Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Encyclopedia
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed
Indian Removal
Indian removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river...
by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions.
Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico
In the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, ethnographers
Ethnography
Ethnography is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group...
commonly classify indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are ethnic groups that are defined as indigenous according to one of the various definitions of the term, there is no universally accepted definition but most of which carry connotations of being the "original inhabitants" of a territory....
into ten geographical regions with shared cultural
Culture
Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
traits, called cultural areas. Greenland
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
is part of the Arctic region. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.
Arctic
- Aleut
- InuitInuitThe Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada , Denmark , Russia and the United States . Inuit means “the people” in the Inuktitut language...
- KalaallitKalaallitKalaallit is the contemporary term in the Kalaallisut language for the indigenous people living in Greenland, also called the Kalaallit Nunaat. The singular term is kalaaleq. The Kalaallit are a part of the Arctic Inuit people. The language spoken by Inuit in Greenland is Kalaallisut.Historically,...
- InuvialuitInuvialuitThe Inuvialuit or Western Canadian Inuit are Inuit people who live in the western Canadian Arctic region. They, like all other Inuit, are descendants of the Thule who migrated eastward from Alaska...
- Inupiat
- Kalaallit
- Cup'ik-Yup'ik
Subarctic
- AhtnaAhtnaThe Ahtna are one of the tribes of Athabaskan people in Alaska. The tribe's homeland is located in the Copper River area of southern Alaska, and the name Ahtna derives from the local name for the Copper River...
(Ahtena, Nabesna) - AnishinaabeAnishinaabeAnishinaabe or Anishinabe—or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek, which is the plural form of the word—is the autonym often used by the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Algonquin peoples. They all speak closely related Anishinaabemowin/Anishinaabe languages, of the Algonquian language family.The meaning...
- see also Northeastern Woodlands- Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba
- OjibwaOjibwaThe Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...
(Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota
- AtikamekwAtikamekwThe Atikamekw are the indigenous inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan , in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec , Canada. Their population currently stands at around 4500. One of the main communities is Manawan, about northeast of Montreal. They have a tradition of...
- BearlakeBearlakeBearlake may refer to:* a mainboard chipset* a language or tribe...
- ChipewyanChipewyanThe Chipewyan are a Dene Aboriginal people in Canada, whose ancestors were the Taltheilei...
- CreeCreeThe Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations / Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. In Canada, the major proportion of Cree live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories, although...
- DakelhDakelhThe Dakelh or Carrier are the indigenous people of a large portion of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada.Most Carrier call themselves Dakelh, meaning "people who go around by boat"...
- BabineBabineIn its broader sense, Babine refers to the Athabascan Indians who speak the Babine dialect of the Babine-Witsuwit'en language in the vicinity of the Babine River, Babine Lake, Trembleur Lake, and Takla Lake in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada....
- Wet'suwet'enWet'suwet'enWet'suwet'en are a First Nations people who live on the Bulkley River and around Broman Lake and Francois Lake in the northwestern Central Interior of British Columbia...
- Babine
- Deg Hit’anDeg Hit’anDeg Hit’an is a group of Northern Athabascan peoples in Alaska. Their native language is called Deg Xinag. They reside in Alaska along the Anvik River in Anvik, along the Innoko River in Shageluk, and at Holy Cross along the lower Yukon River...
(Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana) - Dena’inaDena’inaThe Dena'ina are an Alaska Native people, an extended tribe of American Indian lineage. They are the original inhabitants of the southcentral Alaska region ranging from Seldovia in the south to Chickaloon in the northeast, Talkeetna in the north, Lime Village in the Northwest and Pedro Bay in the...
(Dialects: Outer Inlet, Upper Inlet, Iliama, Inland Dena'ina, Kachemak BayKachemak BayKachemak Bay is a 64-km-long arm of Cook Inlet in the U.S. state of Alaska, located on the southwest side of the Kenai Peninsula. The communities of Homer, Halibut Cove, Seldovia, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Kachemak City are on the bay as well as three Old Believer settlements in the Fox River...
, Kenai Dena'ina, Susitna RiverSusitna RiverThe Susitna River is a long river in the Southcentral Alaska. It is the 15th largest river in the United States of America, ranked by average discharge volume at its mouth. The river stretches from the Susitna Glacier to Cook Inlet....
) - DunnezaDunnezaThe Dane-zaa are a First Nation of the large Athapaskan language group; their traditional territory is around the Peace River of the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada...
(Beaver) - Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheaux)
- HänHän languageThe Hän language is a Native American endangered language spoken in only two places: Eagle, Alaska and Dawson City, Yukon. There are only a few fluent speakers left , all of them elderly....
- Hare
- Holikachuk
- InnuInnuThe Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan , which comprises most of the northeastern portions of the provinces of Quebec and some western portions of Labrador...
- KaskaKaskaThe Kaska or Kaska Dena are a First Nations people living mainly in northern British Columbia and the southeastern Yukon in Canada. The Kaska language originally spoken by the Kaska is an Athabaskan language....
(NahaneKaskaThe Kaska or Kaska Dena are a First Nations people living mainly in northern British Columbia and the southeastern Yukon in Canada. The Kaska language originally spoken by the Kaska is an Athabaskan language....
) - Kolchan (Upper Kuskokwim)
- KoyukonKoyukonThe Koyukon are a group of Athabaskan people living in northern Alaska. Their traditional home is along the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers where they subsisted by hunting and trapping for thousands of years...
- Mountain
- NaskapiNaskapiThe Naskapi are the indigenous Innu inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what other Canadians refer to as eastern Quebec and Labrador, Canada....
- SekaniSekaniSekani is the name of an Athabaskan First Nations people in the Northern Interior of British Columbia. Their territory includes the Finlay and Parsnip River drainages of the Rocky Mountain Trench. The neighbors of the Sekani are the Babine to the west, Dakelh to the south, Dunneza to the east, and...
- Slavey (Dialects: Hay RiverHay River (Canada)Hay River is a large river in northern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories, Canada.It originates in the muskeg of north western Alberta, flows west to British Columbia, then returns to Alberta, where it follows a northern course towards the Northwest Territories, where it discharges in the...
, Simpson Providence, Liard, Fort NelsonFort Nelson RiverThe Fort Nelson River is located in north-eastern British Columbia, Canada. It flows 517 km generally north-westward to the Liard River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River, which empties into the Arctic Ocean...
) - TagishTagishThe Tagish or Tagish Khwáan are a group of Athabaskan First Nation people that lived around Tagish Lake and Marsh Lake, in the Yukon Territory of Canada. Tagish people intermarried heavily with Tlingit people from the coast and the Tagish language is almost extinct...
- TahltanTahltanTahltan refers to a Northern Athabaskan people who live in northern British Columbia around Telegraph Creek, Dease Lake, and Iskut.-Social Organization:...
- Lower Tanana
- Middle Tanana
- Upper Tanana
- Tanacross
- Tasttine (Beaver)
- Tli ChoTli ChoThe Tłįchǫ or Tåîchô First Nation, formerly known as the Dogrib, are a Dene Aboriginal Canadian people living in the Northwest Territories , Canada....
- Inland Tlingit
- Tsetsaut (extinct)
- Tsilhqot'inTsilhqot'inThe Tsilhqot'in are a Northern Athabaskan First Nations people that live in British Columbia, Canada...
(Chilcotin) - Northern TutchoneNorthern TutchoneThe Northern Tutchone are a First Nations people living mainly in the central Yukon in Canada. The Northern Tutchone language, originally spoken by the Northern Tutchone people, is a variety of the Tutchone language, part of the Athabaskan language family...
- Southern TutchoneSouthern TutchoneThe Southern Tutchone are a First Nations people living mainly in the southern Yukon in Canada. The Southern Tutchone language, originally spoken by the Southern Tutchone people is a variety of the Tutchone language, part of the Athabaskan language family, although it may be argued that Northern...
- YellowknivesYellowknivesThe Yellowknives, Yellow Knives, Copper Indians, Red Knives or T'atsaot'ine are Aboriginal peoples of Canada, one of the five main groups of the Dene indigenous people that live in the Northwest Territories of Canada...
California
Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribesGreat Basin tribes
The Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin are the Native American peoples of the Great Basin inhabited a cultural region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, in what is now Nevada, and parts of Oregon, California, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. There is very little precipitation in the...
and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.
- AchomawiAchomawiThe Achomawi are one of eleven bands of the Pit River tribe of Native Americans who lived in northeastern California, USA....
, Achumawi, Pit River tribePit River TribeThe Pit River Tribe is a federally recognized tribe of eleven bands of indigenous peoples of California. They primarily live along the Pit River in the northeast corner of California...
, northeastern California - AtsugewiAtsugewiThe Atsugewi are Native Americans residing in what is now northern California, United States. Their traditional lands are near Mount Shasta, specifically the Pit River drainage on Burney, Hat, and Dixie Valley or Horse Creeks. They are closely related to the Achomawi and consisted of two groups...
, northeastern California - Cahuilla, southern California
- Chumash, coastal southern California
- BarbareñoBarbareño languageBarbareño is one of the extinct Chumash languages, a group of Native American languages previously spoken along the coastal areas of Southern California from as far north as San Luis Obispo to as far south as Malibu, California. The last first-language speaker of Barbareño was Mary...
- Cruzeño, Island Chumash
- Inezeño, Ineseño
- Obispeño, Northern Chumash
- Purisimeño
- Ventureño
- Barbareño
- ChilulaChilulaThe Chilula were an Athapaskan tribe who inhabited the area on or near lower Redwood Creek, in Northern California, some 500 to 600 years before contact with Europeans...
, northwestern California - ChimarikoChimarikoThe Chimariko were a Native American group living primarily in a narrow, 20-mile section of canyon on the Trinity River in Trinity County in northwestern California....
, extinct, northwestern California - Cupeño, southern California
- Eel River Athapaskan peoples
- Lassik, northwestern California
- Mattole (Bear River), northwestern California
- Nongatl, northwestern California
- Sinkyone, northwestern California
- Wailaki, Wai-lakki, northwestern California
- EsselenEsselenThe Esselen were a Native American linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family, who resided on the Central California coast and the coastal mountains, including what is now known as the Big Sur region in Monterey County, California...
, west-central California - HupaHupaHupa, also spelled Hoopa, are a Native American tribe in northwestern California. Their autonym is Natinixwe, also spelled Natinookwa, meaning "People of the Place Where the Trails Return." The majority of the tribe is enrolled in the federally recognized Hoopa Valley Tribe; however, some Hupa are...
, northwestern California- TsnungweTsnungweThe Tsnungwe are a Native American people settled along the Trinity River, South Fork of the Trinity River and New River, in Trinity and Humboldt County in California....
- Tsnungwe
- JuaneñoJuaneñoThe Juaneño or Acagchemem are a Native American group from Southern California. The Juaneño lived in what is now part of Orange and San Diego Counties and received their Spanish name from the priests of the California mission chain due to their proximity to Mission San Juan Capistrano...
, Acjachemem, southwestern California - Karok, northwestern California
- KatoKato (tribe)The Cahto are a indigenous Californian group of Native Americans in the United States. Today they are enrolled as the federally recognized tribe, the Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria or a small group of Cahto are enrolled in the Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley...
, Cahto, northwestern California - KitanemukKitanemukThe Kitanemuk were a Native American tribe and people who lived in the Tehachapi Mountains and the Antelope Valley area of the western Mojave Desert of southern California, United States.-Language:...
, south-central California - Konkow, northern-central California
- KumeyaayKumeyaayThe Kumeyaay, also known as Tipai-Ipai, Kamia, or formerly Diegueño, are Native American people of the extreme southwestern United States and northwest Mexico. They live in the states of California in the US and Baja California in Mexico. In Spanish, the name is commonly spelled...
, Diegueño, Kumiai- Ipai, southwestern California
- Jamul, southwestern California
- Tipai, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico
- Ipai, southwestern California
- La Jolla ComplexLa Jolla ComplexThe archaeological La Jolla Complex represents a prehistoric culture oriented toward coastal resources that prevailed during the middle Holocene period between c...
, southern California, ca. 6050—1000 BCE - Luiseño, southwestern California
- MaiduMaiduThe Maidu are a group of Native Americans who live in Northern California. They reside in the central Sierra Nevada, in the drainage area of the Feather and American Rivers...
, northeastern California - MiwokMiwokMiwok can refer to any one of four linguistically related groups of Native Americans, native to Northern California, who spoke one of the Miwokan languages in the Utian family...
, Me-wuk, central California- Coast MiwokCoast MiwokThe Coast Miwok were the second largest group of Miwok Native American people. The Coast Miwok inhabited the general area of modern Marin County and southern Sonoma County in Northern California, from the Golden Gate north to Duncans Point and eastward to Sonoma Creek...
, west-central California - Lake MiwokLake MiwokThe Lake Miwok were a branch of the Miwok, a Native American people of Northern California. The Lake Miwok lived in the Clear Lake basin of what is now called Lake County.-Culture:...
, west-central California - Valley and Sierra MiwokValley and Sierra MiwokThe Plains and Sierra Miwok , were the largest group of Miwok Native American people...
- Coast Miwok
- Monache, Western Mono, central California
- NisenanNisenanThe Nisenan, also known as the Southern Maidu and Valley Maidu, are one of many native groups of the Central Valley. The name Nisenan, derives from the ablative plural pronoun nisena·n, "from among us"...
, eastern-central California - NomlakiNomlakiThe Nomlaki are a Wintun people native to the area of the Sacramento Valley, extending westward to the Coast Range in Northern California. Currently one person speaks Nomlaki...
, northwestern California - Ohlone, Costanoan, west-central California
- AwaswasAwaswasThe Awaswas people are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone Native Americans of Northern California...
- ChalonChalonThe Chalon are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone people of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. Chalon is also the name of their spoken language, listed as one of the Ohlone languages of the Utian family...
- ChochenyoChochenyoThe Chochenyo are one of the divisions of the indigenous Ohlone people of Northern California...
- KarkinKarkin languageKarkin is a name of one sub-group of the indigenous Ohlone people of California, as well as the name of the language they spoke....
- MutsunMutsun languageMutsun is both: a name of one sub-group of the Ohlone indigenous people of Alta California; and the name of the native language the Mutsun tribes spoke.-The people:...
- RamaytushRamaytushThe Ramaytush are one of the linguistic subdivisions of the Ohlone Native Americans of Northern California. Historically, the Ramaytush inhabited the San Francisco Peninsula between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean in the area which is now San Francisco and San Mateo Counties.The Ramaytush...
- RumsenRumsenRumsen is one of eight language divisions of the Ohlone Native American people of Northern California...
- TamyenTamyenThe Tamyen are one of eight linguistic divisions of the Ohlone people groups of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. The Tamyen lived throughout the Santa Clara Valley...
- YelamuYelamuThe Yelamu were a Native American tribe of Ohlone people from the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California.-History:The Yelamu lived on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in the region comprising the City and County of San Francisco before the arrival of Spanish missionaries in 1769...
- Awaswas
- PatwinPatwinThe Patwin are a Wintun people native to the area of Northern California. The Patwin were a southern branch of the Wintun group and native inhabitants of California from 1,000 up to 4,000 years....
, central California- Suisun, Southern Patwin, central California
- Pauma ComplexPauma ComplexThe Pauma Complex is a prehistoric archaeological pattern initially defined by Delbert L. True in northern San Diego County, California.The complex is dated generally to the middle Holocene period...
, southern California, ca. 6050—1000 BCE - PomoPomo peopleThe Pomo people are an indigenous peoples of California. The historic Pomo territory in northern California was large, bordered by the Pacific Coast to the west, extending inland to Clear Lake, and mainly between Cleone and Duncans Point...
, northwestern and central-western California - SalinanSalinanThe Salinan Native Americans lived in what is now the Central Coast of California, in the Salinas Valley. Said to have gone extinct by the Census of 1930, the Salinan Native Americans survived and are now in the process of applying for tribal recognition from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.There...
, coastal central California- AntoniañoAntonianoAntoniano can refer to:People:* Giovanni Antoniano , Dutch scholar* Silvio Antoniano , Italian cardinalPlaces:* Institute of Antoniano, an educational and charitable institution in Bologna, ItalyOther:...
- Migueleño
- Antoniaño
- SerranoSerrano (people)The Serrano are a Native American tribe of present day California, United States. They use the autonyms of Taaqtam, meaning "people"; Maarenga'yam, "people from Morongo"; and Yuhaviatam, "people of the pines." The Serrano historically populated the San Bernardino Mountains and extended east into...
, southern California - ShastaShasta (tribe)The Shasta are an indigenous people of Northern California and Southern Oregon in the United States. They spoke one of the Shastan languages....
northwestern California- Konomihu, northwestern California
- Okwanuchu, northwestern California
- TataviamTataviamThe Tataviam , were called the Alliklik by their neighbors the Chumash , are a Native American group in southern California...
, Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California - TolowaTolowaThe Tolowa are a Native American tribe. They still reside in their traditional territories in northwestern California and southern Oregon. Tolowa are members of the federally recognized Smith River Rancheria, Elk Valley Rancheria, Confederated Tribes of Siletz, as well as the unrecognized Tolowa...
, northwestern California - Tongva, Gabrieleño, Fernandeño, San Clemente tribe, coastal southern California
- TubatulabalTübatulabal peopleThe Tübatulabal are Native Americans whose ancestral home was in the Kern River basin, in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains of California.Their traditional culture was similar to that of the Yokuts, who occupied most the of the southern half of the California's Central Valley. Acorns, piñon...
, south-central California - WappoWappoThe Wappo are a group of Native Americans who traditionally lived in Northern California in the areas of Napa Valley, the south shore of Clear Lake, Alexander Valley, and Russian River. When Mexicans arrived to colonize California, Wappo villages existed near the present-day towns of Yountville,...
, north-central California - WhilkutWhilkutThe Whilkut were an Athapaskan tribe, speaking a dialect similar to the Hupa and Chilula, who inhabited the area on or near the upper Redwood Creek and along the Mad River except near its mouth, up to Iaqua Butte, and some settlement in Grouse Creek in the Trinity River drainage in Northwestern...
, northwestern California - WintuWintuThe Wintu are Native Americans who live in what is now Northern California. They are part of a loose association of peoples known collectively as the Wintun . Others are the Nomlaki and the Patwin...
, northwestern California - WiyotWiyot peopleThe Wiyot people are a native people of the Humboldt Bay, California and nearby environs.-History:The Wiyot and Yurok are the farthest southwest people whose language has Algic roots; Wiyot and Yurok are distantly related to the Algonquian languages...
, northwestern California - YanaYana peopleThe Yana people were a group of Native Americans indigenous to Northern California in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, on the western side of the range. The Yana-speaking people comprised four groups: the Northern Yana, the Central Yana, the Southern Yana, and the Yahi...
, northern-central California- Yahi
- Yokuts, central and southern California
- Chukchansi, Foothill Yokuts, central California
- Northern Valley Yokuts, central California
- Tachi tribe, Southern Valley Yokuts, south-central California
- YukiYuki tribeThe Yuki are a Native American people from the zone of Round Valley, in what today is part of the territory of Mendocino County, Northern California. Yuki tribes are thought to have settled as far south as Hood Mountain in present-day Sonoma County...
, Ukomno'm, northwestern California- Huchnom, northwestern California
- YurokYurok tribeThe Yurok, whose name means "downriver people" in the neighboring Karuk language, are Native Americans who live in northwestern California near the Klamath River and Pacific coast...
, northwestern California
Northeastern Woodlands
- Abenaki (TarrantineTarrantineThe Tarrantines were a tribe of Native Americans inhabiting northern New England, particularly coastal Maine. The name Tarrantine is the word the Massachusett tribe used to refer to the Abenaki people....
), Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Quebec, and Vermont- Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire
- Kennebec (Caniba)
- Western AbenakiWestern AbenakiThe Abenaki are a tribe of Native American and First Nations people, one of the Algonquian-speaking peoples of northeastern North America. The Abenaki live in the New England region of the United States and Quebec and the Maritimes of Canada, a region called Wabanaki in the Eastern Algonquian...
: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont
- Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire
- AnishinaabeAnishinaabeAnishinaabe or Anishinabe—or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek, which is the plural form of the word—is the autonym often used by the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Algonquin peoples. They all speak closely related Anishinaabemowin/Anishinaabe languages, of the Algonquian language family.The meaning...
(Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, PlainsPlains IndiansThe Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and resistance to White domination have made the Plains Indians an archetype in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.Plains...
)- Algonquin, Quebec, Ontario
- NipissingNipissing First NationThe Nipissing First Nation consists of first nation people of Ojibwa and Algonquin descent who have lived in the area of Lake Nipissing in the Canadian province of Ontario for about 9,400 years. Though in history known by many names, they are generally considered part of the Anishinaabe peoples,...
, Ontario - OjibwaOjibwaThe Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...
(Chippewa, Ojibwe), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin- MississaugasMississaugasThe Mississaugas are a subtribe of the Anishinaabe-speaking First Nations people located in southern Ontario, Canada. They are closely related to the Ojibwa...
, Ontario - SaulteauxSaulteauxThe Saulteaux are a First Nation in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, Canada.-Ethnic classification:The Saulteaux are a branch of the Ojibwe nations. They are sometimes also called Anihšināpē . Saulteaux is a French term meaning "people of the rapids," referring to...
(Nakawē), Ontario
- Mississaugas
- Odawa peopleOdawa peopleThe Odawa or Ottawa, said to mean "traders," are a Native American and First Nations people. They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe nation. Their original homelands are located on Manitoulin Island, near the northern shores of Lake Huron, on the Bruce Peninsula in...
(Ottawa), Ontario, Michigan, later Oklahoma - PotawatomiPotawatomiThe Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...
, Michigan, Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later Oklahoma
- Assateague, Maryland
- Attawandaron (Neutral), Ontario
- BeothukBeothukThe Beothuk were one of the aboriginal peoples in Canada. They lived on the island of Newfoundland at the time of European contact in the 15th and 16th centuries...
, formerly Newfoundland - Choptank people, Maryland
- Conoy, Virginia
- Erie, Pennsylvania, New York
- Etchemin, Maine
- MeskwakiMeskwakiThe Meskwaki are a Native American people often known to outsiders as the Fox tribe. They have often been closely linked to the Sauk people. In their own language, the Meskwaki call themselves Meshkwahkihaki, which means "the Red-Earths." Historically their homelands were in the Great Lakes region...
(Fox), Michigan, later Iowa, Oklahoma - Ho-ChunkHo-ChunkThe Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago, are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what is now Wisconsin and Illinois. There are two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska....
(Winnebago), Wisconsin near Green Bay, Illinois, later Iowa and Nebraska - HonniasontHonniasontThe Honniasont were a little-known indigenous people of North America originally from eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. They appear to have inhabited the upper Ohio River valley, above Louisville, Kentucky .-Language:Honniasont may have been considered an Iroquoian language...
, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia - Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio and Black RiverBlack River (Ohio)The Black River is a tributary of Lake Erie, about 12 mi long, in northern Ohio in the United States. Via Lake Erie, the Niagara River and Lake Ontario, it is part of the watershed of the St. Lawrence River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean...
region, 200 BCE—500 CE - Illinois Confederacy (IlliniwekIlliniwekThe Illinois Confederation, sometimes referred to as the Illiniwek or Illini, were a group of twelve to thirteen Native American tribes in the upper Mississippi River valley of North America...
), Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri- Cahokia, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, later Oklahoma
- KaskaskiaKaskaskiaThe Kaskaskia were one of about a dozen cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation or Illinois Confederation. Their longstanding homeland was in the Great Lakes region...
, formerly Wisconsin - MiamiMiami tribeThe Miami are a Native American nation originally found in what is now Indiana, southwest Michigan, and western Ohio. The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is the only federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States...
, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, later Oklahoma
- MitchigameaMitchigameaMitchigamea or Michigamea or Mitchigamie were a tribe in the Illinois Confederation. Not much is known about them and their origin is uncertain. Originally they were said to be from the Lake Michigan, perhaps the Chicago area...
, formerly Illinois- MoingonaMoingonaThe historic Miami-Illinois people who are today referred to as the Moingona or Moingwena were close allies of or perhaps part of the Peoria. They were assimilated by that tribe and lost their separate identity about 1700...
, formerly Illinois - Peoria, Illinois, later Oklahoma
- Tamaroa, formerly Illinois
- WeaWeaThe Wea were a Miami-Illinois-speaking tribe originally located in western Indiana, closely related to the Miami. The name Wea is used today as the a shortened version of their many recorded names...
, formerly Indiana
- Moingona
- Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), Ontario, Quebec, and New York
- Cayuga, New York, later Oklahoma
- Mohawk New York and Kahnawake, Quebec
- Oneida, New York
- Onondaga, New York
- SenecaSeneca nationThe Seneca are a group of indigenous people native to North America. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League in New York before the American Revolution. While exact population figures are unknown, approximately 15,000 to 25,000 Seneca live in...
, New York, later Oklahoma- MingoMingoThe Mingo are an Iroquoian group of Native Americans made up of peoples who migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century. Anglo-Americans called these migrants mingos, a corruption of mingwe, an Eastern Algonquian name for Iroquoian-language groups in general. Mingos have also...
, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Mingo
- Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina
- Kickapoo, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, later Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- LaurentianSt. Lawrence IroquoiansThe St. Lawrence Iroquoians were a prehistoric First Nations/Native American indigenous people who lived from the 14th century until about 1580 CE along the shores of the St. Lawrence River in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada, and New York State, United States. They spoke Laurentian...
(St. Lawrence IroquoiansSt. Lawrence IroquoiansThe St. Lawrence Iroquoians were a prehistoric First Nations/Native American indigenous people who lived from the 14th century until about 1580 CE along the shores of the St. Lawrence River in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada, and New York State, United States. They spoke Laurentian...
, formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, 14th c.—1580 CE - Lenni-LenapeLenapeThe Lenape are an Algonquian group of Native Americans of the Northeastern Woodlands. They are also called Delaware Indians. As a result of the American Revolutionary War and later Indian removals from the eastern United States, today the main groups live in Canada, where they are enrolled in the...
Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma- Munsee linguistic group, (person from Minisink); originally resided in the greater Manhattan area, and drainage of Lower Hudson R. valley and upper Delaware R.
- EsopusEsopus tribeThe Esopus tribe was a tribe of Lenape Native Americans who were native to Upstate New York.The tribe fought a series of conflicts against settlers from the New Netherland Colony from September 1659 to September 1663, known as the Esopus Wars...
, formerly New York, later Ontario and Wisconsin- Waoranecks
- Warranawankongs
- Minisink above the Delaware Water Gap
- Ramapough Mountain IndiansRamapough Mountain IndiansThe Ramapough Mountain Indians, also known as Ramapo Mountain Indians or the Ramapough Lenape Nation, are a group of approximately 5,000 people living around the Ramapo Mountains of northern New Jersey and southern New York. Their tribal office is located on Stag Hill Road on Houvenkopf Mountain in...
, New Jersey
- Esopus
- Unami linguistic group
- Acquackanonk, Passaic River in northern New Jersey
- Hackensack, New Jersey
- Navasink, to the east along the north shore of New Jersey
- Raritan, New Jersey, New York
- Rumachenanck (Haverstraw), New Jersey, New York
- Tappan, New Jersey, New York
- UnalachtigoUnalachtigo LenapeThe Unalachtigo , were a division of the Lenape Native Americans.Once believed to comprise the southernmost of the three main divisions of the Lenape, they were said to have occupied the west bank of the Delaware River in the state of Delaware, and also the east bank of the river in New Jersey...
, Delaware, New Jersey - Wiechquaeskecks, Connecticut
- Munsee linguistic group, (person from Minisink); originally resided in the greater Manhattan area, and drainage of Lower Hudson R. valley and upper Delaware R.
- MascoutenMascoutenThe Mascouten were a tribe of Algonquian-speaking native Americans who are believed to have dwelt on both sides of the Mississippi River adjacent to the present-day Wisconsin-Illinois border....
, formerly Michigan - MassachusettMassachusettThe Massachusett are a tribe of Native Americans who lived in areas surrounding Massachusetts Bay in what is now the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in particular present-day Greater Boston; they spoke the Massachusett language...
, Massachusetts- PonkapoagPonkapoagPonkapoag is the name of a Native American "praying town" settled in the western Blue Hills area of eastern Massachusetts during the colonization of the Atlantic seaboard of the United States by settlers from Britain in the 17th century...
, Massachusetts
- Ponkapoag
- MenomineeMenomineeSome placenames use other spellings, see also Menomonee and Menomonie.The Menominee are a nation of Native Americans living in Wisconsin. The Menominee, along with the Ho-Chunk, are the only tribes that are indigenous to what is now Wisconsin...
, Wisconsin - Mahican ConfederacyMahicanThe Mahican are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe, originally settling in the Hudson River Valley . After 1680, many moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. During the early 1820s and 1830s, most of the Mahican descendants migrated westward to northeastern Wisconsin...
, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont- Housatonic, Massachusetts, New York
- MahicanMahicanThe Mahican are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe, originally settling in the Hudson River Valley . After 1680, many moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. During the early 1820s and 1830s, most of the Mahican descendants migrated westward to northeastern Wisconsin...
, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont - WappaniWappaniThe Wappinger were a confederacy of Native Americans whose territory in the 17th century spread along the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Primarily based in what is now Dutchess County, New York, their territory bordered Manhattan Island to the south, the Mahican territory bounded by the...
(WappingerWappingerThe Wappinger were an American tribe native to eastern New York. The term "Wappinger" may also refer to:* Wappinger, New York, the Town of Wappinger named for the tribe...
), New York- Wappinger proper, New York
- Hammonasset, Connecticut
- Kitchawank (Kichtawanks, Kichtawank), northern Westchester County, New York
- MattabessetMattabessetMattabesset or Mattabeseck refers to the Native American group which had its principal settlement at the Mattabeseck River of what is today Connecticut, United States. It is presumed that the portage offered the Mattabeseck additional opportunities for trade...
, New Haven County, Connecticut - Massaco, Farmington River, Connecticut
- Menunkatuck, coastal Connecticut
- Nochpeem, Dutchess County, New York
- Paugusset, along Housatonic River, Connecticut
- Podunk, eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
- Poquonock, Hartford County, Connecticut
- QuinnipiacQuinnipiacThis article is about the Native American nation. For the university, see Quinnipiac University.The Quinnipiac — rarely spelled Quinnipiack — is the English name for the Eansketambawg a Native American nation of the Algonquian family who inhabited the Wampanoki This article is about the Native...
(Eansketambawg), Connecticut, New Jersey, New York - Rechgawawanc (Recgawawanc)
- Sicaog, Hartford County, Connecticut
- Sintsink, Westchester County, New York
- SiwanoySiwanoyThe Native American Siwanoy or Sinanoy were a band of Algonquian-speaking people, the Wappinger, in what is now the New York City area. By the mid-17th century, when their territory became hotly contested between Dutch and English colonial interests, the Siwanoy were settled along the East River...
, Connecticut, New York - Tankiteke, Connecticut, New York
- TunxisTunxisThe Tunxis were a Native American tribe historically linked to the Wappinger that lived by a sizeable bend on the Farmington River near where Farmington and Southington in Hartford County, Connecticut exist today. The name Tunxis comes from the Wuttunkshau-sepus word meaning "the point where the...
, Hartford County, Connecticut - Wecquaesgeek, Westchester County, New York
- Wyachtonok, Connecticut, New York
- MassachusettMassachusettThe Massachusett are a tribe of Native Americans who lived in areas surrounding Massachusetts Bay in what is now the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in particular present-day Greater Boston; they spoke the Massachusett language...
, Massachusetts - Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine
- MoheganMoheganThe Mohegan tribe is an Algonquian-speaking tribe that lives in the eastern upper Thames River valley of Connecticut. Mohegan translates to "People of the Wolf". At the time of European contact, the Mohegan and Pequot were one people, historically living in the lower Connecticut region...
, Connecticut - MontaukettMontaukettThe Montaukett is an Algonquian-speaking Native American group native to the eastern end of Long Island, New York and one of the thirteen historical indigenous centers...
(Montauk), New York - Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland
- Accohannock
- Narragansett, Rhode Island
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut
- Nipmuc (NipmuckNipmuckThe Nipmuc are a group of Algonquian Indians native to Worcester County, Massachusetts, some parts of Northeastern CT, and NW RI, and the Northwestern and Western parts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts.-Name:...
), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island - Occaneechee, Virginia
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine
- PatuxentPatuxent peopleThe Patuxent were one of the Native American tribes living along the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. They spoke an Algonquian language and were loosely dominated by the Piscattaway.They were among the first people taught by Andrew White....
, Maryland - Penobscot, Maine
- PequotPequotPequot people are a tribe of Native Americans who, in the 17th century, inhabited much of what is now Connecticut. They were of the Algonquian language family. The Pequot War and Mystic massacre reduced the Pequot's sociopolitical influence in southern New England...
, Connecticut - PetunPetunThe Petún , or Tionontati in their language, were an Iroquoian-speaking First Nations people closely related to the Wendat Confederacy. Their homeland was located along the southwest edge of Georgian Bay, in the area immediately to the west of the Huron territory in Southern Ontario of...
(Tionontate), Ontario - Piscataway, Maryland
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts
- Poospatuck, New York
- QuinnipiacQuinnipiacThis article is about the Native American nation. For the university, see Quinnipiac University.The Quinnipiac — rarely spelled Quinnipiack — is the English name for the Eansketambawg a Native American nation of the Algonquian family who inhabited the Wampanoki This article is about the Native...
, Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey- Hammonasset
- Mattabesec
- Mattatuck
- Menunkatuck
- Meriden
- Mioonkhtuck
- Naugatuck, New York
- Nehantic
- Paugusset, New York
- PodunkPodunk (people)The Podunks were an indigenous people living in some of the southern parts of what came to be known as New England. The Europeans referred to these people as the Podunk, but they did not have a name for themselves, or a written language, and they spoke an Algonquian dialect...
, New York - PotatuckPotatuckThe Potatuck were a Native American tribe that existed during and prior to colonial times in western Connecticut, USA. They were a sub-group of the Paugussett Nation and lived in what is present day Newtown, Woodbury and Southbury...
, New York - TotoketTotoketThe Totoket were a Native American people who spoke one of the Algonquian languages. The tribe lived in the area of South Central Connecticut, in the area between the towns of Branford and North Branford....
- TunxisTunxisThe Tunxis were a Native American tribe historically linked to the Wappinger that lived by a sizeable bend on the Farmington River near where Farmington and Southington in Hartford County, Connecticut exist today. The name Tunxis comes from the Wuttunkshau-sepus word meaning "the point where the...
, New York - Wangunk, New York
- Wepawaug, New York
- Sauk, Michigan, later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut
- ShawneeShawneeThe Shawnee, Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are an Algonquian-speaking people native to North America. Historically they inhabited the areas of Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Western Maryland, Kentucky, Indiana, and Pennsylvania...
, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, later Oklahoma - ShinnecockShinnecock Indian NationThe Shinnecock Indian Nation is a federally recognized tribe, headquartered in Suffolk County, New York, on the south shore of Long Island. Shinnecock are an Algonquian people from Long Island...
, Long Island, New York - SusquehannockSusquehannockThe Susquehannock people were Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans who lived in areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay...
, Maryland and Pennsylvania - Tauxenent (Doeg), Virginia
- Unquachog, Long Island, New York
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts
- NausetNausetThe Nauset tribe, sometimes referred to as the Cape Cod Indians lived in what is present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts, living east of Bass River and lands occupied by their closely related neighbours, the Wampanoag...
, Massachusetts - Patuxet, Massachusetts
- PokanoketPokanoketThe Pokanoket tribe is the headship tribe of the many tribes that make up the Wampanoag Nation, which was at times referred to as the Pokanoket Nation or the Pokanoket Confederacy or known as the Pokanoket Country...
, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
- Nauset
- Wawenoc, Maine
- Wenro, New York
- WenrohrononWenrohrononThe Wenrohronon or Wenro were a little-known indigenous people of North America originally from western New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. They appear to have inhabited the upper Allegheny River valley, between the territories of the Seneca and the Neutrals...
, Pennsylvania, New York - WicocomicoWicocomicoThe Wicocomico, Wiccocomoco, Wighcocomoco, or Wicomico are an Algonquian-speaking tribe who lived in Northumberland County, Virginia, at the end and just slightly north of the Little Wicomico River. They were a fringe group in Powhatan’s Confederacy.-History:The Wicocomico people were encountered...
, Maryland, Virginia - Wolastoqiyik, Maliseet, Maine, New Brunswick, Novia Scotia, and Quebec
- Wyandot (Huron), Ontario south of Georgian BayGeorgian BayGeorgian Bay is a large bay of Lake Huron, located entirely within Ontario, Canada...
, now Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, and WendakeWendake, QuebecWendake is the current name for the Huron-Wendat reserve, an enclave within Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. One of the Seven Nations of Canada, this was formerly known as Village-des-Hurons , and also as -Lorette....
, Quebec
Great Basin
- AhwahnecheeAhwahnecheeThe Ahwahnechee are a Native American people who traditionally lived in the Yosemite Valley. They are related to the Northern Paiute and Mono tribes. The Ahwahnechee people's heritage can be found all over Yosemite National Park.-History:The Ahwahnechee lived in Yosemite Valley for centuries...
, Yosemite Valley, California - BannockBannock (tribe)The Bannock tribe of the Northern Paiute are an indigenous people of the Great Basin. Their traditional lands include southeastern Oregon, southeastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and southwestern Montana...
, Idaho - Colorado River tribes
- ChemehueviChemehueviThe Chemehuevi are a federally recognized Native American tribe enrolled in the Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation. They are the southernmost branch of Paiutes.-Reservation:...
, southeastern California - Southern Paiute, Arizona, Nevada, Utah
- KaibabKaibab Indian ReservationThe Kaibab Indian Reservation the home of the Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians, a federally recognized tribe of Southern Paiutes. The Indian reservation is located in northern part of the U.S. state of Arizona. It covers a land area of 188.75 square miles in northeastern Mohave County and...
, northwestern Arizona - Kaiparowtis, southwestern Utah
- MoapaMoapa Band of Paiute IndiansThe Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation are a federally recognized tribe of Paiutes, who live in southern Nevada on the Moapa River Indian Reservation. They were in the past called the Moapats and the Nuwuvi....
, southern Nevada - PanacaPANACAPANACA is a farming theme park that promotes contact between humans and nature, intended for those who live in the city and to create awareness about nature. The park was created in Colombia by a group of businessmen. There are three other parks under construction; one near Bogotá and two...
- Panguitch, Utah
- Paranigets, southern Nevada
- Shivwits, southwestern Utah
- Kaibab
- Chemehuevi
- Fremont cultureFremont cultureThe Fremont culture or Fremont people is a pre-Columbian archaeological culture which received its name from the Fremont River in the U.S. state of Utah where the first Fremont sites were discovered. The Fremont River itself is named for John Charles Frémont, an American explorer. It inhabited...
(400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah - KawaiisuKawaiisuthumb|Kawaiisu FamilyThe Kawaiisu are a Native American group who lived in the southern California Tehachapi Valley and across the Tehachapi Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains to the north, toward Lake Isabella and Walker Pass...
, southern inland California - MonoMono tribeThe Mono are a Native American people who traditionally live in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Eastern Sierra , the Mono Basin, and adjacent areas of the Great Basin.-Culture and geography:...
, southeastern California- Eastern Mono, southeastern California
- Western Mono or Owens Valley Paiute, eastern California and Nevada
- Northern Paiute, eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho
- KucadikadiKucadikadiThe Kucadikadi are a band of Northern Paiute people who live near Mono Lake in Mono County, California. They are the southernmost band of Northern Paiute.-Name:...
, Mono Lake Paiute, Mono Lake, California
- Kucadikadi
- ShoshoneShoshoneThe Shoshone or Shoshoni are a Native American tribe in the United States with three large divisions: the Northern, the Western and the Eastern....
(Shoshoni), California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming- Western ShoshoneWestern ShoshoneWestern Shoshone comprises several Shoshone tribes that are indigenous to the Great Basin and have lands identified in the Treaty of Ruby Valley 1863. They resided in Idaho, Nevada, California, and Utah. The tribes are very closely related culturally to the Paiute, Goshute, Bannock, Ute, and...
, eastern California, Nevada, north Utah, southeastern Idaho- Duckwater Shoshone Tribe or Tsaidüka, Railroad Valley, Nevada
- GoshuteGoshuteThe Goshutes are a band of Western Shoshone Native American. There are two federally recognized Goshute tribes today: the Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation and Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah of the Skull Valley Indian Reservation.-Name:The name Goshute derived either from...
, Nevada and Utah - Tonomudza band or Te-Moak Tribe, Nevada
- Yomba, Nevada
- Northern Shoshone, Idaho
- Agaideka (Salmon Eaters) or Lemhi ShoshoneLemhi ShoshoneThe Lemhi Shoshone are a band of Northern Shoshone, called the Akaitikka, Agaideka, or "Eaters of Salmon." The name "Lemhi" comes from Fort Lemhi, a Mormon mission to this group. They traditionally lived in the Lemhi River Valley and along the upper Salmon River in Idaho...
, Snake River and Lemhi River Valley, Idaho - Kammedeka (Jackrabbit Eaters), Snake River, Idaho to the Great Salt Lake, Utah
- Pohogwe (People of the Sagebrush Butte) or Fort Hall Shoshone, Idaho
- Tukudeka (Mountain Sheep Eaters), central Idaho, southern Montana, and Yellowstone, Wyoming
- Yahandeka (Groundhog Eaters), Boise, Payette, and Weiser Rivers, Idaho
- Agaideka (Salmon Eaters) or Lemhi Shoshone
- Eastern Shoshone, Wyoming
- Kuccuntikka (Buffalo Eaters)
- Tukkutikka or Tukudeka (Mountain Sheep Eaters), joined the Northern Shoshone
- Western Shoshone
- TimbishaTimbishaThe Timbisha are a Native American tribe federally recognized as the Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California. They are known as the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe and are located in south central California, near the Nevada border.-History:The Timbisha have lived in the Death Valley region of...
or Panamint or KosoKOSOKOSO is a radio station broadcasting a Hot AC format. Licensed to Patterson, California, USA, it serves the Modesto area. The station is currently owned by Clear Channel Communications.-History:...
, southeastern California - UteUte TribeThe Ute are an American Indian people now living primarily in Utah and Colorado. There are three Ute tribal reservations: Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah ; Southern Ute in Colorado ; and Ute Mountain which primarily lies in Colorado, but extends to Utah and New Mexico . The name of the state of...
, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico- Capote, southeastern Colorado and New Mexico
- Moanunts, Salina, Utah
- Muache, south and central Colorado
- Pahvant, western Utah
- Sanpits, central Utah
- Timpanogots, north central Utah
- UintahUte Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray ReservationThe Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Ute Indians in Utah. The Uintah are a western band of Ute.-Government:The Uintah and Ouray Reservation headquarters is located in Fort Duchesne, Utah....
, Utah - Uncompahgre or Taviwach, central and northern Colorado
- Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico
- White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah
- Washoe, Washo, Nevada and California
Plateau
- CayuseCayuseThe Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation...
, Oregon - Celilo (Wayampam)
- Upper Chinookan (Dialects: Clackamas, Cascades, Hood River, Wasco-Wishram languageWasco-Wishram languageUpper Chinook, also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its only living dialect, is a highly endangered language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers as of 1990, of which 7 were monolingual: five Wasco and two Wishram...
, Kathlamet, CathlametCathlamet (people)The Cathlamet, or Kathlamet, are tribe of the Chinookan people.They are in the very northern Willamette Valley, in southern Washington state....
, MultnomahMultnomah (tribe)The Multnomah were a tribe of Chinookan people who lived in the area of Portland, Oregon, more specifically Sauvie Island, in the United States through the early 19th century. Multnomah villages were located throughout the Portland basin and on both sides of the Columbia River...
) - Columbian (Dialects: Wenatchee, Sinkayuse, ChelanChelan (tribe)The Chelan tribe , meaning "Deep Water" are an Interior Salish people speaking the Wenatchi dialect, though separate from that tribe. The Chelan were historically located at the outlet of Lake Chelan in Washington.-Ethnography:...
) - Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
- ColvilleColville Indian ReservationThe Colville Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Washington, inhabited and managed by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, which is recognized by the United States of America as an American Indian Tribe...
, Washington - Upper Cowlitz
- FlatheadConfederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead NationThe Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles Tribes. The Flatheads lived between the Cascade Mountains and Rocky Mountains. The Salish initially lived entirely east of the Continental Divide but established their...
(Selisch or Salish), Idaho and Montana - Klamath, Oregon
- Klickitat TribeKlickitat TribeThe Klickitat are a Native American tribe of the Pacific Northwest. A Shahaptian tribe, their eastern neighbors were the Yakama, who speak a closely related language. Their western neighbors were various Salishan and Chinookan tribes...
, Washington - Kootenai/KtunaxaKootenai (tribe)The Ktunaxa , also known as Kootenai, Kutenai or Kootenay , are an indigenous people of North America. They are one of three tribes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana, and they form the Ktunaxa Nation in British Columbia...
, British Columbia, Montana, and Idaho - Lower Snake (Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam)
- Modoc, California and Oregon
- Molala (Molale), Oregon
- Nez Perce, Idaho
- Nicola AthapaskansNicola AthapaskansThe Nicola Athapaskans, also known as the Nicola people or Stuwix, were an Athabascan people who arrived in the in the migrated into the Nicola Country of what is now the Southern Interior of British Columbia from the north a few centuries ago but were slowly reduced in number by constant raiding...
(extinct) - Nicola people (confederacy)
- Nlaka'pamuxNlaka'pamuxThe Nlaka'pamux , commonly called "the Thompson", and also Thompson River Salish, Thompson Salish, Thompson River Indians or Thompson River people) are an indigenous First Nations/Native American people of the Interior Salish language group in southern British Columbia...
, British Columbia, formerly known as the Thompson people - OkanaganOkanagan peopleThe Okanagan people, also spelled Okanogan, are a First Nations and Native American people whose traditional territory spans the U.S.-Canada boundary in Washington state and British Columbia...
(Syilx), British Columbia and Washington - PalusPalus (tribe)The Palus are a Sahaptin tribe recognized in the Treaty of 1855 with the Yakamas . A variant spelling is Palouse, which was the source of the name for the fertile prairie of Washington and Idaho.- Ethnography :...
(Palouse) - Pend'OreillesPend d'Oreilles (tribe)The Pend d'Oreilles, also known as the Kalispel, are a tribe of Native Americans who lived around Lake Pend Oreille, as well as the Pend Oreille River, and Priest Lake although some of them live spread throughout Montana and eastern Washington...
(Kalispel), Washington - Rock Creek
- Sahaptin peopleSahaptin peopleThe Sahaptin people are a Native American people that inhabited territory along the Columbia River. The Nez Perce tribe is one of the major Sahaptin groups.-Territory:...
- Sanpoil (tribe)Sanpoil (tribe)The Sanpoil is one of 12 aboriginal Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation. The name Sanpoil comes from the Okanagan [snpʕwílx], "gray as far as one can see". It has been folk-etymologized as coming from the French sans poil, "without fur". The Yakama people know the tribe as...
- SecwepemcSecwepemcThe Secwepemc , known in English as the Shuswap people, are a First Nations people residing in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Their traditional territory ranges from the eastern Chilcotin Plateau and the Cariboo Plateau southeast through the Thompson Country to Kamloops and the Shuswap...
(Shuswap), British Columbia - SinixtSinixtThe Sinixt are a First Nations People...
(Lakes), British Columbia, Washington, Idaho - SpokaneSpokane (tribe)The Spokane are a Native American people in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Washington. The Spokane Indian Reservation, at , is located in eastern Washington, almost entirely in Stevens County, but includes two very small parcels of land and part of the Spokane River in...
, Washington - St'at'imcSt'at'imcThe St'át'imc are an Interior Salish people located in the southern Coast Mountains and Fraser Canyon region of the Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia.St'át'imc culture displayed many features typical of Northwest Coast peoples: the...
(Lillooet)- Lil'wat
- In-SHUCK-ch
- Tygh
- Tygh Valley
- UmatillaUmatilla (tribe)The Umatilla are a Sahaptin-speaking Native American group living on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, who traditionally inhabited the Columbia Plateau region of the northwestern United States....
, Oregon - Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan)
- Walla WallaWalla Walla (tribe)Walla Walla |Native American]] tribe of the northwestern United States. The reduplication of the word expresses the diminutive form. The name "Walla Walla" is translated several ways but most often as "many waters."...
, Oregon - Wanapum
- Wasco-WishramWasco-WishramWasco-Wishram are two closely related Chinook Indian tribes from the Columbia River in Oregon. Today the tribes are part of the Warm Springs Reservation in Oregon and Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation in Washington.-History:...
, Oregon - YakamaYakamaThe Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, or simply Yakama Nation , is a Native American group with nearly 10,000 enrolled members, living in Washington. Their reservation, along the Yakima River, covers an area of approximately 1.2 million acres...
, Washington
Pacific Northwest Coast
- Ahantchuyuk - see Kalapuya
- Alsea
- Applegate
- Atfalati - see Kalapuya
- Bella Bella - see Heiltsuk
- Bella Coola - see Nuxalk
- Burrard - see Tsleil-waututh
- Calapooia - see Kalapuya
- Calapuya - see Kalapuya
- Central Kalapuya - see Kalapuya
- Chasta Costa - see Rogue River
- ChehalisChehalis (tribe)The Chehalis people are a native people of westernWashington state in the United States. They should not be confused with the similarly named Chehalis First Nation of the Harrison River in the Fraser Valley area of British Columbia....
(Upper and Lower) Washington - Chehalis (BC)Sts'AilesThe Sts'ailes are a First Nations people in the Lower Mainland of the Canadian province of British Columbia. They are a Halqemeylem-speaking people but are distinct historically and politically from the surrounding Sto:lo peoples...
, Fraser Valley - ChemakumChemakumThe Chemakum language was spoken by the Chemakum, a Native American group that once lived on western Washington state's Olympic Peninsula. The Chemakum language was very similar to the Quileute language...
Washington (extinct) - Chetco - see Tolowa
- ChinookChinookan languagesChinookan is a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples.-Family division:Chinookan languages consists of three languages with multiple varieties. There is some dispute over classification, and there are two ISO 639-3 codes assigned: and...
Dialects: (Lower ChinookLower ChinookLower Chinook, also simple Chinook or Chinook proper, is a highly endangered language of the US Pacific Northwest.-Dialects:* Clatsop was spoken in northwestern Oregon around the mouth of the Columbia River and the Clatsop Plains .* Shoalwater , now extinct ...
, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, WascoWasco-Wishram languageUpper Chinook, also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its only living dialect, is a highly endangered language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers as of 1990, of which 7 were monolingual: five Wasco and two Wishram...
) - Clallam - see Klallam
- ClatsopClatsopThe Clatsop are a small tribe of Chinookan-speaking Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. In the early 19th century they inhabited an area of the northwestern coast of present-day Oregon from the mouth of the Columbia River south to Tillamook.-Language:Clatsop in the...
- Comox Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait
- CoosCoos (tribe)The Coos are a Native American tribe from the U.S. state of Oregon and one of the three Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians. They live on the southwest Oregon Pacific coast...
Hanis} Oregon - Lower Coquille (Miluk) Oregon
- Upper Coquille
- Cowichan Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait
- Quwutsun
- SomenaSomenaThe Somena are one of several Hulquminum-speaking indigenous peoples living in the Cowichan Valley-Duncan region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada....
- QuamichanQuamichanQuamichan is a traditional nation of the Coast Salish people, commonly referred to by the English adaptation of Qu'wutsun as the Cowichan Indians, or First Nations, of the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island, in the area of the city of Duncan, British Columbia...
- Lower Cowlitz Washington
- DuwamishDuwamish (tribe)The Duwamish are a Lushootseed Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle, where they have been living since the end of the last glacial period...
Washington - EyakEyakThe Eyak are an indigenous group traditionally located on the Copper River Delta and near the town of Cordova, Alaska.-Territory:The Eyak's territory reached from present day Cordova east to the Martin River and north to Miles Glacier....
Alaska - Galice
- GitxsanGitxsanGitxsan are an indigenous people whose home territory comprises most of the area known as the Skeena Country in English...
, British Columbia - Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, SkidegateSkidegateSkidegate is a Haida community in Haida Gwaii in British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the southeast coast of Graham Island, the largest island in the archipelago, and is approximately west of mainland British Columbia across Hecate Strait...
, Masset) BC & Alaska - Haisla BC North/Central Coast
- Haihai
- Kimsquit
- Kitimaat
- Heiltsuk BC Central Coast
- HohHohHoh is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives on the Pacific Coast of Washington on the Olympic Peninsula. The Hoh moved onto the Hoh Indian Reservation, at the mouth of the Hoh River, on the Pacific Coast of Jefferson County, after the signing...
Washington - Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya)
- North Kalapuya
- Yamhill (Yamel)
- Tualatin
- Tfalati (AtfalatiAtfalatiThe Atfalati, also known as the Tualatin were a tribe or band of the Kalapuya Native Americans who originally inhabited the Tualatin Valley in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Oregon...
)
- Central Kalapuya
- SantiamSantiam peopleSantiam people are an indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau, living in Oregon.They are a Kalapuyan tribe, whose traditional homelands were on the banks of the Santiam River, which feeds into the Willamette River....
- Mary's River
- Lakmiut
- Ahantchuyuk
- Lower McKenzie (Mohawk people (Oregon)Mohawk people (Oregon)The Mohawk or Mohawk River people were a tribe or band of the Kalapuya Native Americans who originally lived in the Mohawk River area of Oregon in the United States. They spoke a dialect of the Central Kalapuya language....
)
- Santiam
- South Kalapuya (Yonkalla, Yoncalla)
- North Kalapuya
- KlallamKlallamKlallam refers to four related indigenous Native American/First Nations communities from the Pacific Northwest of North America. The Klallam culture is classified ethnographically and linguistically in the Coast Salish subgroup...
(Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown)S'Klallam (Jamestown)The Jamestown S'Klallam is a tribe of the S'Klallam or Klallam Native American group on the northern Olympic Peninsula of Washington state in the northwestern United States...
, S'Klallam (Port Gamble)) - KlickitatKlickitat TribeThe Klickitat are a Native American tribe of the Pacific Northwest. A Shahaptian tribe, their eastern neighbors were the Yakama, who speak a closely related language. Their western neighbors were various Salishan and Chinookan tribes...
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwakwaka'wakwKwakwaka'wakwThe Kwakwaka'wakw are an Indigenous group of First Nations peoples, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining mainland and islands.Kwakwaka'wakw translates as "Those who speak Kwak'wala", describing the collective nations within the area that...
(Kwakiutl)- Koskimo
- 'Namgis'NamgisThe Namgis are an Indigenous nation, a part of the Kwakwaka'wakw, in central British Columbia, on northern Vancouver Island. Their main village is now Yalis, on Cormorant Island adjacent to Alert Bay. The Indian Act First Nations government of this nation is the Namgis First Nation.- External links...
- Laich-kwil-tachLaich-kwil-tachLaich-kwil-tach is the proper spelling in the Kwak'wala language of the name used for themselves by the "Southern Kwakiutl" people of Quadra Island and Campbell River in British Columbia, Canada...
(Euclataws or Yuculta)
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwatami
- Lakmiut - see Kalapuya
- Lower McKenzie - see Kalapuya
- LummiLummiThe Lummi , governed by the Lummi Nation, are a Native American tribe of the Coast Salish ethnolinguistic group in western Washington state in the United States...
Washington - Makah Washington
- Mary's River - see Kalapuya
- MuckleshootMuckleshootThe Muckleshoot are a Lushootseed Native American tribe, part of the Coast Salish peoples of the Pacific Northwest whose traditional territory and reservations is located in the area of Auburn, Washington, between Seattle and Tacoma...
Washington - Musqueam BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver)
- Nisga'aNisga'aThe Nisga’a , often formerly spelled Nishga and spelled in the Nisga’a language as Nisga’a, are an Indigenous nation or First Nation in Canada. They live in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. Their name comes from a combination of two Nisga’a words: Nisk’-"top lip" and...
, British Columbia - NisquallyNisqually (tribe)Nisqually is a Lushootseed Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives on a reservation in the Nisqually River valley near the river delta. The Nisqually Indian Reservation, at , comprises 20.602 km² of land area on both sides of the river, in...
- Washington - NooksackNooksack (tribe)The Nooksack are a Native American people in northwestern Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives in the mainland northwest corner of the state near the small town of Deming, Washington , and has over 1,800 enrolled members.In 1971, the tribe was ceded a one acre reservation after...
Washington - North Kalapuya - see Kalapuya
- NisquallyNisqually (tribe)Nisqually is a Lushootseed Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives on a reservation in the Nisqually River valley near the river delta. The Nisqually Indian Reservation, at , comprises 20.602 km² of land area on both sides of the river, in...
Washington - Nuu-chah-nulth West Coast of Vancouver Island
- NuxalkNuxálk NationThe Nuxalk Nation , also referred to as the Bella Coola or Bellacoola, are an Indigenous First Nation in Canada, living in the area in and around Bella Coola, British Columbia...
(Bella Coola) - BC Central Coast - Oowekeno - see Wuikinuxv
- Pentlatch Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait (extinct)
- PuyallupPuyallup (tribe)The Puyallup are a Coast Salish Native American tribe from western Washington state, U.S.A. They were forcibly relocated onto reservation lands in what is today Tacoma, Washington, in late 1854, after signing the Treaty of Medicine Creek. The Puyallup Indian Reservation today is one of the most...
Washington - Quileute Washington
- QuinaultQuinault (tribe)The Quinault are a group of Native American peoples from western Washington in the United States.-Lands:The Quinault Indian Reservation, at , is located on the Pacific coast of Washington, primarily in northwestern Grays Harbor County, with small parts extending north into southwestern Jefferson...
Washington - Rivers Inlet - see Wuikinuxv
- Rogue River or Upper IllinoisRogue River (tribe)Rogue River is the name of a Native American group originally located in southern Oregon in the United States. Rogue River was not a single tribe, but a conglomeration of many affiliated and related tribal groups. The total estimated population of these tribes in 1850 was about 9,500...
Oregon, California - SaanichSaanichThe Saanich or W̱SÁNEĆ are indigenous nations from the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, the Gulf and San Juan Islands, southern Vancouver Island and the southern edge of the Lower Mainland in British Columbia.*BOḰEĆEN – Pauquachin...
Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait - SamishSamishThe Samish are a Native American tribe who live in the U.S. state of Washington. The seat of their tribal government is in Anacortes. The Native American form of "Samish" is /sʔémǝš/, from /s–/, "nominalizer", /ʔé/, "be there", and /–mǝš/, "people".-Pre-Contact with Europeans:The Samish were less...
Washington - Santiam - see Kalapuya
- Sauk-SuiattleSauk-SuiattleSauk-Suiattle, or Sah-Ku-Me-Hu, is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The tribe originally lived along the banks of the Sauk, Suiattle, Cascade, Stillaguamish, and Skagit Rivers. The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Reservation is in this area, centered near Darrington,...
Washington - SecheltShishalhThe Shishalh people, at the time of the first European contact had a population near 26,000. Shishalh women were famous for their beautiful cedar woven baskets, using materials gathered from the roots of the cedar tree, cannery grass and birch bark for the design.The Sechelt First Nations...
BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh) - Shoalwater Bay TribeShoalwater Bay TribeShoalwater Bay Tribe is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. They are descendants of the Willapa Chinook, Lower Chehalis, and Willapa Hills tribes...
Washington - SiletzSiletz (tribe)The Siletz people are a Native American tribe from Oregon and an Indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau. Today they are enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon....
Oregon - Siuslaw Oregon
- SkagitSkagit (tribe)The Skagit are either of two tribes of the Lushootseed Native American people living in the state of Washington, the Upper Skagit and the Lower Skagit. They speak a subdialect of the Northern dialect of Lushootseed, which is part of the Salishan family. The Skagit River, Skagit Bay, and Skagit...
- SkokomishSkokomish (tribe)The Skokomish are one of nine tribes of the Twana, a Native American people of western Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives along Hood Canal, a fjord-like inlet on the west side of the Kitsap Peninsula and the Puget Sound basin...
Washington - Skwxwu7mesh (Squamish), British Columbia
- Sliammon BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox)
- SnohomishSnohomish (tribe)The Snohomish are a Lushootseed Native American tribe who reside around the Puget Sound area of Washington, north of Seattle. They speak the Lushootseed language. The tribal spelling is Sdoh-doh-hohbsh, which means "wet snow" according to the last chief of the Snohomish tribe, Chief William...
- SnoqualmieSnoqualmie (tribe)The Snoqualmie Tribe is a tribal government of Coast Salish Native American peoples from the Snoqualmie Valley in east King and Snohomish Counties in Washington state. The Snoqualmie settled onto the Tulalip Reservation after signing the Point Elliott Treaty with the Washington Territory in 1855...
- Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo), Vancouver Island
- SongheesSongheesThe Songhees or Songish, also known as the Lekwungen or Lekungen, are an indigenous North American Coast Salish people who reside on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia in the Greater Victoria area...
(Songish) Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca - Sooke Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
- South Kalapuya - see Kalapuya
- Squaxin Island TribeSquaxin Island TribeThe Squaxin Island Tribe is a Native American tribal government in western Washington state in the United States. The Squaxin Island Tribe is made up of several Lushootseed clans: the Noo-Seh-Chatl, Steh-Chass, Squi-Aitl, T'Peeksin, Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish, Squawksin, and S'Hotle-Ma-Mish...
Washington - Spokane Washington
- StillaguamishStillaguamish (tribe)Stillaguamish are a Native American tribe located in northwest Washington state in the United States near the city of Arlington, Washington, near the river that bears their name, the Stillaguamish River. The tribe petitioned for recognition from the United States Government in 1974, and received...
Washington - Sto:loStó:loThe Sto:lo , alternately written as Stó:lō, Stó:lô or Stó:lõ and historically as Staulo or Stahlo, and historically known and commonly referred to in ethnographic literature as the Fraser River Indians or Lower Fraser Salish, are a group of First Nations peoples inhabiting the Fraser Valley of...
, BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley- KwantlenKwantlen First NationThe Kwantlen First Nation is the band government of the Kwantlen subgroup of the Stó:lō people in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada, located primarily at Fort Langley. They traditionally speak the Downriver dialect of Halkomelem, one of the Salishan family of languages...
- Katzie
- Kwantlen
- Squamish - see Skwxwu7mesh
- SuquamishSuquamishThe Suquamish are a Lushootseed-speaking Native American Tribe, located in present-day Washington in the United States.The Suquamish are a southern Coast Salish people; they spoke a dialect of Lushootseed, which belongs to the Salishan language family. Like many Northwest Coast natives, the...
Washington - Swinomish Washington
- Tait
- Takelma Oregon
- Talio
- Tfalati - see Kalapuya
- TillamookTillamook (tribe)The Nehalem or Tillamook are a Native American tribe from Oregon of the Salish linguistic group. The name "Tillamook" is a Chinook term meaning "people of Nekelim " and is also spelled Calamox, Gillamooks and Killamook....
(Nehalem) Oregon - Tlatlasikoala
- Tlingit Alaska
- TolowaTolowaThe Tolowa are a Native American tribe. They still reside in their traditional territories in northwestern California and southern Oregon. Tolowa are members of the federally recognized Smith River Rancheria, Elk Valley Rancheria, Confederated Tribes of Siletz, as well as the unrecognized Tolowa...
-Tututni - TsimshianTsimshianThe Tsimshian are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Tsimshian translates to Inside the Skeena River. Their communities are in British Columbia and Alaska, around Terrace and Prince Rupert and the southernmost corner of Alaska on Annette Island. There are approximately 10,000...
- Tsleil-waututh (Burrard) - British Columbia
- Tualatin - see Kalapuya
- TulalipTulalipTulalip is a group of Native American peoples from western Washington state in the United States. Today they are federally recognized as the Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation.- History :...
Washington - Twana Washington
- Tzouk-e (Sooke) Vancouver Island
- Lower UmpquaUmpqua (Native Americans)Umpqua refers to any of several distinct groups of Native Americans that live in present-day south central Oregon in the United States.The Upper Umpqua tribe is represented as the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. The tribe signed a treaty with the U.S. federal government on September 19,...
Oregon - Upper UmpquaUmpqua (Native Americans)Umpqua refers to any of several distinct groups of Native Americans that live in present-day south central Oregon in the United States.The Upper Umpqua tribe is represented as the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. The tribe signed a treaty with the U.S. federal government on September 19,...
Oregon - Upper Skagit Washington
- Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno), BC Central Coast
- Yamel - see Kalapuya
- Yamhill - see Kalapuya
- YaquinaYaquina (people)Yaquina originally denoted a tribe of Native Americans, now nearly extinct , along with their language . The remaining Yaquina people live on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon, and are mostly of mixed blood. -External links:*...
- Yoncalla - see Kalapuya
Great Plains
Indigenous peoples of the Great PlainsGreat Plains
The Great Plains are a broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, which lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S...
are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.
- ApacheApacheApache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the Southwest United States. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, which is related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
- see also Southwest- Lipan Apache, New Mexico, Texas
- Plains ApachePlains ApacheThe Plains Apache are a Southern Athabaskan group that traditionally live on the Southern Plains of North America and today are centered in Southwestern Oklahoma...
(Kiowa-Apache), Oklahoma - Querecho ApacheQuerechosThe Querechos were a Native American people.In 1541 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Vazquez de Coronado and his army journeyed east from the Rio Grande Valley in search of a rich land called Quivira...
, Texas
- ArapahoArapahoThe Arapaho are a tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Sioux. Arapaho is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre, whose people are seen as an early...
(Arapahoe, Arrapahoe), Colorado, Oklahoma, Wyoming- Besawunena
- Nawathinehena
- ArikaraArikaraArikara are a group of Native Americans in North Dakota...
(Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North Dakota - AtsinaGros VentresThe Gros Ventre people , also known as the A'ani, A'aninin, Haaninin, and Atsina, are a historically Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe located in north central Montana...
(Gros Ventre), Montana - BlackfootBlackfootThe Blackfoot Confederacy or Niitsítapi is the collective name of three First Nations in Alberta and one Native American tribe in Montana....
- Kainai NationKainai NationThe Kainai Nation is a First Nation in southern Alberta, Canada with a population of 7,437 members in 2005, and had a population of 9,035 members as of 9 February 2008...
(Káínaa, Blood), Alberta - Northern PeiganNorthern PeiganThe Northern Peigans or Aapátohsipikáni are a First Nation, part of the Niitsítapi . Known as Piikáni, "Pekuni" or Aapátohsipikáni , they are very closely related to the other members of the Blackfoot Confederacy: Aamsskáápipikani , Káínaa or...
(Aapátohsipikáni), Alberta - BlackfeetBlackfeetThe Piegan Blackfeet are a tribe of Native Americans of the Algonquian language family based in Montana, having lived in this area since around 6,500 BC. Many members of the tribe live as part of the Blackfeet Nation in northwestern Montana, with population centered in Browning...
, Southern Piegan (Aamsskáápipikani), Montana - SiksikaSiksika NationThe Siksika Nation is a First Nation in southern Alberta, Canada. The name Siksiká comes from the Blackfoot words sik and iká , with a connector s between the two words. The plural form of Siksiká is Siksikáwa...
(Siksikáwa), Alberta
- Kainai Nation
- CheyenneCheyenneCheyenne are a Native American people of the Great Plains, who are of the Algonquian language family. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taeo'o and the Tsétsêhéstâhese .The Cheyenne are thought to have branched off other tribes of Algonquian stock inhabiting lands...
, Montana, Oklahoma- Suhtai, Montana, Oklahoma
- ComancheComancheThe Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose historic range consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado, northeastern Arizona, southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma, and most of northwest Texas. Historically, the Comanches were hunter-gatherers, with a typical Plains Indian...
, Oklahoma - Plains Cree, Montana
- CrowCrow NationThe Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a Siouan people of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone River valley, which extends from present-day Wyoming, through Montana and into North Dakota. They now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana and in several...
(Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana - EscanjaquesEscanjaque IndiansThe Escanjaques were a native American people named this by Juan de Onate in 1601 during an expedition to the Great Plains of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The Escanjaques may have been identical with the Aguacane who lived along the tributaries of the Red River in western Oklahoma...
, Oklahoma - HidatsaHidatsaThe Hidatsa are a Siouan people, a part of the Three Affiliated Tribes. The Hidatsa's autonym is Hiraacá. According to the tribal tradition, the word hiraacá derives from the word "willow"; however, the etymology is not transparent and the similarity to mirahací ‘willows’ inconclusive...
, North Dakota - Iowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma
- KiowaKiowaThe Kiowa are a nation of American Indians and indigenous people of the Great Plains. They migrated from the northern plains to the southern plains in the late 17th century. In 1867, the Kiowa moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma...
, Oklahoma - Mandan, North Dakota
- MissouriMissouri tribeThe Missouria or Missouri are a Native American tribe that originated in the Great Lakes region of United States before European contact. The tribe belongs to the Chiwere division of the Siouan language family, together with the Iowa and Otoe...
(Missouria), Oklahoma - OmahaOmaha (tribe)The Omaha are a federally recognized Native American nation which lives on the Omaha Reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa, United States...
, Nebraska - OsageOsage NationThe Osage Nation is a Native American Siouan-language tribe in the United States that originated in the Ohio River valley in present-day Kentucky. After years of war with invading Iroquois, the Osage migrated west of the Mississippi River to their historic lands in present-day Arkansas, Missouri,...
, Oklahoma - OtoeOtoe tribeThe Otoe or Oto are a Native American people. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family and closely related to that of the related Iowa and Missouri tribes.-History:...
(Oto), Oklahoma - Pawnee (dialects: South Band, Skiri, Oklahoma
- PoncaPoncaThe Ponca are a Native American people of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan-language group. There are two federally recognized Ponca tribes: the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma...
, Nebraska, Oklahoma - QuapawQuapawThe Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans who historically resided on the west side of the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Arkansas.They are federally recognized as the Quapaw Tribe of Indians.-Government:...
, formerly Arkansas, Oklahoma - SiouxSiouxThe Sioux are Native American and First Nations people in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many language dialects...
- Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
- Santee, Nebraska
- Yankton, South Dakota
- Yanktonai, formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota
- Lakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan
- Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
-
-
- Sičháŋǧu (Brulé, Burned Thighs)
- OglálaOglala LakotaThe Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people; along with the Nakota and Dakota, they make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the...
(Scatters Their Own) - ItázipčhoSans ArcThe Sans Arc, or Itázipčho in Lakota, are a subdivision of the Lakota people. Sans Arc is the French translation of the Lakota name which means, "Without bows." The translator of Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer renders the name as Arrows all Gone...
(Sans Arc, No Bows) - HúŋkpapȟaHunkpapaThe Hunkpapa are a Native American group, one of the seven council fires of the Lakota Sioux tribe. The name Húŋkpapȟa is a Sioux word meaning "Head of the Circle"...
(Hunkpapa) - MnikȟówožuMiniconjouThe Miniconjou are a Native American people constituting a subdivision of the Lakota Sioux, who formerly inhabited an area from the Black Hills in South Dakota to the Platte River. The contemporary population lives mostly in west-central South Dakota...
(Miniconjou) - SihásapaSihasapaThe Sihásapa or "Blackfoot Sioux" are a division of the Titonwan, or Teton Sioux.Sihásapa is the Lakota word for "Blackfoot", whereas Siksiká has the same meaning in the Blackfoot language...
(Blackfoot Sioux) - OóhenuŋpaTwo KettlesTwo Kettles or “Two Boilings” was a sub division of the Lakota Sioux tribe of Native Americans.# Wah-nee-wack-ata-o-ne-lar # Oohe Noⁿpa# Ma Waqota...
(Two Kettles)- NakodaNakoda (people)The Nakoda are a First Nation group, indigenous to both Canada and, originally, the United States....
(Stoney), Alberta - NakotaNakotaThe term Nakota is the endonym used by the native peoples of North America who usually go by the name of Assiniboine , in the United States, and of Stoney, in Canada....
, Assiniboine (Assiniboin), Montana, Saskatchewan - TeyasTeyasTeyas were a Native American people discovered near Lubbock, Texas by Francisco Vazquez de Coronado in 1541.The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe who Coronado found in Quivira...
Texas - TonkawaTonkawaThe Tickanwa•tic Tribe , better known as the Tonkawa , are a Native American people indigenous to present-day Oklahoma and Texas. They once spoke the now-extinct Tonkawa language believed to have been a language isolate not related to any other indigenous tongues...
, Oklahoma - Tsuu T’inaTsuu T'ina NationThe Tsuu T'ina Nation is a First Nation in Canada. Their territory is located on the Indian reserve Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, whose east side is adjacent to the southwest city limits of Calgary, Alberta...
, (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), Alberta - Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
- Kichai, formerly Texas, currently Oklahoma
- Rayados, Kansas
- TaovayasTaovaya IndiansThe Taovaya tribe of the Wichita people were a Native American people who spoke the Wichita language which is in the Caddoan language family. The Taovayas were absorbed into the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, headquartered in Oklahoma.-Early history:...
- Tawakoni, formerly Texas, currently Oklahoma
- Waco, formerly Texas, currently Oklahoma
- Nakoda
-
Southeastern Woodlands
- AcolapissaAcolapissaThe Acolapissa were a small tribe of Native Americans, said to originate from the shores of the Pearl River, between Louisiana and Mississippi before 1702. This made them one of four tribes, along with the Bayogoula, Biloxi, and Pascagoula who inhabited the gulf coast of Mississippi at the time of...
(Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi - Ais, eastern coastal Florida
- AlabamaAlabama (people)The Alabama or Alibamu are a Southeastern culture people of Native Americans, originally from Mississippi...
, Creek Confederacy, Alabama, southwestern Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi - Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida
- Amacano, Florida west coast
- ApalacheeApalacheeThe Apalachee are a Native American people who historically lived in the Florida Panhandle, and now live primarily in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Their historical territory was known to the Spanish colonists as the Apalachee Province...
, northwestern Florida - Apalachicola, Creek Confederacy, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina
- AtakapaAtakapaThe Atakapan people are a Southeastern culture of Native American tribes who spoke Atakapa and historically lived along the Gulf of Mexico. They called themselves the Ishak, pronounced "ee-SHAK", which translates as "The People". Although the people were decimated by infectious disease after...
(Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast- AkokisaAkokisaThe Akokisa were the indigenous tribe that lived on Galveston Bay and the lower Trinity and San Jacinto rivers in Texas, primarily in the present-day Greater Houston area...
, Texas southeast coast - BidaiBidaiThe Bidai were a band of Atakapa Indians from eastern Texas.-History:Their oral history says that the Bidai were the original peoples in their region. Their central settlements were along Bedias Creek, but their territory ranged from the Brazos River to the Neches River. The first written record...
, Texas southeast coast - Deadose, eastern Texas
- Eastern Atakapa, western coastal Louisiana
- Orcoquiza, southeast Texas
- Patiri, eastern Texas
- Tlacopsel, southeast Texas
- Akokisa
- AvoyelAvoyelThe Avoyel or Avoyelles was a small Natchez-speaking tribe who inhabited land near the mouth of the Red River in the area of present-day Marksville, Louisiana. The indigenous name for this tribe is Tamoucougoula. The word Avoyel is of French derivation and means either "Flint People" or "the...
("little Natchez"), Louisiana - Backhooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Holpaos, Huaq, Nuaq, Pahoc, Pahor, Paor, Uca), South Carolina
- Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana
- Biloxi, Mississippi
- Boca Ratones, Florida
- Caddo ConfederacyCaddoThe Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Southeastern Native American tribes, who traditionally inhabited much of what is now East Texas, northern Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. Today the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma is a cohesive tribe with its capital at Binger, Oklahoma...
, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas- Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas
- CahinnioCahinnioThe Cahinnio were a Native American tribe that lived in Arkansas.-Cahinnio:The Cahinnio were part of the Caddo Confederacy, possibly affiliated with Kadohadacho...
, southern Arkansas - Doustioni, north central Louisiana
- EyeishEyeishThe Eyeish were a Native American tribe from eastern Texas.-History:The Eyeish were part of the Caddo Confederacy, although their relationship to other Caddo tribes was ambiguous, and they were often hostile to the Hasinai...
(Hais), eastern Texas - HainaiHainaiHainai is the name of a Native American tribe that lived in what is now east Texas.The Hainai were the leading group in the Hasinai confederacy. They were a part of are Caddo Nation, and traditionally lived on the Neches and Angelina rivers to the west of present day Nacogdoches...
, eastern Texas - HasinaiHasinaiThe Hasinai Confederacy was a large confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans located between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas...
, eastern Texas - Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana
- NabedacheNabedacheThe Nabedache were a Native American tribe from eastern Texas. Their name, Nabáydácu, means "blackberry place" in the Caddo language. An alternate theory says their original name was Wawadishe from the Caddo word, witish, meaning "salt."...
, eastern Texas - NabitiNabitiThe Nabiti are a Native American tribe from eastern Texas. Their name means "Cedar Place" in the Caddo language.-History:The Nadaco were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy, although early European explorers identified the Nabiti as enemies of the Hasinai – a testament to the...
, eastern Texas - NacogdocheNacogdocheThe Nacogdoche are a Native American tribe from eastern Texas.-History:The Nacogdoche were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy and closely allied with the Lower Nasoni. They historically lived between the Angelina and the Sabine Rivers in Texas...
, eastern Texas - NaconoNaconoThe Nacono were a Native American tribe from eastern Texas.The Nacono were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy. They historically lived in villages along the Neches and Angelina Rivers, near present day Cherokee and Houston Counties....
, eastern Texas - NadacoNadacoThe Nadaco, also commonly known as the Anadarko, are a Native American tribe from eastern Texas. Their name, Nadá-kuh, means "bumblebee place."-History:The Nadaco were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy....
, eastern Texas - NanatsohoNanatsohoThe Nanatsoho were a Native American tribe that lived at the border of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.-History:The Nanatsoho were part of the Kadohadacho branch of the Caddo Confederacy...
, northeastern Texas - Nasoni, eastern Texas
- Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas
- NecheNeche tribeThe Neche were a Native American tribe from eastern Texas.-History:The Neche were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they settled along the Neches River, in present day Houston and Cherokee Counties...
, eastern Texas - NechauiNechauiThe Nechaui were a Native American tribe from eastern Texas. Their name is thought to be derived from Nachawi, the Caddo language word for Osage orange.-History:The Nechaui were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy...
, eastern Texas - OuachitaOuachita tribeThe Ouachita are a Native American tribe from northeastern Louisiana along the Ouachita River.-History:The Ouachita were loosely affiliated with the Caddo Confederacy. Their traditional homelands were the lower reaches of the Ouachita River and along the Black River...
, northern Louisiana - TulaTula tribeThe Tula were a Native American tribe that lived in what is now western Arkansas.-History:The Tula are known to history only from the chronicles of Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto's exploits in the interior of North America....
, western Arkansas - YatasiYatasiThe Yatasi are a Native American people from northwestern Louisiana that are part of the Natchitoches Confederacy of the Caddo Nation...
, northwestern Louisiana
- CalusaCalusaThe Calusa were a Native American people who lived on the coast and along the inner waterways of Florida's southwest coast. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region; at the time of European contact, the Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture...
, southwestern Florida - Cape Fear IndiansCape Fear IndiansThe Cape Fear Indians were a small tribe of Carolina Algonquian Native Americans who lived on the Cape Fear River in North Carolina ....
, North Carolina southern coast - Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa), North Carolina, South Carolina
- Chacato, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama
- ChakchiumaChakchiumaThe Chakchiuma were a Native American tribe of the upper Yazoo River region of what is today the state of Mississippi. They are at times confused with the Choctaw....
, Alabama and Mississippi - Chatot people (Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida
- Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana
- Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
- CherokeeCherokeeThe Cherokee are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States . Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian language family...
, Georgia, North Carolina, western tip of South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, later Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and Oklahoma - ChiahaChiahaChiaha was a horticultural Native American chiefdom located in the lower French Broad River valley in modern East Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. They lived in raised structures within boundaries of several stable villages. These overlooked the fields of maize, beans, squash, and...
, Creek Confederacy, Alabama - Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
- ChickasawChickasawThe Chickasaw are Native American people originally from the region that would become the Southeastern United States...
, Alabama and Mississippi, later Oklahoma - ChicoraChicora tribeThe Chicora tribe was a small Native American tribe of the Pee Dee area in northeastern South Carolina, ranging to the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. Scholars consider them a Catawban group, likely to have spoken a Siouan language....
, coastal South Carolina - Chine, Florida
- Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia, northern Florida
- ChitimachaChitimachaThe Chitimacha are a Native American federally recognized tribe that lives in the U.S. state of Louisiana, mainly in St. Mary Parish. They currently number about 720 people. The Chitimacha language is a language isolate.- History :The Chitimacha's historic home was the southern Louisiana coast...
, Louisiana - ChoctawChoctawThe Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States...
, Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma - Chowanoc (ChowanokeChowanokeThe Chowanoke, also spelled Chowanoc, was an Algonquian-language American Indian tribe. They were the largest and most powerful Algonquian tribe in present-day North Carolina, occupying most or all of the coastal banks of the Chowan River in the northeastern part of the state at time of the first...
), North Carolina - CoharieCoharieThe Coharie are a Native American Tribe who claim to descend from the Carolina Algonquian Neusiok Indians. They are located chiefly on the Little Coharie River, in Sampson and Harnett counties in North Carolina...
, North Carolian - Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina
- CoreeCoreeThe Coree were a very small Native American tribe, who once occupied a coastal area of southeastern North Carolina in the area now covered by Carteret and Craven counties...
, North Carolina - CoushattaCoushatta----The Coushatta are a historic Muskogean-speaking Native American people living primarily in the U.S. state of Louisiana. When first encountered by Europeans, they lived in the territory of present-day Georgia and Alabama...
, Louisiana and Texas - CoharieCoharieThe Coharie are a Native American Tribe who claim to descend from the Carolina Algonquian Neusiok Indians. They are located chiefly on the Little Coharie River, in Sampson and Harnett counties in North Carolina...
, North Carolina - CroatanCroatanThe Croatan were a small Native American group living in the coastal areas of what is now North Carolina. They may have been a branch of the larger Roanoke people or allied with them....
, North Carolina - CusaboCusaboThe Cusabo were a group of historic Native American tribes who lived along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in what is now South Carolina, approximately between present-day Charleston and south to the Savannah River, at the time of European encounter. English colonists often referred to them as the...
coastal South Carolina - Eno, North Carolina
- Garza, Texas, northern Mexico
- Grigra (Gris), Mississippi
- Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida
- Guacozo, Florida
- GualeGualeGuale was an historic Native American chiefdom along the coast of present-day Georgia and the Sea Islands. Spanish Florida established its Roman Catholic missionary system in the chiefdom in the late 16th century. During the late 17th century and early 18th century, Guale society was shattered...
(Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia - Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast
- HitchitiHitchitiThe Hitchiti were a Muskogean-speaking tribe formerly residing chiefly in a town of the same name on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River, 4 miles below Chiaha, in west Georgia. They spoke the Hitchiti language, which was mutually intelligible with Mikasuki; both tribes were part of the loose...
, Creek Confederacy, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida - Hooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Huaq, Nuaq), see Backhooks Nation
- HoumaHouma TribeThe Houma people are a Native America tribe. They belong to the United Houma Nation, a state recognized tribe in Louisiana. They primarily live in East and West Feliciana, and Pointe Coupee Parishes, about 100 miles north of the town of Houma named for them, west of the mouth of the Mississippi...
, Louisiana and Mississippi - JaegaJaegaThe Jaegas were a tribe of Native Americans living along the coast of present-day Martin County and Palm Beach County, Florida at the time of initial European contact, and until sometime in the 18th Century...
(Jobe), eastern coastal Florida - Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
- Jororo, Florida interior
- Keyauwee, North Carolina
- Koasati, Tennessee
- KoroaKoroaThe Koroa were one of the groups of indigenous people who lived in the Mississippi Valley prior to the European settlement of the region. They lived in the northwest of present-day Mississippi in the Yazoo River basin. They were believed to speak a dialect of Tunica.The Koroa may be the tribe...
, Mississippi - Luca, southwestern Florida coast
- LumbeeLumbeeThe Lumbee belong to a state recognized Native American tribe in North Carolina. The Lumbee are concentrated in Robeson County and named for the primary waterway traversing the county...
, North Carolina - MachapungaMachapungaThe Machapunga were a very small Native American tribe of Algonquian descent, one of a number in the territory of North Carolina, probably related to the Algonquian of the Powhatan Confederacy in present-day Virginia, who had migrated south. They have now disappeared as a separate tribe...
, North Carolina - ManahoacManahoacThe Manahoac, also recorded as Mahock, were a small group of Siouan-language American Indians in northern Virginia at the time of European contact. They numbered approximately 1,000 and lived primarily along the Rappahannock River west of modern Fredericksburg and the fall line, and east of the...
, Virginia - Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys
- Mayaca, Florida
- MayaimiMayaimiThe Mayaimi were a Native American people who lived around Lake Okeechobee in Florida from the beginning of the Common Era until the 17th or 18th century. The group took their name from the lake, which was then called Mayaimi, which meant "big water" in the language of the Mayaimi, Calusa, and...
(Mayami), interior Florida - Mayajuaca, Florida
- MeherrinMeherrinThe Meherrin Nation is one of eight state-recognized Nations of Native Americans in North Carolina. They reside in rural northeastern North Carolina, near the river of the same name on the Virginia-North Carolina border. They received formal state recognition in 1986. The Meherrin have an...
, Virginia, North Carolina - Mikasuki (Miccosukee), Florida
- Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
- MocosoMocosoMocoso was the name of a 16th century chiefdom located on the east side of Tampa Bay, Florida near the mouth of the Alafia River, of its chief town and of its chief. Mocoso was also the name of a 17th century village in the province of Acuera, a branch of the Timucua...
, western Florida - Monacan, Virginia
- Monyton (MonetonsMonetonsThe Moneton people were a historical Native American tribe from West Virginia'. In the late 17th century, they lived in the Kanawha Valley, near the Kanawha and New Rivers.-Name:...
, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia - Mougoulacha, Mississippi
- Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, later Oklahoma
- AbihkaAbihkaThe Abihka were a division of the Upper Muscogee Creeks. Their main place of residence was 50 miles west along the banks of the Coosa and Alabama Rivers, in what is now Talladega County, Alabama. At times their name is used for all of the Upper Creeks. They had three towns named Abihkutchi,...
, Alabama, later Oklahoma - Eufaula tribe, Georgia, later Oklahoma
- Kialegee Tribal TownKialegee Tribal TownThe Kialegee Tribal Town is a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma, as well as a traditional township within the Muscogee Creek Confederacy...
, Alabama, later Oklahoma - Thlopthlocco Tribal TownThlopthlocco Tribal TownThlopthlocco Tribal Town is both a federally recognized Native American tribe and a traditional township of Muscogee Creek Indians, based in Oklahoma. The tribe's native language is Mvskoke, also called Creek.-History:...
, Alabama, Georgia, later Oklahoma
- Abihka
- Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
- NatchezNatchez peopleThe Natchez are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area, near the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi. They spoke a language isolate that has no known close relatives, although it may be very distantly related to the Muskogean languages of the Creek...
, Louisiana and Mississippi later Oklahoma - NeusiokCoreeThe Coree were a very small Native American tribe, who once occupied a coastal area of southeastern North Carolina in the area now covered by Carteret and Craven counties...
(Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina - Norwood cultureNorwood cultureThe Norwood culture was a subculture or subperiod of the Archaic culture of .The Norwood culture was located in the Apalachee region, a forested and hilly part of what is now north Florida and was typical of other Archaic cultures using triangular-shaped projectile point knives which showed notches...
, Apalachee region, Florida, ca. 12,000 BCE—4500 BCE - Nottaway, Virginia, North Carolina
- OccaneechiOccaneechiThe Occaneechi are Native Americans who lived primarily on a large, long Occoneechee Island and east of the confluence of the Dan and Roanoke Rivers, near current day Clarksville, Virginia in the 17th century...
(Siouan), Virginia - Oconee, Georgia, Florida
- OfoOFOOfo may refer to:*Orbiting Frog Otolith*Ofo Language an indigenous language of the lower Mississippi Valley....
, Arkansas and Mississippi, eastern Tennessee - Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama
- OkelousaOkelousaThe Okelousa are Native American people originally from the Southern United States . The name is taken from the Chocktaw word for "black water"-External links:***...
, Louisiana - OpelousasAppalousaThe Appalousa were Native Americans who had occupied the area around Opelousas, Louisiana before European contact.The name Opelousas has been thought to have many meanings, but the one most commonly accepted is "Blackleg", possibly because the tribe painted or stained their legs a dark color...
, Louisiana - Osochee (Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama
- Pacara, Florida
- Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama, later Texas
- PamlicoPamlicoThe Pamlico were a Native American people of North Carolina. They spoke an Algonquian language also known as Pamlico or Carolina Algonquian.- Geography :...
, formerly North Carolina - PascagoulaPascagoulaThe Pasacagoula were an indigenous group living in coastal Mississippi on the Pascagoula River....
, Mississippi coast - Patiri, southeastern Texas
- Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina and North Carolina
- PensacolaPensacola peopleThe Pensacola were a Native American people who lived in the western part of what is now the Florida Panhandle from the time of first contact with Europeans until early in the 18th century. They spoke a Muskogean language. They are the source of the name of Pensacola Bay and the city of Pensacola...
, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama - Potoskeet, North Carolina
- Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia
- AppomattocAppomattocThe Appomattoc were a historic tribe of Virginia Indians speaking an Algonquian language, and residing along the lower Appomattox River, in the area of what is now Petersburg, Colonial Heights, Chesterfield and Dinwiddie Counties in present-day southeast Virginia.The Appomattoc were affiliated...
, Virginia - Arrohateck, Virginia
- ChesapeakeChesapeake peopleThe Chesepian or Chesapeake were a NativeAmerican tribe who inhabited the area now known as South Hampton Roads in the U.S. state of Virginia prior to their annihilation by the Powhatan Confederacy early in the 17th century. They occupied an area which is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake,...
, Virginia - ChesepianChesepianThe Chesepian or Chesapeake were a NativeAmerican tribe who inhabited the area now known as South Hampton Roads in the U.S. state of Virginia prior to their annihilation by the Powhatan Confederacy early in the 17th century. They occupied an area which is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake,...
, Virginia - Chickahominy, Virginia
- KiskiackKiskiackKiskiack was a Native American tribal group of the Powhatan Confederacy. The name means "Wide Land" or "Bread Place" in the native language, one of the Virginia Algonquian languages. It was also the name of their village on the Virginia Peninsula. Later English colonists adopted the name for...
, Virginia - MattaponiMattaponiThe Mattaponi tribe is one of only two Virginia Indian tribes in the Commonwealth of Virginia that owns reservation land. The larger Mattaponi Indian Tribe lives in King William County on reservation lands that stretch along the borders of the Mattaponi River, near West Point, Virginia.The...
, Virginia - NansemondNansemondThe Nansemond have been recognized as a Native American tribe by the Commonwealth of Virginia, along with ten other Virginia Indian tribes. They are not Federally recognized but are one of six Virginia tribes without reservations that are included in a bill for Federal recognition under...
, Virginia - PaspaheghPaspaheghThe Paspahegh tribe were tributaries to the Powhatan paramount chiefdom. The Paspahegh Indian tribe lived in present-day Charles City and James City counties, Virginia...
, Virginia - PowhatanPowhatanThe Powhatan is the name of a Virginia Indian confederation of tribes. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607...
, Virginia - PamunkeyPamunkeyThe Pamunkey nation are one of eleven Virginia Indian tribes recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia. The historical tribe was part of the Powhatan paramountcy, made up of Algonquian-speaking tribes. The Powhatan paramount chiefdom was made up over 30 tribes, estimated to total about...
, Virginia
- Appomattoc
- QuinipissaQuinipissaThe Quinipissa were an indigenous group living on the lower Mississippi River, in present day Louisiana, as reported by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1682....
, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi - Rappahannock TribeRappahannock TribeThe Rappahannock are one of the eleven state-recognized Native American tribes in Virginia. They are made up of descendants of several small Algonquian-speaking tribes who merged in the 17th century.-17th century:...
, Virginia - Roanoke, North Carolina
- Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina
- SanteeSantee tribeThe Santee Indian Organization, a remnant tribe, was officially recognized by the South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs, January 27, 2006. Historically it was a small tribe , speaking a Siouan language and centered in the area of the present town of Santee, South Carolina...
(Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina - Santa Luces, Florida
- SaponiSaponiSaponi is one of the eastern Siouan-language tribes, related to the Tutelo, Occaneechi, Monacan, Manahoac and other eastern Siouan peoples. Its ancestral homeland was in North Carolina and Virginia. The tribe was long believed extinct, as its members migrated north to merge with other tribes...
, North Carolina, Virginia - SauraSauraThe Saura were a tribe of Native Americans who lived in the Piedmont area of North Carolina near the Sauratown Mountains, east of Pilot Mountain and north of the Yadkin River. They were believed to have spoken a Siouan language....
, North Carolina - Sawokli (Sawakola, Sabacola, Sabacôla, Savacola), southern Alabama and Florida panhandle
- Saxapahaw (Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina
- SecotanSecotanThe Secotans were one of eight groups of Native Americans dominant in the Carolina sound region, between 1584 and 1590, with which English colonizers had varying degrees of contact...
, North Carolina - SeminoleSeminoleThe Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida, who now reside primarily in that state and Oklahoma. The Seminole nation emerged in a process of ethnogenesis out of groups of Native Americans, most significantly Creeks from what is now Georgia and Alabama, who settled in Florida in...
, Florida and Oklahoma - Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast
- Shakori, North Carolina
- Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina, possibly Virginia
- SissipahawSissipahawThe Sissipahaw or Haw Tribe were most likely a Siouan tribe of North Carolina. They are also variously recorded as Saxahapaw, Sauxpa, Sissipahaus, etc. Their settlements were generally located in the vicinity of modern-day Saxapahaw, North Carolina on the Haw River in Alamance County upstream...
, North Carolina - Stegarake, Virginia
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia
- Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina
- Surruque, east central Florida
- Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
- TaensaTaensaThe Taensa were a people of northeastern Louisiana. They lived on Lake Saint Joseph west of the Mississippi River, between the Yazoo River and Saint Catherine Creek...
, Mississippi - Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama
- Tawasa, Alabama
- TequestaTequestaThe Tequesta Native American tribe, at the time of first European contact, occupied an area along the southeastern Atlantic coast of Florida...
, southeastern coastal Florida - Terocodame, Texas and Mexico
- Codam
- Hieroquodame
- Oodame
- Perocodame
- Teroodame
- TimucuaTimucuaThe Timucua were a Native American people who lived in Northeast and North Central Florida and southeast Georgia. They were the largest indigenous group in that area and consisted of about 35 chiefdoms, many leading thousands of people. The various groups of Timucua spoke several dialects of the...
, Florida and Georgia- AcueraAcueraAcuera was reported to be the tribal headsman of a community of indigenous people of the same name. The Acuera were a Timucua people who flourished, in the north central region what is now called Florida, at the time of European arrival in the 16th century but, after fiercely defending their...
, central Florida - Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida
- Arapaha, north central Florida and south central Georgia?
- Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia
- Icafui (or Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia
- MocamaMocamaThe Mocama were a Native American people who lived in the coastal areas of what are now northern Florida and southeastern Georgia. A Timucua group, they spoke the dialect known as Mocama, the best-attested dialect of the Timucua language. Their territory extended from about the Altamaha River in...
(or Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia - Northern UtinaNorthern UtinaThe Northern Utina, also known as the Timucua or simply Utina, were a Timucua tribe of northern Florida. They lived north of the Santa Fe River and east of the Suwanee River, and spoke a dialect of the Timucuan language known as "Timucua proper". They appear to have been closely associated with the...
north central Florida - Ocale, central Florida
- Oconi, interior southeast Georgia
- PotanoPotanoThe Potano tribe lived in north-central Florida at the time of first European contact. Their territory included what is now Alachua County, the northern half of Marion County and the western part of Putnam County. This territory corresponds to that of the Alachua culture, which preceded the...
, north central Florida - SaturiwaSaturiwaThe Saturiwa were a Timucua chiefdom centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. They were the largest and best attested chiefdom of the Timucua subgroup known as the Mocama, who spoke the Mocama dialect of Timucuan and lived in the coastal areas...
, northeast Florida - TacatacuruTacatacuruThe Tacatacuru were a Timucua chiefdom located on Cumberland Island in what is now the U.S. state of Georgia in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were one of two chiefdoms of the Timucua subgroup known as the Mocama, who spoke the Mocama dialect of Timucuan and lived in the coastal areas of...
, coastal southeast Georgia - Tucururu (or Tucuru), central? Florida
- UtinaUtinaThe Utina, also known as the Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca tribe, were a Timucua chiefdom in northern Florida during the 16th century. The name given to them by their enemies, Thimogona, may be the origin of the word Timucua, now applied to the whole group of related tribes who lived in northern...
(or Eastern Utina), northeast central Florida - Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia
- Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia
- Yustaga, north central Florida
- Acuera
- Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi
- Tocaste, Florida
- TocobagaTocobagaTocobaga was the name of a chiefdom, its chief and its principal town during the 16th century in the area of Tampa Bay. The town was at the northern end of what is now called Old Tampa Bay, an arm of Tampa Bay that extends northward between the present-day city of Tampa and Pinellas County...
, Florida - Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
- Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
- Topachula, Florida
- TukabatcheeTukabatcheeTukabatchee was one of the four principal towns of the Creek Nation. It was located on the Tallapoosa River in the present-day state of Alabama....
(Tuk-ke-bat-che), Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama - Tuscarora, North Carolina, Virginia, later New York
- TuteloTuteloThe Tutelo were Native people living above the Fall Line in present-day Virginia and West Virginia, speaking a Siouan dialect of the Tutelo language thought to be similar to that of their neighbors, the Monacan and Manahoac nations...
(Nahyssan), Virginia - TunicaTunica peopleThe Tunica people were a group of linguistically and culturally related Native American tribes in the Mississippi River Valley, which include the Tunica ; the Yazoo; the Koroa ; and possibly the Tioux...
, Arkansas and Mississippi - Utiza, Florida
- Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida
- Vicela, Florida
- Viscaynos, Florida
- WaccamawWaccamawThe Waccamaw Indians of South Carolina, distinct from the Waccamaw Siouan Indians of North Carolina, are the first state-recognized tribe of Native Americans in South Carolina...
, South Carolina - Waccamaw SiouanWaccamaw SiouanWaccamaw Siouan Indians are one of eight state-recognized Native American tribal nations in North Carolina. Formerly Siouan-speaking, they are located predominantly in the southeastern North Carolina counties of Bladen and Columbus. They adopted this name in 1948. Their communities are St...
, North Carolina - Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina
- Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina
- WestoWestoThe Westo were a Native American tribe encountered in the Southeast by Europeans in the 17th century. They probably spoke an Iroquoian language. The Spanish called these people Chichimeco , and, Virginia colonists may have called the same people Richahecrian...
, Virginia and South Carolina - WinyawWinyawThe Winyaw Indians were a tribe living near Winyah Bay, Black River, and the lower course of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina...
, South Carolina coast - Woccon, North Carolina
- YamaseeYamaseeThe Yamasee were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans that lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida.-History:...
, Florida, Georgia - YazooYazoo tribeThe Yazoo were a tribe of the Native American Tunica people historically located on the lower course of Yazoo River, Mississippi. It was closely connected to other Tunica peoples, especially the Tunica, Koroa, and possibly the Tioux....
, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi - YuchiYuchiFor the Chinese surname 尉迟, see Yuchi.The Yuchi, also spelled Euchee and Uchee, are a Native American Indian tribe who traditionally lived in the eastern Tennessee River valley in Tennessee in the 16th century. During the 17th century, they moved south to Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina...
(Euchee), central Tennessee, later Oklahoma
Southwest
This region is sometimes called OasisamericaOasisamerica
Oasisamerica was a broad cultural area in pre-Columbian southwestern North America. It extended from modern-day Utah down to southern Chihuahua, and from the coast on the Gulf of California eastward to the Río Bravo river valley...
and includes parts of what is now Arizona
Arizona
Arizona ; is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the western United States and the mountain west. The capital and largest city is Phoenix...
, Colorado
Colorado
Colorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains...
, New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth-most sparsely inhabited U.S...
, Utah
Utah
Utah is a state in the Western United States. It was the 45th state to join the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,763,885 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the...
, Chihuahua, and Sonora
Sonora
Sonora officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo....
- Ak ChinAk-Chin Indian CommunityThe Ak-Chin Indian Community is a Native American community located in the Santa Cruz Valley in Arizona. The community is composed mainly of Pima and Tohono O'odham, as well as some Yoeme members....
, Arizona - Southern Athabaskan
- Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma
- Jicarilla ApacheJicarilla ApacheJicarilla Apache refers to the members of the Jicarilla Apache Nation currently living in New Mexico and speaking a Southern Athabaskan language...
, New Mexico - Lipan Apache, Texas
- Mescalero Apache, New Mexico
- NavajoNavajo NationThe Navajo Nation is a semi-autonomous Native American-governed territory covering , occupying all of northeastern Arizona, the southeastern portion of Utah, and northwestern New Mexico...
(Navaho, Diné), Arizona and New Mexico - San Carlos Apache, Arizona
- Tonto ApacheTonto ApacheThe Tonto Apache is one of the groups of Western Apache people. The term is also used for their dialect, one of the three dialects of the Western Apache language...
, Arizona - Western ApacheWestern ApacheWestern Apache refers to the Apache peoples living today primarily in east central Arizona. Most live within reservations. The White Mountain Apache of the Fort Apache, San Carlos, Yavapai-Apache, Tonto Apache, and the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian reservations are home to the majority of...
(Coyotero Apache), Arizona - White Mountain Apache, Arizona
- Aranama (aka Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Charinames, Xaranames, Taranames)
- CoahuiltecanCoahuiltecanCoahuiltecan or Paikawa was a proposed language family in John Wesley Powell's 1891 classification of Native American languages that consisted of Coahuilteco and Cotoname. The proposal was expanded to include Comecrudo, Karankawa, and Tonkawa...
, Texas, northern Mexico - CochimiCochimiThe Cochimí are the aboriginal inhabitants of the central part of the Baja California peninsula, from El Rosario in the north to San Javier in the south....
, Baja California - CocopaCocopaThe Cocopah or Cocopa are Native American people who live in Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, and in Arizona in the United States. The Cocopah language belongs to the Delta–California branch of the Yuman family. In Spanish, the Cocopah are termed Cucapá...
, Arizona - Comecrudo Texas, northern Mexico
- Cotoname (aka Carrizo de Camargo)
- GenízaroGenizaroGenízaros and their contemporary descendants were recognized as indigenous people by the 2007 New Mexico Legislature. Genizaros were Native American slaves who served as house servants, sheepherders, and in other capacities in Spanish, Mexican, and US households in the Southwest United States well...
Arizona, New Mexico - HalchidhomaHalchidhomaThe Halchidhoma are an Indian tribe now living mostly on the Salt River reservation, but formerly native to the area along the lower Colorado River in California and Arizona when first contacted by Europeans...
, Arizona and California - HualapaiHualapaiThe Hualapai or Walapai are a tribe of Native Americans who live in the mountains of northwestern Arizona, United States. The name is derived from "hwa:l," the Hualapai word for ponderosa pine, "Hualapai" meaning "people of the ponderosa pine"...
, Arizona - Havasupai, Arizona
- HohokamHohokamHohokam is one of the four major prehistoric archaeological Oasisamerica traditions of what is now the American Southwest. Many local residents put the accent on the first syllable . Variant spellings in current, official usage include Hobokam, Huhugam and Huhukam...
, formerly Arizona - Jumano, Texas, Mexico
- KarankawaKarankawaKarankawa were a group of Native American peoples, now extinct as a tribal group, who played a pivotal part in early Texas history....
, Texas - Kavelchadhom
- La JuntaLa Junta IndiansLa Junta Indians is a collective name for the Indians living near the junction of the Rio Grande and Conchos rivers on the borders of present day Texas and Mexico. These people were first visited by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca in 1535...
, Texas, Chihuahua - Mamulique, Texas, northern Mexico
- MansoManso IndiansThe Manso Indians are a indigenous people who lived along the Rio Grande, near El Paso, Texas from the 16th to the 18th century. Their descendants remain in the area to this day....
, Texas, Chihuahua - Maricopa, Arizona
- Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada
- PimaPimaThe Pima are a group of American Indians living in an area consisting of what is now central and southern Arizona. The long name, "Akimel O'odham", means "river people". They are closely related to the Tohono O'odham and the Hia C-ed O'odham...
, Arizona - Pima BajoPima BajoPima Bajo is a Mexican indigenous language of the Piman branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, spoken by around 1000 speakers in northern Mexico. The language is called O'ob No'ok by its speakers...
- PiroPiro PuebloPiro Pueblo : The Piros were a Native American Pueblo people that lived in a number of pueblos in the Rio Grande Valley around modern Socorro, New Mexico, USA. The now extinct Piro language was in the family of Tiwa languages...
- Pueblo peoplePueblo peopleThe Pueblo people are a Native American people in the Southwestern United States. Their traditional economy is based on agriculture and trade. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they were living in villages that the Spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns". Of the 21...
, Arizona and New Mexico- Ancestral PuebloAncient Pueblo PeoplesAncient Pueblo People or Ancestral Pueblo peoples were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southern Colorado...
, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah - HanoArizona TewaThe Arizona Tewa are a Tewa Pueblo group that resides on the eastern part of the Hopi Reservation on or near First Mesa in northeastern Arizona.-Synonymy:...
, Arizona - HopiHopiThe Hopi are a federally recognized tribe of indigenous Native American people, who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona. The Hopi area according to the 2000 census has a population of 6,946 people. Their Hopi language is one of the 30 of the Uto-Aztecan language...
, Arizona - Keres peopleKeresan languagesKeresan , also Keres , is a group of seven related languages spoken by Keres Pueblo peoples in New Mexico, U.S.A.. Each is mutually intelligible with its closest neighbors...
, New Mexico- Acoma PuebloAcoma PuebloAcoma Pueblo is a Native American pueblo approximately 60 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico in the United States. Three reservations make up Acoma Pueblo: Sky City , Acomita, and McCartys. The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity...
, New Mexico - Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico
- Laguna PuebloLaguna PuebloLaguna is a Native American tribe of the Pueblo people in west-central New Mexico, USA. The name, Laguna, is Spanish and derives from the lake located on their reservation. The real Keresan name of the tribe is Kawaik. The population of the tribe exceeds 7,000 , making it the largest Keresan...
, New Mexico - San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico
- Zia Pueblo, New Mexico
- Acoma Pueblo
- Tewa, New Mexico
- Nambé PuebloNambé PuebloNambé Oweenge Pueblo is a pueblo in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. Located about 15 miles north of Santa Fe at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The Pueblo of Nambé has existed since the 14th century and was a primary cultural, economic, and religious center at the time of...
, New Mexico - Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico
- Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico
- San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico
- Nambé Pueblo
- Tiwa peopleTiwa peopleThe Tiwa are group of related Tanoan pueblo peoples in New Mexico and Texas. They traditionally spoke a Tiwa language , and are divided into the two Northern Tiwa groups, in Taos and Picuris, and the Southern Tiwa in Isleta and Sandia, around what is now Albuquerque, and near El Paso.-Name:Tiwa is...
, New Mexico- Isleta PuebloIsleta PuebloIsleta Pueblo is an unincorporated Tanoan pueblo in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States, originally established around the 14th century.-Overview:...
, New Mexico - Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico
- Sandia PuebloSandia PuebloSandia Pueblo is a tribe of Native American Pueblo people inhabiting a 101.114 km² reservation of the same name in the eastern Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico, located three miles south of Bernalillo off Highway 85 in southern Sandoval County and northern Bernalillo County, at...
, New Mexico - Taos PuebloTaos PuebloTaos Pueblo is an ancient pueblo belonging to a Taos speaking Native American tribe of Pueblo people. It is approximately 1000 years old and lies about north of the modern city of Taos, New Mexico, USA...
, New Mexico - Ysleta del Sur PuebloYsleta del Sur PuebloYsleta del Sur Pueblo is a Puebloan Native American tribal entity in the Ysleta section of El Paso, Texas, comprising a formerly Southern Tiwa-speaking people who were displaced from New Mexico in 1680 and 1681 during the Pueblo Revolt against the Spaniards.-Tigua:In Spanish the people and...
(Tigua Pueblo), Texas
- Isleta Pueblo
- Towa
- Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico
- Zuni people, New Mexico
- Ancestral Pueblo
- QahatikaQahatikaThe Qahatika were a Native American tribe of the Southwestern United States. They were apparently a subtribe of the Tohono O'Odham, and lived in the vicinity of present-day Quijotoa, Arizona....
- QuechanQuechanThe Quechan are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the border with Mexico...
(YumaQuechanThe Quechan are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the border with Mexico...
), Arizona and California - QuemsQuemsThe Quems were a group of American Indians that were recorded as having settled along both banks of the Rio Grande in what is now Texas and Coahuila . A group of hunter-gatherers, they are known to have settled around present-day Eagle Pass and Piedras Negras...
- SolanoSolano (people)The Solano are a people in southern part of the U.S. state of Texas and the northern portion of the Mexican state of Coahuila. Also, the Solano language, a little known extinct language spoken by the Solano....
- SumaSuma-JumanoThe Suma and the Jumano were people in western Sonora and Trans-Pecos region of western Texas. The Suma was the western division and the Jumano were the eastern division.-History:...
- Tamique
- Toboso
- Tohono O'odhamTohono O'odhamThe Tohono O'odham are a group of Native American people who reside primarily in the Sonoran Desert of the southeastern Arizona and northwest Mexico...
(Papago), Arizona and Mexico - TompiroTompiro IndiansThe Tompiro Indians were Pueblo Indians living in New Mexico. They lived in several adobe villages east of the Rio Grande River Valley in the Salinas region of New Mexico. Their settlements were abandoned and they were absorbed into other Indian tribes in the 1670s.-Origin and Language:Very...
- UbateUbatéUbaté is a town and municipality in the Cundinamarca Department, Colombia. Its name comes from the native name "Ebate" meaning "Bloodied Land". It was at one point populated by Chibcha tribes. It was founded in 1592. It is known as the "Milk Capital of Colombia" and for a Gothic style Cathedral and...
- Walapai, Arizona
- Yaqui, Arizona
- YavapaiYavapai peopleYavapai are an indigenous people in Arizona. Historically, the Yavapai were divided into four geographical bands that considered themselves separate peoples: the Tolkapaya, or Western Yavapai, the Yavapé, or Northwestern Yavapai, the Kwevkapaya, or Southeastern Yavapai, and Wipukpa, or Northeastern...
, (Mojave-Apache) see Yavapai-Apache NationYavapai-Apache NationThe Yavapai-Apache Nation is a Native American tribe in the Verde Valley, Arizona. Tribal members share two culturally distinct backgrounds and speak two indigenous languages, the Yavapai language and the Western Apache language...
, Yavapai-Prescott TribeYavapai-Prescott TribeThe Yavapai-Prescott Tribe is located on a reservation of 1,413.46 acres in central Yavapai County in west-central Arizona. There are less than 200 tribal members. The tribe has a shopping center, two casinos and a hotel where the reservation abuts State Highway 69 at Prescott, Arizona. There...
Arizona
Mexico and Mesoamerica
The indigenous peoples of MexicoMexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
and the Caribbean
Caribbean
The Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...
are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.
Aridoamerica
- Aripes
- AcaxeeAcaxeeAcaxee was a tribe or group of tribes in the Sierra Madre Occidental in eastern Sinaloa and NW Durango. The spoke a Tarachatitian language in the Southern Uto-Aztecan language family. Their culture was based on horticulture and the exploitation of wild animal and plant life...
s - Callejees
- Catujanes
- ChichimecaChichimecaChichimeca was the name that the Nahua peoples of Mexico generically applied to a wide range of semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico and southwestern United States, and carried the same sense as the European term "barbarian"...
- CaxcanCaxcanThe Caxcan were a partly nomadic indigenous people of Mexico. Under their leader, Francisco Tenamaztle, the Caxcan were allied with the Zacatecos against the Spaniards during the Mixtón Rebellion. During the rebellion, they were described as "the heart and the center of the Indian Rebellion". They...
- GuachichilGuachichilOf all the Chichimeca natives, the Guachichiles occupied the most extensive territory, stretching north to Saltillo in Coahuila and to the northern corners of Michoacán in the south...
- GuamareGuamareThe Guamares were an indigenous group that were concentrated in the region of the present state of Guanajuato. They were part of the Chichimecas.The Guamares were centered in the Guanajuato Sierras, but some bands ranged as far east as Querétaro...
s - PamePameThe Pame are an indigenous people of central Mexico living in the state of San Luis Potosí. They call themselves Xi'úi. They speak the Pame language, which belongs to the Oto-Pamean group of the Oto-Manguean language family....
- TecuexeTecuexeThe Tecuexe were an indigenous group found in the eastern part of present day Guadalajara, Mexico-History:It is believed that the Tecuexe derived from the dispersion of Zacateco groups from La Quemada. Like the Zacatecos, the Tecuexe were a tribe belonging to the generic "Chichimeca" peoples...
- Zacatec
- Caxcan
- CochimíCochimiThe Cochimí are the aboriginal inhabitants of the central part of the Baja California peninsula, from El Rosario in the north to San Javier in the south....
- Cocapás
- Guaycunes
- GuaycuraGuaycuraThe Guaycura were a native people of Baja California Sur, Mexico, occupying an area extending south from south of Loreto to Todos Santos. They contested the area around La Paz with the Pericú....
s - Huastec
- Huichol
- Irritila
- KiliwaKiliwaThe Kiliwa are an aboriginal people of northern Baja California, Mexico. They occupied a territory lying between the Cochimí on the south and the Paipai on the north, and extending from San Felipe on the Gulf of California to San Quintín on the Pacific coast...
, Baja California - Janambre
- MonquiMonquiThe Monquis were the Native American inhabitants of the vicinity of Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, at the time of Spanish contact. Probably first encountered by explorers traveling up the Gulf of California during the sixteenth century, they were subjected to some of the peninsula's earliest...
s - Ópata
- PaipaiPaipaiThe Paipai are an aboriginal people of northern Baja California, Mexico. They occupied a territory lying between the Kiliwa on the south and the Kumeyaay and Cocopa on the north, and extending from San Vicente near the Pacific coast nearly to the Colorado River's delta in the east...
, Akwa'ala, Kw'al, Baja California - PericúesPericúesThe Pericú were the aboriginal inhabitants of the Cape Region, the southernmost portion of Baja California Sur, Mexico...
(Pericu) - Seri
- Tamaholipa
- TarahumaraTarahumaraThe Rarámuri or Tarahumara are a Native American people of northwestern Mexico who are renowned for their long-distance running ability...
- TepehuánTepehuánThe Tepehuán are a Native American ethnic group in northwest Mexico, whose villages at the time of Spanish conquest spanned a large territory along the Sierra Madre Occidental from Chihuahua and Durango in the north to Jalisco in the south...
- Uchitíes
- Ximpece
- Xiximes
Mesoamerica
- Nahua
- Cora peopleCora peopleThe Cora are an indigenous ethnic group of Western Central Mexico that live in the Sierra de Nayarit and in La Mesa de Nayar in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Nayarit. They call themselves náayarite , whence the name of the present day Mexican state of Nayarit...
- Lenca
- Maya
- ItzáItzaThe Itza are a Guatemalan ethnic group of Maya affiliation speaking the Itza' language. They inhabit the Petén department of Guatemala in and around the city of Flores on the Lake Petén Itzá.- Numbers of ethnic group members and Itza speakers :...
- Lacandon
- MopanMopan peopleMopan are one of the Maya peoples in Belize and Guatemala. Their indigenous language is also called Mopan and is one of the Yucatec Maya languages....
- Yucatec (Maya proper)
- Ch'ol
- IxilIxil peopleIxil is the name of a Mayan people in Guatemala. The Ixil live in three municipalities in the Cuchumatanes mountains in the northern part of the department El Quiché...
- JacaltecJakaltek peopleThe Jakaltek people are a Mayan people of Guatemala. They have lived in the foothills of the Cuchumatanes Mountains in the Department of Huehuetenango in northwestern Guatemala since pre-Columbian times, centered around the town of Jacaltenango...
(JakaltekJakaltek peopleThe Jakaltek people are a Mayan people of Guatemala. They have lived in the foothills of the Cuchumatanes Mountains in the Department of Huehuetenango in northwestern Guatemala since pre-Columbian times, centered around the town of Jacaltenango...
) - K'iche' (Quiché)
- Kaqchikel
- KekchiQ'eqchi' peopleQ'eqchi are one of the Maya peoples in Guatemala and Belize, whose indigenous language is also called Q'eqchi'....
- MamMam peopleThe Mam are a Native American people in the western highlands of Guatemala and in south-western Mexico.Most Mam live in Guatemala, in the departments of Huehuetenango, San Marcos, and Quetzaltenango...
- Poqomam
- Tojolabales
- Tzotzil
- TzeltalTzeltal peopleThe Tzeltal people are the largest indigenous group mostly located in the highlands or Los Altos region of the Mexican state of Chiapas. They are one of many Mayan ethnic groups and they speak a a language which belongs to the Tzeltalan subgroup of Mayan languages...
- Tz'utujil
- Itzá
- Mazatec
- MixtecMixtecThe Mixtec are indigenous Mesoamerican peoples inhabiting the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Puebla in a region known as La Mixteca. The Mixtecan languages form an important branch of the Otomanguean language family....
- OlmecOlmecThe Olmec were the first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the modern-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco....
- OtomiOtomi peopleThe Otomi people . Smaller Otomi populations exist in the states of Puebla, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Michoacán and Guanajuato. The Otomi language belonging to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family is spoken in many different varieties some of which are not mutually intelligible.One of...
- Pipil
- Tarascan (P'urhépechaP'urhépechaThe P'urhépecha, normally spelled Purépecha in Spanish and in English and traditionally referred to as Tarascans, are an indigenous people centered in the northwestern region of the Mexican state of Michoacán, principally in the area of the cities of Uruapan and Pátzcuaro...
) - TlapanecTlapanec peopleThe Tlapanec people is an ethnic group indigenous to the Mexican state of Guerrero.Their language, Me'phaa, is a part of the Oto-Manguean language family. The now extinct Subtiaba language of Nicaragua was a closely related language...
- XincaXinca peopleThe Xinca are a non-Mayan indigenous people of Mesoamerica, with communities in the southern portion of Guatemala, near its border with El Salvador, and in the mountainous region to the north....
- Zapotec
Caribbean
Anthropologist Julian StewardJulian Steward
Julian Haynes Steward was an American anthropologist best known for his role in developing "the concept and method" of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change.-Early life and education:...
defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles
Antilles
The Antilles islands form the greater part of the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea. The Antilles are divided into two major groups: the "Greater Antilles" to the north and west, including the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola , and Puerto Rico; and the smaller "Lesser Antilles" on the...
and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles...
.
- Arawak
- TainoTaíno peopleThe Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. It is thought that the seafaring Taínos are relatives of the Arawak people of South America...
, Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles- LucayanLucayanThe Lucayan were the original inhabitants of the Bahamas before the arrival of Europeans. They were a branch of the Taínos who inhabited most of the Caribbean islands at the time. The Lucayans were the first inhabitants of the Americas encountered by Christopher Columbus...
, Bahamas
- Lucayan
- IgneriIgneriThe Igneri were an ethnic group that was once part of the Arawak tribe. They inhabited the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico during the Pre-Columbian era. They are said to have originated in the Orinoco region in Venezuela...
, Lesser Antilles, 400—1000 CE - Nepoya, Trinidad
- Suppoya, Trinidad
- Taino
- CaquetioCaquetio peopleCaquetio, Caiquetio, or Caiquetia, were Indians of northwestern Venezuela, living along the shores of Lake Maracaibo at the time of the Spanish conquest. They moved inland to avoid enslavement by the Spaniards but were eventually destroyed as were their neighbours, the Quiriquire and the Jirajara...
, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Venezuela - Carib, Lesser Antilles
- Garifuna ("Black Carib"), Originally DominicaDominicaDominica , officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth...
and Saint VincentSaint Vincent (island)Saint Vincent is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. It is the largest island of the chain called Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located in the Caribbean Sea, between Saint Lucia and Grenada. It is composed of partially submerged volcanic mountains...
, currently Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua
- Garifuna ("Black Carib"), Originally Dominica
- Ciboney, Greater Antilles, ca. 1000—300 BCE
- Guanahatabey (GuanajatabeyGuanajatabeyThe Guanahatabey were indigenous inhabitants of Cuba, They numbered about 100,000 and had lived on the island since at least 1000 B.C. They are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of the island. Hunters, gatherers, and farmers, these native Cubans cultivated cohiba , a crop upon which the...
), Cuba, 1000 BCE
- Guanahatabey (Guanajatabey
- Ciguayo, HispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniola is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west and Puerto Rico to the east, within the hurricane belt...
- Garifuna ("Black Carib"), Originally DominicaDominicaDominica , officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth...
and Saint VincentSaint Vincent (island)Saint Vincent is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. It is the largest island of the chain called Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located in the Caribbean Sea, between Saint Lucia and Grenada. It is composed of partially submerged volcanic mountains...
, currently Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua - OrtoiroidOrtoiroid peopleThe Ortoiroid people were the first human settlers of the Caribbean, who peaked culturally from 5000—200 BCE. They are believed to have originated in the Orinoco valley in South America, migrating to the Antilles from Trinidad and Tobago to Puerto Rico...
, ca. 5500—200 BCE- Coroso culture, Puerto Rico, 1000 BCE–200 CE
- Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500—200 BCE
- Saladoid culture, 500 BCE—545 CE
Central America
The Central American culture area includes part of El SalvadorEl Salvador
El Salvador or simply Salvador is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country and in all of Central America...
, most of Honduras
Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was previously known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize...
, all of Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean...
, Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
, and Panama
Panama
Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...
, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
and Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
.
- Bagaces, Costa Rica
- Bokota, Panama
- Boruca, Costa Rica
- Bribri, Costa Rica
- Cabécar, Costa Rica
- Cacaopera, Costa Rica
- Cayada, Ecuador
- Changuena, Panama
- Embera-WounaanEmbera-WounaanThe Embera–Wounaan are a group of semi-nomadic Indians in Panama, living in the province of Darien at the shores of the Chucunaque, Sambu, Tuira Rivers and its water ways...
(Chocó, Wounaan), Colombia, Panama - Choluteca, Honduras
- Coiba, Costa Rica
- Coito, Costa Rica
- Corobici, Costa Rica
- Desaguadero, Costa Rica
- Dorasque, Panama
- Guatuso, Costa Rica
- GuaymíGuaymíThe Guaymí or Ngäbe are an indigenous group living mainly within the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in the Western Panamanian provinces of Veraguas, Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro, as well as in the indigenous town of Conte, Costa Rica near the extreme southern tip of the country...
, Panama- MovereMovereThe Mové, also called Movere, Western Guaymi, or Ngäbere, are a Chibchan speaking people in Panama and Costa Rica . This tribe, like the Murire , is a division of the Guaymi. They are further subdivided into the Valiente.The Mové live in a tropical forest , also gather wild plants...
, Panama - Murire, Panama
- Movere
- Guetar, Costa Rica
- KunaKuna (people)Kuna or Cuna is the name of an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. The spelling Kuna is currently preferred. In the Kuna language, the name is Dule or Tule, meaning "people," and the name of the language in Kuna is Dulegaya, meaning "Kuna language" - Location :The Kuna live in three...
, Panama and Columbia - Lenca, Honduras and El Salvador
- Mangue, Nicaragua
- Maribichocoa, Honduras and Nicaragua
- Matagalpa, Honduras
- Miskito, Hondrus, Nicaragua
- Miskito SambuMiskito SambuThe Miskito Sambu are a mixed-race population group occupying the Caribbean coast of Central America, focused on the region of the Honduras-Nicaragua border...
- Tawira MiskitoTawira MiskitoThe Tawira Miskito are indigenous peoples of Nicaragua. They are a band of Miskito people and lives in the southern part of the Mosquito Coast. They are also known as Tauira and Tawira. They speak the Tawira language....
- Miskito Sambu
- Nagrandah, Nicaragua
- Ngöbe Buglé, Bocas del Toro, Panama
- Nicarao, Nicaragua
- Nicoya, Costa Rica
- Orotiña, Costa Rica
- Paparo, Panama
- Paya, Honduras
- Pech, northeastern Honduras
- Piria, Nicaragua
- Poton, Honduras and El Salvador
- Quepo, Costa Rica
- Rama, Nicaragua
- Sigua, Panama
- Subtiaba, Nicaragua
- Suerre, Costa Rica
- Sumo (Mayagna), Honduras and Nicaragua
- Terraba (Naso, TeribeTeribeTeribe is a town and corregimiento in the Changuinola District of Bocas del Toro Province of Panama....
, Tjër Di), Panama - Tojar, Panama
- TolupanTolupan peopleThe Tolupan or Jicaque people is an indigenous ethnic group of Honduras primarily inhabiting the community La Montaña del Flor in central Honduras.- Anthropological references :...
(Jicaque), Honduras - Ulva, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua
- Voto, Costa Rica
- YasikaYasikaYasika . A Misumalpan Indian tribe that lived in the highlands of Nicaragua, río Yasica, Matagalpa Department....
, Nicaragua
Colombia and Venezuela
The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of ColombiaColombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
and Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.
- Abibe, northwestern Colombia
- Aburrá, central Colombia
- Agual, western Colombia
- Amaní, central Colombia
- Ancerma, western Colombia
- Andoque, Andoke, southeastern Colombia
- Antiochia, Colombia
- Arbi, western Colombia
- Arma, western Colombia
- Atunceta, western Colombia
- Auracana, northeastern Colombia
- Buriticá, western Colombia
- Calamari, northwestern Colombia
- Caramanta, western Columbia
- Carate, northeastern Colombia
- Carare, northeastern Colombia
- Carex, northwestern Colombia
- Cari, western Colombia
- Carrapa, western Colombia
- Cartama, western Colombia
- Corbago, northeastern Colombia
- Cosina, northeastern Colombia
- Catio, northwestern Colombia
- Cenú, northwestern Colombia
- Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia
- Chanco, western Colombia
- Coanoa, northeastern Colombia
- Evéjito, western Colombia
- Fincenú, northwestern Colombia
- GorrónGorronGorron is a pretty market town. It has 3 bakeries, a butcher, several cafes, a tabac, a few clothes shops, 3 banks, 2 garden centres, 2 large furniture shops, insurance agents, 2 estate agents, a tourist info shop, The town has a large park with the river Colmont running through it.There is also a...
, western Colombia - GuahiboGuahibo peopleThe Guahibo people people are an indigenous people native to Llanos or savannah plains in eastern Colombia--Arauca, Meta, Guainia, and Vichada departments--and in southern Venezuela near the Colombian border. Their population is was estimated at 23,772 people in 1998....
(Guajibo), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela - Guambía, western Colombia
- Guane culture, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture
- Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia
- Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia
- HiwiHiwi peopleThe Hiwi call themselves the “people of the savannah” for the vast flatlands they inhabit between the Meta and Vichada rivers in Colombia. In Venezuela, the Hiwi live in the states of Apure, Guarico, Bolivar, and Amazonas. Seventeenth and eighteenth century historians described the Hiwi as nomadic...
, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela - Jamundí, western Colombia
- Kogi, northern Colombia
- Lile, western Colombia
- Lache, central Colombia
- Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
- Mompox, northwestern Colombia
- Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
- Naura, central Colombia
- Nauracota, central Colombia
- NoanamáNoanamáThe Wounaan language, Noanamá and Woun Meu, is a Chocoan language, with some 6000 speakers on the border between Panama and Colombia....
(Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama - Nutabé, northwestern Colombia
- Opón, northeastern Colombia
- Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia
- Pancenú, northwestern Colombia
- PatángoroPatángoroThe Patángoro, also called the Pantágoro, are a Native American people of Colombia....
, central Colombia - Paucura, western Colombia
- Pemed, northwestern Colombia
- Pequi people, western Colombia
- PiaroaPiaroaThe Piaroa are an indigenous American ethnic group living along the banks of the Orinoco River and its tributaries in present day Venezuela, and in a few scattered locations elsewhere in Venezuela and in Colombia...
, Colombia and Venezuela - Picara, western Colombia
- Pozo, western Colombia
- QuimbayaQuimbaya civilizationThe Quimbaya civilization is a South American civilization, noted for spectacular gold work characterized by technical accuracy and detailed designs. The majority of the gold work is made in tumbaga alloy, with 30% copper, which imparts beautiful color tonalities to the pieces...
, central Colombia, 4th–7th c. CE - Quinchia, western Colombia
- Sutagao, central Colombian
- TahamíTahamí peopleThe Tahamíes Indians were a Colombian indigenous peoples who inhabited the Antioquia region between the Porce and Magdalena rivers. They were part of the family of Caribbean Indians. Many municipalities such as Carmen de Viboral, Rionegro, Marinilla, Segovia, Amalfi, El Peñol, and Guarne are...
, northwestern Colombia - TaironaTaironaTairona was a group of chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America, which goes back at least to the 1st century AD and had significant demographic growth around the 11th century.The Tairona people...
, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th c. CE - Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia
- Timba, western Colombia
- TiniguaTiniguaTinigua are the indigenous people who inhabited the river basin Yari, Caguan and today Caquetá Department of Colombia. In their language, Tinigua refers to the ancestors: tini probably meant “word of the ancients.”-History:...
, Caquetá Department, Colombia - Tolú, northwestern Colombia
- Toro, western Colombia
- Tupe, northeastern Colombia
- Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia
- Urabá, northwestern Colombia
- Urezo, northwestern Colombia
- U'waU'wa peopleThe U'wa people are an indigenous people living in the cloud forests of northeastern Colombia. Historically, the U'wa numbered as many as 20,000, scattered over a homeland that extended across the Venezuela-Colombia border. Some 7-8,000 U'wa are alive today....
, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela - Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
- Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia
- Yamicí, northwestern Colombia
- Yapel, northwestern Colombia
- Yarigui, northeastern Colombia
- Yukpa, Yuko, northeastern Colombia
- Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia
- Zendagua, northwestern Colombia
- ZenúZenúThe Zenú or Sinú are an Amerindian tribe in Colombia whose ancestral territory comprises the valleys of the Sinu and San Jorge rivers as well as the coast of the Caribbean around the Gulf of Morrosquillo...
, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE - Zopia, western Colombia
Guianas
This region includes northern parts ColombiaColombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
, French Guiana
French Guiana
French Guiana is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations, Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west...
, Guyana
Guyana
Guyana , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and of the British...
, Suriname
Suriname
Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...
, Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá
Amapá
Amapá is one of the states of Brazil, located in the extreme north, bordering French Guiana and Suriname to the north. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south and west is the Brazilian state of Pará. Perhaps one of the main features of the state is the River Oiapoque, as it was once...
, Pará
Pará
Pará is a state in the north of Brazil. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest it also borders Guyana and Suriname, and to the northeast it borders the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Belém.Pará is the most populous state...
, and Roraima
Roraima
Roraima is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil, located in the Amazon region. It borders the states of Amazonas and Pará, as well as the nations of Venezuela and Guyana. The population is 400,000 and the capital is Boa Vista...
States in Brazil.
- Acawai (6N 60W)
- Acokwa (3N 53W)
- Acuria (5N 55W)
- Akawaio, Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
- Amariba (2N 60W)
- Amicuana (2N 53W)
- ApalaíApalaiThe Aparai or Apalai are an indigenous people of Brazil, who live in Amapá and Pará states. They were sedentary slash and burn farmers, necessitating periodic relocation as soil became exhausted, but also hunters and gatherers...
(ApalaiApalaiThe Aparai or Apalai are an indigenous people of Brazil, who live in Amapá and Pará states. They were sedentary slash and burn farmers, necessitating periodic relocation as soil became exhausted, but also hunters and gatherers...
), Amapá, Brazil - Apirua (3N 53W)
- Apurui (3N 53W)
- Aracaret (4N 53W)
- Aramagoto (2N 54W)
- Aramisho (2N 54W)
- Arebato (7N 65W)
- Arekena (2N 67W)
- Arhuaco, northeastern Colombia
- Arigua
- Arinagoto (4N 63W)
- AruaAruaArua is a town in Arua District, Northern Uganda. An important local commercial centre, it is a base for a large refugee population from Southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is an aid distribution centre for those nations.-Location:...
(1N 50W) - Aruacay, Venezuela
- Atorai (2N 59W)
- Atroahy (1S 62W)
- AuakéAuakéAuaké is a Native South American nation of the Amazonia of Venezuela and Brazil. They were sedentary slash-and-burn farmers, which requires periodic relocation as soil becomes exhausted, and were also hunters, fishers and gatherers. They spoke Arutani...
, Brazil and Guyana - Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
- Baraüana (1N 65W)
- Bonari (3S 58W)
- Baré (3N 67W)
- Caberre (4N 71 W)
- Cadupinago
- Cariaya (1S 63 W)
- Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela
- Carinepagoto, Trinidad
- Chaguan, Venezuela
- Chaima, Venezuela
- Cuaga, Venezuela
- Cuacua, Venezuela
- CumanagotoCumanagotoThe Cumanagotos are a group of Native Americans in South America. They belong to the Carib family. Their territory extended originally over the ancient province of Nueva Andalucía in eastern Venezuela, and their descendants live now in the north of Anzoátegui State, Venezuela.The Cumanagotos were...
, Venezuela - Guayano, Venezuela
- Guinau (4N 65W)
- Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil
- Inao (4N 65W)
- IngarikóIngarikóThe Akawaio are an indigenous people who live in Roraima , Guyana, and Venezuela.They are one of several closely related peoples called Ingarikó and Kapon.-References:...
, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela - Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
- Kali'naKali'na peopleThe Kali'na, also known as the Karib, Kaliña, Galibi, Kalina, Karina, Carina, Kalinha, Kariña, Kari’ña, or Karinya people, are an Indigenous ethnic group found in several countries on the Caribbean coast of South America. In language and culture they are Cariban.-Name:The origin of the name given...
, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela - Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela
- Macapa (2N 59W)
- Macushi, Brazil and Guyana
- Maipure (4N 67W)
- Maopityan (2N 59W)
- MapoyoMapoyo languageMapoyo is a Carib language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, Venezuela. The ethnic population is about 365....
(Mapoye), Venezuela - Marawan (3N 52W)
- Mariche, Venezuela
- Mariusa, Venezuela
- Marourioux (3N 53W)
- Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
- OreallaOreallaOrealla is an American Indian community in the East Berbice-Corentyne Region of Guyana, on the Courantyne River, approximately south of Crabwood Creek and north of Epira, located at , altitude 11 metres...
, Guyana - Palengue, Venezuela
- Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana
- Parauana (2N 63W)
- Parauien (3S 60W)
- Pareco, Venezuela
- Paria, Venezuela
- PatamonaPatamonaThe Patamona are an Amerindian group, known archaeologically from pottery collections in the Yawong Valley and the upper Siparuni River in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. The upper Siparuni was exploited until recently for suitable farm lands, hunting and fishing...
, Roraima, Brazil - Pauishana (2N 62W)
- Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
- Piapoco (3N 70W)
- Piaroa, Venezuela
- Pino (3N 54W)
- Piritú, Venezuela
- Purui (2N 52W)
- Saliba (SálivaSalivaSaliva , referred to in various contexts as spit, spittle, drivel, drool, or slobber, is the watery substance produced in the mouths of humans and most other animals. Saliva is a component of oral fluid. In mammals, saliva is produced in and secreted from the three pairs of major salivary glands,...
), Venezuela - Sanumá, Venezuela, Brazil
- Shebayo, Trinidad
- Tagare, Venezuela
- Tamanaco, Venezuela
- Tarumá (3S 60W)
- Tibitibi, Venezuela
- Tiriyó (Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname
- Tocoyen (3N 53W)
- Tumuza, Venezuela
- Wai-WaiWai-Wai peopleThe Wai-wai are an ethnic group of Guyana and northern Brazil.The Wai-wai in Guyana live in the far south of the country, near the headwaters of the Essequibo River. There are approximately 200 Wai-wai in Guyana and 2000 in Brazil...
, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana - Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana
- Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela
- WayanaWayanaThe Wayana are a Carib-speaking people located in the south-eastern part of the Guiana highlands, a region divided between Brazil, Surinam, and French Guiana...
(Oyana), Pará, Brazil - Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil
- Ye'kuana, Venezuela, Brazil
Eastern Brazil
This region includes the CearáCeará
Ceará is one of the 27 states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is currently the 8th largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area. It is also one of the main touristic destinations in Brazil. The state capital is the city of...
, Goiás
Goiás
Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country. The name Goiás comes from the name of an indigenous community...
, Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest in area, located in the western part of the country.Neighboring states are Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders Bolivia to the southwest...
, Pará
Pará
Pará is a state in the north of Brazil. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest it also borders Guyana and Suriname, and to the northeast it borders the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Belém.Pará is the most populous state...
, and Santa Catarina
Santa Catarina (state)
Santa Catarina is a state in southern Brazil with one of the highest standards of living in Latin America. Its capital is Florianópolis, which mostly lies on the Santa Catarina Island. Neighbouring states are Rio Grande do Sul to the south and Paraná to the north. It is bounded on the east by...
states of Brazil
- ApinajéApinajéThe Apinajé are an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the state of Tocantins.-History:In the late 20th century, immigrants encroached on Apinajé lands. Their lands divided when highways such as the Belém-Brasilia Highway and the Trans-Amazonian Highway...
(Apinaye Caroyo), Rio Araguiaia - Apurinã
- AraraArara peopleThe Arara people, also called Arara do Pará are an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the state of Pará, Brazil. They are known for both their prowess in warfare and trophy-keeping practices, as well as their ability to interact and accommodate non-native peoples. They maintained a nomadic...
, Pará - BororoBororo peopleThe Bororo or Bororo-Boe people live in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil; they also extended into Bolivia and the Brazilian state of Goiás. The Western Bororo, now extinct, lived around the Jauru and Cabaçal rivers...
(BorôroBororoBororo may refer to:* Bororo people, of Brazil** Bororo language, their language* Wodaabe, people of Western Africa...
), Mato Grosso - Botocudo (Lakiãnõ)
- Carijo Guarani
- East Brazilian Tradition (Precolumbian culture)
- Guató, Mato Grosso
- KadiwéuKadiweuKadiweu, Kadiwéu, and Caduveo may refer to:* Kadiweu people, an indigenous tribe in southwest Brazil* Kadiweu language, spoken by those people...
(Guaicuru) - Karajá (Iny), Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins
- KaxixóKaxixóThe Kaxixó are an indigenous population, located mainly in the Martinho Campos as well as the Pompéu municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. There are approximately 480 Kaxixó, whom are dispersed over a wide area around the Kaxixó aldeia...
- KayapoKayapo peopleThe Kayapo people are the Gê-speaking native peoples of the plain lands of the Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil, south of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and its tributaries.In 2003, their population was 7,096....
(Mebêngôkre), Mato Grosso and Pará - Laklãnõ, Santa Catarina
- Mehim (Krahô, Crahao), Rio Tocantins
- Ofayé
- Parakatêjê (Gavião), Pará
- Pataxó
- PotiguaraPotiguaraThe Potiguara are a nation of indigenous people in Brazil. The Potiguara live in the state of Paraíba, in the municipalities of Marcação, Baía da Traição and Rio Tinto. Their population are 12000 Indians and occupied 26 villages at 3 reservations : Potiguara, Jacaré de São Domingos e Potiguara de...
(Pitigoares), Ceará - TabajaraTabajaraTabajara is a nation of indigenous people, who had lived in interior of the Ceará, specially in Serra da Ibiapaba. This name means lord of village from taba village, and jara lord; according to José de Alencar....
- TupiniquimTupiniquimTupiniquim is the name of an Amerindian tribe who now only live in three reservations . All three are located in the municipality of Aracruz in northern Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. As of 1997 their population was 1,386...
- UmutinaUmutinaThe Umutina are an indigenous ethnic group from the Mato Grosso region of eastern Brazil. They are a member of the Bororo language group....
(Barbados) - XakriabáXakriabá people-References:* http://www.isa.org.br/pib/epienglish/verbetinho/xakriaba.htm...
- Xavante, Mato Grosso
- XerenteXerenteXerente are an indigenous people of Brazil specifically Tocantins.They are a Central Jê people related to the Xavante. They maintained generally "peaceful" relations with outsiders from the nineteenth century onward...
, Goiás - XucuruXucuruThe Xucuru are an indigenous people with a population of approximately 8,500, living in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. They have recently gained governmental recognition of their rights to their indigenous homeland in the Ororubo Mountains, though this has brought them into conflict with the...
Andes
- Andean Hunting-Collecting Tradition, Argentina, 11,000–4,000 CE
- Awa-Kwaiker, northern Ecuador, southern Colombia
- Aymara, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
- CañariCanariCanari is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica.-Population:-References:*...
, Ecuador - Capulí cultureCapulí cultureThe Capulí culture refers to an archaeological classification for a group in Pre-Columbian South America on the Andean plain in what is now northern Ecuador and southern Colombia. The Capulí preceded the Piartal and Tuza cultures in the archaeological record ranging from around 800 to 1500 CE. ...
, Ecuador, 800—1500 CE - Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture)
- ChachapoyasChachapoyas cultureThe Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day Peru. The Incas conquered their civilization shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. When the Spanish arrived in Peru in the 16th century, the...
, Amazonas, Peru - Chachilla (Cayapas)
- Chanka (Chanca), Peru
- ChavínChavín cultureThe Chavín were a civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BC to 200 BC. They extended their influence to other civilizations along the coast. The Chavín were located in the Mosna Valley where the Mosna and Huachecsa rivers merge...
, northern Peru, 900–200 BCE - Chincha people, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
- Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture)
- Conchucos
- DiaguitaDiaguitaThe Diaguita, also called Diaguita-Calchaquí, are a group of South American indigenous peoples. The Diaguita culture developed between the 8th and 16th centuries in what are now the provinces of Salta, Catamarca, La Rioja and Tucumán in northwestern Argentina, and in the Atacama and Coquimbo...
- AmaichaAmaichaThe Amaichas are a Diaguitan tribe who once lived in northwestern region of Argentina....
, Argentina - CalchaquíCalchaquíThe Calchaquí were a tribe of South American Indians of the Diaguita group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern Argentina. Stone and other remains prove them to have reached a high degree of civilization...
, Argentina - ChicoanaChicoana-External link:*, Spanish...
, Salta, Argentina - Quilmes (Precolumbian culture), Argentina
- Amaicha
- Guangaia (Precolumbian culture)
- Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture)
- Inca EmpireInca EmpireThe Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...
(InkaInka, is a term used in Zen Buddhism to denote a high-level of certification, and literally means "the legitimate seal of clearly furnished proof." In ancient times inka usually came in the form of an actual document, but this practice is no longer commonplace...
), based in Peru - Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture)
- Killke cultureKillke cultureThe Killke culture occupied the South American region around Cusco, Peru from 900 to 1200 AD, prior to the arrival of the Incas in the 1200s.Killke culture flourished in highland Peru in the Late Intermediate Period around what is now Cuzco. They built the massive fortress, Sacsayhuamán, during the...
, Peru, 900–1200 CE - Kogi
- KollaKolla peopleThe Kolla are an indigenous people of Western Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, living in Jujuy and Salta Provinces. The 2004 Complementary Indigenous Survey reported 53,019 Kolla households living in Argentina. They moved freely between the borders of Argentina and Bolivia...
(Colla), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile - La Tolita (Precolumbian culture)
- Las Vegas culture, coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCE
- Lauricocha cultureLauricocha CultureLauricocha Culture is a sequence of Preceramic cultural periods in Peru's history, spanning about 5,000 years from c. 8000 to 2500 BCE.The total prehistoric sequence in Peru spans 15,000 years, starting at about 13,000 BC when the first gatherer-hunter societies left their traces in the Ayacucho...
, Peru, 8000–2500 BCE - Lima cultureLima cultureThe Lima culture was an indigenous civilization which existed in modern day Peru from A.D. 100 to A.D. 650. This pre-Incan culture was located in the Chillon, Rimac and Lurin River valleys. This civilization was known for its ceramic artwork. The Lima Civilizaton constructed many temples known as...
, Peru, 100–650 CE - MainaMaina IndiansThe Maina Indians are a group of tribes who lived or live along the north bank of the Marañón River in South America. They spoke varieties of the Omurano language and resided along the North bank of the Marañón....
, Ecuador, Peru - Manteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture)
- Milagro (Precolumbian culture)
- Mollo cultureMollo cultureThe Mollo culture existed in Bolivia's altiplano area after the collapse of the Tiwanaku culture during the period of AD 1000 to 1500; it predated the Inca civilization. While the Mollo showed a continuity with Late Tiwanaku culture in both domestic and village architecture, they left no...
, Bolivia, 1000–1500 CE - Muisca, Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
- Pachacama (Precolumbian culture)
- PaezPaez peopleThe Paez, also known as the Nasa, are a Native American people who live in the Andes Mountains of Colombia.-Religion:In the early 1900s, Lazarists built missions among the Paez and began the work to convert them to Christianity. Jesuits had originally tried to convert the Paez, but failed. However,...
(Nasa culturePaez peopleThe Paez, also known as the Nasa, are a Native American people who live in the Andes Mountains of Colombia.-Religion:In the early 1900s, Lazarists built missions among the Paez and began the work to convert them to Christianity. Jesuits had originally tried to convert the Paez, but failed. However,...
), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture) - PanzaleoPanzaleoThe Panzaleo are a group of Quichua people in Ecuador, primarily in Cotopaxi and Tungurahua provinces.So-called Panzaleo pottery was originally thought to be associated with this group, but has since been identified as a type of trade pottery....
(Precolumbian culture) - Pasto
- Pijao, Colombia
- Quechua (Kichua, KichwaKichwaKichwa is a Quechuan language, and includes all Quechua varieties spoken in Ecuador and Colombia by approximately 2,500,000 people...
)- ChankasChankasThe Chanka people were a Late Intermediate ethnic group in Peru. Enemies of the Incas, they were centered primarily in Andahuaylas, located in the modern day region of Apurímac. The Chankas were divided into three groups: the Hanan Chankas, or the Upper Chankas; Hurin Chankas, or the Lower...
- WankasWankasThe Huancas or Wankas are a historic Quechua people living in what is presently the Junín region of Peru, in and around the Mantaro Valley.-History:...
(Huancas)
- Chankas
- Quitu culture, 2000 BCE—1550 CE
- Salinar (Precolumbian culture)
- Saraguro
- Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco), 400-1000 CE, Bolivia
- TsáchilaTsáchilaThe Tsáchila people of Ecuador live in the county of Santo Domingo in the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas.- Legend of the origin of their ornamentation :...
(Colorado), Ecuador - Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture)
- Uru, Bolivia, Peru
- Uru-Murato, Bolivia
- Wari culture, central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE
- Pocra culture, Ayacucho Province, Peru, 500–1000 CE
Pacific lowlands
- Amotape complexAmotape complexThe Amotape complex is an archaeological culture on the northern coast of Peru dated to between c. 9,000 and 7,100 BCE. It constitutes some of the oldest evidence for human occupation of the Peruvian coast...
, northern coastal Peru, 9,000–7,1000 BCE - AtacameñoAtacameñoThe Atacameños are a Native American people who inhabited the Andean portion of the Atacama Desert, mainly in what is today Chile's Antofagasta Region. Their language is known as Kunza....
(Atacama, Likan Antaí), Chile - Awá, Colombia and Ecuador
- Bara, Colombia
- Cara culture, coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE-1550 CE
- BahíaBahía cultureThe Bahía culture was a pre-Columbian culture in Ecuador.Bahía culture originated in what is now the Manabí Province on the Pacific Coast, and spread to Bahía de Caráquez and to the Andean foothills. Their ceramic tradition is one of the first found north of the Andes.Chirije, a seaport, was a...
, Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CE - Casma culture, coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE
- ChancayChancayChancay is a small city in the Lima Region of Peru. Its population is 26,958....
, central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE - Chango, coastal Peru, northern Chile
- ChimúChimú CultureThe Chimú were the residents of Chimor, with its capital at the city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present-day Trujillo, Peru. The culture arose about 900 AD. The Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470 AD,.This was just fifty...
, north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE - CupisniqueCupisniqueCupisnique was a pre-Columbian culture which flourished from ca. 1000 to 200 BC along what is presently Peru's Pacific Coast. The culture had a distinctive style of adobe clay architecture but shared artistic styles and religious symbols with the later Chavin culture which arose in the same area at...
(Precolumbian culture), 1000-200 BCE, coastal Peru - LambayequeSican CultureThe Sican culture is the name that archaeologist Izumi Shimada gave to the culture that inhabited what is now the north coast of Peru between about AD 750 and 1375. According to Shimada, Sican means "temple of the moon". The Sican culture is also referred to as Lambayeque culture, after the name...
(Sican cultureSican CultureThe Sican culture is the name that archaeologist Izumi Shimada gave to the culture that inhabited what is now the north coast of Peru between about AD 750 and 1375. According to Shimada, Sican means "temple of the moon". The Sican culture is also referred to as Lambayeque culture, after the name...
), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CE - Machalilla culture, coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCE
- Manteño civilizationManteño civilizationThe Manteño civilization were the last pre-Columbian civilization in modern-day Ecuador, active 1150-400 b.p. .-Scope:...
, western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE - MocheMoche'The Moche civilization flourished in northern Peru from about 100 AD to 800 AD, during the Regional Development Epoch. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state...
(Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1-750 CE - Nazca cultureNazca cultureThe Nazca culture was the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley...
(NascaNazca cultureThe Nazca culture was the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley...
), south coastal Peru, 1-700 CE - Norte Chico civilizationNorte Chico civilizationThe Norte Chico civilization was a complex pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru...
(Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru - Paiján culturePaiján cultureThe Paiján culture was an archaeological culture that developed on the northern coast of Peru between 8,700 and 5,900 BCE. It was first described by Peruvian archaeologist Rafael Larco Hoyle in the 1940s from the Pampa de los Fósiles site. Later research, mainly by French archaeologist Claude...
, northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCE - ParacasParacas cultureThe Paracas culture was an important Andean society between approximately 800 BCE and 100 BCE, with an extensive knowledge of irrigation and water management. It developed in the Paracas Peninsula, located in what today is the Paracas District of the Pisco Province in the Ica Region...
, south coastal Peru, 600-175 BCE - Recuay culture, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
- TallánTallánTallán was the first ethnic group that settled in the plains of north-western Peru, an ethnos with a matriarchal system...
(Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru - Valdivia cultureValdivia CultureThe Valdivia Culture is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas. It emerged from the earlier Las Vegas culture and thrived on the Santa Elena peninsula near the modern-day town of Valdivia, Ecuador between 3500 BC and 1800 BC....
, Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCE - Virú cultureVirú cultureThe Virú culture occupied the valleys of Chicama and Virú in La Libertad Region of Peru from 100 to 300 CE. The center of their culture was "Castillo de Tomabal", on the left bank of the river Virú....
, Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CE - Wari culture (Huari cultureHuari CultureThe Wari were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about CE 500 to 1000...
), Peru, 500–1000 CE - YukpaYukpaYukpa is an Amerindian ethnic group that inhabits the northeastern part of the Cesar Department in northern Colombia by the Serrania del Perija bordering Venezuela. Their territory covers the eastern areas of the municipalities of Robles La Paz, Codazzi and Becerril in Resguardos named Socorpa,...
(YukoYuko-Judo:Yuko is a lower grade of score, and only counts as a tie-breaker; it is not cumulative with other yuko scores.-Possible writings:Yūko can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:*優子, "gentle, child"*裕子, "fertile, child"...
), Colombia - Yurutí, Colombia
Northwestern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas in BrazilBrazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
; the Amazonas
Amazonas Department
Amazonas is a department of Colombia in the south of the country. Its capital is Leticia. Its name comes from the Amazon River that drains much in the department and the rainforest that covers a large part of the department....
and Putumayo Department
Putumayo Department
Putumayo is a department of Colombia. It is in the south-west of the country, bordering Ecuador and Peru. Its capital is Mocoa.The word putumayo comes from the Quechua language. The verb putuy means "to spring forth" or "to burst out", and mayo is a variant of mayu, meaning river...
s in Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
; Cotopaxi
Cotopaxi Province
Cotopaxi is one of the provinces of Ecuador. The capital is Latacunga. The province contains the Cotopaxi Volcano, an intermittent volcano with a height of 19,388 feet.- Cantons :The province is divided into 7 cantons...
, Los Rios
Los Ríos Province
Los Ríos is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Babahoyo. The province was founded on September 30, 1948 under legistative decree. Its capital Babahoyo was founded October, 6, 1860...
, Morona-Santiago
Morona-Santiago Province
Morona Santiago is a province in Ecuador. The province was established on February 24, 1954. The capital is Macas.- Economy :The provincial economy is industrially unexploited to its potential due to low means of transportation. Its economy relies largely on the tourist sector of the rain forest...
, Napo
Napo Province
Napo is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province contains the Napo River. The province is low developed without much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descendents of those who fled the Spanish invasion in the Andes,...
, and Pastaza Province
Pastaza Province
Pastaza is a province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded on May 12, 1899 and which boasts 25,800 inhabitants...
s and the Oriente Region in Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
; and the Loreto Region
Loreto Region
Loreto is Peru's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely populated ones, due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest...
in Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
.
- Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru
- Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, Brazil
- Baniwa
- Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru
- BoraBora peopleThe Bora are an indigenous tribe of the Peruvian, Colombian and Brazilian Amazon, located between the Putumayo and Napo rivers. The Bora speak a Witotan language and comprise approximately 2,000 people...
, Loreto Region, Peru - Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru
- Carútana (AraraArara peopleThe Arara people, also called Arara do Pará are an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the state of Pará, Brazil. They are known for both their prowess in warfare and trophy-keeping practices, as well as their ability to interact and accommodate non-native peoples. They maintained a nomadic...
), Amazonas, Brazil - Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru
- Cocama, Loreto Region, Peru
- CofánCofánThe Cofán people are an indigenous people native to Napo Province northeast Ecuador and to southern Colombia, between the Guamués River and the Aguaricó River...
(CofanCofánThe Cofán people are an indigenous people native to Napo Province northeast Ecuador and to southern Colombia, between the Guamués River and the Aguaricó River...
), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador - CubeoCubeoThe Cubeo are an ethnic group of the Colombian Amazon. Cubeo is a generic name that is used in local Spanish and appears in the literature in reference to a social and linguistic group. Although the term does not have any meaning in their language, the Cubeo refer to themselves by that name in...
(Kobeua), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia - DâwDâw peopleThe Dâw people are an indigenous people of the Amazon Rainforest. They are living on the right bank of Rio Negro in an area commonly known as Alto Rio Negro...
, Rio Negro, Brazil - Flecheiro
- HuaoraniHuaoraniThe Huaorani, Waorani or Waodani, also known as the Waos, are native Amerindians from the Amazonian Region of Ecuador who have marked differences from other ethnic groups from Ecuador. The alternate name Auca is a pejorative exonym used by the neighboring Quechua Indians, and commonly adopted by...
(Waorani, Waodani, WaosWAOSWAOS, "La Mejor", is a Spanish language, Regional Mexican talk radio, AM radio broadcaster licensed to the city Austell, Georgia in the Atlanta, Georgia radio market. The station is licensed to operate at a frequency of 1600 kHz...
), Ecuador - Hupda (Hup), Brazil, Colombia
- Jibito, Loreto Region, Peru
- Jivaroan peoplesJivaroan peoplesJivaroan peoples refers to groups of indigenous peoples in the headwaters of the Marañon River, and its tributaries in northern Peru and eastern Ecuador...
, Ecuador and Peru- Achuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru
- Aguaruna (Aguarana), Ecuador, Peru
- Huambisa, Peru
- Shuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru
- KacháKachaKacha may refer to:*Kacha , an urban-type settlement in Crimea, Ukraine*Kacha , a mythological sage in Hinduism*Kacha Bira, one of the 77 woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia...
(Shimaco), Loreto Region, Peru - Kamsá (Sebondoy), Putumayo Department, Colombia
- Kanamarí, Amazonas, Brazil
- Kichua (Quichua)
- Canelo Kichua (Canelos-QuichuaCanelos-QuichuaThe Canelos-Quichua, also known as the Quichua of Pastaza, is an Indigenous people of Ecuador. They are a Lowland Quichua people, inhabiting the province of Pastaza on the banks of the Curaray, Bonbonaza, and Pastaza rivers, in Peru and Ecuador....
), Pataza Province, Ecuador - Quijos-QuichuaQuijos-QuichuaThe Quijos-Quichua are a Lowland Quechua people, living in the basins of the Napo, Aguarico, San Miguel, and Putumayo river basins of Ecuador and Peru....
(Napo-Quichua), Ecuador and Peru - Sarayacu Kichua, Pastaza Province, Ecuador
- Canelo Kichua (Canelos-Quichua
- Korubu, Amazonas, Brazil
- Kugapakori-Nahua
- Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia
- MachiguengaMachiguengaThe Machiguenga are an indigenous people of the Amazon Basin jungle regions of southeastern Peru, east of Machu Picchu and close to the borders of Bolivia and Brazil. The people are short, but stoutly built, with broad facial features, and very rarely overweight...
, Peru - Makuna (Buhagana, MacunaMacunaThe Macuna are a Tucanoan-speaking group of the eastern part of the Amazon basin, located around the confluence of the Pirá-Paraná and Apaporis rivers, in the Colombian Vaupés Department and the Brazilian state of Amazonas. There are no reliable census data for the Macuna...
), Colombia - Marubo
- Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil and Peru
- Miriti, Amazonas Department, Colombia
- Murato, Loreto Region, Peru
- Mura, Amazonas, Brazil
- PirahãPirahã peopleThe Pirahã people are an indigenous hunter-gatherer tribe of Amazon natives, a subgroup of the Mura, who mainly live on the banks of the Maici River in Brazil's Amazonas state, in the territory on Humaitá and Manicoré municipality....
(Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil
- Pirahã
- ukak people|Nukak (Nukak-Makú), eastern Colombia
- NunakNunakThe Nunak are a native Colombian hunter-gatherer tribe from a border area near Brazil. Many have been displaced by Paramilitares, FARC, EZLN, and Colombian Army fighting from the nation's ongoing civil war. Some 300 still live in the jungle but up to 500 have fled and been relocated by the government...
, eastern Colombia - Ocaina, Loreto Region, Peru
- OmaguaOmaguaOmagua or Low Jungle is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located between 80 and 400 m above sea level in the Amazon rainforest. In this region, there are a lot of rivers that create meanders, swamps and lagoons....
(Cambeba, Kambeba, UmanaUmanaUmana may refer to:* UMANA Ingenieria, the engineering consulting company specializing in R&D services in Biomechanics, Ergonomics, and Automotive, headquartered in Vigo, Galicia, Spain....
), Amazonas, Brazil - Orejón (Orejon), Napo Province, Ec
- Panoan, western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
- Sharpas
- SionaSiona peopleThe Siona people are an indigenous ethnic group living in the Ecuadorian Amazon or Oriente , and in Colombia...
(SioniSioniSioni is a Georgian name for Mount Zion, a hill at Jerusalem, after which several settlements and Christian churches have been named in Georgia.- Settlements :*Sioni, a townlet in Mtskheta-Mtianeti region*Sioni, a village in Kvemo Kartli region...
), Amazonas Department, Colombia - SirianoSirianoSiriano are a Tucanoan people indigenous to Colombia and Brazil. Their total population is estimated at 347 with most living in Colombia. Their culturally exogamous system means that glossologically, speakers are identified by the first language of their father.-Print References:*Ibáñez Fonseca,...
, Brazil, Colombia - Siusi, Amazonas, Brazil
- Tariano (Tariana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Tsohom Djapá
- Tukano (TucanoTucano peopleThe Tucano are a group of indigenous South Americans living in the northwestern Amazon, along the Vaupés River and the surrounding area. They are present in both Colombia and Brazil, although most live on the Colombian side of the border...
), Brazil, Colombia- BarasanaBarasanaThe Barasana are a Tucanoan group located in the eastern part of the Amazon basin, in the Vaupés District in Colombia and Amazonas State in Brazil. As of 2000 there were at least 500 Barasanas in Colombia, though some recent estimates place the figure as high as 1950...
(Pareroa, Taiwano), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia - Eastern Tukanoan (Tucanoan)
- MacunaMacunaThe Macuna are a Tucanoan-speaking group of the eastern part of the Amazon basin, located around the confluence of the Pirá-Paraná and Apaporis rivers, in the Colombian Vaupés Department and the Brazilian state of Amazonas. There are no reliable census data for the Macuna...
, Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
- Barasana
- Waikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil
- Waimiri-AtroariWaimiri-AtroariThe Uaimiris-Atroari or Waimiri-Atroari are an indigenous group inhabiting the southeastern part of the Brazilian state of Roraima and northeastern Amazonas, specifically the area Waimiri-Atroari...
(Kinja, Uaimiri-Atroari), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil - Wanano (Unana, Vanana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Witoto
- Murui Witoto, Loreto Region, Peru
- Yagua (Yahua), Loreta Region, Peru
- Yaminahua
- Yora
- Záparo (Zaparo), Pastaza Province, Ecuador
Eastern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas, MaranhãoMaranhão
Maranhão is a northeastern state of Brazil. To the north lies the Atlantic Ocean. Maranhão is neighbored by the states of Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent...
, and parts of Pará
Pará
Pará is a state in the north of Brazil. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest it also borders Guyana and Suriname, and to the northeast it borders the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Belém.Pará is the most populous state...
States in Brazil.
- Amanayé, Brazil
- Awá (Guajá)Awá (Guajá)The Awá or Guajá are an endangered indigenous group of people living in the eastern Amazon forests of Brazil. Their language is in the Tupi–Guarani family. Originally living in settlements, they adopted a nomadic lifestyle about 1800 to escape incursions by Europeans...
, Brazil - ChunchoChunchoThe Chuncho are a native ethnic group in South America. At the time of the Spanish conquest the Chuncho lived in the forests east of Cuzco, in central Peru and dwelled in communal houses living chiefly by hunting. Chuncho has also been used to describe one of three aboriginal stocks of Peru, the...
, Peru - Ge
- BororoBororo peopleThe Bororo or Bororo-Boe people live in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil; they also extended into Bolivia and the Brazilian state of Goiás. The Western Bororo, now extinct, lived around the Jauru and Cabaçal rivers...
- Bororo
- GuajajáraGuajajaraThe Guajajara are an indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. They are the most numerous indigenous group in Brazil.In 1910, the Guajajara fought Capuchin missionaries in what is regarded the last Brazilian "war against the Indians."...
, Maranhão, Brazil - Ka'aporKa'aporThe Ka'apor are a distinct ethnic group of indigenous Brazilians living on a protected reserve in the state of Maranhão. They were the subject of a book by anthropologist Dr...
, Maranhão, Brazil - KuruayaKuruayaThe Kuruaya is a Brazilian tribal group who live in the state of Pará.Currently there are approximately 115 left living in their indigenous territory. Currently New Tribes Mission is working on writing down the language and compiling a dictionary of words to preserve the native...
, Pará, Brazil - MarajoaraMaraJoaraMarajoara may refer to:* Marajoara culture, a pre-Columbian society on Marajó island at the mouth of the Amazon river.* MaraJoara , an Australian designer swimwear label....
(Precolumbian culture) - PanaráPanaráThe Panará are an Indigenous people of the Pará and Mato Grosso states in the Brazilian Amazon. They were formerly called the Kreen-Akrore. Other names for the Panará include Kreen-Akarore, Krenhakarore, Krenhakore, Krenakore, Krenakarore or Krenacarore, and "Índios Gigantes" – all variants of the...
, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil - Parakanã
- SuruíSuruíThe Suruí, also called the Suruí-Paíter, are an indigenous people who live in the Rondônia region of Brazil.First prolonged contact with the modern world came in the late 1960s, the Brazilian government laid the 2,000-mile Trans-Amazon Highway through Rondônia...
, Pará, Brazil - Tembé
- Tupian
- Guarani, Paraguay
- Turiwára
- WayampiWayampiThe Wayampi are a Tupi–Guarani-speaking group located in the south-eastern border area of French Guiana at the confluence of Camopi and Oyapock rivers, and the basins of the Amapari and Carapanatuba Rivers in the central part of Amapá state, Brazil...
- Zo'é peopleZo'é peopleThe Zo'é Tribe are a native tribe in the State of Pará, Municipality of Óbidos, on the Cuminapanema River, Brazil. They are a Tupi–Guarani people.-Name:...
, Pará, Brazil
Southern Amazon
This region includes southern Brazil (Mato GrossoMato Grosso
Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest in area, located in the western part of the country.Neighboring states are Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders Bolivia to the southwest...
, Mato Grosso do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the states of Brazil.Neighboring Brazilian states are Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay and Bolivia to the west. The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising...
, parts of Pará
Pará
Pará is a state in the north of Brazil. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest it also borders Guyana and Suriname, and to the northeast it borders the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Belém.Pará is the most populous state...
, and Rondônia
Rondônia
Rondônia is a state in Brazil, located in the north-western part of the country. To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south is Bolivia. Its capital is Porto Velho. The state was named after Candido Rondon...
) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department
Beni Department
Beni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second largest department in the country , covering 213,564 square kilometers , and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842 during the administration of General José...
).
- Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantin)
- AwetiAwetiThe Aweti people are a group of Native Americans living in the Xingu Indigenous Park, close to the headwaters of the Xingu River in Brazil. The Aweti inhabit two villages in the region. One is called Tazu’jyretam, and the other is unnamed. Tazu’jyretam is the main village of the Aweti people,...
(Aueto), Mato Grosso, Brazil - Bakairí (Bakairi)
- Chácobo (Chacobo)
- ChiquitanoChiquitano peopleThe Chiquitano are a native ethnic group living primarily in the Chiquitanía tropical savanna of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, with a small number also living in Beni Department and in Brazil. In the 2001 census, self-identified Chiquitanos made up 3.6% of the total Bolivian population or 181,894...
(ChiquitoChiquitosChiquitos means "little ones" in Spanish. The Spanish Conquistadores chose this name for the people living in the rain savannas of what is now the eastern parts of the Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia, when they found the small doors of the Indian huts in the region.Today, this area is called Gran...
) - Cinta LargaCinta LargaThe Cinta Larga are a people indigenous to the western Amazon Rainforest of Brazil, numbering around 1300. Their name means "broad belt" in Portuguese, referring to large bark sashes the tribe once wore...
, Mato Grosso, Brazil - Enawene NaweEnawene NaweThe Enawene Nawe are a small tribe who live by fishing and gathering in Mato Grosso state, Brazil. They practice agriculture and do not hunt or eat red meat. The Enawene Nawe are a relatively isolated people who were first contacted in 1974 by Vicente Cañas. Today they number over 566...
, Mato Grosso, Brazil - Gavião of Rondônia
- Guarayu
- IkpengIkpengThe Ikpeng are a Carib-speaking tribe located near the Upper Xingu River. They have a population of 459 , up from a low of 50 in 1969.-History:...
(Xicao), Mato Grosso, Brazil - Irántxe (Iranche)
- JumaJuma peopleThe Juma, also called the Yuma or Kagwahiva, are an indigenous people who live south of the Amazon River, in the Purus River region.-Further reading:* in the Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil...
(Kagwahiva), Rondônia, Brazil - Jurúna (Yaruna, Juruna, YudjáYudjáThe Yudjá, also called the Juruna, Juruhuna, Yuruna, Juruûna, Geruna, and Yudya, are an indigenous people who live in the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil. They have a population of 362 , up from a low of 37 in 1950.-Further reading:...
), Mato Grosso, Brazil - KaiabiKaiabiThe Kaiabi are an indigenous people inhabiting the northern Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, more precisely in the Xingu Indigenous Park and the Indian Reservation of Apiaká-Kayabi south of Pará. The Kaiabi speak a language of Tupi-Guarani family. They have a population of 1,619 .- External links :*...
(Caiabi, Cajabi, Kajabi, Kayabi), Mato Grosso, Brazil - KalapáloKalapaloThe Kalapalo are one of the seventeen Brazilian indigenous tribes who inhabit the Xingu National Park in the Upper Xingu river region of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. They are also one of the four peoples speaking Cariban languages in the area. They have a population of 569...
(KalapaloKalapaloThe Kalapalo are one of the seventeen Brazilian indigenous tribes who inhabit the Xingu National Park in the Upper Xingu river region of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. They are also one of the four peoples speaking Cariban languages in the area. They have a population of 569...
), Mato Grosso, Brazil - KamayuráKamayurá peopleThe Kamayurá are an indigenous tribe in the Amazonian Basin of Brazil. The name is also spelled Kamayura, and Kamaiurá in Portuguese; it means "a raised platform to keep meat, pots and pans." The Kamayurá language belongs to the Tupi–Guarani family...
(Camayura), Mato Grosso, Brazil - KanoêKanoêThe Kanoê are an indigenous people of southern Rondônia, Brazil, near the Bolivian border. There are two major groups of Kanoê: one residing in the region of the Guaporé River and another in the Rio Omerê Indigenous Territory...
(Kapixaná), Rondônia, Brazil - Karipuná (Caripuna)
- Karitiâna (CaritianaCaritianaThe Caritianas or Karitianas are an indigenous people of Brazil whose reservation is located in the western Amazon. They count 313 members, and the leader of their tribal association is Renato Caritiana. They subsist by farming, fishing and hunting, and have almost no contact with the outside world...
), Brazil - KayapoKayapo peopleThe Kayapo people are the Gê-speaking native peoples of the plain lands of the Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil, south of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and its tributaries.In 2003, their population was 7,096....
, Mato Grosso, Brazil - KuikuroKuikuroThe Kuikuro are an indigenous ethnic group from the Mato Grosso region of Brazil. Their language, Kuikuro, is a part of the Karib language family. The Kuikuro have many similarities with other Xingu tribes...
, Mato Grosso, Brazil - MatipuMatipuThe Matipu are an ethnic group close to extinction in Brazil which has a population estimated at about 127 individuals in 2010, they had a population of 40 in the 1995 census. They speak the Matipu language of the Carib family and are mainly of animist faith.They live in the Brazilian state of...
, Mato Grosso, Brazil - Mehináku (Mehinacu, MehinakoMehinakoThe Mehinako, Mehinaku, Mehináku, or Meinacos are members of an indigenous group located in the region around the headwaters of the Xingu River in Brazil. They speak an Arawakan language and currently reside in area around the Tuatuari and Kurisevo rivers...
), Mato Grosso, Brazil - Moxo (Mojo), Bolivia
- NahukuáNahukuáThe Nahukuá are members of a small, indigenous ethnic group in the upper Xingu River area of Brazil. Their population was 146, as of 2010, making them the smallest group in the region.-History:...
(Nahuqua), Mato Grosso, Brazil - Nambikuára (Nambicuara, Nambikwara), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Pacahuara (Pacaguara)
- PacajáPacajáPacajá is a town and municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil.-References:...
(PacajaPacajáPacajá is a town and municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil.-References:...
) - PanaráPanaráThe Panará are an Indigenous people of the Pará and Mato Grosso states in the Brazilian Amazon. They were formerly called the Kreen-Akrore. Other names for the Panará include Kreen-Akarore, Krenhakarore, Krenhakore, Krenakore, Krenakarore or Krenacarore, and "Índios Gigantes" – all variants of the...
, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil - ParecísParecisParecis is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 3,268 and its area is 2,549 km²....
(Paressi) - RikbaktsaRikbaktsaThe Rikbaktsa are an indigenous ethnic group from the Mato Grosso region of Brazil.-Name:Rikbaktsa , the group's self-denomination, can be translated as "the human beings". Variant spellings include Ricbacta, Erikbaktsa, Erigpaktsa, Erigpagtsá, Erigpactsa, Erikbaktsá, Arikpaktsá, and Aripaktsá...
(Erikbaksa) - Rio Pardo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Sateré-MawéSatere-MaweThe Satere-Mawe is an indigenous tribe located in the Brazilian Amazon, with an estimated population of about 7,000. The Satere are most famous for the cultivating and extracting process of guarana....
(Maue, Brazil - SuyáSuyá peopleThe Suyá also called the Kisedje are a group of indigenous people living in Brazil, at the headwaters of the Xingu River. They have, historically, been best known for an unusual form of body modification which they practice. After marriage, Suyá men often have their lower lip pierced, and have a...
(Kisedje), Mato Grosso, Brazil - TacanaTacanaThe Tacana language is a Western Tacanan language spoken by approximately 1,800 Tacana people in Bolivia out of an ethnic population of approximately 5,000 in the jungles along the Beni and Madre de Dios rivers.-External links:*...
- Tapajó (Tapajo)
- TapirapéTapirapéThe Tapirapé indigenous people is a Brazilian Indian tribe that survived the European conquest and subsequent colonization of the country, keeping with little changes most of their culture and customs...
(TapirapeTapirapéThe Tapirapé indigenous people is a Brazilian Indian tribe that survived the European conquest and subsequent colonization of the country, keeping with little changes most of their culture and customs...
) - TenharimTenharimThe Tenharim are an indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Amazonas Their self-denomination is Kagwahiva ....
- TerenaTerena peopleThe Terena people are an indigenous people of Brazil. Their traditional language is Terena. They lives in the provinces of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and São Paulo....
, Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil - TrumaiTrumaiThe Trumai are an indigenous group in Brazil. They currently reside within the Xingu National Park, in the state of Matto Grosso...
, Mato Grosso, Brazil - Tsimané (Pano)
- Uru-Eu-Wau-WauUru-Eu-Wau-WauThe Uru-Eu-Uaw-Uaw are an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the state of Rondônia.They live in six villages on the borders of Terra Indigena Uru-Eu-Uaw-Uaw, which is shared by three sub-groups, the Amondawa, Jupaú, and Uru Pa In, as well as the Jurureí, Parakua, and two uncontacted tribes...
, Rondônia, Brazil - Wari'Wari'The Waricaca, also known as the Pakaa Nova, are an Amerindian nation indigenous to the Amazon rainforest. They are native to the state of Rondônia, Brazil and were first seen by European settlers at the shores of the river Pakaa Nova, which is a right-bank-tributary of the Mamoré River...
(Pacanawa, Waricaca'), Rondônia, Brazil - WaujaWaujaThe Wauja are an Aruak speaking tribe located in the region around the Upper Xingu River.They have a population of 487 .-History:The Wauja and Mehinako, two Aruak speaking tribes native to the Upper Xingu River, are likely descendants of various tribes which came into the region in roughly the 9th...
(Waurá, Waura), Mato Grosso, Brazil - Wuy jugu (Mundurucu, Munduruku)
- YawalapitiYawalapitiThe Yawalapiti are an indigenous tribe in the Amazonian Basin of Brazil. The name is also spelled Yawalapiti, and Iaualapiti in Portuguese. The current village Yawalapiti is situated more to the south, between the Tuatuari and Kuluene River. The Yawalapiti language belongs to the Arawakan family...
(Iaualapiti), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Southwestern Amazon
This region includes the Cuzco, HuánucoHuánuco Region
Huánuco is a region in central Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali regions on the north; the Ucayali Region on the east; the Pasco Region on the south; and the Lima and Ancash regions on the west. Its capital is the city of Huánuco.Huánuco has a rough topography...
Junín
Junín Region
Junín is a region in the central highlands and westernmost Amazonia of Peru. Its capital is Huancayo.-Geography:The region has a very heterogeneous topography. The western cordillera located near the border with the Lima Region, has snowy and ice covered peaks. On the east, there are high glacier...
, Loreto
Loreto Region
Loreto is Peru's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely populated ones, due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest...
, Madre de Dios
Madre de Dios Region
Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali. Its capital is the city of Puerto Maldonado. The name of the region is a very common Spanish language designation for the Virgin Mary, literally meaning Mother of...
, and Ucayali Region
Ucayali Region
Ucayali is an inland region in Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, its name is derived from the Ucayali River. The regional capital is the city of Pucallpa.-Boundaries:...
s of eastern Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia
Rondônia
Rondônia is a state in Brazil, located in the north-western part of the country. To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south is Bolivia. Its capital is Porto Velho. The state was named after Candido Rondon...
, Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Department
Beni Department
Beni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second largest department in the country , covering 213,564 square kilometers , and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842 during the administration of General José...
s of Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
.
- Aguano (Uguano), Peru
- AikanãAikanãThe Aikanã are an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the state of Rondônia, in the western Amazonian lowlands. They are also known as the Cassupá, Massaca, Columbiara, Huari, Mundé, and Tubarão.-Land:...
, Rondônia, Brazil - AkuntsuAkuntsuThe Akuntsu are an indigenous people of Rondônia, Brazil. Their land is part of the Rio Omerê Indigenous Territory, a small forest reserve which is also inhabited by a group of Kanoê...
, Rondônia, Brazil - Amahuaca, Brazil, Peru
- AmarakaeriAmarakaeriAmarakaeri is an indigenous American language of the Harakmbet language family spoken in Perú along the Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. There is less than 1% literacy compared to 5 to 15% literacy in second language Spanish. There is one dialect called Kisambaeri. It is an official language and...
- Asháninka (Campa, Chuncha), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru
- Yanesha (AmueshaYanesha' peopleThe Yanesha or Amuesha people are an ethnic group of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Presently, the most recent census count puts their population at over 7,000 distributed among 48 communities located in Puerto Inca Province , Chanchamayo Province and Oxapampa Province...
), Peru
- Yanesha (Amuesha
- Banawá (JafíJafiJafi may refer to:* Jewish Agency for Israel* Jafi dialect, a variant of Sorani* Banawá people or Jafí, an indigenous group in Brazil...
, Kitiya), Amazonas, Brazil - Cashibo (Carapache), Huánuco Region, Peru
- Conibo (Shipibo-ConiboShipibo-Conibo people-Population:The name refers to two languages spoken by these ethnic groups. They are primarily a riverine people living in the Amazon basin, primarily along the Ucayali River. Contact with western sources – including the governments of Peru and Brazil – has been sporadic over the past three...
), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil - Ese Ejja (Chama), Beni Department, Bolivia
- Harakmbut, Madre de Dios, Peru
- Hi-MerimãHi-Merimã peopleThe Hi-Merimã people live between the Juruá and the Purus rivers, in the state of Amazonas in Brazil.Their numbers are uncertain, but in 1943 it was estimated that the Hi-Merimã consisted of more than 1,000 individuals. They were known primarily through their conflicts with neighboring tribes....
, Himarimã, Amazonas, Brazil - Iyene
- JamamadiJamamadiThe Jamamadí, also called the Yamamadi, Kanamanti, Jeoromitxi, Kapaná, and Kapinamari, are an indigenous people who live in Acre and Amazonas, Brazil.They speak the Jamamadi language, part of the Arawá language family....
, Acre and Amazonas, Brazil - Kareneri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Kulina (CulinaCulinaCulina may refer to:*the kitchen in an ancient Roman house, or domus*the Kulina language, is an Arauan language of Brazil and Peru spoken by about 4,000 people*Jason Culina, a football player*Branko Čulina, a football coach, and former player...
) - KwazaKwaza peopleThe Kwaza ) are an indigenous people in Brazil. They speak the Kwaza language. They live with the Aikanã and Latundê in the province of Rondônia. Their current population is 40....
(Coaiá, KoaiáKwaza peopleThe Kwaza ) are an indigenous people in Brazil. They speak the Kwaza language. They live with the Aikanã and Latundê in the province of Rondônia. Their current population is 40....
), Rondônia, Brazil - Latundê, Rondônia, Brazil
- MatísMatisThe Matis is an indigenous people of Brazil living in 2 separate villages with total population of roughly 290. They live in the far west of Brazil, in the Vale do Javari Indigenous Park, an area covering . They practice both hunting and agriculture...
(MatisMatisThe Matis is an indigenous people of Brazil living in 2 separate villages with total population of roughly 290. They live in the far west of Brazil, in the Vale do Javari Indigenous Park, an area covering . They practice both hunting and agriculture...
), Brazil - Mayoruna (Maxuruna)
- ParintintinParintintinThe Parintintin are an indigenous people that live in Brazil in the Madeira River basin. They refer to themselves as Kagwahiva’nga or Kagwahiva, which means "our people."...
(Kagwahiva’nga, Kagwahiva), Brazil - PiroPiroPiro may refer to:*Piro Pueblo, one of many Native American peoples along the Rio Grande in North America*The Piro language of the Maipurean family in Brazil...
, Cuzco Region, Peru - Pukirieri (Puquiri)
- Shipibo, Loreto Region, Peru
- Ticuna (Tucuna)
- Toromona, La Paz Department, Bolivia
- YaneshaYanesha' peopleThe Yanesha or Amuesha people are an ethnic group of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Presently, the most recent census count puts their population at over 7,000 distributed among 48 communities located in Puerto Inca Province , Chanchamayo Province and Oxapampa Province...
(AmueshaYanesha' peopleThe Yanesha or Amuesha people are an ethnic group of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Presently, the most recent census count puts their population at over 7,000 distributed among 48 communities located in Puerto Inca Province , Chanchamayo Province and Oxapampa Province...
), Cusco Region, Peru - YawanawaYawanawaThe Yaminawá are an indigenous people who live in Acre , Madre de Dios , and Bolivia. Their homeland is Acre, Brazil.-Name:...
(Jaminawá, Marinawá, Xixinawá), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia
Gran Chaco
- AbipónAbipón peopleThe Abipones were an indigenous nation of Argentina's Gran Chaco, part of the Guaycuru languages linguistic group. They ceased to exist as an ethnic group in the early 19th century...
, Argentina, historic group - Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay
- Ayoreo (Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay
- Chamacoco (Zamuko), Paraguay
- Chané, Argentina and Bolivia
- ChiquitanoChiquitano peopleThe Chiquitano are a native ethnic group living primarily in the Chiquitanía tropical savanna of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, with a small number also living in Beni Department and in Brazil. In the 2001 census, self-identified Chiquitanos made up 3.6% of the total Bolivian population or 181,894...
(Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia - Chorote (Choroti), Iyojwa'ja ChoroteIyojwa'ja ChoroteEklenhui is a language spoken in northeast Salta province in Argentina by 800.It is also known as Choroti, Yofuaha, and Eklenjuy.It is distinct from the similarly named Iyo'wujwa Chorote.-External links:*...
, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay - Guana (Kaskihá), Paraguay
- Guaraní, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
- Bolivian Guarani
- Chiriguano, Bolivia
- GuarayoGuarayo peopleGuarayos is a Bolivian word for "savages" used for speakers of Tupian languages, such as the indigenous peoples of Guarayos Province in central Bolivia, who number some 20,000.-References:*http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40615...
(East Bolivian Guarani)
- Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia
- Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia
- Tapieté (Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua), eastern Bolivia
- Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia
- Bolivian Guarani
- Guaycuru peoplesGuaycuru peoplesGuaycuru or Guaykuru is a generic term for several ethnic groups indigenous to the Gran Chaco region of South America, speaking several related Mataco–Guaycuru languages....
, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay- Mbayá (Caduveo), historic
- KadiweuKadiweu peopleThe Kadiweu are an ethnic group indigenous to the Gran Chaco region of South America, presently living in Southwest Brazil. As of 1998, they numbered about 1500 people, divided into four villages....
, Brazil
- Kadiweu
- Mocoví (Mocobí), Argentina
- Pilagá (Pilage Toba)
- Toba (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
- Mbayá (Caduveo), historic
- KaiwáKaiwáKaiwá is a Guarani language spoken by about 18,000 in Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, 15,000 in Paraguay , and 500 in Argentina. Literacy is 5-10% in Kaiwá and 15–25% in Portuguese. Kaiwá proper is 70% lexically similar with the Pai Tavytera dialect, and is somewhat intelligible with...
, Argentina and Brazil - Lengua people (EnxetEnxetThe Enxet are an indigenous people of about 17,000 living in the Gran Chaco region of western Paraguay. Originally hunter-gatherers, many are now forced to supplement their livelihood as laborers on the cattle ranches that have encroached upon their dwindling natural forest habitat...
), Paraguay- North Lengua (Eenthlit, Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay
- South Lengua, Paraguay
- Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina
- Maká (Towolhi), Paraguay
- NivacléNivacléNivaclé is a Matacoan language spoken in Paraguay by c.8,400 and in Argentina by 200. It is also known as Chulupí and Ashluslay, and in older sources has been called Ashuslé, Suhin, Sujín, Chunupí, Churupí, Choropí, and other variant spellings of these names...
(Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and Paraguay - SanapanáSanapanaThe Sanapana were one of many nomadic tribes inhabiting the lower Gran Chaco of western Paraguay. With the introduction of Mennonite settlements in the central Chaco in the 1930s, many nomadic tribes semi-settled near the Mennonites. The Mennonites established Missions to many of these tribes,...
(Quiativis), Paraguay - Vilela, Argentina
- Wichí (Mataco), Argentina and Bolivia
Southern Cone
- AchéAchéThe Aché Indians are a traditional hunter-gatherer tribe living in Paraguay. They are called "Guayakí" by Guaraní-speaking neighbors and in early anthropological accounts...
, southeastern Paraguay - Alacaluf (Kaweshkar, Halakwulup), Chile
- ChanáChanaChana may refer to :*Chana , alternate transliteration of Hannah, a Biblical character*Chana, Illinois, an unincorporated community*chickpea *Amphoe Chana, a district in Songkhla Province, southern Thailand...
(extinct), formerly Uruguay - Chandule (Chandri)
- CharrúaCharruaThe Charrúa were an indigenous people of southern South America in the area today known as Uruguay and southern Brazil. They were a nomadic people that sustained themselves through fishing and foraging...
, southern Brazil and Uruguay - ChonoChonoChono or Chona is a generic name for a nomadic, indigenous people of the Chiloé Archipelago, Chile. They are now extinct.The Chono became extinct during the 18th century with the last survivor going missing in 1875....
(Precolumbian culture), formerly Chiloé Archipelago, Chile - ComechingonComechingónComechingón is the common name for a group of people indigenous to the Argentine provinces of Córdoba and San Luis...
(Henia-Camiare), Argentina - Haush (Manek'enk, Mánekenk, Aush), Tierra del Fuego
- Het (QuerandíQuerandíThe Querandí were one of the Het peoples, indigenous South Americans who lived in the Pampas area of Argentina; specifically, they were the eastern Didiuhet. The name Querandí was given by the Guaraní people, as they would consume animal fat in their daily diet. Thus, Querandí means "men with...
) (extinct), formerly Argentinian Pampas- Chechehet
- Didiuhet
- Taluhet
- Huarpe (Warpes) (extinct), Strait of Magellan, Chile
- Allentiac (Alyentiyak)
- Millcayac (Milykayak)
- Oico
- MapucheMapucheThe Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina. They constitute a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended...
(Araucanian), southwestern Argentina and Chile- Huilliche (Huillice, Hulliche), Chile
- Lafquenche
- MapucheMapucheThe Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina. They constitute a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended...
, southwestern Argentina and Chile - PehuenchePehuenchePehuenches are an indigenous people that are part of the Mapuche peoples and live in the Andes in south central Chile and Argentina. Their name derives from their habit of harvesting of piñones, the seeds of the Araucaria araucana or pehuén...
, south central Chile and Argentina - PicunchePicuncheThe Picunche , also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a mapudungun speaking Chilean people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas...
, formerly Chile - Promaucae, formerly Chile
- Mbeguá (extinct), formerly Paraná River, Argentina
- MinuaneMinuaneMinuane were one of the indigenous tribes of Uruguay and Brazil . They were related to the other tribes in the area like Charrua and Guenoa. Nowadays no one claims Minuane ancestry in Uruguay or in neighbouring countries. The tribe seems to be extinct....
(extinct), formerly Uruguay - PuelchePuelchePuelche is the name that the Mapuche used to give the ethnic groups who inhabited the lands to the east of the Andes Mountains including the northern Tehuelches and Hets, these last ones were also known as the Pampas or Querandíes...
(Guenaken, Pampa) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes - Tehuelche, PatagoniaPatagoniaPatagonia is a region located in Argentina and Chile, integrating the southernmost section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean and from the east of the cordillera to the valleys it follows south through Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean...
- Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken)
- Küwach-a-Güna
- Mecharnúekenk
- Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche)
- Selk'nam (Ona), southern Argentina and Chile
- Yaghan (YamanaYaghanThe Yaghan, also called Yagán, Yahgan , Yámana or Yamana, are the indigenous inhabitants of the islands south of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego extending their presence into Cape Horn...
), Tierra del Fuego - YaroYaroYaro is a town in the Bagassi Department of Balé Province in southern Burkina Faso, in west Africa.The town has a population of 1,573.-References:...
(Jaro)
Languages
Indigenous languages of the AmericasIndigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...
(or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
from the southern tip of South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
to Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
and Greenland
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families
Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term 'family' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a...
as well as many language isolate
Language isolate
A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. They are in effect language families consisting of a single...
s and unclassified language
Unclassified language
Unclassified languages are languages whose genetic affiliation has not been established by means of historical linguistics. If this state of affairs continues after significant study of the language and efforts to relate it to other languages, as in the case of Basque, it is termed a language...
s. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
, most of the indigenous American languages in North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.
Genetic classification
The haplogroupHaplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA). Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosome
Chromosome
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.Chromosomes...
s in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis
Meiosis
Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. The animals' gametes are called sperm and egg cells....
. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can easily be studied. The pattern indicates Indigenous Amerindians
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas
The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492. The first Europeans to reach the Americas were the Vikings during the 11th century, who established several colonies in Greenland and one short-lived settlement in present day Newfoundland...
. The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
lineages and founding haplotype
Haplotype
A haplotype in genetics is a combination of alleles at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together...
s present in today's Indigenous Amerindian populations
Population history of American indigenous peoples
The population figures for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus have proven difficult to establish and rely on archaeological data and written records from European settlers...
.
Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line
Bering Sea
The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves....
, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population
Founder effect
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by Ernst Mayr in 1942, using existing theoretical work by those such as Sewall...
. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.. The Na-Dené, Inuit
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada , Denmark , Russia and the United States . Inuit means “the people” in the Inuktitut language...
and Indigenous Alaskan
Alaska Natives
Alaska Natives are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include: Aleut, Inuit, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Eyak, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.-History:In 1912 the Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded...
populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.-Origins:Haplogroup Q is one of the two branches of haplogroup P . Haplogroup Q is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. It has had multiple origins proposed...
mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous Amerindians with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
and Greenland
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
derived from later populations.
See also
- Indigenous languages of the AmericasIndigenous languages of the AmericasIndigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...
- List of pre-Columbian cultures
- List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America
- Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas