Audience measurement
Encyclopedia
Audience measurement measures how many people are in an audience
, usually in relation to radio
listenership and television
viewership, but also in relation to newspaper
and magazine
readership and, increasingly, web traffic
on website
s. Sometimes, the term is used as pertaining to practices which help broadcasters
and advertisers
determine who is listening rather than just how many people are listening. This broader meaning is also called audience research.
Measurements are broken down by media market
, which for the most part corresponds to metropolitan area
s, both large and small.
was one of the first methods of recording information. However, this is prone to mistakes
and forgetfulness
, as well as subjectivity
. Data is also collected down to the level of listener opinion of individual songs, cross referenced against their age, race, and economic status in listening sessions sponsored by oldies and mix formatted stations. IBOPE was the first realtime service for audience measurement of the world, it started in São Paulo
in 1988. In 1990 IBOPE started working in association with companies from México
, Colômbia
, Venezuela
, Equador, Peru
, Chile
andArgentina
to start similar services in those countries.
has been used to track listening and viewing habits. Arbitron
's Portable People Meter
uses a microphone
to pick up and record subaudible tone
s embedded in broadcasts by an encoder
at each station or network
. It has even been used to track in-store radio
.
operators with full passive and permissive viewer measurement functionality to monitor television channel
ratings. The system tracks every time the channel is changed and records it accordingly. It allows what was being viewed at the time and which channel the viewer changed to. This information allows operators, broadcasters and advertising
media to monitor audience TV usage habits. Such monitoring can be automatically performed in real-time without the necessity of viewers cooperation.
and digital media
audiences through a telephone and Internet survey. Nielsen BuzzMetrics measures consumer-generated media
. Other companies collecting information on internet usage include comScore
and Hitwise
, who measure hits on internet pages. Companies like Visible Measures focus on measuring specific types of media; in the case of Visible Measures, they measure online video consumption and distribution across all video advertising and content.
TruMedia, Quividi, stickyPiXEL and CognoVision
provide real-time audience data including size, attention span and demographics
by using video analytics technology to automatically detect, track and classify viewers watching digital displays
. Networked Insights measures online audiences, and released a report ranking television shows, based on people's interactions within social media. The study showed that half of the shows on Networked Insights' top 10 list did not appear on the Nielsen Media Research
(NMR) list.
One single television
ratings point (Rtg or TVR) represents 1% of viewers in the surveyed area in a given minute. As of 2004, there are an estimated 109.6 million television households in the United States
. Thus, a single national household ratings point represents 1%, or 1,096,000 households for the 2004-05 season. When used for the broadcast of a program, the average rating across the duration of the show is typically given. Ratings points are often used for specific demographics rather than just households. For example a ratings point among the key 18-49 year olds demographic is equivalent to 1% of all 18-49 year olds in the country.
A Rtg / TVR is different from a share point in that it is the percentage of all possible viewers, while a share point is 1% of all viewers watching television at the time. Hence the share of a broadcast is often significantly higher than the rating, especially at times when overall TV viewing is low. A low TRP can have an adversse effect on a TV program eventually leading to its closure.
s) or Target Rating Point
s (TRPs) are chiefly used to measure the performance of TV-based advertising campaigns, and are the sum of the TVRs of each commercial spot within the campaign. An ad campaign might require a certain number of GRPs among a particular demographic across the duration of the campaign. The GRP of a campaign is equal to the percentage of people who saw, multiplied by the average number of spots that these viewers saw. Targeted Rating Points are a refinement of GRPs to express the reach time frequency of only the most likely prospects. For example, if a campaign buys 150 GRPs for a television spot, but only half of that audience is actually in the market for the campaign's product, then the TRP would be stated as 75 to calculate the net effective buy http://forum.researchinfo.com/showthread.php?t=1217.
GRP stands for Gross Rating Point. A standard measure in advertising, it measures adverising impact. It is a percent of the target market reached multiplied by the exposure frequency. Thus, a program which advertises to 30% of the target market and gives them 4 exposures, will have 120 GRP.
GRPs as a measure has some limitations. People like to think of it as a measure of impact, but that is really overstated. Impact should measure sales; this measures exposures, which is in fact assumed not actual exposures.
Universe: Universe is the total or actual number of people in a defined target audience.
Reach: Reach is the number of individuals from the universe who are exposed to the medium or vehicle.
Reach is normally expressed in terms of % (percentages)
If universe is: 1000000 Individuals (it’s approx. data, it’s usually defined through sampling through people-meter)
For a single episode of a program (30 minutes or 1 hour)
If out of above 1000000 of individuals 600000 saw at least 1 minute of programme then:
Reach = (600000/1000000) x 100
Reach = 60%
Variations of the REACH CONCEPT
Gross Reach is the summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle.
Cumulative Reach: The audiences accumulate over the time
• Net Reach: Net Reach is the summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle and excludes the duplication of the viewership.
TVR = Reach x Time spent
TVR = (minutes viewed/minutes available) + (mins viewed / minutes available)/N X100
N= Number of individuals
The sum of all ratings achieved in a campaign
GRP levels are generally measured and reported on a 4 week basis
It is a measure of the media plan’s trust
Measurement used in planning a television media buy based on the cost of a commercial time slot and the rating of the program where the time slot is positioned. If, for example, the cost of a commercial time slot during prime time was $1000 and the program rating for that time was 10 (which means that 10% of the total potential audience was tuned to that program), then the cost per GRP would be $1000 divided by 10%, or $100. The CPGRP measurement is a way of measuring the efficiency of media cost, as compared to measuring the cost per thousand (CPT) and is generally used when making comparisons of the various broadcast vehicles. When the actual buy is made, the advertiser will still want to know the cost of reaching people on a cost-per-thousand basis.
CPRP = 2491 (i.e.,Total Amt/Total GRPs)
may inflate listenership, because they are only measured in 15-minute increments. Listening at any time during a quarter-hour counts as listening for the entire duration, even if the actual time was just for a song
or two.
The process of surveying listeners for their preferences has also been criticised for its lack of flexibility. Listeners complain that modern radio lacks variety and depth but the measurement methods only facilitate further refinement of already minutely programmed formats rather than the overhaul that many listeners are asking for. Radio in the USA, is where listeners hear their old favorites rather than are exposed to new music. Data obtained by some audience measurement methods is detailed to individual songs and how they are reacted to by each age, racial, and economic group the station is seeking to attract. This statistical approach leads to highly recognizable songs (such as those from the Beatles
) which score well with a cross-section of listeners.
. Each year, hundreds of attendees from around the world gather to hear a collection of experts speak on Social Media
, Mobile
and Cross-Platform
issues.
Audience
An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature , theatre, music or academics in any medium...
, usually in relation to radio
Radio
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
listenership and television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
viewership, but also in relation to newspaper
Newspaper
A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
and magazine
Magazine
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three...
readership and, increasingly, web traffic
Web traffic
Web traffic is the amount of data sent and received by visitors to a web site. It is a large portion of Internet traffic. This is determined by the number of visitors and the number of pages they visit...
on website
Website
A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet...
s. Sometimes, the term is used as pertaining to practices which help broadcasters
Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any audio visual medium. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof...
and advertisers
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...
determine who is listening rather than just how many people are listening. This broader meaning is also called audience research.
Measurements are broken down by media market
Media market
A media market, broadcast market, media region, designated market area , Television Market Area , or simply market is a region where the population can receive the same television and radio station offerings, and may also include other types of media including newspapers and Internet content...
, which for the most part corresponds to metropolitan area
Metropolitan area
The term metropolitan area refers to a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A metropolitan area usually encompasses multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,...
s, both large and small.
Diaries
The diaryDiary
A diary is a record with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, and/or thoughts or feelings, including comment on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone...
was one of the first methods of recording information. However, this is prone to mistakes
Error
The word error entails different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word "error" is "wandering" or "straying". Unlike an illusion, an error or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge...
and forgetfulness
Forgetting
Forgetting refers to apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in an individual's long term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. It is subject to delicately balanced optimization that ensures that...
, as well as subjectivity
Subjectivity
Subjectivity refers to the subject and his or her perspective, feelings, beliefs, and desires. In philosophy, the term is usually contrasted with objectivity.-Qualia:...
. Data is also collected down to the level of listener opinion of individual songs, cross referenced against their age, race, and economic status in listening sessions sponsored by oldies and mix formatted stations. IBOPE was the first realtime service for audience measurement of the world, it started in São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
in 1988. In 1990 IBOPE started working in association with companies from México
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, Colômbia
Colômbia
Colômbia is a municipality in the northern part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2003 is 6,299 and the area is 731.46 km² The elevation is 492 m. The bounding municipalities are Barretos to the south and Guaíra to the east...
, Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
, Equador, Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
andArgentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
to start similar services in those countries.
Electronic
More recently, technologyTechnology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...
has been used to track listening and viewing habits. Arbitron
Arbitron
Arbitron is a consumer research company in the United States that collects listener data on radio audiences. It was founded as American Research Bureau by Jim Seiler in 1949 and became national by merging with L.A. based Coffin, Cooper and Clay in the early 1950s...
's Portable People Meter
Portable People Meter
The Portable People Meter is a system developed by Arbitron to measure how many people are listening to individual radio stations and television stations, including cable TV. The PPM is worn like a pager, and detects hidden audio tones within a station or network's audio stream, logging each...
uses a microphone
Microphone
A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. In 1877, Emile Berliner invented the first microphone used as a telephone voice transmitter...
to pick up and record subaudible tone
Subaudible tone
For the use of subaudible tones in Two-way radio see: CTCSSA subaudible tone is a tone that is used to trigger an automated event at a radio station. A subaudible tone is not inaudible; however, it is usually at a low level that is not noticeable to the average listener at normal volumes...
s embedded in broadcasts by an encoder
Encoder
An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size.-Media:...
at each station or network
Broadcast network
A broadcast network is an organization, such as a corporation or other voluntary association, that provides live television or recorded content, such as movies, newscasts, sports, Public affairs programming, and other television programs for broadcast over a group of radio stations or television...
. It has even been used to track in-store radio
Radio
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
.
Software
There are certain software applications being developed to monitor cable TVCable television
Cable television is a system of providing television programs to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through coaxial cables or digital light pulses through fixed optical fibers located on the subscriber's property, much like the over-the-air method used in traditional...
operators with full passive and permissive viewer measurement functionality to monitor television channel
Television channel
A television channel is a physical or virtual channel over which a television station or television network is distributed. For example, in North America, "channel 2" refers to the broadcast or cable band of 54 to 60 MHz, with carrier frequencies of 55.25 MHz for NTSC analog video and...
ratings. The system tracks every time the channel is changed and records it accordingly. It allows what was being viewed at the time and which channel the viewer changed to. This information allows operators, broadcasters and advertising
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...
media to monitor audience TV usage habits. Such monitoring can be automatically performed in real-time without the necessity of viewers cooperation.
New media
Nielsen//NetRatings measures InternetInternet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
and digital media
Digital media
Digital media is a form of electronic media where data is stored in digital form. It can refer to the technical aspect of storage and transmission Digital media is a form of electronic media where data is stored in digital (as opposed to analog) form. It can refer to the technical aspect of...
audiences through a telephone and Internet survey. Nielsen BuzzMetrics measures consumer-generated media
User-generated content
User generated content covers a range of media content available in a range of modern communications technologies. It entered mainstream usage during 2005 having arisen in web publishing and new media content production circles...
. Other companies collecting information on internet usage include comScore
ComScore
comScore is a Internet marketing research company providing marketing data and services to many of the Internet's largest businesses. comScore tracks all internet data on its surveyed computers in order to study online behavior....
and Hitwise
Hitwise
Experian Hitwise is a global online competitive intelligence service which collects data directly from ISP networks to aid website managers in analysing trends in visitor behavior and to measure website market share. The Hitwise product is a commercial platform whereby customers pay Hitwise a...
, who measure hits on internet pages. Companies like Visible Measures focus on measuring specific types of media; in the case of Visible Measures, they measure online video consumption and distribution across all video advertising and content.
TruMedia, Quividi, stickyPiXEL and CognoVision
CognoVision
CognoVision Solutions Inc. is a Toronto-based provider of real-time audience measurement and retail intelligence solutions. The company creates Anonymous Video Analytics software that uses small video cameras and real-time Computer vision algorithms to detect faces and people for measuring...
provide real-time audience data including size, attention span and demographics
Demographics
Demographics are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population. These types of data are used widely in sociology , public policy, and marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, race, age, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location...
by using video analytics technology to automatically detect, track and classify viewers watching digital displays
Display device
A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form...
. Networked Insights measures online audiences, and released a report ranking television shows, based on people's interactions within social media. The study showed that half of the shows on Networked Insights' top 10 list did not appear on the Nielsen Media Research
Nielsen Media Research
Nielsen Media Research is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre films and newspapers...
(NMR) list.
Demographics
The demographic of a particular show's audience is also measured. This is often notated in an abbreviated form, e.g.:- P2+ = Persons aged 2 or more
- P12-34 = Persons aged 12 to 34
- P18-49 = Persons aged 18 to 49
- A18-34 = Adults aged 18 to 34
- Men 18-34
- Women 18-34
Ratings point
Ratings point is a measure of viewership of a particular television programme.One single television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
ratings point (Rtg or TVR) represents 1% of viewers in the surveyed area in a given minute. As of 2004, there are an estimated 109.6 million television households in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. Thus, a single national household ratings point represents 1%, or 1,096,000 households for the 2004-05 season. When used for the broadcast of a program, the average rating across the duration of the show is typically given. Ratings points are often used for specific demographics rather than just households. For example a ratings point among the key 18-49 year olds demographic is equivalent to 1% of all 18-49 year olds in the country.
A Rtg / TVR is different from a share point in that it is the percentage of all possible viewers, while a share point is 1% of all viewers watching television at the time. Hence the share of a broadcast is often significantly higher than the rating, especially at times when overall TV viewing is low. A low TRP can have an adversse effect on a TV program eventually leading to its closure.
GRPs / TRPs
Gross Rating Points (GRPGross Rating Point
Gross rating point is a term used in advertising to measure the size of an audience reached by a specific media vehicle or schedule. It is the product of the percentage of the target audience reached by an advertisement, times the frequency they see it in a given campaign...
s) or Target Rating Point
Target Rating Point
-Definition:Television rating points, or TRPs, are an audience measurement criterion that indicates the popularity of a television channel or programme...
s (TRPs) are chiefly used to measure the performance of TV-based advertising campaigns, and are the sum of the TVRs of each commercial spot within the campaign. An ad campaign might require a certain number of GRPs among a particular demographic across the duration of the campaign. The GRP of a campaign is equal to the percentage of people who saw, multiplied by the average number of spots that these viewers saw. Targeted Rating Points are a refinement of GRPs to express the reach time frequency of only the most likely prospects. For example, if a campaign buys 150 GRPs for a television spot, but only half of that audience is actually in the market for the campaign's product, then the TRP would be stated as 75 to calculate the net effective buy http://forum.researchinfo.com/showthread.php?t=1217.
GRP stands for Gross Rating Point. A standard measure in advertising, it measures adverising impact. It is a percent of the target market reached multiplied by the exposure frequency. Thus, a program which advertises to 30% of the target market and gives them 4 exposures, will have 120 GRP.
GRPs as a measure has some limitations. People like to think of it as a measure of impact, but that is really overstated. Impact should measure sales; this measures exposures, which is in fact assumed not actual exposures.
- Basics of TAM (Television Advertising Measurement):
Universe: Universe is the total or actual number of people in a defined target audience.
Reach: Reach is the number of individuals from the universe who are exposed to the medium or vehicle.
Reach is normally expressed in terms of % (percentages)
- Calculation of Reach:
If universe is: 1000000 Individuals (it’s approx. data, it’s usually defined through sampling through people-meter)
For a single episode of a program (30 minutes or 1 hour)
If out of above 1000000 of individuals 600000 saw at least 1 minute of programme then:
Reach = (600000/1000000) x 100
Reach = 60%
Variations of the REACH CONCEPT
- Gross Reach:
Gross Reach is the summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle.
- Week 1: 1000
- Week 2: 2000
- Week 3: 1500
- Week 4: 1200
- Hence, Gross Reach = week 1 + Week 2 + Week 3 + Week 4
- Gross Reach = 5700
- Cumulative Reach
Cumulative Reach: The audiences accumulate over the time
- The number of individuals within the TG who are exposed to the medium or vehicle over a certain period of time
- Total time= Total average minutes (universe) x Universe
- Total Time/ Reach = Avg minutes viewers
- Net Reach
• Net Reach: Net Reach is the summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle and excludes the duplication of the viewership.
| Weeks | Gross Reach | Total Reach | Duplication | Total Duplication | Net Reach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | 1000 | 1000 | |||
| -- | 1000 | ||||
| Week 2 | 2000 | 3000 | (300) | (300) | 2700 |
| Week 3 | 1500 | 4500 | (900) | (1200) | 3300 |
| Week 4 | 1200 | 5700 | (1000 | (2200) | 3500 |
- What is a TVR (Television Rating Point):
TVR = Reach x Time spent
TVR = (minutes viewed/minutes available) + (mins viewed / minutes available)/N X100
N= Number of individuals
- Gross Rating Points (GRPs)
The sum of all ratings achieved in a campaign
GRP levels are generally measured and reported on a 4 week basis
It is a measure of the media plan’s trust
- CPRP
Measurement used in planning a television media buy based on the cost of a commercial time slot and the rating of the program where the time slot is positioned. If, for example, the cost of a commercial time slot during prime time was $1000 and the program rating for that time was 10 (which means that 10% of the total potential audience was tuned to that program), then the cost per GRP would be $1000 divided by 10%, or $100. The CPGRP measurement is a way of measuring the efficiency of media cost, as compared to measuring the cost per thousand (CPT) and is generally used when making comparisons of the various broadcast vehicles. When the actual buy is made, the advertiser will still want to know the cost of reaching people on a cost-per-thousand basis.
| Programme Name | Time | Secondages | Effective Rate | Total Amt | TVR | GRP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 10:00am - 11:00am | 150 | 6000 | 90000 | 5.4 | 81 |
| B | 21:00 - 22:00 | 200 | 30000 | 600000 | 9.8 | 196 |
| Total | - | 350 | - | 690000 | - | 277 |
CPRP = 2491 (i.e.,Total Amt/Total GRPs)
Criticisms
Diary-based radio ratings in the USAUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
may inflate listenership, because they are only measured in 15-minute increments. Listening at any time during a quarter-hour counts as listening for the entire duration, even if the actual time was just for a song
Song
In music, a song is a composition for voice or voices, performed by singing.A song may be accompanied by musical instruments, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of a cappella songs...
or two.
The process of surveying listeners for their preferences has also been criticised for its lack of flexibility. Listeners complain that modern radio lacks variety and depth but the measurement methods only facilitate further refinement of already minutely programmed formats rather than the overhaul that many listeners are asking for. Radio in the USA, is where listeners hear their old favorites rather than are exposed to new music. Data obtained by some audience measurement methods is detailed to individual songs and how they are reacted to by each age, racial, and economic group the station is seeking to attract. This statistical approach leads to highly recognizable songs (such as those from the Beatles
The Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band, active throughout the 1960s and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Formed in Liverpool, by 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr...
) which score well with a cross-section of listeners.
Measurement Conferences
The world’s largest audience measurement conference, AM 6.0, is presented annually by the Advertising Research FoundationAdvertising Research Foundation
The Advertising Research Foundation is a nonprofit industry association for creating, aggregating, synthesizing and sharing knowledge in the fields of advertising and media. It was founded in 1936 by the Association of National Advertisers and the American Association of Advertising Agencies...
. Each year, hundreds of attendees from around the world gather to hear a collection of experts speak on Social Media
Social media
The term Social Media refers to the use of web-based and mobile technologies to turn communication into an interactive dialogue. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0,...
, Mobile
Mobile phone
A mobile phone is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator...
and Cross-Platform
Multimedia
Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which use only rudimentary computer display such as text-only, or...
issues.
Measurement companies
- The Kantar MediaKantar GroupKantar, based in UK, was founded in 1993 as the Market Research, Insight and Consultancy Division of WPP plc, a London-based public company. It is a network of 13 specialist companies, with around 28,500 employees working in 100 countries across various research and consultancy disciplines...
network (including TNSTaylor Nelson SofresTaylor Nelson Sofres is a leading market research and market information group. Formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange and a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the firm was acquired by WPP Group in October 2008 for 1.6 billion pounds.-History:...
) currently measures TV, Radio and Internet audiences in over 40 countries. - AGB Nielsen Media ResearchNielsen Media ResearchNielsen Media Research is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre films and newspapers...
currently measures TV Audiences in 27 countries globally using people meter technology in more than 58,000 homes. - In AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
ratings are collected by three main organizations. OzTAMOzTAMOzTAM is an Australian audience measurement research firm that collects and markets television ratings data. It is jointly owned by the Seven Network, the Nine Network and Network Ten, and is the official source of television ratings data for all metropolitan television in Sydney, Melbourne,...
serves metropolitan areaMetropolitan areaThe term metropolitan area refers to a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A metropolitan area usually encompasses multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,...
s, Regional TAM serves regional areas serviced by three commercial networks, and Nielsen Media Research AustraliaNielsen Media ResearchNielsen Media Research is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre films and newspapers...
handles for regional areas serviced by two commercial networks. Ratings are collected over 40 weeks of the year, with a two-week break over EasterEasterEaster is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated on Easter Day or Easter Sunday...
and 10 weeks over summer. - In ArgentinaArgentinaArgentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
, radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
and televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
measurement is done by Ibope and Infortecnica. - In BelgiumBelgiumBelgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
the measurement is done by GfK Audimetrie and MediaXim at the request of Centrum voor Informatie over de Media (CIM). - In Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
, Mareco Index BosniaMareco Index BosniaMareco Index Bosnia is public opinion, media and market research company, located in Bosnia and Herzegovina.-International membership:* Gallup International – full voting status from year: 2000...
is the provider of TAM ratings (TV Meters). This company also provides Radio & Print Measurement data (Diary). - In BrazilBrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, IBOPEIBOPEIBOPE was established in Brazil in 1942 and provides the largest collection of information in Brazilian and Latin American markets...
provides measurement services for TV. - The provider of BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
n TAM ratings is Taylor Nelson SofresTaylor Nelson SofresTaylor Nelson Sofres is a leading market research and market information group. Formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange and a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the firm was acquired by WPP Group in October 2008 for 1.6 billion pounds.-History:...
TV PLAN; this company uses TV meters. - In CanadaCanadaCanada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, BBM Canada measures both TV and radio while its subsidiary BBM Analytics is one of several companies that provide software for analyzing the data. - In ColombiaColombiaColombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
, televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
measurement is done by IBOPEIBOPEIBOPE was established in Brazil in 1942 and provides the largest collection of information in Brazilian and Latin American markets...
and NielsenNielsenNielsen , is a Danish patronymic surname, literally meaning son of Niels, Niels being the Danish version of the Greek male given name Νικόλαος, Nikolaos . It is the second most common surname in Denmark, shared by about 5% of the population. It is also used in Norway, although the form Nelsen and...
. In Radio, measurements are handled by ECAR - Finnpanel measures both radio and TV in FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. - In Czech RepublicCzech RepublicThe Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
, television ratings are collected by Mediaresearch. - In DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
measurement is handled by TNS Gallup. - In FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
and televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
measurement is handled by MédiamétrieMédiamétrie-External links: http://www.mediametrie.fr/ http://www.mediametrie.com/...
. - In GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
TV audience measurement is done by Gesellschaft für KonsumforschungGfKThe GfK Group, established in 1934 as Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung is Germany's largest market research institute, and the fourth largest market research organisation in the world, after Nielsen Company, Kantar Group, and IMS Health...
. - In IndiaIndiaIndia , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, television ratingsRatings (broadcast)Ratings is a term used to describe the methods used by radio, cable and terrestrial television programming measure their performance. Ratings are collated using audience measurement.-Mechanisms for Calculating Ratings :...
are collected by two main organizations - TAM Media ResearchTam media researchTAM Media Research is a joint venture company between AC Nielsen and Kantar Media Research/IMRB. It is one of the two television Audience measurement analysis firms of India . Besides measuring television viewership, TAM also monitors advertising expenditure through its division AdEx India...
and Audience Measurement Analytics LimitedAudience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (Amap)Audience Measurement & Analytics Limited is the only overnight TV Audience Measurement System that provides data on Television in India on multiple dimensions like demographics, ownership, viewership etc...
(aMapAudience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (Amap)Audience Measurement & Analytics Limited is the only overnight TV Audience Measurement System that provides data on Television in India on multiple dimensions like demographics, ownership, viewership etc...
). udience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. aMap entered the market in 2005, with more coverage and latest technology from Telecontrol-Switzerland. udience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. aMap polls the meters (6000 households) using GSM network and provides ratings overnight. TAM India collects data manually (physical visits) and releases data weekly. udience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. aMap also has a stand-alone digital panel (aMapDigital) to measure TV viewing and Interactive engagement in direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) homes. - In JapanJapanJapan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
Video Research handles radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
and televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
measurement. - In KazakhstanKazakhstanKazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
, TV measurement is handled by TNSTNSTNS can stand for:* Taylor Nelson Sofres, a market research company* Tao Nan School, a primary school in Singapore* Taran Noah Smith, an American actor* Temporal noise shaping, an audio encoding technique* The Natural Step, a sustainability framework...
. - In LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
, TV and radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
measurements are handled by TNS Gallup. - In the NetherlandsNetherlandsThe Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
the measurement is done by Intomart GfK and MediaXim at the request of Stichting KijkOnderzoek (SKO). - In the PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, TV measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen Media Research PhilippinesAGB Nielsen PhilippinesAGB-Nielsen Media Research Philippines, popularly called AGB Nielsen, is a market research firm in the Philippines specializing in broadcast media...
and TNS Philippines/Kantar Media. AGB Nielsen Philippines monitors its ratings in Mega Manila while TNS Philippines/Kantar Media monitors its ratings in the whole Philippines including Mega Manila. - In PakistanPakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
TV audience measurement is done by Gallup BRB & Medialogic Pakistan. - In PortugalPortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
TV, Radio, Press and Internet audience measurement are done by Marktest. - In PolandPolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
TV audience measurement is done by Nielsen Audience Measurement. - In RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
TV, Radio, Press and Internet measurements are handled by TNS Gallup, OOH is measured by ESPAR Analytics in cooperation with TNS Gallup. - In SlovakiaSlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
TV audience measurement is done by TNS. - In SpainSpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, digital signage audience measurement is done by aiTech. radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
and televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
measurement is done by Infortecnica. - In SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
TV audience measurement is done by MMS — Mediamätning i Skandinavien. - In TurkeyTurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
, TV measurement is done by AGB Nielsen, radio by IPSOS-KMG. - In the UKUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, televisionTelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
measurement is handled by the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board via a metered panel and radioRadioRadio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
by RAJARRAJARRAJAR was established in 1992 to operate a single audience measurement system for the radio industry in the United Kingdom. RAJAR is jointly owned by the British Broadcasting Corporation and the RadioCentre...
, using a diaryDiaryA diary is a record with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, and/or thoughts or feelings, including comment on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone...
system. The NRS (National Readership Survey) measures newspaperNewspaperA newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
and magazineMagazineMagazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three...
readership. - In the United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, TV measurement is done by Nielsen Media ResearchNielsen Media ResearchNielsen Media Research is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre films and newspapers...
, radio by ArbitronArbitronArbitron is a consumer research company in the United States that collects listener data on radio audiences. It was founded as American Research Bureau by Jim Seiler in 1949 and became national by merging with L.A. based Coffin, Cooper and Clay in the early 1950s...
and digital signage by TruMedia and CognoVisionCognoVisionCognoVision Solutions Inc. is a Toronto-based provider of real-time audience measurement and retail intelligence solutions. The company creates Anonymous Video Analytics software that uses small video cameras and real-time Computer vision algorithms to detect faces and people for measuring...
. - In the US, StratacacheStratacacheSTRATACACHE is an American company which sells digital signage, content distribution, IP video, and enterprise video acceleration services.The company’s multimedia software platform powers over 1.2 million software and appliance installations...
uses Audience Measurement technology to build reports for digital signage. - In Vietnam, TV measurement is done by Kantar Media in 6 main cities.