Index of medieval philosophy articles
Encyclopedia
This is a list of articles in medieval philosophy
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Medieval philosophy
Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century AD to the Renaissance in the sixteenth century...
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- Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin al-QushayriAbd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin al-QushayriAbd Ul Karim ibn Hawazin al-Qushayri, was born in 986 CE in Nishapur which is in the Khurasan province of Iran...
- AbhinavaguptaAbhinavaguptaAbhinavagupta was one of India's greatest philosophers, mystics and aestheticians. He was also considered an important musician, poet, dramatist, exegete, theologian, and logician - a polymathic personality who exercised strong influences on Indian culture.He was born in the Valley of Kashmir in...
- Abner of BurgosAbner of BurgosAbner of Burgos was a Jewish philosopher, a convert to Christianity and polemical writer against his former religion. Known after his conversion as Alfonso of Valladolid.-Life:...
- Abraham bar Hiyya
- Abraham ibn DaudAbraham ibn DaudAbraham ibn Daud was a Spanish-Jewish astronomer, historian, and philosopher; born at Toledo, Spain about 1110; died, according to common report, a martyr about 1180. He is sometimes known by the abbreviation Rabad I or Ravad I. His mother belonged to a family famed for its learning...
- Abū Hayyān al-TawhīdīAbu Hayyan al-TawhidiAli ibn Mohammed ibn Abbas, also known as Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī was one of the most famous intellectuals and thinkers in the 10th century....
- Abu Rayhan Biruni
- Abu Yaqub SijistaniAbu Yaqub SijistaniAbu Yaqub al-Sijistani was an Persian Ismaili missionary and Neo-Platonic philosopher, who was martyred a few years after 971 CE.-External links:* at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy-Notes:...
- Acharya HemachandraAcharya HemachandraAcharya Hemachandra was a Jain scholar, poet, and polymath who wrote on grammar, philosophy, prosody, and contemporary history. Noted as a prodigy by his contemporaries, he gained the title Kalikāl Sarvagya "all-knowing of the Kali Yuga"....
- Active intellectActive intellectThe active intellect is a concept in classical and medieval philosophy...
- Actus et potentia
- Actus primusActus primusActus primus is a technical expression used in scholastic philosophy.The Latin word actus means determination, complement, perfection. In every being there are many actualities, which are subordinated. Thus existence supposes essence; power supposes existence; action supposes faculty...
- Actus purusActus purusActus Purus is a term employed in scholastic philosophy to express the absolute perfection of God. It literally means, "pure act."Created beings have potentiality that is not actuality, imperfections as well as perfection. Only God is simultaneously all that He can be, infinitely real and...
- Adalbertus Ranconis de EricinioAdalbertus Ranconis de EricinioAdalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio was a Czech theologian and philosopher. In 1355 he was appointed a rector of the University of Paris. He wrote the Tractatus de communione, a treatise on confession and the offering of the eucharist by laymen...
- Adam de BuckfieldAdam de BuckfieldAdam de Buckfield was an English Franciscan philosopher, who taught at the University of Oxford in the early 1240s...
- Adam de WodehamAdam de WodehamAdam de Wodeham was an English Franciscan theologian and Scholastic philosopher, a student of William of Ockham. He was an important nominalist and taught at the University of Oxford from 1340....
- Adam of ŁowiczAdam of ŁowiczAdam of Łowicz was a professor of medicine at the University of Krakow, its rector in 1510–1511, a humanist, writer and philosopher.-Life:Adam studied in the Department of Liberal Arts at the University of Krakow, earning a baccalaureate in 1488 and...
- Adam ParvipontanusAdam ParvipontanusAdam Parvipontanus was an Anglo-Norman scholastic and churchman. He served as Bishop of St Asaph from 1175 until his death....
- Adam Pulchrae MulierisAdam Pulchrae MulierisAdam Pulchrae Mulieris, also called Adam de Puteorumvilla, was a Paris master who studied under Peter of Lamballe, who flourished in the first half of the 13th century. Little is known of his life. He has been described as one of the “metaphysicians of light”...
- Adelard of BathAdelard of BathAdelard of Bath was a 12th century English scholar. He is known both for his original works and for translating many important Greek and Arabic scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin from Arabic versions, which were then introduced to Western Europe...
- Adi ShankaraAdi ShankaraAdi Shankara Adi Shankara Adi Shankara (IAST: pronounced , (Sanskrit: , ) (788 CE - 820 CE), also known as ' and ' was an Indian philosopher from Kalady of present day Kerala who consolidated the doctrine of advaita vedānta...
- Ahmad SirhindiAhmad SirhindiImām Rabbānī Shaykh Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī was an Indian Islamic scholar from Punjab, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order. He is described as Mujaddid Alf Thānī, meaning the "reviver of the second millennium", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing...
- Al-FarabiAl-Farabi' known in the West as Alpharabius , was a scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world...
- Al-GhazaliAl-GhazaliAbu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī , known as Algazel to the western medieval world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia was a Persian Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic....
- Al-JahizAl-JahizAl-Jāḥiẓ was an Arabic prose writer and author of works of literature, Mu'tazili theology, and politico-religious polemics.In biology, Al-Jahiz introduced the concept of food chains and also proposed a scheme of animal evolution that entailed...
- Al-KindiAl-Kindi' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...
- Al-ShahrastaniAl-ShahrastaniTāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī was an influential Persian historian of religions and a historiographer. His book, Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal was one of the pioneers in developing a scientific approach to the study of religions...
- Al Amiri
- Alain de LilleAlain de LilleAlain de Lille , French theologian and poet, was born, probably in Lille, some years before 1128.-Life:...
- Albert of Saxony (philosopher)Albert of Saxony (philosopher)Albert of Saxony was a German philosopher known for his contributions to logic and physics...
- Albertus MagnusAlbertus MagnusAlbertus Magnus, O.P. , also known as Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a bishop, who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. Those such as James A. Weisheipl...
- AlcuinAlcuinAlcuin of York or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York...
- Alessandro AchilliniAlessandro AchilliniAlessandro Achillini was an Italian philosopher and physician.-Biography:He was born and died in Bologna, and is buried in the Church of Saint Martin there...
- Alexander BoniniAlexander BoniniAlexander Bonini was an Italian Franciscan philosopher, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor.He taught at the University of Paris...
- Alexander NeckamAlexander NeckamAlexander Neckam was an English scholar and teacher.-Biography:Born at St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, Neckam's mother, Hodierna, nursed the prince with her own son, who thus became Richard's foster-brother...
- Alexander of HalesAlexander of HalesAlexander Hales also called Doctor Irrefragabilis and Theologorum Monarcha was a notable thinker important in the history of scholasticism and the Franciscan School.-Life:Alexander was born at Hales ,...
- Alfred of SareshelAlfred of SareshelAlfred of Sarashel, also known as Alfred the Philosopher, Alfred the Englishman or Alfredus Anglicus, was born in England some time in the 12th century and died in the 13th century....
- Alhazen
- AltheidesAltheidesAltheides was a Cypriot philosopher, primarily known from sayings attributed to him in the works of others. Little is known about the wandering philosopher known as Altheides of Cyprus, and little of his work remains available to modern scholars. His parents were Greek merchants living on the...
- Amalric of BenaAmalric of BenaAmalric of Bena was a French theologian, after whom the Amalricians are named.-Biography:He was born in the latter part of the 12th century at Bennes, a village between Ollé and Chauffours in the diocese of Chartres....
- André of NeufchâteauAndré of NeufchâteauAndré of Neufchâteau was a scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century. He was a Franciscan from Lorraine, who wrote a number of works.. He earned the name Doctor Ingeniosissimus ....
- Anselm of CanterburyAnselm of CanterburyAnselm of Canterbury , also called of Aosta for his birthplace, and of Bec for his home monastery, was a Benedictine monk, a philosopher, and a prelate of the church who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109...
- Anselm of LaonAnselm of LaonAnselm of Laon was a French theologian and founder of a school of scholars who helped to pioneer biblical hermeneutics.Remembered in the century after his death as "Anselmus" or "Anselm", his name was more properly "Ansellus" or, in Modern French, "Anseau."Born of very humble parents at Laon...
- Antonio BeccadelliAntonio BeccadelliAntonio Beccadelli , called Il Panormita , was an Italian poet, canon lawyer, scholar, diplomat, and chronicler. He generally wrote in Latin...
- Arab transmission of the Classics to the West
- Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī
- Auctoritates AristotelisAuctoritates AristotelisThe Auctoritates Aristotelis were a popular florilegium or anthology of brief extracts, composed around the end of the thirteenth century by the Franciscan scholar Johannes de Fonte ....
- Augustine EriugenaAugustine EriugenaDe mirabilibus sacrae scripturae is a Latin treatise written around 655 by an anonymous Irish writer and philosopher known as Augustinus Hibernicus or the Irish Augustine....
- Augustine of HippoAugustine of HippoAugustine of Hippo , also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin, St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius . He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province...
- AverroesAverroes' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...
- AverroismAverroismAverroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century: the Arab philosopher Averroës or Ibn Rushd's interpretations of Aristotle and his reconciliation of Aristotelianism with Islamic faith; and the application of these ideas in the Latin...
- AvicennaAvicennaAbū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...
- Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
- Barlaam of Seminara
- Bartholomew of Bologna (philosopher)
- Bartolommeo SpinaBartolommeo SpinaBartolomeo Spina was an Italian Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher.-Life:He joined the Dominican Order at Pisa in 1494...
- Basilios Bessarion
- Bernard of ChartresBernard of ChartresBernard of Chartres was a twelfth-century French Neo-Platonist philosopher, scholar, and administrator.- Life :...
- Bernard of ClairvauxBernard of ClairvauxBernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order.After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. Three years later, he was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val...
- Bernard of TriliaBernard of TriliaBernard of Trilia was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He was an early supporter of the teaching of Thomas Aquinas. He lectured at Montpellier.-External links:*...
- Bernard SilvestrisBernard SilvestrisBernard Silvestris, also known as Bernardus Silvestris, was a Medieval Platonist philosopher and poet of the 12th century.-Biography:Little is known about his life. André Vernet, who edited Bernard's Cosmographia, believed that he lived from 1085 to 1178; the only certain date in his life is 1147,...
- Berthold of MoosburgBerthold of MoosburgBerthold of Moosburg was a German Dominican theologian and neo-Platonist of the 14th century, teaching in Regensburg in 1327....
- Boethius
- Boetius of DaciaBoetius of DaciaBoetius of Dacia was a 13th century Danish philosopher....
- BonaventureBonaventureSaint Bonaventure, O.F.M., , born John of Fidanza , was an Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher. The seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, he was also a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonized on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the...
- Brethren of PurityBrethren of PurityThe Brethren of Purity were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 10th century CE....
- Brunetto LatiniBrunetto LatiniBrunetto Latini was an Italian philosopher, scholar and statesman.-Life:...
- Byzantine philosophyByzantine philosophyByzantine philosophy refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the Byzantine Empire, especially between the 8th and 15th centuries...
- Byzantine rhetoricByzantine rhetoricByzantine Rhetoric followed largely the precepts of ancient Greek rhetoricians, especially those belonging to the Second Sophistic that extended from the time of Augustus through the fifth century AD....
- Cahal Daly
- CaigentanCaigentanThe Caigentan is circa 1590 text written by the Ming Dynasty scholar and philosopher Hong Zicheng 洪自誠. This compilation of aphorisms eclectically combines elements from the Three teachings , and is comparable with Marcus Aurelius' Meditations or La Rouchefoucauld's Maximes.-Title:Chinese...
- Cardinal virtuesCardinal virtuesIn Christian traditionthere are 4 cardinal virtues:*Prudence - able to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time*Justice - proper moderation between self-interest and the rights and needs of others...
- Carolus SigoniusCarolus SigoniusCarolus Sigonius was an Italian humanist, born in Modena.Having studied Greek under the learned Franciscus Portus of Candia, he attended the philosophical schools of Bologna and Pavia, and in 1545 was elected professor of Greek in his native place in succession to Portus...
- Catherine of SienaCatherine of SienaSaint Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D, was a tertiary of the Dominican Order, and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian. She also worked to bring the papacy of Gregory XI back to Rome from its displacement in France, and to establish peace among the Italian city-states. She was proclaimed a Doctor...
- Celestial spheresCelestial spheresThe celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus and others...
- Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino , was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism and Aristotelian materialism inside scholasticism...
- Choe ChungChoe ChungChoe Chung was a Korean Confucian scholar and poet of the Haeju Choe clan during the Goryeo period. He has been called the grandfather of the Korean educational system..-References:...
- Christine de PizanChristine de PizanChristine de Pizan was a Venetian-born late medieval author who challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated medieval culture. As a poet, she was well known and highly regarded in her own day; she completed 41 works during her 30 year career , and can be regarded as...
- Condemnations of 1210–1277
- Consolation of PhilosophyConsolation of PhilosophyConsolation of Philosophy is a philosophical work by Boethius, written around the year 524. It has been described as the single most important and influential work in the West on Medieval and early Renaissance Christianity, and is also the last great Western work that can be called Classical.-...
- Constantine of KostenetsConstantine of KostenetsConstantine of Kostenets , also known as Konstantin Kostenechki and Constantine the Philosopher , was a medieval Bulgarian writer and chronicler...
- Contra principia negantem disputari non potestContra principia negantem disputari non potestContra principia negantem non est disputandum is a principle of logic and law: in order to debate reasonably about a disagreement, there must be agreement about the principles...
- ConvivioConvivioConvivio is a work written by Dante Alighieri roughly between 1304 and 1307. It contains details of the author's growing interest in philosophy, particularly in reference to the works of Cicero and Boethius...
- Cosmographia (Bernard Silvestris)Cosmographia (Bernard Silvestris)Cosmographia is a Latin philosophical allegory, dealing with the creation of the universe, by the twelfth-century author Bernard Silvestris. In form, it is a prosimetrum, in which passages of prose alternate with verse passages in various classical meters...
- Credo ut intelligamCredo ut intelligamCredo ut intelligam is Latin for "I believe so that I may understand" and is a maxim of Anselm of Canterbury, which is based on a saying of Augustine of Hippo to relate faith and reason...
- Cristoforo LandinoCristoforo LandinoCristoforo Landino was an Italian humanist and an important figure of the Florentine Renaissance.-Biography:...
- Daniel of MorleyDaniel of MorleyDaniel of Morley was an English scholastic philosopher.Born in Norfolk, he studied at Oxford and Paris. Disgusted by the limitations of the curriculum in Paris, he then went to Toledo, in search of Arabic translations of Greek philosophy that had become available to European scholars after the...
- Dante AlighieriDante AlighieriDurante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante , was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia ...
- David ben Merwan al-MukkamasDavid ben Merwan al-MukkamasDavid ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas al-Rakki was a philosopher and controversialist, the author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the Middle Ages. He was a native of Rakka, Mesopotamia, whence his surname...
- De divisione naturaeDe divisione naturaeDe divisione naturae was the magnum opus of ninth century theologian Johannes Scotus Eriugena....
- Demetrius ChalcondylesDemetrius ChalcondylesDemetrios Chalkokondyles, latinized as Demetrius Chalcocondyles and found variously as Demetricocondyles, Chalcocondylas or Chalcondyles , was a Greek humanist, scholar and Professor who taught the Greek language in Italy for over forty years; at Padua, Perugia, Milan and Florence...
- Denis the CarthusianDenis the CarthusianDenis the Carthusian , also known as Denys van Leeuwen or Denis Ryckel, was a Roman Catholic theologian and mystic.-Life:...
- Divine apathyDivine apathyDivine apathy is the doctrine that the divine nature is incapable of suffering, passivity or modification. This doctrine is a common feature of Platonist, Aristotelian, and Stoic philosophical theology and was held by most Jewish, Christian, and Muslim thinkers prior to the twentieth century....
- Doctrine of the MeanDoctrine of the MeanThe Doctrine of the Mean , is both a concept and one of the books of Confucian teachings. The composition of the text is attributed to Zisi the only grandson of Confucius, and it came from a chapter in the Classic of Rites...
- DōgenDogenDōgen Zenji was a Japanese Zen Buddhist teacher born in Kyōto, and the founder of the Sōtō school of Zen in Japan after travelling to China and training under the Chinese Caodong lineage there...
- Dominicus GundissalinusDominicus GundissalinusDominicus Gundissalinus also known as Domingo Gundisalvo may have been a converted Jew and was the archdeacon of Segovia, Spain and a scholastic philosopher...
- Duns ScotusDuns ScotusBlessed John Duns Scotus, O.F.M. was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought....
- Dynamics of the celestial spheresDynamics of the celestial spheresAncient, medieval and Renaissance astronomers and philosophers developed many different theories about the dynamics of the celestial spheres. They explained the motions of the various nested spheres in terms of the materials of which they were made, external movers such as celestial intelligences,...
- Early Islamic philosophyEarly Islamic philosophyEarly Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar and lasting until the 6th century AH...
- Elia del MedigoElia del MedigoElias del Medigo, born under the name Elijah Mi-Qandia or Elijah mi-Qandia ben Moise del Medigo, also called in mauscripts as Elijah Delmedigo or Elias ben Moise del Medigo....
- Ethica thomistica
- Étienne TempierÉtienne TempierÉtienne Tempier was a French bishop of Paris during the 13th century...
- Eustratius of NicaeaEustratius of NicaeaEustratius of Nicaea was Metropolitan bishop of Nicaea in the early 12th century. He wrote commentaries to Aristotle's second book of Analytica and the Ethica Nicomachea....
- Euthymius of AthosEuthymius of AthosEuthymius the Athonite was a renowned Georgian philosopher and scholar, also known as Eufimius the Abasgian or St. Euthymius the Georgian...
- Everard of YpresEverard of YpresEverard of Ypres was a scholastic philosopher of the middle of the twelfth century, a master of the University of Paris who became a Cistercian monk of the abbey of Moutier of Argonne...
- Fakhr al-Din al-RaziFakhr al-Din al-RaziAbu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , most commonly known as Fakhruddin Razi was a well-known Persian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher....
- Federico CesiFederico CesiFederico Angelo Cesi was an Italian scientist, naturalist, and founder of the Accademia dei Lincei. On his father's death in 1630, he became briefly lord of Acquasparta.- Biography :...
- Five witsFive witsIn the time of William Shakespeare, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits and five senses. The five wits were sometimes taken to be synonymous with the five senses, but were otherwise also known and regarded as the five inward wits, distinguishing them from the five senses, which were...
- Francesco FilelfoFrancesco FilelfoFrancesco Filelfo was an Italian Renaissance humanist.-Biography:Filelfo was born at Tolentino, in the March of Ancona. He is believed to be a third cousin of Leonardo Da Vinci. At the time of his birth, Petrarch and the students of Florence had already brought the first act in the recovery of...
- Francis of MarchiaFrancis of MarchiaFrancis of Marchia was an Italian Franciscan theologian scholastic philosopher. He was an ally of William of Ockham and Michael of Cesena, and opponent of Pope John XXII, in the struggles of the Franciscan Spirituals, leading to his expulsion from the order in 1329.He was commenting on the...
- Francis of MayroneFrancis of MayroneFrancis of Mayrone was a French scholastic philosopher. He was a distinguished pupil of Duns Scotus, whose teaching he usually followed....
- Francis RobortelloFrancis RobortelloFrancesco Robortello was a Renaissance humanist, nicknamed Canis grammaticus for his confrontational and demanding manner.-As scholar:...
- Francisco de VitoriaFrancisco de VitoriaFrancisco de Vitoria, OP was a Spanish Renaissance Roman Catholic philosopher, theologian and jurist, founder of the tradition in philosophy known as the School of Salamanca, noted especially for his contributions to the theory of just war and international law...
- Francisco SuárezFrancisco SuárezFrancisco Suárez was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement, and generally regarded among the greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas....
- Franciscus Bonae SpeiFranciscus Bonae SpeiFranciscus Bonae Spei was a Catholic scholastic theologian and philosopher.He was born under the name of François Crespin, and entered the Carmelite order in 1635 under the religious name of Franciscus Bonae Spei . During many years, he taught philosophy and theology in Leuven...
- Fujiwara SeikaFujiwara Seikawas a Japanese philosopher, a leading neo-Confucian of the early Tokugawa Period and a teacher of Tokugawa Ieyasu.Like his student, Hayashi Razan , he had studied in Zen monasteries. But in 1598, at Fushimi Castle, he met Gang Hang , a Korean neo-Confucian scholar who was taken prisoner to Japan...
- Gabriel BielGabriel BielGabriel Biel was a German scholastic philosopher and member of the Brethren of the Common Life born in Speyer. In 1432 he was ordained to the priesthood and entered Heidelberg University. He succeeded academically and became an instructor in the faculty of the arts.- Life :His studies were pursued...
- Galileo GalileiGalileo GalileiGalileo Galilei , was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism...
- Garlandus CompotistaGarlandus CompotistaGarlandus Compotista also known as Garland the Computist was an early medieval logician of the eleventh-century school of Liège. Little is known of his life; the Dialectica published under his name by L. M. de Rijk is now commonly attributed to Gerlandus of Besançon : see John Marenbon, Medieval...
- Gasparinus de BergamoGasparinus de BergamoGasparinus de Bergamo Gasparinus de Bergamo (in Italian, Gasparino (da) Barizizza or Gasparino (da) Barzizza; in French, Gasparin de Bergame; in Latin, Gasparinus Barzizius Bergamensis) Gasparinus de Bergamo (in Italian, Gasparino (da) Barizizza or Gasparino (da) Barzizza; in French, Gasparin de...
- Gaunilo of MarmoutiersGaunilo of MarmoutiersGaunilo of Marmoutiers was an 11th-century Benedictine monk, best known for his criticism of St Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God. His thesis On Behalf of the Fool takes its name from the fools mentioned in Psalms 14:1 and Psalms 53:1, who say in their hearts that there is no...
- Gemistus PlethoGemistus PlethoGeorgius Gemistus — later called Plethon or Pletho — was a Greek scholar of Neoplatonic philosophy. He was one of the chief pioneers of the revival of Greek learning in Western Europe...
- George of TrebizondGeorge of TrebizondGeorge of Trebizond was a Greek philosopher and scholar, one of the pioneers of the Renaissance.-Life:He was born on the island of Crete, and derived his surname Trapezuntius from the fact that his ancestors were from Trebizond.At what period he came to Italy is not certain; according to some...
- Gerard of AbbevilleGerard of AbbevilleGerard of Abbeville was a theologian at the University of Paris, from 1257. He is known as an opponent of the mendicant orders, taking part in a concerted attack that temporarily affected their privileges....
- Gerard of BolognaGerard of BolognaGerard of Bologna was an Italian Carmelite theologian and scholastic philosopher.A convinced Thomist, he took a doctorate in theology in 1295 at the University of Paris. Subsequently he was elected general of the Carmelite Order, in 1297....
- Gerard of BrusselsGerard of BrusselsGerard of Brussels was an early thirteenth-century geometer and philosopher known primarily for his Latin book Liber de motu , which was a pioneering study in kinematics, probably written between 1187 and 1260...
- Gerard of CremonaGerard of CremonaGerard of Cremona was an Italian translator of Arabic scientific works found in the abandoned Arab libraries of Toledo, Spain....
- Gerardus OdonisGerardus OdonisGerardus Odonis, was a French theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order.-Life:...
- GersonidesGersonidesLevi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG , philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer. He was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, France...
- Gilbert de la PorréeGilbert de la PorréeGilbert de la Porrée , also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis, was a scholastic logician and theologian.-Life:...
- Giles of LessinesGiles of LessinesGiles of Lessines was a thirteenth-century Dominican scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Thomas Aquinas. He was also strongly influenced by Albertus Magnus. He was an early defender of Thomism....
- Giles of RomeGiles of RomeGiles of Rome , was an archbishop of Bourges who was famed for his logician commentary on the Organon by Aristotle. Giles was styled Doctor Fundatissimus by Pope Benedict XIV...
- Giovanni Pico della MirandolaGiovanni Pico della MirandolaCount Giovanni Pico della Mirandola was an Italian Renaissance philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486, when at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of...
- Godfrey of FontainesGodfrey of FontainesGodfrey of Fontaines , whose name in Latin was Godefridus de Fontibus, was a scholastic philosopher and theologian, designated by the title Doctor Venerandus. He made contributions to a diverse range of subjects ranging from moral philosophy to epistemology...
- Gonsalvus of SpainGonsalvus of SpainGonsalvus Hispanus was a Spanish Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor....
- Great chain of beingGreat chain of beingThe great chain of being , is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God.-Divisions:...
- Gregor ReischGregor ReischGregor Reisch was a German Carthusian humanist writer. He is best known for his compilation Margarita philosophica.-Life:...
- Gregory of RiminiGregory of RiminiGregory of Rimini , also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages...
- Grzegorz of StawiszynGrzegorz of StawiszynGrzegorz of Stawiszyn , was a Polish philosopher and theologian of the mid 16th century, Rector of the University of Krakow in the years 1538-1540....
- Guarino da VeronaGuarino da VeronaGuarino da Verona was an early figure in the Italian Renaissance.He was born in Verona, Italy and later studied Greek at Constantinople, where for five years he was the pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras. When he set out to return home, he had with him two cases of precious Greek manuscripts which he had...
- Guido TerrenaGuido TerrenaGuido Terrena , also known as Guido Terreni and Guy de Perpignan, was a Catalan Carmelite canon lawyer and scholastic philosopher.-Life:...
- Guillaume Pierre GodinGuillaume Pierre GodinGuillaume Pierre Godin was a French Dominican theologian, and Cardinal.-Life:He was born in Bayonne and spent his early years in south-west France. He was an early opponent of Duns Scotus at Paris, where he was briefly in 1292.He was master of the Sacred Palace from 1306...
- Guru Nanak DevGuru Nanak DevGuru Nanak was the founder of the religion of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. The Sikhs believe that all subsequent Gurus possessed Guru Nanak’s divinity and religious authority, and were named "Nanak" in the line of succession.-Early life:Guru Nanak was born on 15 April 1469, now...
- HaecceityHaecceityHaecceity is a term from medieval philosophy first coined by Duns Scotus which denotes the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing which make it a particular thing...
- HaribhadraHaribhadraHaribhadra Suri was a Svetambara mendicant Jain leader and author.-History:There are multiple contradictory dates assigned to his birth. These include 459, 478, and 529. However, given his familiarity with Dharmakirti, a more likely choice would be sometime after 650...
- Hayy ibn YaqdhanHayy ibn YaqdhanḤayy ibn Yaqẓān is an Arabic philosophical novel and allegorical tale written by Ibn Tufail in the early 12th century.- Translations :* from Wikisource* English translations of Hayy bin Yaqzan...
- Henry AristippusHenry AristippusHenry Aristippus of Calabria, sometimes known as Enericus or Henricus Aristippus, was the archdeacon of Catania and later chief familiaris of the triumvirate of familiares who replaced the Emir Maio of Bari as chief functionaries of the kingdom of Sicily in 1161...
- Henry HarclayHenry HarclayHenry Harclay , was an English philosopher. He was a Chancellor of the University of Oxford , and a secular master and scholastic philosopher. He played an important role in Oxford and Paris during the first two decades of the fourteenth century...
- Henry of GhentHenry of GhentHenry of Ghent , scholastic philosopher, known as Doctor Solemnis , also known as Henricus de Gandavo and Henricus Gandavensis, was born in the district of Mude, near Ghent, and died at Tournai...
- Herman of CarinthiaHerman of CarinthiaHerman Dalmatin or Herman of Carinthia , also known in Latin as Sclavus Dalmata, Secundus, was a philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, translator and author....
- Hermannus AlemannusHermannus AlemannusHermannus Alemannus translated Arabic philosophical works into Latin. He worked at the Toledo School of Translators around the middle of the thirteenth century and is almost certainly to be identified with the Hermannus who was bishop of Astorga in León from 1266 until his death in...
- Hervaeus NatalisHervaeus NatalisHervaeus Natalis was a Dominican theologian, the 14th Master of the Dominicans, and the author of a number of works on philosophy and theology. Among his many writings may be included the Summa Totius Logicae, an opusculum once attributed to Thomas Aquinas.-Life:Natalis joined the Dominicans in...
- Heymeric de CampoHeymeric de CampoHeymeric de Campo was a Dutch theologian and scholastic philosopher. He was a prominent Albertist, and forerunner of Nicholas of Cusa. He studied at the University of Paris, and taught at Cologne , and Leuven....
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-BaghdaadiHibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-BaghdaadiAbu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī was an Islamic philosopher and physician of Jewish-Arab descent from Baghdad, Iraq. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary and father-in-law of Maimonides, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name Nathanel before his conversion from Judaism to...
- HisdosusHisdosusHisdosus , also known as Hisdosus Scholasticus, was a writer and scholar. Nothing is known about his life. A Latin commentary by him on Calcidius' translation of Plato's Timaeus survives in manuscript. The commentary is probably most famous for containing a paraphrase of Heraclitus' comparison of...
- Hōnen
- How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?The question, "How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?" has been used many times as a trite dismissal of medieval angelology in particular, and of scholasticism in general....
- Hugh of Saint Victor
- Hugh of St CherHugh of St CherHugh of St Cher was a French Dominican cardinal and Biblical commentator. He was born at St Cher, a suburb of Vienne, Dauphiné, and while a student in Paris entered the Dominican convent of the Jacobins in 1225....
- Hylomorphism
- Ibn al-Nafis
- Ibn al-RawandiIbn al-RawandiAbu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Ishaq al-Rawandi , commonly known as Ibn al-Rawandi , was an early skeptic of Islam and a critic of religion in general. In his early days he was a Mutazilite scholar, but after rejecting the Mutazilite doctrine he adhered to Shia Islam for a brief period of time...
- Ibn ArabiIbn ArabiIbn ʿArabī was an Andalusian Moorish Sufi mystic and philosopher. His full name was Abū 'Abdillāh Muḥammad ibn 'Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn `Arabī .-Biography:...
- Ibn BajjahIbn BajjahAbū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh , known as Ibn Bājjah , was an Andalusian polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist. He was known in the West by his Latinized name, Avempace...
- Ibn HazmIbn HazmAbū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm ) was an Andalusian philosopher, litterateur, psychologist, historian, jurist and theologian born in Córdoba, present-day Spain...
- Ibn KhaldunIbn KhaldunIbn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun was an Arab Tunisian historiographer and historian who is often viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics...
- Ibn Masarrah
- Ibn Taymiyyah
- Ibn TufailIbn TufailIbn Tufail was an Andalusian Muslim polymath: an Arabic writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, vizier,...
- Immanuel the RomanImmanuel the RomanImmanuel ben Solomon ben Jekuthiel of Rome was an Italian-Jewish scholar and satirical poet. He was a member of a prominent, wealthy family and occupied an important position in Rome, possibly secretary or treasurer of the Jewish community there...
- InsolubiliaInsolubiliaIn the Middle Ages, variations on the liar paradox were studied under the name of insolubilia .Although the liar paradox was well known in antiquity, interest seems to have lapsed until the twelfth century, when it appears to have been reinvented independently of ancient authors...
- IntellectualismIntellectualismIntellectualism denotes the use and development of the intellect, the practice of being an intellectual, and of holding intellectual pursuits in great regard. Moreover, in philosophy, “intellectualism” occasionally is synonymous with “rationalism”, i.e. knowledge derived mostly from reason and...
- Intelligible formIntelligible formAn intelligible form in philosophy refers to a form that can be apprehended by the intellect. According to Ancient and Medieval philosophers, the intelligible forms are the things by which we understand.-Aristotle:...
- Ioane PetritsiIoane PetritsiIoane Petritsi was a Georgian Neoplatonic philosopher of the 11th or 12th century, best known for his translations of Proclus, along with an extensive commentary...
- IppenIppenIppen Shonin , also known as Zuien, was a Japanese Buddhist itinerant preacher who founded the Ji branch of Pure Land Buddhism....
- Isaac AbrabanelIsaac AbrabanelIsaac ben Judah Abrabanel, , commonly referred to just as Abarbanel, was a Portuguese Jewish statesman, philosopher, Bible commentator, and financier.-Biography:...
- Isaac Israeli ben SolomonIsaac Israeli ben SolomonIsaac Israeli ben Solomon , also known as Isaac Israeli the Elder and Isaac Judaeus, was one of the foremost physicians and philosophers of his time. He is regarded as the father of medieval Jewish Neoplatonism...
- IsagogeIsagogeThe Isagoge or "Introduction" to Aristotle's "Categories", written by Porphyry in Greek and translated into Latin by Boethius, was the standard textbook on logic for at least a millennium after his death. It was composed by Porphyry in Sicily during the years 268-270, and sent to Chrysaorium,...
- Isotta NogarolaIsotta NogarolaIsotta Nogarola was an Italian writer and intellectual. She was passionate about her education, and became one of the most famous female humanists of the Italian Renaissance, inspiring generations of female artists and writers...
- Jacob ben NissimJacob ben NissimJacob ben Nissim ibn Shahin was a Jewish philosopher who lived at Kairouan, Tunisia in the 10th century; he was a younger contemporary of Saadia. At Jacob's request Sherira Gaon wrote a treatise entitled Iggeret, on the redaction of the Mishnah...
- Jacopo ZabarellaJacopo ZabarellaGiacomo Zabarella was an Italian Aristotelian philosopher and logician. He was accused of atheism for the notable chapter "De inventione æterni motoris" in his De rebus naturalibus libri XXX....
- Jakub of GostyninJakub of GostyninJakub of Gostynin was a Polish philosopher and theologian of the late 15th century, and Rector of the University of Krakow in 1503–4.-Life:Jakub of Gostynin was one of the chief adherents of the Cologne-style Thomism, a philosophical school that upheld the legacy of work and thought of Thomas...
- Jan SzyllingJan SzyllingJan Szylling was a Polish Scholastic philosopher.-Life:Jan Szylling, a native of Kraków, studied with Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples in Paris, France, in the first years of the 16th century...
- JayatirthaJayatirthaSeer Jayateertharu was the sixth pontiff of Sri Madhvacharya Peetha. He is one of the most important seers in the Dvaita philosophy on account of his elucidations of Sri Ananda Teertha's masterpieces...
- Jean BuridanJean BuridanJean Buridan was a French priest who sowed the seeds of the Copernican revolution in Europe. Although he was one of the most famous and influential philosophers of the late Middle Ages, he is today among the least well known...
- Jean CapréolusJean CapréolusJean Capréolus was a French Dominican theologian and Thomist....
- Jedaiah ben Abraham BedersiJedaiah ben Abraham BedersiJedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi was a Jewish poet, physician, and philosopher; born at Béziers...
- JienJienJien was a Japanese poet, historian, and Buddhist monk.-Biography:Jien was the son Fujiwara no Tadamichi, a member of the Fujiwara family of powerful aristocrats. He joined a Buddhist monastery of the Tendai sect early in his life, first taking the Buddhist name Dokaie, and later changing it to...
- JinulJinulChinul or Jinul was a Korean monk of the Goryeo period, who is considered to be the most influential figure in the formation of Korean Seon Buddhism....
- Jiva GoswamiJiva GoswamiJiva Goswami is one of the most prolific and important philosopher and saint from the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Vedanta tradition, producing a great number of philosophical works on the theology and practice of Bhakti yoga, Vaishnava Vedanta and associated disciplines...
- Jocelin of SoissonsJocelin of SoissonsJocelin of Soissons was a French theologian, a philosophical opponent of Abelard. He became bishop of Soissons, and is known also as a composer , with two pieces in the Codex Calixtinus...
- Johannes Scotus EriugenaJohannes Scotus EriugenaJohannes Scotus Eriugena was an Irish theologian, Neoplatonist philosopher, and poet. He is known for having translated and made commentaries upon the work of Pseudo-Dionysius.-Name:...
- John ArgyropoulosJohn ArgyropoulosJohn Argyropoulos was a Greek lecturer, philosopher and humanist, one of the émigré scholars who pioneered the revival of Classical learning in Western Europe in the 15th century...
- John BlundJohn BlundJohn Blund was an English scholastic philosopher, known for his work on the nature of the soul, the Tractatus de anima, one of the first works of western philosophy to make use of the recently translated De Anima by Aristotle and especially the Arab philosopher Avicenna's work on the soul,...
- John de SèchevilleJohn de SèchevilleJohn de Sècheville was a philosopher in the thirteenth century; his most famous work was his "De Principiis Naturae".He was English, of noble stock, and lived the majority of his life in England...
- John DumbletonJohn DumbletonJohn Dumbleton , one of the Oxford Calculators, was a Scholastic logician and natural philosopher at Merton College, Oxford, where he was a fellow by 1338...
- John Halgren of AbbevilleJohn Halgren of AbbevilleJohn Halgren of Abbeville was a French scholastic philosopher and writer of sermons, papal legate and Cardinal.In theology he was a follower of Peter the Chanter and Stephen Langton. After studying with Hugolino of Ostia at the University of Paris, he became dean of the chapter at Amiens in 1218;...
- John HennonJohn HennonJohn ' Hennon was a medieval philosopher in the late Scholastic tradition. He was from Nijmegen, and studied at the University of Paris, where he received his magister artium and baccalaureus formatus in sacra pagina .As a student of Paris, Hennon was heavily influenced by William of Ockham and...
- John ItalusJohn ItalusJohn Italus, also Johannes Italos, Ioannis Italos, Ioánnes Italós was a Neoplatonic Byzantine philosopher of the eleventh century. He was Calabrian in origin, his father being a soldier. He came to Constantinople, where he became a student of Michael Psellus in classical Greek philosophy. He...
- John MairJohn MairJohn Mair was a Scottish philosopher, much admired in his day and an acknowledged influence on all the great thinkers of the time. He was a very renowned teacher and his works much collected and frequently republished across Europe...
- John of DamascusJohn of DamascusSaint John of Damascus was a Syrian monk and priest...
- John of GłogówJohn of GłogówJohn of Głogów was a notable polyhistor at the turn of the Middle Ages and Renaissance—a philosopher, geographer and astronomer at the University of Krakow.-Life:...
- John of JandunJohn of JandunJohn of Jandun was an Averroist philosopher, theologian, and political writer. He was born at Jandun in the Ardennes, in what is now France...
- John of MirecourtJohn of MirecourtJohn of Mirecourt was a Cistercian scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century, from Lorraine. He was a follower of William of Ockham; he was censured by Pope Clement VI.-References:...
- John of ParisJohn of ParisJohn of Paris , also called Jean Quidort and Johannes de Soardis was a French philosopher, theologian, and Dominican monk.-Life:John of Paris was born in Paris, France at an unknown date...
- John of SalisburyJohn of SalisburyJohn of Salisbury , who described himself as Johannes Parvus , was an English author, educationalist, diplomat and bishop of Chartres, and was born at Salisbury.-Early life and education:...
- John of St. ThomasJohn of St. ThomasJohn of St. Thomas, , theologian, philosopher, born at Lisbon, 9 June 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 June 1644....
- John PagusJohn PagusJohn Pagus was a scholastic philosopher at the University of Paris, generally considered the first logician among the recorded scholastics.-Life:...
- John PeckhamJohn PeckhamJohn Peckham was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292. He was a native of Sussex who was educated at Lewes Priory and became a Franciscan friar about 1250. He studied at Paris under Bonaventure, where he later taught theology. From his teaching, he came into conflict with Thomas...
- Joseph AlboJoseph AlboJoseph Albo was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived in Spain during the fifteenth century, known chiefly as the author of Sefer ha-Ikkarim , the classic work on the fundamentals of Judaism.-Early life:Albo's birthplace is generally assumed to be Monreal, a town in Aragon...
- Joseph ben Judah of CeutaJoseph ben Judah of CeutaJoseph ben Judah of Ceuta was a Jewish physician and poet, and disciple of Moses Maimonides.It is as an address to Joseph that Maimonides introduces his Guide for the Perplexed.- Life :...
- Judah ben Moses RomanoJudah ben Moses RomanoJudah ben Moses Romano was an Italian Jewish philosopher and translator of the thirteen and fourteenth centuries. He was a cousin of Immanuel of Rome....
- Judah Halevi
- Julius Caesar ScaligerJulius Caesar ScaligerJulius Caesar Scaliger was an Italian scholar and physician who spent a major part of his career in France. He employed the techniques and discoveries of Renaissance humanism to defend Aristotelianism against the new learning...
- Kitabatake ChikafusaKitabatake Chikafusawas a Japanese court noble and writer of the 14th century who supported the Southern Court in the Nanboku-cho period, serving as advisor to five Emperors. Some of his greatest and most famous work was performed during the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, under whom he proposed a series of reforms,...
- Kwon GeunKwon GeunKwon Geun was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar at the dawn of the Joseon Dynasty, and a student of Yi Saek. He was one of the first Neo Confucian scholars of the Joseon dynasty, and had a lasting influence on the rise of Neo Confucianism in Korea....
- Lambert of AuxerreLambert of AuxerreLambert of Auxerre was a medieval 13th century logician best known for writing the book "Summa Lamberti" or simply "Logica" in the mid 1250's which became an authoritative textbook on logic in the Western tradition. He was a Dominican in the Dominican house at Auxerre. His contemporaries were Peter...
- Lambertus de MonteLambertus de MonteLambertus de Monte Domini or Lambert of Cologne was a Dutch Scholastic and Thomist. He went to the University of Cologne in 1450, where he was taught by his uncle Gerhardus de Monte, and received his Master of Arts in 1454, holding an arts professorship there from 1455 until 1473, when he became...
- Leo the MathematicianLeo the MathematicianLeo the Mathematician or the Philosopher was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of Iconoclasm. His only preserved writings are some notes contained in manuscripts of Plato's dialogues. He has been called a "true Renaissance man" and "the...
- Leon Battista Alberti
- Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da VinciLeonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance...
- List of scholastic philosophers
- Madhusūdana SarasvatīMadhusudana SarasvatiMadhusūdana Sarasvatī was an Indian philosopher in the Advaita Vedānta tradition. He is disciple of viSveSvara sarasvatI and mAdhava sarasvatI, is the most celebrated name in the annals of the great dvaita-advaita debate. He also flourished in the 16th century...
- MadhvacharyaMadhvacharyaMadhvācārya was the chief proponent of Tattvavāda "Philosophy of Reality", popularly known as the Dvaita school of Hindu philosophy. It is one of the three most influential Vedānta philosophies. Madhvācārya was one of the important philosophers during the Bhakti movement. He was a pioneer in...
- MaimonidesMaimonidesMoses ben-Maimon, called Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn in Arabic, or Rambam , was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the greatest Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages...
- Manuel ChrysolorasManuel ChrysolorasManuel Chrysoloras was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages....
- Marcus MusurusMarcus MusurusMarcus Musurus was a Greek scholar and philosopher born in Retimo, Castello, Venetian Crete . The son of a rich merchant, he became at an early age a pupil of John Lascaris in Venice....
- Marsilio FicinoMarsilio FicinoMarsilio Ficino was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin...
- Marsilius of InghenMarsilius of InghenMarsilius of Inghen was a medieval Dutch Scholastic philosopher who studied with Albert of Saxony and Nicole Oresme under Jean Buridan. He was Magister at the University of Paris as well as at the University of Heidelberg from 1386 to 1396.-Life:He was born near Nijmegen...
- Marsilius of PaduaMarsilius of PaduaMarsilius of Padua Marsilius of Padua Marsilius of Padua (Italian Marsilio or Marsiglio da Padova; (circa 1275 – circa 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine who practiced a variety of professions. He was also an important 14th century political figure...
- Matheolus PerusinusMatheolus PerusinusMatheolus Perusinus was a professor of philosophy and medicine. He was a native of Perugia , and died at Padua....
- Matthew of AquaspartaMatthew of AquaspartaMatthew of Aquasparta was an Italian Franciscan and scholastic philosopher.-Life:Born in Acquasparta, Umbria, he was a member of the Bentivenghi family, to which belonged his fellow Franciscan, Cardinal Bentivenga de' Bentivenghi, bishop of Albano...
- Medieval philosophyMedieval philosophyMedieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century AD to the Renaissance in the sixteenth century...
- Meister EckhartMeister EckhartEckhart von Hochheim O.P. , commonly known as Meister Eckhart, was a German theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Gotha, in the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire. Meister is German for "Master", referring to the academic title Magister in theologia he obtained in Paris...
- Michael of EphesusMichael of EphesusMichael of Ephesus or Michael Ephesius wrote important commentaries on Aristotle, including the first full commentary on the Sophistical Refutations, which established the regular study of that text.-Life:...
- Michael of MassaMichael of MassaMichael of Massa was an Italian Augustinian Hermit and theologian. He is known both as a scholastic philosopher and as an author of contemplative works....
- Michael PsellosMichael PsellosMichael Psellos or Psellus was a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian...
- Michał FalkenerMichał FalkenerMichael Falkener was a Polish Scholastic philosopher..-Life:Michał Falkener was born in Silesia. In Latin—the language favored by medieval European scholars, and used in his works—he is sometimes referred to as "Vratislaviensis" or "Wratislaviensis" in addition to "Michaelis de Vratislauia"...
- Miskawayh
- Mohammad Ibn Abd-al-Haq Ibn Sab’in
- Moralium dogma philosophorumMoralium dogma philosophorumMoralium dogma philosophorum is a Latin work of the 12th century. Its authorship is uncertain: it has been attributed to William of Conches, to Walter of Châtillon and to Alan of Lille...
- Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-ShiraziMu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-ShiraziHibatullah ibn Musa Abu Nasr al-Mu'ayyad fi d-Din ash-Shirazi was an 11th century Isma'ili scholar, philosopher-poet, preacher and theologian of Persian origin...
- Muhammad ibn Muhammad TabriziMuhammad ibn Muhammad TabriziAbu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad Tabrizi was a thirteenth century Persian Muslim, known for his Arabic commentary on the twenty five propositions at the beginning of Book II of the Jewish philosopher Maimonides's Guide for the Perplexed, on which Maimonides then based his proof of...
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
- MyōeMyoeMyōe was a Japanese Buddhist monk active during the Kamakura period who also went by the name Kōben , and contemporary of Jōkei and Honen. Born into the Yuasa family , allegedly descended from a branch of the Fujiwara clan, he came to be ordained in both the Shingon school of Buddhism and the...
- NahmanidesNahmanidesNahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça Porta and by his acronym Ramban, , was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.-Name:"Nahmanides" is a Greek-influenced formation meaning "son of Naḥman"...
- Nasir al-Din al-TusiNasir al-Din al-TusiKhawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī , better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī , was a Persian polymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed...
- Nasir KhusrawNasir KhusrawAbu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī [also spelled as Nasir Khusrow and Naser Khosrow] Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī [also spelled as Nasir Khusrow and Naser Khosrow] Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn...
- Neo-medievalismNeo-medievalismNeo-medievalism is a neologism that was first popularized by Italian medievalist Umberto Eco in his 1973 essay "Dreaming in the Middle Ages"...
- Niccolò MachiavelliNiccolò MachiavelliNiccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He is one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic...
- NichirenNichirenNichiren was a Buddhist monk who lived during the Kamakura period in Japan. Nichiren taught devotion to the Lotus Sutra, entitled Myōhō-Renge-Kyō in Japanese, as the exclusive means to attain enlightenment and the chanting of Nam-Myōhō-Renge-Kyō as the essential practice of the teaching...
- Nicholas of AutrecourtNicholas of AutrecourtNicholas of Autrecourt was a French medieval philosopher and Scholastic theologian....
- Nicholas of Kues
- Nicole Oresme
- Nikephoros ChoumnosNikephoros ChoumnosNikephoros Choumnos was a Byzantine scholar and official of the early Palaiologan period, one of the most important figures in the flowering of arts and letters of the so-called "Palaiologan Renaissance"...
- Odo of ChâteaurouxOdo of ChâteaurouxOdo of Châteauroux was a French theologian and scholastic philosopher, papal legate and Cardinal. He was “an experienced preacher and promoter of crusades”. Over 1000 of his sermons survive....
- Omar KhayyámOmar KhayyámOmar Khayyám was aPersian polymath: philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music, climatology and theology....
- Oxford CalculatorsOxford CalculatorsThe Oxford Calculators were a group of 14th-century thinkers, almost all associated with Merton College, Oxford, who took a strikingly logico-mathematical approach to philosophical problems....
- Oxford Franciscan schoolOxford Franciscan schoolThe Oxford Franciscan school was the name given to a group of scholastic philosophers that, in the context of the Renaissance of the 12th century, gave special contribution to the development of science and scientific methodology during the High Middle Ages...
- Palla StrozziPalla StrozziPalla di Onofrio Strozzi was an Italian banker, politician, writer, philosopher and philologist.-Biography:He was born in Florence into the rich family of the Strozzi. He was educated by humanists, learning Greek and Latin, and establishing an important collection of rare books...
- Paolo da PergolaPaolo da PergolaPaolo da Pergola was an Italian humanist philosopher, mathematician and logician. He was a pupil of Paul of Venice.His most important work was probably De sensu composito et diviso.His logical works were printed early....
- Passive intellectPassive intellectPassive intellect is a term used in philosophy to refer to the material aspect of the intellect , in accordance with the theory of hylomorphism.-Aristotle:In Aristotle's philosophy of mind, the passive intellect...
- Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople
- Paul of VenicePaul of VenicePaul of Venice was a Roman Catholic Scholastic philosopher, theologian, and logician of the Hermits of the Order of Saint Augustine.-Life:...
- Peripatetic axiomPeripatetic axiomThe Peripatetic axiom is: "Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses" . It is found in De veritate, q. 2 a. 3 arg. 19....
- Peter AbelardPeter AbelardPeter Abelard was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. The story of his affair with and love for Héloïse has become legendary...
- Peter Aureol
- Peter CeffonsPeter CeffonsPeter Ceffons was a French Cistercian theologian and scholastic philosopher, who became Abbot of Clairvaux. He is considered an early humanist for his style.He lectured on the Sentences at Paris in the late 1340s, using angle as a metaphor...
- Peter CrockaertPeter CrockaertPeter Crockaert , known as Peter of Brussels, was a Flemish scholastic philosopher. Initially he was a pupil of John Mair and a follower of William of Ockham. Later he joined the Dominican Order, and became a supporter of orthodox Thomism...
- Peter de RivoPeter de RivoPeter de Rivo was a Flemish scholastic philosopher, teaching at the Catholic University of Leuven.His views on future contingents were controversial, being opposed by Henry of Zomeren, also at Leuven . De Rivo went to Rome in 1472 to defend his views to Pope Sixtus IV; they were condemned in 1473...
- Peter HeliasPeter HeliasPeter Helias was a medieval priest and philosopher. Born in Poitiers, he became a pupil of Thierry of Chartres at Paris in the 1130s, also teaching grammar and rhetoric in his school. Around 1155 he returned to Poitiers where he later died.Other influences beside Thierry include William of Conches...
- Peter LombardPeter LombardPeter Lombard was a scholastic theologian and bishop and author of Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology, for which he is also known as Magister Sententiarum-Biography:Peter Lombard was born in Lumellogno , in...
- Peter of AuvergnePeter of AuvergnePeter of Auvergne was a French philosopher and theologian.He was a canon of Paris; some biographers have thought that he was Bishop of Clermont, because a Bull of Boniface VIII of the year 1296 names as canon of Paris a certain Peter of Croc , already canon of Clermont; but it is more likely that...
- Peter of CapuaPeter of CapuaPeter of Capua was an Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher, and a Cardinal and papal legate.Peter was a member of an Amalfitan family. After a being a teacher at the University of Paris, he was employed by Pope Innocent III as legate. He made trips to Poland and Bohemia in 1197,...
- Peter of CorbeilPeter of CorbeilPeter of Corbeil , born at Corbeil, was a preacher and canon of Nôtre Dame de Paris, a scholastic philosopher and master of theology at the University of Paris, ca 1189. He is remembered largely because his aristocratic student Lotario de' Conti became pope as Innocent III. In 1198 Innocent...
- Peter of PoitiersPeter of PoitiersPeter of Poitiers Peter of Poitiers Peter of Poitiers (born at Poitiers or in its neighbourhood about 1130; died in Paris in 1215 (though Ulrich Rehm dates Peter's death to 1205 in "Bebilderte Vaterunser-Erklärungen des Mittelalters", Baden-Baden 1994, p. 62) was a French scholastic...
- Peter of SpainPeter of SpainPeter of Spain or, in Latin, Petrus Hispanus is the Mediaeval author of Tractatus, later known as Summulae logicales magistri Petri Hispani , a standard textbook on logic...
- Peter OliviPeter OliviPeter John Olivi, in his native French Pierre Jean Olivi and also Pierre Déjean, was a Franciscan theologian who, although he died professing the faith of the Roman Catholic Church, became a controversial figure in the arguments surrounding poverty at the beginning of the fourteenth century...
- PetrarchPetrarchFrancesco Petrarca , known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism"...
- Petrus AureolusPetrus AureolusPetrus Aureolus was a scholastic philosopher and theologian. We know little of his life before 1312. After this time, he taught at the Franciscan convent in Bologna, then at the convent in Toulouse, around 1314. He went to Paris in 1316 in order to qualify for his doctorate, where he read the...
- Petrus RamusPetrus RamusPetrus Ramus was an influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.-Early life:...
- Photios I of Constantinople
- Pierre d'AillyPierre d'AillyPierre d'Ailly was a French theologian, astrologer, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church....
- Pierre de BarPierre de BarPierre de Bar was a French Cardinal. He is also tentatively identified as a scholastic philosopher, at the University of Paris around 1230. Some sources indicate that he entered Cistercian Order but more recent research conclude that he was secular priest...
- Pietro AlcionioPietro AlcionioPietro Alcionio , the Venetian humanist, was a classical scholar under the patronage of Pope Clement VII, a translator of Aristotle who was hurt in the Sack of Rome in May 1527, and died later that year....
- Pietro d'AbanoPietro d'AbanoPietro d'Abano also known as Petrus De Apono or Aponensis was an Italian philosopher, astrologer and professor of medicine in Padua. He was born in the Italian town from which he takes his name, now Abano Terme. He gained fame by writing Conciliator Differentiarum, quæ inter Philosophos et Medicos...
- PolicraticusPolicraticusPolicraticus is a book of ethical and political philosophy written by John of Salisbury around 1159. Although addressing a wide variety of ethical questions, it is most famous for attempting to define the responsibilities of kings and their relationship to their subjects...
- Porphyrian tree
- PraepositinusPraepositinusPraepositinus was an Italian Dominican scholastic philosopher and theologian. He was a liturgical commentator, and supporter a res-theory of belief. He discussed intentional contexts....
- Primum movensPrimum movensPrimum movens , usually referred to as the Prime mover or first cause in English, is a term used in the philosophy of Aristotle, in the theological cosmological argument for the existence of God, and in cosmogony, the source of the cosmos or "all-being".-Aristotle's ontology:In book 12 of his...
- Problem of universalsProblem of universalsThe problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether universals exist. Universals are general or abstract qualities, characteristics, properties, kinds or relations, such as being male/female, solid/liquid/gas or a certain colour, that can be predicated of individuals or...
- ProslogionProslogionThe Proslogion, , written in 1077-1078, was written as a prayer, or meditation, by the medieval cleric Anselm which serves to reflect on the attributes of God and endeavours to explain how God can have qualities which often seem contradictory...
- Qotb al-Din Shirazi
- QuiddityQuiddityIn scholastic philosophy, quiddity was another term for the essence of an object, literally its "whatness," or "what it is." The term derives from the Latin word "quidditas," which was used by the medieval scholastics as a literal translation of the equivalent term in Aristotle's Greek.It...
- Quinque viae
- R. De StaningtonaR. De StaningtonaR. De Staningtona was a friar, likely of the Dominican Order, who was at Oxford University in the mid-1250s. He composed a noteworthy summary of libri naturales by Aristotle. His summary was entitled Compilacio quedam liborum naturalium...
- Rabia al-AdawiyyaRabia al-AdawiyyaRābiʻa al-ʻAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya or simply Rābiʿah al-Baṣrī was a female Muslim saint and Sufi mystic.-Life:She was born between 95 and 99 Hijri in Basra, Iraq. Much of her early life is narrated by Farid al-Din Attar, a later Sufi Saint and poet, who used earlier sources...
- Radulfus ArdensRadulfus ArdensRadulfus Ardens was a French theologian and early scholastic philosopher of the twelfth century. He was born in Beaulieu, Poitou.He is known for his Summa de vitiis et virtutibus or Speculum universale...
- Radulphus BritoRadulphus BritoRadulphus Brito was an influential grammarian, based in Paris. He is usually identified as Raoul le Breton, though this is apparently disputed by some.Besides works of grammatical speculation — he was one of the Modistae — he wrote on Aristotle, Boethius and Priscian.Radulphus was...
- Ralph of LongchampRalph of LongchampRalph of Longchamp was a scholastic philosopher of the thirteenth century, known also as a physician and natural philosopher. He taught at Oxford and possibly at Paris....
- Ralph StrodeRalph StrodeRalph Strode , English schoolman, was probably a native of the West Midlands.He was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, before 1360, and famous as a teacher of logic and philosophy and a writer on educational subjects...
- RamanujaRamanujaRamanuja ; traditionally 1017–1137, also known as Ramanujacharya, Ethirajar , Emperumannar, Lakshmana Muni, was a theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete...
- RamismRamismRamism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher and Huguenot convert who was murdered in 1572.According to Jonathan Israel, Ramism-Development:...
- Ramon LlullRamon LlullRamon Llull was a Majorcan writer and philosopher, logician and tertiary Franciscan. He wrote the first major work of Catalan literature. Recently-surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on elections theory...
- Remigius of AuxerreRemigius of AuxerreRemigius of Auxerre was a Benedictine monk during the Carolingian period, a teacher of Latin grammar, and a prolific author of commentaries on classical Greek and Latin texts...
- RenaissanceRenaissanceThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
- Renaissance humanismRenaissance humanismRenaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of Mediæval...
- Renaissance philosophyRenaissance philosophyRenaissance philosophy was the period of the history of philosophy in Europe that falls roughly between the Middle Ages and the Enlightenment. It includes the 15th century; some scholars extend it to as early as the 1350s or as late as the 16th century or early 17th century, overlapping the...
- Richard BrinkleyRichard BrinkleyRichard Brinkley was an English Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian. He was at the University of Oxford in the mid-fourteenth century; he produced a Summa Logicae in a nominalist vein in the 1360s or early 1370s, and other works....
- Richard KilvingtonRichard KilvingtonRichard Kilvington was an English scholastic philosopher at the University of Oxford. His surviving works are lecture notes from the 1320s and 1330s. He was a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford...
- Richard of CampsallRichard of CampsallRichard of Campsall was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, at the University of Oxford. He was a Fellow of Balliol College and then of Merton College...
- Richard of MiddletonRichard of MiddletonRichard of Middleton was a member of the Franciscan Order, a theologian, and philosopher. He was Norman, and therefore it is impossible to tell whether he came from France or England originally...
- Richard of Saint Victor
- Richard Rufus of CornwallRichard Rufus of CornwallRichard Rufus of Cornwall was an English Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian who studied at Paris and at Oxford....
- Richard SwinesheadRichard SwinesheadRichard Swineshead was an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher. He was perhaps the greatest of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, where he was a fellow certainly by 1344 and possibly by 1340.His magnum opus was a series of treatises known as the Liber calculationum ,...
- Richard WiltonRichard Wilton-Works:His works included:*a commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard;*a treatise in five books against the heresies of his own age;*commentaries on the Book of Genesis and the prophecies of Jeremiah;*three books of quodlibets;...
- Robert AlyngtonRobert AlyngtonRobert Alyngton , was an English Philosopher who developed new logical, semantic, metaphysical, and ontological theories in 14th century thought...
- Robert CowtonRobert CowtonRobert Cowton was a Franciscan theologian active at the University of Oxford early in the fourteenth century. He was a follower of Henry of Ghent, and in the Augustinian tradition. He was familiar with the doctrines of Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas, and attempted a synthesis of them.He entered the...
- Robert GrossetesteRobert GrossetesteRobert Grosseteste or Grossetete was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of humble parents at Stradbroke in Suffolk. A.C...
- Robert HolcotRobert HolcotRobert Holcot was an English Dominican scholastic philosopher, theologian and influential Biblical scholar. He was born in Holcot, Northamptonshire...
- Robert KilwardbyRobert KilwardbyRobert Kilwardby was an Archbishop of Canterbury in England and as well as a cardinal.-Life:Kilwardby studied at the University of Paris, then was a teacher of grammar and logic there. He then joined the Dominican Order and studied theology, and became regent at Oxford University before 1261,...
- Robert of MelunRobert of MelunRobert of Melun was an English scholastic Christian theologian who taught in France, and later became Bishop of Hereford in England. He studied under Peter Abelard in Paris before teaching there and at Melun, which gave him his surname. His students included John of Salisbury, Roger of Worcester,...
- Robert PullusRobert PullusRobert Pullus was an English cardinal, philosopher and theologian, of the twelfth century.-Biography:...
- Rodolphus AgricolaRodolphus AgricolaRodolphus Agricola was a pre-Erasmian humanist of the northern Low Countries, famous for his supple Latin and one of the first north of the Alps to know Greek well...
- Roger BaconRoger BaconRoger Bacon, O.F.M. , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods...
- Roland of CremonaRoland of CremonaRoland of Cremona was a Dominican theologian and an early scholastic philosopher. He was the first Dominican regentat Paris, France...
- Roscelin of Compiègne
- RoscellinusRoscellinusRoscellinus, also called Roscelin of Compiègne or in Latin Roscellinus Compendiensis and Rucelinus , was a French philosopher and theologian, often regarded as the founder of nominalism .-Biography:...
- Rota Fortunae
- ScholasticismScholasticismScholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100–1500, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending orthodoxy in an increasingly pluralistic context...
- School of Saint Victor
- ScotismScotismScotism is the name given to the philosophical and theological system or school named after Blessed John Duns Scotus. The word comes from the name of its originator, whose Opus Oxoniense was one of the most important documents in medieval philosophy and Roman Catholic theology, defining what would...
- Sensus communisSensus communisSensus communis is a philosophical term originally used to refer to the perceptual power of binding the inputs of the individual sense organs into a coherent and intelligible representation. The term originates with Aristotle...
- SentencesSentencesThe Four Books of Sentences is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the twelfth century. It is a systematic compilation of theology, written around 1150; it derives its name from the sententiae or authoritative statements on biblical passages that it gathered together.-Origin and...
- SeosanSeosanLittle is known of the early life of Seosan Daesa other than that he was born in 1520 and that he became a monk. As was common for monks in this time, he travelled from place to place, living in a succession of monasteries...
- Shahab al-Din SuhrawardiShahab al-Din SuhrawardiOther important Muslim mystics carry the name Suhrawardi, particularly Abu 'l-Najib al-Suhrawardi and his paternal nephew Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi."Shahāb ad-Dīn" Yahya ibn Habash as-Suhrawardī was a Persian...
- ShinranShinranwas a Japanese Buddhist monk, who was born in Hino at the turbulent close of the Heian Period and lived during the Kamakura Period...
- Siger of BrabantSiger of BrabantSiger of Brabant was a 13th century philosopher from the southern Low Countries who was an important proponent of Averroism...
- Simon of FavershamSimon of FavershamSimon of Faversham was an English thirteenth-century scholastic philosopher. He was born in Faversham, Kent, and educated at Oxford. He was made Chancellor of Oxford University in January 1304....
- Simon of TournaiSimon of TournaiSimon of Tournai was a professor at the University of Paris in the late twelfth century. His date of birth is uncertain, but he was teaching before 1184, as he signed a document at the same time as Gerard de Pucelle, the Bishop of Coventry, who died that year.Simon taught philosophy for ten...
- Solomon ibn GabirolSolomon ibn GabirolSolomon ibn Gabirol, also Solomon ben Judah , was an Andalucian Hebrew poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neoplatonic bent. He was born in Málaga about 1021; died about 1058 in Valencia.-Biography:...
- SophismataSophismataSophismata in medieval philosophy are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved...
- Sperone SperoniSperone SperoniSperone Speroni degli Alvarotti was an Italian Renaissance humanist, scholar and dramatist. He was one of the central members of Padua's literary academy Accademia degli Infiammati and wrote on both moral and literary matters.-Biography:...
- Stephen of AlexandriaStephen of AlexandriaStephen of Alexandria was a 7th century Byzantine philosopher, astronomer and teacher. He was a public lecturer in the court of Heraclius . In the manuscripts he is called the Universal Philosopher.He taught on Plato and Aristotle, and on Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy and Music.- Works :1...
- Substantial formSubstantial formA theory of substantial forms asserts that forms organize matter and make it intelligible. Substantial forms are the source of properties, order, unity, identity, and information about objects....
- Sum of LogicSum of LogicThe Summa Logicae is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham. It was written around 1323.Systematically, it resembles other works of medieval logic, organised under the basic headings of the Aristotelian Predicables, Categories, terms, propositions, and syllogisms...
- SummaSummaSumma and its diminutive summula are mainly used, in English and other modern languages, for texts that 'sum up' knowledge in a field, such as the compendiums of theology, philosophy and canon law which were used both as textbooks in the schools and as books of reference during the Middle...
- Summa contra GentilesSumma contra GentilesThe Summa contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas has traditionally been dated to 1264, though more recent scholarship places it towards the end of Thomas’ life, 1270-73 . The work has occasioned much debate as to its purpose, its intended audience and its relationship to his other works...
- Summa TheologicaSumma TheologicaThe Summa Theologiæ is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas , and although unfinished, "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." It is intended as a manual for beginners in theology and a compendium of all of the main...
- Summum bonumSummum bonumSummum bonum is an expression used in philosophy, particularly in medieval philosophy and in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, to describe the ultimate importance, the singular and most ultimate end which human beings ought to pursue. The summum bonum is generally thought of as being an end in...
- Supposition theorySupposition theorySupposition theory was a branch of medieval logic that was probably aimed at giving accounts of issues similar to modern accounts of reference, plurality, tense, and modality, from within an Aristotelian context. Philosophers such as John Buridan, William of Ockham, William of Sherwood, Walter...
- SynderesisSynderesisSynderesis, in scholastic moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition of the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the universal first principles of human action....
- Temporal finitismTemporal finitismTemporal finitism is the idea that time is finite. The context of the idea is the pre-modern era, before mathematicians had understood the concept of infinity and before physical cosmology....
- Term logicTerm logicIn philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic or aristotelian logic, is a loose name for the way of doing logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century...
- Theodore MetochitesTheodore MetochitesTheodore Metochites was a Byzantine statesman, author, gentleman philosopher, and patron of the arts. From c. 1305 to 1328 he held the position of personal adviser to emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.- Life :...
- Thierry of ChartresThierry of ChartresThierry of Chartres or Theodoric the Breton was a twelfth-century philosopher working at Chartres and Paris, France....
- Thomas AquinasThomas AquinasThomas Aquinas, O.P. , also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican priest of the Catholic Church, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Communis, or Doctor Universalis...
- Thomas BradwardineThomas BradwardineThomas Bradwardine was an English scholar, scientist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. As a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology, he is often called Doctor Profundus, .-Life:He was born either at Hartfield in Sussex or at Chichester, where his family were...
- Thomas GallusThomas GallusThomas Gallus of Vercelli was a French theologian, a member of the School of St Victor. He is known for his commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius and his ideas on affective theology. His elaborate mystical schemata influenced Bonaventure and The Cloud of Unknowing...
- Thomas of SuttonThomas of SuttonThomas of Sutton was an English Dominican theologian, an early Thomist. He wrote a large number of works, in some of which he opposed Duns Scotus....
- Thomas of VillanovaThomas of VillanovaSt. Thomas of Villanova, O.S.A. , was a preacher, ascetic, writer andSpanish friar of the Order of Saint Augustine....
- Thomas of York (Franciscan)Thomas of York (Franciscan)Thomas of York was an English Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher of the thirteenth century. He was associated with the Oxford Franciscan school....
- Thomas WiltonThomas WiltonThomas Wilton was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, a teacher at the University of Oxford and then the University of Paris, where he taught Walter Burley. He was a Fellow of Merton College from about 1288....
- ThomismThomismThomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. In philosophy, his commentaries on Aristotle are his most lasting contribution...
- Thought of Thomas AquinasThought of Thomas AquinasThis article contains selected thoughts of Thomas Aquinas on various topics.-Social justice:Aquinas defines distributive justice as follows:...
- Timeline of Niccolò MachiavelliTimeline of Niccolò MachiavelliThis timeline lists important events relevant to the life of the Italian diplomat, writer and political philosopher Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli ....
- Ulrich of StrasburgUlrich of StrasburgUlrich of Strasburg was a German Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. A disciple of Albertus Magnus, he is known for his Summa de Bono, written 1265 to 1272.-References:...
- University of ConstantinopleUniversity of ConstantinopleThe University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the palace hall of Magnaura in the Roman-Byzantine Empire was founded in 425 under the name of Pandidakterion...
- UnivocityUnivocityUnivocity is a term used in logic to describe that which speaks with one voice. The opposite terms are called equivocity and plurivocity.-John Duns Scotus:...
- Urso of CalabriaUrso of CalabriaUrso of Calabria was an Italian scholastic philosopher, and significant author of medical works in the school of Salerno. He has been thought the leading figure of the school, and its most important theoretician and Aristotelian...
- Vācaspati MiśraVacaspati MisraVācaspati Miśra was an Indian philosopher who founded one of the main Advaita Vedanta schools, the Bhāmatī school , and whose work was an important forerunner of the Navya-Nyāya system of thought.Vācaspati was a Maithili Brahmin who lived near the frontier between India and Nepal Vācaspati Miśra...
- VijnanabhiksuVijnanabhiksuVijñānabhikṣu was an Indian philosopher who lived in north India. He wrote commentaries on three different schools of Indian philosophy, Vedānta, Sāṃkhya, and Yoga, and brought them together into a single theistic synthesis known as avibhagādvaita...
- Vincent FerrerVincent FerrerSaint Vincent Ferrer was a Valencian Dominican missionary and logician.-Early life:Vincent was the fourth child of the Anglo-Scottish nobleman William Stewart Ferrer and his Spanish wife, Constantia Miguel. Legends surround his birth...
- Vital du FourVital du FourVital du Four was a French Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher.He became Cardinal in 1312 and bishop of Albano in 1321.-Books:...
- Voluntarism (metaphysics)
- Voluntarism (theology)Voluntarism (theology)Voluntarism in theology is the theory that God is to be conceived as some form of will. It is contrasted with intellectualism, which gives primacy to God's reason...
- Walter BurleyWalter BurleyWalter Burley was a medieval English Scholastic philosopher and logician. He was a Master of Arts at Oxford in 1301, and a fellow of Merton College, Oxford until about 1310. He spent sixteen years at Paris until 1326, becoming a fellow of the Sorbonne by 1324. After that, he spent seventeen...
- Walter ChattonWalter ChattonWalter Chatton was an English Scholastic theologian and philosopher who regularly sparred philosophically with William of Ockham, well known for Ockham's Razor.Chatton proposed an "anti-razor". From his Lectura I d. 3, q. 1, a...
- Walter of BrugesWalter of BrugesWalter of Bruges was a Franciscan theologian, who flourished at the University of Paris 1267-9.-Life:...
- Walter of MortagneWalter of MortagneWalter of Mortagne was a Scholastic philosopher, and theologian.He was educated in the schools of Tournai. From 1136 to 1144 he taught at the celebrated School of St Genevieve in Paris. From Paris he went to Laon and was made bishop of that see. His principal works are a treatise on the Holy...
- Walter of St Victor
- Walter of WinterburnWalter of WinterburnWalter of Winterburn was an English Dominican, cardinal, orator, poet, philosopher, and theologian.He entered the Dominican Order when a youth, and became renowned for learning, prudence, and sanctity of life. Edward I, King of England, chose him as his confessor and spiritual director...
- Wang YangmingWang YangmingWang Yangming was a Ming Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general. After Zhu Xi, he is commonly regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker, with interpretations of Confucianism that denied the rationalist dualism of the orthodox...
- William CrathornWilliam CrathornWilliam Carthorn was an English Dominican philosopher, from Oxford. He was a philosopher who immediately followed in the intellectual tradition of William of Ockham and worked to strengthen his philosophical works. Carthorn created unique theories in the philosophy of language and psychology, as...
- William de la MareWilliam de la MareWilliam De La Mare was an English Franciscan theologian.He is known for his opposition to the theology of Thomas Aquinas, expressed in his work Correctorium fratris Thomae. It earned him the name Doctor correctivus.-External links:*...
- William of AlnwickWilliam of AlnwickWilliam of Alnwick was a Franciscan friar and theologian, and bishop of Giovinazzo, who took his name from Alnwick in Northumberland....
- William of Auvergne (bishop)
- William of AuxerreWilliam of AuxerreWilliam of Auxerre was a French scholastic theologian and official in the Roman Catholic Church.The teacher by whom William was most influenced was Praepositinus, or Prevostin, of Cremona, Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1206 to 1209...
- William of ChampeauxWilliam of ChampeauxGuillaume de Champeaux , also known as William of Champeaux or Guglielmus de Campellis , was a French philosopher and theologian.He was born at Champeaux near Melun...
- William of ConchesWilliam of ConchesWilliam of Conches was a French scholastic philosopher who sought to expand the bounds of Christian humanism by studying secular works of the classics and fostering empirical science. He was a prominent member of the School of Chartres...
- William of FalgarWilliam of FalgarWilliam of Falgar was a Franciscan theologian from south-west France, a follower of Bonaventure.He entered the Franciscan Order at Toulouse. He became bishop of Viviers in 1296.-External links:* *...
- William of Heytesbury
- William of LuccaWilliam of LuccaWilliam of Lucca was an Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher. He taught at Bologna, in the third quarter of the twelfth century....
- William of MoerbekeWilliam of MoerbekeWillem van Moerbeke, O.P., known in the English speaking world as William of Moerbeke was a prolific medieval translator of philosophical, medical, and scientific texts from Greek into Latin...
- William of OckhamWilliam of OckhamWilliam of Ockham was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of...
- William of Saint-AmourWilliam of Saint-AmourWilliam of Saint-Amour was a minor figure in thirteenth-century scholasticism, chiefly notable for his withering attacks on the friars.-Biography:...
- William of SherwoodWilliam of SherwoodWilliam of Sherwood was a medieval English Scholastic philosopher, logician and teacher.Little is known of his life, but he is thought to have studied in Paris, as a master at Oxford in 1252, treasurer of Lincoln from 1254/8 onwards, and a rector of Aylesbury.He was the author of two books which...
- William of WareWilliam of WareWilliam of Ware was a Franciscan friar and theologian, born at Ware in Hertfordshire. He almost certainly studied at Oxford University and lectured on the Sentences of Pierre Lombard there, but he is not listed among the Oxford masters...
- Works by Thomas AquinasWorks by Thomas AquinasThe works of Thomas Aquinas are tremendous both in number and in philosophical and theological depth. Few philosophers or theologians have written so much of high quality in the amount of time used by St...
- Yi HwangYi HwangYi Hwang is one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his younger contemporary Yi I . A key figure of the Neo-Confucian literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the Dosan Seowon, a private Confucian academy. Yi Hwang is often...
- Yohanan AlemannoYohanan AlemannoYohanan Alemanno was an Italian Jewish humanist philosopher and exegete, and teacher of the Hebrew language to Italian humanists including Pico della Mirandola...
- Zhang Zai
- Zhu XiZhu XiZhū Xī or Chu Hsi was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China...