Ankyrin repeat
Encyclopedia
The ankyrin repeat is a 33-residue motif in protein
s consisting of two alpha helices
separated by loops, first discovered in signaling
proteins in yeast
Cdc10 and Drosophila
Notch. Ankyrin repeats mediate protein–protein interactions and are among the most common structural motifs in known proteins. They appear in bacteria
l, archaea
l, and eukaryotic
proteins, but are far more common in eukaryotes. Ankyrin repeat proteins, though absent in most viruses, are common among poxviruses. Most proteins that contain the motif have four to six repeats, although its namesake ankyrin
contains 24, and the largest known number of repeats is 34, predicted in a protein expressed by Giardia lamblia
.
The ankyrin repeat is one of the most common protein–protein interaction motifs in nature. They occur in a large number of functionally diverse proteins, mainly from eukaryote
s. The few known examples from prokaryote
s and viruses may be the result of horizontal gene transfers. The repeat has been found in proteins of diverse function such as transcriptional initiators, cell cycle
regulators, cytoskeletal
, ion transporters, and signal transducers
. The ankyrin fold appears to be defined by its structure rather than its function, since there is no specific sequence or structure that is universally recognised by it.
to determine which conserved amino acid
residues are critical for folding and stability. The residues that appear on the wide lateral surface of ankyrin repeat structures are variable, often hydrophobic, and involved mainly in mediating protein–protein interactions. An artificial protein design
based on a consensus sequence
derived from sequence alignment has been synthesized and found to fold
stably, representing the first designed protein with multiple identical repeats. More extensive design strategies have used combinatorial sequences to "evolve" ankyrin-repeat motifs that specifically recognize particular protein targets, a technique that has been presented as a possible alternative to antibody
design for applications requiring high-affinity binding.
Ankyrin-repeat proteins present an unusual problem in the study of protein folding
, which has largely focused on globular protein
s that form well-defined tertiary structure
stabilized by long-range, nonlocal residue-residue contacts
. Ankyrin repeats, by contrast, contain very few such contacts (that is, they have a low contact order
). Most studies have found that ankyrin repeats fold in a two-state folding mechanism, suggesting a high degree of folding cooperativity despite the local inter-residue contacts and the evident need for successful folding with varying numbers of repeats. Some evidence, based on synthesis of truncated versions of natural repeat proteins, and on the examination of phi values
, suggests that the C-terminus forms the folding nucleation site.
inhibitor p16
, which is associated with cancer
, and the Notch protein (a key component of cell signalling pathways) which can cause the neurological disorder CADASIL
when the repeat domain is disrupted by mutations.
A specialized family of ankyrin proteins known as muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (MARPs) are involved with the repair and regeneration of muscle
tissue following damage due to injury and stress.
A natural variation between glutamine
and lysine
at position 703 in the 11th ankyrin repeat of ANKK1
, known as the TaqI A1 allele, has been credited with encouraging addictive behaviours such as obesity, alcoholism, nicotine dependency and the Eros love style while discouraging juvenile delinquency and neuroticism-anxiety. The variation may affect the specificity of protein interactions made by the ANKK1 protein kinase through this repeat.
; ABTB2; ACBD6; ACTBL1; ANK1
; ANK2
; ANK3
; ANKAR;
ANKDD1A; ANKFY1
; ANKHD1
; ANKIB1; ANKK1
; ANKMY1; ANKMY2; ANKRA2;
ANKRD1
; ANKRD10; ANKRD11; ANKRD12; ANKRD13; ANKRD13A; ANKRD13B; ANKRD13C
;
ANKRD13D; ANKRD15
; ANKRD16; ANKRD17
; ANKRD18A; ANKRD18B; ANKRD19; ANKRD2
;
ANKRD20A1; ANKRD20A2; ANKRD20A3; ANKRD20A4; ANKRD21; ANKRD22; ANKRD23
; ANKRD25
;
ANKRD26
; ANKRD27
; ANKRD28; ANKRD30A; ANKRD30B; ANKRD32; ANKRD33; ANKRD35
;
ANKRD36; ANKRD36B; ANKRD37; ANKRD38; ANKRD39; ANKRD40; ANKRD41; ANKRD42;
ANKRD43; ANKRD44; ANKRD45; ANKRD46; ANKRD47; ANKRD49; ANKRD5; ANKRD50;
ANKRD52; ANKRD53; ANKRD54; ANKRD55; ANKRD56; ANKRD57; ANKRD58; ANKRD6;
ANKRD7; ANKRD9; ANKS1A
; ANKS3; ANKS4B; ANKS6; ANKZF1
; ASB1
;
ASB10; ASB11; ASB12; ASB13
; ASB14; ASB15; ASB16; ASB2
;
ASB3
; ASB4; ASB5; ASB6
; ASB7; ASB8; ASB9; ASZ1
;
BARD1
; BAT4
; BAT8; BCL3
; BCOR
; BCORL1; BTBD11; C20orf12;
C20orf86; C21orf99; C7orf7; CAMTA1
; CAMTA2; CASKIN1; CASKIN2; CCM1;
CDKN2A
; CDKN2B
; CDKN2C
; CDKN2D
; CENTB1
; CENTB2
; CENTB5; CENTG1
;
CENTG2
; CENTG3
; CLIP3; CLIP4; CLPB
; CTGLF1; CTGLF2; CTGLF3;
CTGLF4; CTGLF5; CTTNBP2
; DAPK1
; DDEF1
; DDEF2
; DDEFL1; DGKI;
DGKZ
; DP58; DYSFIP1; EHMT1; EHMT2
; ESPN
; FANK1; FEM1A;
FEM1B; GABPB2
; GIT1
; GIT2
; GLS; GLS2; HACE1; HECTD1;
IBTK; ILK
; INVS
; KIDINS220
; KRIT1
; LOC348840; LOC554226; LRRK1
;
MAIL
; MGC26718; MGC29891; MIB1; MIB2; MPHOSPH8
; MTPN
; MYO16;
NFKB1
; NFKB2
; NFKBIA; NFKBIB
; NFKBIE
; NFKBIL1
; NFKBIL2; NOTCH1
;
NOTCH2
; NOTCH3; NOTCH4
; NRARP; NUDT12
; OSBPL1A
; OSTF1
; PLA2G6
;
POTE14; POTE15; POTE8; PPP1R12A
; PPP1R12B
; PPP1R12C; PPP1R13B
; PPP1R13L
;
PPP1R16A; PPP1R16B; PSMD10
; RAI14
; RFXANK
; RIPK4
; RNASEL
; SHANK1
;
SHANK2
; SHANK3
; SNCAIP
; TA-NFKBH; TEX14; TNKS
; TNKS2
; TNNI3K; TP53BP2
; TRP7; TRPA1
; TRPC3
; TRPC4
; TRPC5
; TRPC6
; TRPC7
; TRPV1
; TRPV2
; TRPV3
; TRPV4
; TRPV5
; TRPV6
; UACA
; USH1G
; ZDHHC13; ZDHHC17
;
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
s consisting of two alpha helices
Alpha helix
A common motif in the secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix is a right-handed coiled or spiral conformation, in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier...
separated by loops, first discovered in signaling
Cell signaling
Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue...
proteins in yeast
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species. Most reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by an asymmetric division process called budding...
Cdc10 and Drosophila
Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit...
Notch. Ankyrin repeats mediate protein–protein interactions and are among the most common structural motifs in known proteins. They appear in bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals...
l, archaea
Archaea
The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon...
l, and eukaryotic
Eukaryote
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear...
proteins, but are far more common in eukaryotes. Ankyrin repeat proteins, though absent in most viruses, are common among poxviruses. Most proteins that contain the motif have four to six repeats, although its namesake ankyrin
Ankyrin
Ankyrins are a family of adaptor proteins that mediate the attachment of integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-actin based membrane skeleton. Ankyrins have binding sites for the beta subunit of spectrin and at least 12 families of integral membrane proteins...
contains 24, and the largest known number of repeats is 34, predicted in a protein expressed by Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. The giardia parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc, and reproduces via binary fission...
.
The ankyrin repeat is one of the most common protein–protein interaction motifs in nature. They occur in a large number of functionally diverse proteins, mainly from eukaryote
Eukaryote
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear...
s. The few known examples from prokaryote
Prokaryote
The prokaryotes are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus , or any other membrane-bound organelles. The organisms that have a cell nucleus are called eukaryotes. Most prokaryotes are unicellular, but a few such as myxobacteria have multicellular stages in their life cycles...
s and viruses may be the result of horizontal gene transfers. The repeat has been found in proteins of diverse function such as transcriptional initiators, cell cycle
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication . In cells without a nucleus , the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission...
regulators, cytoskeletal
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be unique to eukaryotes, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton...
, ion transporters, and signal transducers
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...
. The ankyrin fold appears to be defined by its structure rather than its function, since there is no specific sequence or structure that is universally recognised by it.
Role in protein folding
The ankyrin-repeat sequence motif has been studied using multiple sequence alignmentMultiple sequence alignment
A multiple sequence alignment is a sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In many cases, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a lineage and are descended from a common ancestor...
to determine which conserved amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
residues are critical for folding and stability. The residues that appear on the wide lateral surface of ankyrin repeat structures are variable, often hydrophobic, and involved mainly in mediating protein–protein interactions. An artificial protein design
Protein design
Protein design is the design of new protein molecules, either from scratch or by making calculated variations on a known structure. The use of rational design techniques for proteins is a major aspect of protein engineering....
based on a consensus sequence
Consensus sequence
In molecular biology and bioinformatics, consensus sequence refers to the most common nucleotide or amino acid at a particular position after multiple sequences are aligned. A consensus sequence is a way of representing the results of a multiple sequence alignment, where related sequences are...
derived from sequence alignment has been synthesized and found to fold
Protein folding
Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil....
stably, representing the first designed protein with multiple identical repeats. More extensive design strategies have used combinatorial sequences to "evolve" ankyrin-repeat motifs that specifically recognize particular protein targets, a technique that has been presented as a possible alternative to antibody
Antibody
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...
design for applications requiring high-affinity binding.
Ankyrin-repeat proteins present an unusual problem in the study of protein folding
Protein folding
Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil....
, which has largely focused on globular protein
Globular protein
Globular proteins, or spheroproteins are one of the two main protein classes, comprising "globe"-like proteins that are more or less soluble in aqueous solutions...
s that form well-defined tertiary structure
Tertiary structure
In biochemistry and molecular biology, the tertiary structure of a protein or any other macromolecule is its three-dimensional structure, as defined by the atomic coordinates.-Relationship to primary structure:...
stabilized by long-range, nonlocal residue-residue contacts
Native contact
In protein folding, a native contact is a contact between the side chains of two amino acids that are not neighboring in the amino acid sequence but are spatially close in the protein's native state tertiary structure...
. Ankyrin repeats, by contrast, contain very few such contacts (that is, they have a low contact order
Contact order
The contact order of a protein is a measure of the locality of the inter-amino acid contacts in the protein's native state tertiary structure. It is calculated as the average sequence distance between residues that form native contacts in the folded protein divided by the total length of the protein...
). Most studies have found that ankyrin repeats fold in a two-state folding mechanism, suggesting a high degree of folding cooperativity despite the local inter-residue contacts and the evident need for successful folding with varying numbers of repeats. Some evidence, based on synthesis of truncated versions of natural repeat proteins, and on the examination of phi values
Phi value analysis
Phi value analysis is an experimental protein engineering method used to study the structure of the folding transition state in small protein domains that fold in a two-state manner. Since the folding transition state is by definition a transient and partially unstructured state, its structure is...
, suggests that the C-terminus forms the folding nucleation site.
Clinical significance
Ankyrin-repeat proteins have been associated with a number of human diseases. These proteins include the cell cycleCell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication . In cells without a nucleus , the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission...
inhibitor p16
P16 (gene)
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, also known as multiple tumor suppressor 1 , is a tumor suppressor protein, that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2A gene...
, which is associated with cancer
Cancer
Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
, and the Notch protein (a key component of cell signalling pathways) which can cause the neurological disorder CADASIL
CADASIL
CADASIL is the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder, and is thought to be caused by mutations of the Notch 3 gene on chromosome 19. The disease belongs to a family of disorders called the Leukodystrophies...
when the repeat domain is disrupted by mutations.
A specialized family of ankyrin proteins known as muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (MARPs) are involved with the repair and regeneration of muscle
Muscle
Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
tissue following damage due to injury and stress.
A natural variation between glutamine
Glutamine
Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders...
and lysine
Lysine
Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG....
at position 703 in the 11th ankyrin repeat of ANKK1
ANKK1
The ANKK1 gene is a member of an extensive family of proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. This gene contains a single nucleotide polymorphism that causes an amino acid substitution within the 11th of 12 ankyrin repeats of ANKK1...
, known as the TaqI A1 allele, has been credited with encouraging addictive behaviours such as obesity, alcoholism, nicotine dependency and the Eros love style while discouraging juvenile delinquency and neuroticism-anxiety. The variation may affect the specificity of protein interactions made by the ANKK1 protein kinase through this repeat.
Human proteins containing this repeat
ABTB1ABTB1
Ankyrin repeat and BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABTB1 gene.-Further reading:...
; ABTB2; ACBD6; ACTBL1; ANK1
ANK1
Ankyrin 1, erythrocytic, also known as ANK1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ANK1 gene.-Tissue distribution:The protein encoded by this gene, Ankyrin 1, is the prototype of the ankyrin family, was first discovered in erythrocytes, but since has also been found in brain and...
; ANK2
ANK2
Ankyrin 2, neuronal, also known as ANK2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ANK2 gene.-Function:The protein encoded by this gene is required for targeting and stability of Na+/Ca++ exchanger 1 in cardiomyocytes. Mutations in this gene cause long QT syndrome 4...
; ANK3
ANK3
Ankyrin-3 , also known as ankyrin-G, is a protein from ankyrin family that in humans is encoded by the ANK3 gene.- Function :...
; ANKAR;
ANKDD1A; ANKFY1
ANKFY1
Ankyrin repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKFY1 gene.-Further reading:...
; ANKHD1
ANKHD1
Ankyrin repeat and KH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKHD1 gene.-Further reading:...
; ANKIB1; ANKK1
ANKK1
The ANKK1 gene is a member of an extensive family of proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. This gene contains a single nucleotide polymorphism that causes an amino acid substitution within the 11th of 12 ankyrin repeats of ANKK1...
; ANKMY1; ANKMY2; ANKRA2;
ANKRD1
ANKRD1
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD1 gene.-Interactions:ANKRD1 has been shown to interact with Titin and MYPN.-Further reading:...
; ANKRD10; ANKRD11; ANKRD12; ANKRD13; ANKRD13A; ANKRD13B; ANKRD13C
ANKRD13C
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 13C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD13C gene.-Further reading:...
;
ANKRD13D; ANKRD15
ANKRD15
KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KANK1 gene.-Further reading:...
; ANKRD16; ANKRD17
ANKRD17
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD17 gene.-Further reading:...
; ANKRD18A; ANKRD18B; ANKRD19; ANKRD2
ANKRD2
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD2 gene.-Interactions:ANKRD2 has been shown to interact with Y box binding protein 1, Telethonin, Promyelocytic leukemia protein and P53.-Further reading:...
;
ANKRD20A1; ANKRD20A2; ANKRD20A3; ANKRD20A4; ANKRD21; ANKRD22; ANKRD23
ANKRD23
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD23 gene.-Interactions:ANKRD23 has been shown to interact with Titin and MYPN.-Further reading:...
; ANKRD25
ANKRD25
KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KANK2 gene.-Further reading:...
;
ANKRD26
ANKRD26
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD26 gene. This protein has a function that is not currently understood.- ANKRD26 :...
; ANKRD27
ANKRD27
Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD27 gene.-Further reading:...
; ANKRD28; ANKRD30A; ANKRD30B; ANKRD32; ANKRD33; ANKRD35
ANKRD35
Ankyrin repeat domain 35 also known as ANKRD35 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ANKRD35 gene.-Related gene problems:*TAR syndrome*1q21.1 deletion syndrome*1q21.1 duplication syndrome...
;
ANKRD36; ANKRD36B; ANKRD37; ANKRD38; ANKRD39; ANKRD40; ANKRD41; ANKRD42;
ANKRD43; ANKRD44; ANKRD45; ANKRD46; ANKRD47; ANKRD49; ANKRD5; ANKRD50;
ANKRD52; ANKRD53; ANKRD54; ANKRD55; ANKRD56; ANKRD57; ANKRD58; ANKRD6;
ANKRD7; ANKRD9; ANKS1A
ANKS1A
Ankyrin repeat and SAM domain-containing protein 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKS1A gene.-Further reading:...
; ANKS3; ANKS4B; ANKS6; ANKZF1
ANKZF1
Ankyrin repeat and zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKZF1 gene.-Further reading:...
; ASB1
ASB1
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 1 is a protein that is in humans, encoded by the ASB1 gene.-Further reading:...
;
ASB10; ASB11; ASB12; ASB13
ASB13
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASB13 gene.-Further reading:...
; ASB14; ASB15; ASB16; ASB2
ASB2
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASB2 gene.-Further reading:...
;
ASB3
ASB3
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASB3 gene.-Further reading:...
; ASB4; ASB5; ASB6
ASB6
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASB6 gene.-Further reading:...
; ASB7; ASB8; ASB9; ASZ1
ASZ1
Ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASZ1 gene.-Further reading:...
;
BARD1
BARD1
BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BARD1 gene.-Interactions:BARD1 has been shown to interact with BRE, UBE2D1, CSTF2, BRCC3, RAD51, BCL3, TACC1, Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1, FANCD2, H2AFX, CSTF1, NPM1, BRCA2, BRCA1, P53 and Aurora B...
; BAT4
BAT4
Protein BAT4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAT4 gene.-Further reading:...
; BAT8; BCL3
BCL3
B-cell lymphoma 3-encoded protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL3 gene.This gene is a proto-oncogene candidate. It is identified by its translocation into the immunoglobulin alpha-locus in some cases of B-cell leukemia. The protein encoded by this gene contains seven ankyrin...
; BCOR
BCOR
BCL-6 corepressor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCOR gene.Mutations in the BCOR gene cause a form of syndromic microphthalmia called MCOPS2. This syndrome incorporates microphthalmia, congenital cataracts, cardiac defects, dental defects and skeletal anomalies...
; BCORL1; BTBD11; C20orf12;
C20orf86; C21orf99; C7orf7; CAMTA1
CAMTA1
Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAMTA1 gene.-Further reading:...
; CAMTA2; CASKIN1; CASKIN2; CCM1;
CDKN2A
P16 (gene)
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, also known as multiple tumor suppressor 1 , is a tumor suppressor protein, that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2A gene...
; CDKN2B
CDKN2B
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B also known as multiple tumor suppressor 2 or p15INK4B is a protein that is encoded by the CDKN2B gene in humans.- Function :...
; CDKN2C
CDKN2C
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2C gene.-Interactions:CDKN2C has been shown to interact with Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 6.-Further reading:...
; CDKN2D
CDKN2D
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2D gene.Note, this protein should not be confused with p19-ARF or the human equivalent p14-ARF, which are alternative products of the CDKN2a gene....
; CENTB1
CENTB1
Arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAP1 gene.-Further reading:...
; CENTB2
CENTB2
Arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
; CENTB5; CENTG1
CENTG1
Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGAP2 gene.-Interactions:CENTG1 has been shown to interact with PIK3R1, HOMER1 and EPB41L1.-Further reading:...
;
CENTG2
CENTG2
Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGAP1 gene.-HACNS1:HACNS1 is located in an intron of the gene CENTG2...
; CENTG3
CENTG3
Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGAP3 gene.-Further reading:...
; CLIP3; CLIP4; CLPB
CLPB
Caseinolytic peptidase B protein homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CLPB gene., which encodes an ATP-dependent protease and chaperone; it is a chaperone involved in disaggregating proteins and also has a role in de novo protein synthesis under mild stress conditions-Further...
; CTGLF1; CTGLF2; CTGLF3;
CTGLF4; CTGLF5; CTTNBP2
CTTNBP2
Cortactin-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTTNBP2 gene.-Interactions:CTTNBP2 has been shown to interact with RP6-213H19.1, STRN, STRN3, MOBKL3 and PPP2CA.-Further reading:...
; DAPK1
DAPK1
Death-associated protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DAPK1 gene.-Further reading:...
; DDEF1
DDEF1
Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASAP1 gene.-Interactions:DDEF1 has been shown to interact with Src.-Further reading:...
; DDEF2
DDEF2
Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
; DDEFL1; DGKI;
DGKZ
DGKZ
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKZ gene.-Further reading:...
; DP58; DYSFIP1; EHMT1; EHMT2
EHMT2
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-9 specific 3 is a histone methyltransferase that in humans is encoded by the EHMT2 gene.-Further reading:...
; ESPN
ESPN
Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, commonly known as ESPN, is an American global cable television network focusing on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports talk shows, and other original programming....
; FANK1; FEM1A;
FEM1B; GABPB2
GABPB2
GA-binding protein subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABPB1 gene.-Further reading:...
; GIT1
GIT1
ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GIT1 gene.GIT1 contains an ARFGAP domain, Anykrin repeats, and a GRK-interacting domain. The Arf-GAP domain, which enables it to act as a GTPase activating protein for the Arf family of GTPases, has been shown to be...
; GIT2
GIT2
ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GIT2 gene.-Model organisms: Model organisms have been used in the study of GIT2 function...
; GLS; GLS2; HACE1; HECTD1;
IBTK; ILK
Ilk
Ilk is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.-Geography:It covers an area of and has a population of 1263 people ....
; INVS
INVS
Inversin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INVS gene.-Further reading:...
; KIDINS220
KIDINS220
Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KIDINS220 gene.-Further reading:...
; KRIT1
KRIT1
Krev interaction trapped protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRIT1 gene.It can be associated with Cavernous venous malformation.-Further reading:...
; LOC348840; LOC554226; LRRK1
LRRK1
Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LRRK1 gene.-Further reading:...
;
Mail
Mail, or post, is a system for transporting letters and other tangible objects: written documents, typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post.In principle, a postal service...
; MGC26718; MGC29891; MIB1; MIB2; MPHOSPH8
MPHOSPH8
M-phase phosphoprotein 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MPHOSPH8 gene.-Further reading:...
; MTPN
MTPN
Myotrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTPN gene.-Interactions:MTPN has been shown to interact with RELA and REL.-Further reading:...
; MYO16;
NFKB1
NFKB1
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKB1 gene.This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and...
; NFKB2
NFKB2
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKB2 gene.-Interactions:NFKB2 has been shown to interact with NFKBIE, BCL3, MAP3K8, BTRC, RELA, RELB, NFKB1, REL and TSC22D3.-Further reading:...
; NFKBIA; NFKBIB
NFKBIB
NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKBIB gene.-Interactions:NFKBIB has been shown to interact with RELA, Retinoid X receptor alpha and IKK2.-Further reading:...
; NFKBIE
NFKBIE
Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon, also known as NFKBIE, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NFKBIE gene.- Function :...
; NFKBIL1
NFKBIL1
NF-kappa-B inhibitor-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKBIL1 gene.-Further reading:...
; NFKBIL2; NOTCH1
NOTCH1
Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated , also known as NOTCH1, is a human gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane receptor.A deficiency can be associated with bicuspid aortic valve....
;
NOTCH2
NOTCH2
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 also known as notch 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH2 gene.NOTCH2 is associated with Alagille syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney syndrome.- Function :Notch 2 a member of the notch family...
; NOTCH3; NOTCH4
NOTCH4
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH4 gene.-Further reading:...
; NRARP; NUDT12
NUDT12
Peroxisomal NADH pyrophosphatase NUDT12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NUDT12 gene.-Further reading:...
; OSBPL1A
OSBPL1A
Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL1A gene.-Further reading:...
; OSTF1
OSTF1
Osteoclast-stimulating factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSTF1 gene.-Further reading:...
; PLA2G6
PLA2G6
85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G6 gene.-Further reading:...
;
POTE14; POTE15; POTE8; PPP1R12A
PPP1R12A
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R12A gene.-Interactions:PPP1R12A has been shown to interact with Interleukin 16.-External links:* Info with links in the...
; PPP1R12B
PPP1R12B
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R12B gene.-Interactions:PPP1R12B has been shown to interact with Interleukin 16.-Further reading:...
; PPP1R12C; PPP1R13B
PPP1R13B
Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R13B gene.-Further reading:...
; PPP1R13L
PPP1R13L
RelA-associated inhibitor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R13L gene.-Interactions:PPP1R13L has been shown to interact with Sp1 transcription factor and RELA.-Further reading:...
;
PPP1R16A; PPP1R16B; PSMD10
PSMD10
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMD10 gene.-Interactions:PSMD10 has been shown to interact with PAAF1, Mdm2 and PSMC4.-Further reading:...
; RAI14
RAI14
Ankycorbin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAI14 gene.-Further reading:...
; RFXANK
RFXANK
DNA-binding protein RFXANK is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFXANK gene.-Interactions:RFXANK has been shown to interact with RFXAP and CIITA.-Further reading:...
; RIPK4
RIPK4
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RIPK4 gene.-Further reading:...
; RNASEL
RNASEL
2-5A-dependent ribonuclease is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNASEL gene.-Further reading:...
; SHANK1
SHANK1
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK1 gene.-Interactions:SHANK1 has been shown to interact with SPTAN1, BAIAP2, ARHGEF7, DNM2 and Somatostatin receptor 2.-Further reading:...
;
SHANK2
SHANK2
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK2 gene. Two alternative splice variants, encoding distinct isoforms, are reported...
; SHANK3
SHANK3
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3, also known as SHANK3, is a human gene on chromosome 22.This gene is a member of the Shank gene family. Shank proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density that connect neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and other membrane...
; SNCAIP
SNCAIP
Synphilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCAIP gene.-Interactions:SNCAIP has been shown to interact with Alpha-synuclein and Parkin .-Further reading:...
; TA-NFKBH; TEX14; TNKS
TNKS
Tankyrase-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TNKS gene.-Interactions:TNKS has been shown to interact with MCL1, TNKS1BP1, FNBP1 and TERF1.-Further reading:...
; TNKS2
TNKS2
Tankyrase-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TNKS2 gene.-Interactions:TNKS2 has been shown to interact with GRB14, TERF1 and Cystinyl aminopeptidase.-Further reading:...
; TNNI3K; TP53BP2
TP53BP2
Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 also known as Bcl2-binding protein and tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53BP2 gene...
; TRP7; TRPA1
TRPA1
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as TRPA1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TRPA1 gene....
; TRPC3
TRPC3
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 3, also known as TRPC3, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.-Interactions:TRPC3 has been shown to interact with TRPC1 and TRPC6.-Further reading:...
; TRPC4
TRPC4
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 4, also known as TRPC4, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.-Interactions:TRPC4 has been shown to interact with TRPC1, ITPR1 and TRPC5.-Roles:...
; TRPC5
TRPC5
Short transient receptor potential channel 5 also known as transient receptor protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC5 gene. TrpC5 is subtype of the TRPC family of mammalian transient receptor potential ion channels.- Function :TrpC5 is one of the seven mammalian TRPC proteins...
; TRPC6
TRPC6
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6, also known as TRPC6, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name. TRPC6 is a transient receptor potential ion channel...
; TRPC7
TRPC7
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 7, also known as TRPC7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name....
; TRPV1
TRPV1
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 ', also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene...
; TRPV2
TRPV2
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV2 gene.- Function :This gene encodes an ion channel that is activated by high temperatures above 52 °C. The protein may be involved in transduction of high-temperature heat responses...
; TRPV3
TRPV3
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name.- Physiology of TRPV3 channel :...
; TRPV4
TRPV4
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV4 gene.This gene encodes TRPV4, a member of the OSM9-like transient receptor potential channel subfamily in the transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels...
; TRPV5
TRPV5
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV5 gene.TRPV5 is mainly expressed in kidney epithelial cells, where it plays an important role in the reabsorption of Ca2+.. Genetic deletion of TRPV5 in mice leads to Ca2+ loss in the...
; TRPV6
TRPV6
TRPV6 is a membrane calcium channel which is responsible for the first step in calcium absorption in the intestine. It was first named CAT1, or ECaC2, and has been described in the intestine in several species, including humans. It is located in the apical brush-border membrane of the intestinal...
; UACA
UACA
Uveal autoantigen with coiled-coil domains and ankyrin repeats is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UACA gene.-Further reading:...
; USH1G
USH1G
Usher syndrome type-1G protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USH1G gene.-External Links:* -Further reading:...
; ZDHHC13; ZDHHC17
ZDHHC17
Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC17 is an enzyme that contains a DHHC domain that in humans is encoded by the ZDHHC17 gene.-Interactions:ZDHHC17 has been shown to interact with Huntingtin.-Further reading:...
;
See also
- DARPinDARPinDARPins are genetically engineered antibody mimetic proteins typically exhibiting highly specific and high-affinity target protein binding. They are derived from natural ankyrin proteins and consist of at least three, usually four or five repeat motifs of these proteins...
(designed ankyrin repeat protein), an engineered antibody mimetic based on the structure of ankyrin repeats