ester, unoprostone isopropyl, is marketed under the trade name Rescula for the management of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.-References:*...

S01EE03 Bimatoprost

Bimatoprost

Bimatoprost is a prostaglandin analog/prodrug used topically to control the progression of glaucoma and in the management of ocular hypertension. It reduces intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes...

S01EE04 Travoprost

Travoprost

Travoprost ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a synthetic prostaglandin analog that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes...

S01EE05 Tafluprost

Tafluprost

Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue used topically to control the progression of glaucoma and in the management of ocular hypertension. It reduces intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.Taflotan contains 15 µg/ml Tafluprost...

S01EX Other antiglaucoma preparations

S01EX01 Guanethidine

Guanethidine

Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself , and uptake is essential for the drug's action...

S01EX02 Dapiprazole

Dapiprazole

Dapiprazole is an alpha blocker. It is used to reverse mydriasis after eye examination.- References :...

S01FA Anticholinergic

Anticholinergic

An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system. An example of an anticholinergic is dicycloverine, and the classic example is atropine....

s

S01FA01 Atropine

Atropine

Atropine is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , Jimson weed , mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects...

S01FA02 Scopolamine

Scopolamine

Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine, and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. It is among the secondary metabolites of plants from Solanaceae family of plants, such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets , and corkwood...

S01FA03 Methylscopolamine

S01FA04 Cyclopentolate

Cyclopentolate

Cyclopentolate is a mydriatic and cycloplegic agent commonly used during pediatric eye examinations. Cyclopentolate is also administered as an atropine substitute to reverse muscarinic and CNS effects of indirect cholinomimetic administration....

S01FA05 Homatropine

Homatropine

Homatropine is an anticholinergic medication that inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and thus the parasympathetic nervous system...

S01FA06 Tropicamide

Tropicamide

Tropicamide is an anticholinergic used as a mydriatic. In Russia, it is used to some degree as an inexpensive recreational drug...

S01FA56 Tropicamide, combinations

S01FB Sympathomimetics excluding antiglaucoma preparations

S01FB01 Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil, and to increase blood pressure...

S01FB02 Ephedrine

Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia....

S01FB03 Ibopamine

Ibopamine

Ibopamine is a sympathomimetic used in ophthalmology. It induces mydriasis. It also has been investigated for use in the treatment of congestive heart failure.It acts on D1 and α receptors as a agonist....

QS01FB90 Oxedrine

QS01FB99 Sympathomimetics, combinations

S01GA Sympathomimetics used as decongestants

S01GA01 Naphazoline

Naphazoline

Naphazoline is the common name for 2--2-imidazoline hydrochloride. It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity. It is a vasoconstrictor with a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membrane...

S01GA02 Tetryzoline

S01GA03 Xylometazoline

Xylometazoline

Xylometazoline is a drug which is used as a topical nasal decongestant. It is applied directly into the nose, either as a spray or as drops....

S01GA04 Oxymetazoline

Oxymetazoline

Oxymetazoline is a selective alpha-1 agonist and partial alpha-2 agonist topical decongestant, used in the form of Oxymetazoline hydrochloride, in products such as Afrin, Dristan, Nasivin, Logicin, Vicks Sinex, Visine L.R., Sudafed OM, and Zicam. It was developed from Xylometazoline at E.Merck...

S01GA05 Phenylephrine

S01GA06 Oxedrine

S01GA51 Naphazoline, combinations

S01GA52 Tetryzoline, combinations

S01GA53 Xylometazoline, combinations

S01GA55 Phenylephrine, combinations

S01GA56 Oxedrine, combinations

S01GX Other antiallergics

S01GX01 Cromoglicic acid

S01GX02 Levocabastine

Levocabastine

Levocabastine is a selective second-generation H1-receptor antagonist which was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1979. It is used for allergic conjunctivitis....

S01GX03 Spaglumic acid

S01GX04 Nedocromil

Nedocromil

Nedocromil sodium is a medication used to prevent wheezing, shortness of breath, and other breathing problems caused by asthma. It is administered by an inhaler under the brand name Tilade and as an eye drop under the brand name Alocril...

S01GX05 Lodoxamide

Lodoxamide

Lodoxamide is an antiallergic. It resembles sodium cromoglycate in action as a mast cell stabilizer....

S01GX06 Emedastine

Emedastine

Emedastine difumarate is an second generation antihistamine used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis. It's mechanism of action is a H1 receptor antagonist....

S01GX07 Azelastine

Azelastine

Azelastine is a potent, second-generation, selective, histamine antagonist manufactured by MedaPharma. According to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma treatment guidelines, intranasal anti-histamines are recommended for the first line therapy of mild intermittent, moderate/severe...

S01GX08 Ketotifen

Ketotifen

Ketotifen is a second-generation H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold in as a salt of Fumaric Acid, Ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis, or the itchy red eyes caused by allergies. In...

S01GX09 Olopatadine

Olopatadine

Olopatadine hydrochloride is an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, sold as a prescription eye drop . It is used to treat itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis...

S01GX10 Epinastine

Epinastine

Epinastine is an antihistamine and a mast cell stabilizer that is used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis. It is presently produced by Allergan and marketed by Inspire in the United States. It is used as the hydrochloride salt.- External links :*...

S01GX51 Cromoglicic acid, combinations

S01HA Local anesthetics

S01HA01 Cocaine

Cocaine

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...

S01HA02 Oxybuprocaine

Oxybuprocaine

Oxybuprocaine , also known as benoxinate or BNX, is the name of a local anesthetic, which is used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology...

S01HA03 Tetracaine

Tetracaine

Tetracaine is a potent local anesthetic of the ester group...

S01HA04 Proxymetacaine

Proxymetacaine

Proxymetacaine or proparacaine is a topical anesthetic drug of the aminoester group.-Indications and usage:Proxymetacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is indicated for procedures such as tonometry, gonioscopy, removal of foreign bodies, or other similar procedures requiring topical...

S01HA05 Procaine

Procaine

Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin, and it was also used in dentistry. Owing to the ubiquity of the trade name Novocain, in some regions procaine is referred to generically as novocaine...

S01HA06 Cinchocaine

Cinchocaine

Cinchocaine is an amide local anesthetic. It is the active ingredient in some topical hemorrhoid creams such as Proctosedyl...

S01HA07 Lidocaine

Lidocaine

Lidocaine , Xylocaine, or lignocaine is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. Lidocaine is used topically to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations, injected as a dental anesthetic or as a local anesthetic for minor surgery.- History :Lidocaine, the first amino...

S01HA30 Combinations

S01JA Colouring agents

S01JA01 Fluorescein

Fluorescein

Fluorescein is a synthetic organic compound available as a dark orange/red powder soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications....

S01JA02 Rose bengal sodium

S01JA51 Fluorescein

Fluorescein

Fluorescein is a synthetic organic compound available as a dark orange/red powder soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications....

, combinations

S01KA Viscoelastic substances

S01KA01 Hyaluronic acid

S01KA02 Hypromellose

Hypromellose

Hypromellose , short for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose , is a semisynthetic, inert, viscoelastic polymer used as an ophthalmic lubricant, as well as an excipient and controlled-delivery component in oral medicaments, found in a variety of commercial products.As a food additive, hypromellose is an...

S01KA51 Hyaluronic acid, combinations

S01LA Antineovascularisation

Choroidal neovascularization

Choroidal neovascularization is the creation of new blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. This is a common symptom of the degenerative maculopathy wet AMD .-Causes:...

 agents

S01LA01 Verteporfin

Verteporfin

Verteporfin , a benzoporphyrin derivative, is a medication used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration...

S01LA02 Anecortave

Anecortave

Anecortave is a novel angiogenesis inhibitor used in the treatment of the exudative form of age-related macular degeneration. Although based on a steroid nucleus, it possesses little glucocorticoid activity...

S01LA03 Pegaptanib

Pegaptanib

Pegaptanib sodium injection is an anti-angiogenic medicine for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration . It was discovered by Gilead Sciences and licensed in 2000 to EyeTech Pharmaceuticals, now OSI Pharmaceuticals, for late stage development and marketing in the United...

S01LA04 Ranibizumab

Ranibizumab

Ranibizumab is a monoclonal antibody fragment derived from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab . It is much smaller than the parent molecule and has been affinity matured to provide stronger binding to VEGF-A...

S01XA Other ophthalmologicals

S01XA01 Guaiazulen

S01XA02 Retinol

Retinol

Retinol is one of the animal forms of vitamin A. It is a diterpenoid and an alcohol. It is convertible to other forms of vitamin A, and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol serves as the storage form of the vitamin in animals....

S01XA03 Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt or halite, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaCl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms...

, hypertonic

S01XA04 Potassium iodide

Potassium iodide

Potassium iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KI. This white salt is the most commercially significant iodide compound, with approximately 37,000 tons produced in 1985. It is less hygroscopic than sodium iodide, making it easier to work with...

S01XA05 Sodium edetate

S01XA06 Ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...

S01XA07 Alum

Alum

Alum is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate with the formula KAl2.12H2O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related empirical formula, AB2.12H2O.-Chemical properties:Alums are...

S01XA08 Acetylcysteine

S01XA09 Iodoheparinate

S01XA10 Inosine

Inosine

Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond....

S01XA11 Nandrolone

Nandrolone

Nandrolone is an anabolic steroid that may be present naturally in the human body, albeit in minute quantities of less than 0.4 ng/ml. Nandrolone is most commonly sold commercially as its decanoate ester and less commonly as a phenylpropionate ester...

S01XA12 Dexpanthenol

S01XA13 Alteplase

S01XA14 Heparin

Heparin

Heparin , also known as unfractionated heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule...

S01XA15 Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...

S01XA18 Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin , cyclosporine , cyclosporin , or cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection...

S01XA20 Artificial tear

Artificial tear

Artificial tears are lubricant eye drops used to treat the dryness and irritation associated with deficient tear production in keratoconjunctivitis sicca . They are also used to moisten contact lenses and in eye examinations....

s and other indifferent preparations

QS01XA91 Pirenoxin