List of MeSH codes (E05)
Encyclopedia
- For other categories, see List of MeSH codes.
The following is a list of the "E" codes for MeSH
Mesh
Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
United States National Library of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- body size
--- body height --- body weightBody weight
The term body weight is used in daily English speech as well as in the contexts of biological and medical sciences to describe the mass of an organism's body. Body weight is measured in kilograms throughout the world, although in some countries it is still measured in pounds or stones and pounds...
--- birth weight
Birth weight
Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth.There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence.-Determinants:There are...
--- fetal weight
--- ultracentrifugation
--- centrifugation, density gradient --- centrifugation, isopycnic --- centrifugation, zonal--- activation analysis
--- neutron activation analysisNeutron activation analysis
In chemistry, neutron activation analysis is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast amount of materials. NAA allows discrete sampling of elements as it disregards the chemical form of a sample, and focuses solely on its nucleus. The method is based on...
--- calorimetryCalorimetryCalorimetry is the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. The word calorimetry is derived from the Latin word calor, meaning heat...
--- calorimetry, differential scanning--- chemical fractionation
--- fractionation, field flow --- chromatographyChromatographyChromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures....
--- chromatography, gas --- flame ionization --- mass fragmentography --- chromatography, liquid --- chromatography, affinity --- chromatography, gel --- chromatography, agarose --- chromatography, high pressure liquid --- chromatography, ion exchange --- chromatography, deae-cellulose --- chromatography, paper --- nucleotide mapping --- blotting, northern --- blotting, southern --- peptide mapping --- chromatography, thin layer --- countercurrent distribution --- chromatography, micellar electrokinetic capillary --- chromatography, supercritical fluid --- crystallographyCrystallographyCrystallography is the experimental science of the arrangement of atoms in solids. The word "crystallography" derives from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and grapho = write.Before the development of...
--- neutron diffractionNeutron diffraction
Neutron diffraction or elastic neutron scattering is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material: A sample to be examined is placed in a beam of thermal or cold neutrons to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of...
--- powder diffraction
Powder diffraction
Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials.-Explanation:...
--- x-ray diffraction --- crystallography, x-ray
--- deuterium exchange measurement
--- differential thermal analysisDifferential thermal analysisDifferential thermal analysis is a thermoanalytic technique, similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference...
--- calorimetry, differential scanning --- electrophoresisElectrophoresisElectrophoresis, also called cataphoresis, is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. This electrokinetic phenomenon was observed for the first time in 1807 by Reuss , who noticed that the application of a constant electric...
--- electrophoresis, agar gel --- comet assayComet assay
The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis assay is an uncomplicated and sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell. It was first described by Singh et al. in 1988...
--- electrophoresis, capillary --- electrophoresis, microchip --- electrophoresis, cellulose acetate --- electrophoresis, gel, pulsed-field --- electrophoresis, gel, two-dimensional --- electrophoresis, paper --- nucleotide mapping --- blotting, northern --- blotting, southern --- peptide mapping --- electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel --- electrophoresis, disc --- electrophoresis, gel, two-dimensional --- electrophoresis, starch gel --- electrophoretic mobility shift assay
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions...
--- immunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis is a general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies. All variants of immunoelectrophoresis require immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies reacting with the proteins to be...
--- counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
A laboratory technique used to evaluate the binding of an antibody to its antigen. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is similar to immunodiffusion, but with the addition of an applied electrical field across the diffusion medium, usually an agar or polyacrylamide gel...
--- immunoelectrophoresis, two-dimensional --- isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing , also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different molecules by their electric charge differences...
--- filtrationFiltrationFiltration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass...
--- ultrafiltrationUltrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane...
--- hemofiltration
Hemofiltration
In medicine, hemofiltration, also haemofiltration, is a renal replacement therapy similar to hemodialysis which is used almost exclusively in the intensive care setting...
--- hemodiafiltration
--- microchip analytical procedures
--- microfluidic analytical techniques --- electrophoresis, microchip --- microarray analysis --- oligonucleotide array sequence analysis --- protein array analysis --- tissue array analysis--- nucleotide mapping
--- blotting, northern --- blotting, southern--- peptide mapping
--- protein footprintingProtein Footprinting
Protein footprinting involves the study of the surface of proteins to investigate protein structure or how they assemble and interact within a larger macromolecular assembly...
--- photometryPhotometryPhotometry can refer to:* Photometry , the science of measurement of visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human vision...
--- densitometryDensitometry
Densitometry is the quantitative measurement of optical density in light-sensitive materials, such as photographic paper or film, due to exposure to light...
--- absorptiometry, photon --- densitometry, x-ray --- luminescent measurements --- chemiluminescent measurements --- fluorometry --- cytophotometry --- flow cytometry
Flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a technique for counting and examining microscopic particles, such as cells and chromosomes, by suspending them in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical...
--- image cytometry --- laser scanning cytometry --- fluorescence polarization --- fluorescence polarization immunoassay --- fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching denotes an optical technique capable of quantifying the two dimensional lateral diffusion of a molecularly thin film containing fluorescently labeled probes, or to examine single cells. This technique is very useful in biological studies of cell membrane...
--- fluorophotometry --- spectrometry, fluorescence --- fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Förster resonance energy transfer , also known as fluorescence resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer or electronic energy transfer , is a mechanism describing energy transfer between two chromophores.A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy...
--- nephelometry and turbidimetry --- spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry
In chemistry, spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength...
--- microspectrophotometry --- spectrophotometry, atomic --- spectrophotometry, infrared --- spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared --- spectrophotometry, ultraviolet
--- spectrum analysisSpectrum analysisSpectrum, also known as emission spectrochemical analysis, is the original scientific method of charting and analyzing the chemical properties of matter and gases by looking at the bands in their optical spectrum...
--- circular dichroismCircular dichroism
Circular dichroism refers to the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light. This phenomenon was discovered by Jean-Baptiste Biot, Augustin Fresnel, and Aimé Cotton in the first half of the 19th century. It is exhibited in the absorption bands of optically active chiral...
--- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- electron spin resonance spectroscopy --- nuclear magnetic resonance, biomolecular --- optical rotatory dispersion
Optical rotatory dispersion
Optical rotatory dispersion is the variation in the optical rotation of a substance with a change in the wavelength of light. Optical rotatory dispersion can be used to find the absolute configuration of metal complexes....
--- pulse radiolysis --- spectrometry, fluorescence --- spectrometry, gamma --- spectroscopy, mossbauer --- spectrometry, x-ray emission --- electron probe microanalysis --- spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry
In chemistry, spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength...
--- microspectrophotometry --- spectrophotometry, atomic --- spectrophotometry, infrared --- spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared --- spectrophotometry, ultraviolet --- spectroscopy, electron energy-loss --- microscopy, energy-filtering transmission electron --- spectroscopy, near-infrared --- spectrum analysis, mass --- mass fragmentography --- spectrometry, mass, electrospray ionization --- spectrometry, mass, fast atom bombardment --- spectrometry, mass, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization --- spectrometry, mass, secondary ion --- spectrum analysis, raman
--- titrimetry
--- colorimetryColorimetry
Colorimetry is "the science and technology used to quantify and describe physically the human color perception."It is similar to spectrophotometry, but is distinguished by its interest in reducing spectra to the physical correlates of color perception, most often the CIE 1931 XYZ color space...
--- complement hemolytic activity assay --- conductometry --- neutralization tests --- potentiometry --- skin test end-point titration
--- ultracentrifugation
--- centrifugation, density gradient --- centrifugation, isopycnic --- centrifugation, zonal--- culture techniques
--- cell culture techniques --- coculture techniques --- diffusion chambers, culture --- embryo culture techniques --- organ culture techniques --- tissue culture techniques --- tissue engineeringTissue engineering
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physio-chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions...
--- cytological techniques
--- autoradiography --- cell count --- blood cell count --- erythrocyte count --- reticulocyte count --- leukocyte count --- lymphocyte count --- cd4 lymphocyte count --- cd4-cd8 ratio --- platelet count --- sperm count --- cell fractionationCell fractionation
Cell fractionation is the separation of homogeneous sets, usually organelles, from a heterogeneous population of cells.-Steps:There are three principal steps involved:#Disruption of cells and liberation of organelles.#Macro Filtration...
--- cell fusion
Cell fusion
Cell fusion is an important cellular process that occurs during differentiation of muscle, bone and trophoblast cells, during embryogenesis, and during morphogenesis...
--- cell separation --- cytapheresis
Cytapheresis
Cytapheresis is the removal of a cell-based component of blood. It is contrasted with plasmapheresis, which is the removal of blood plasma.Types of cytapheresis include:* Erythrocytapheresis* Leukapheresis...
--- leukapheresis
Leukapheresis
Leukapheresis is a laboratory procedure in which white blood cells are separated from a sample of blood. It is a specific type of apheresis, the more general term for separating out one particular constituent of blood and returning the remainder to the circulation.Leukapheresis may be performed to...
--- plateletpheresis
Plateletpheresis
Plateletpheresis is the process of collecting thrombocytes, more commonly called platelets, a component of blood involved in blood clotting...
--- immunomagnetic separation
Immunomagnetic separation
Immunomagnetic separation is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain...
--- leukocyte reduction procedures --- colony-forming units assay --- tumor stem cell assay --- cytogenetic analysis --- chromosome banding --- mitotic index
Mitotic index
Mitotic index is a measure for the proliferation status of a cell population. It is defined as the ratio between the number of cells in mitosis and the total number of cells....
--- cytophotometry --- flow cytometry
Flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a technique for counting and examining microscopic particles, such as cells and chromosomes, by suspending them in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical...
--- image cytometry --- laser scanning cytometry --- diffusion chambers, culture --- drug screening assays, antitumor --- tumor stem cell assay --- electroporation
Electroporation
Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused by an externally applied electrical field...
--- histocytochemistry --- immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. IHC takes its name from the roots "immuno," in reference to antibodies used in the procedure, and...
--- periodic acid-schiff reaction --- prussian blue reaction --- histocytological preparation techniques --- microtomy --- cryoultramicrotomy --- frozen sections --- replica techniques --- corrosion casting --- freeze fracturing --- freeze etching --- staining and labeling --- chromosome banding --- in situ hybridization
In situ hybridization
In situ hybridization is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue , or, if the tissue is small enough , in the entire tissue...
--- in situ hybridization, fluorescence --- chromosome painting --- primed in situ labeling --- negative staining --- periodic acid-schiff reaction --- prussian blue reaction --- shadowing (histology) --- silver staining --- tissue embedding --- paraffin embedding --- plastic embedding --- tissue preservation --- cryopreservation
Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as 77 K or −196 °C . At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped...
--- freeze drying
Freeze drying
Freeze-drying is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport...
--- freeze substitution --- tissue fixation --- karyometry --- patch-clamp techniques
--- molecular diagnostic techniques
--- histological techniques
--- autoradiography --- bone demineralization technique --- decalcification technique --- histocytochemistry --- immunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. IHC takes its name from the roots "immuno," in reference to antibodies used in the procedure, and...
--- fluorescent antibody technique --- fluorescent antibody technique, direct --- fluorescent antibody technique, indirect --- periodic acid-schiff reaction --- prussian blue reaction --- histocytological preparation techniques --- microdissection
Microdissection
Microdissection refers to a variety of techniques where a microscope is used to assist in dissection.Different kinds of techniques involve microdissection:...
--- microtomy --- cryoultramicrotomy --- frozen sections --- replica techniques --- corrosion casting --- freeze fracturing --- freeze etching --- staining and labeling --- chromosome banding --- in situ hybridization
In situ hybridization
In situ hybridization is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue , or, if the tissue is small enough , in the entire tissue...
--- in situ hybridization, fluorescence --- chromosome painting --- primed in situ labeling --- negative staining --- periodic acid-schiff reaction --- prussian blue reaction --- shadowing (histology) --- silver staining --- tissue embedding --- paraffin embedding --- plastic embedding --- tissue preservation --- cryopreservation
Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as 77 K or −196 °C . At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped...
--- freeze drying
Freeze drying
Freeze-drying is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport...
--- freeze substitution --- tissue fixation
--- microbiological techniques
--- bacteriological techniques --- bacterial typing techniques --- bacteriophage typing --- ribotypingRibotyping
Ribotyping involves the fingerprinting of genomic DNA restriction fragments that contain all or part of the genes coding for the 16S and 23S rRNA. Conceptually, ribotyping is similar to probing restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA with cloned probes ....
--- serotyping --- limulus test --- colony count, microbial --- microbial sensitivity tests --- serum bactericidal test --- mycological typing techniques --- serial passage
Serial passage
Serial passage is a virus attenuation technique developed originally by Louis Pasteur in the 1880s. It is similar to selective breeding, and can be used to create an attenuated strain of a virus to develop vaccines, or to increase the virulence of a viral strain in order to create epidemics.The...
--- viral load
Viral load
Viral load is a measure of the severity of a viral infection, and can be calculated by estimating the amount of virus in an involved body fluid. For example, it can be given in RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma...
--- virus cultivation --- plaque assay --- virus inactivation --- xenodiagnosis
Xenodiagnosis
Xenodiagnosis is a process to diagnose an infectious disease by exposing tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of a microorganism or pathogen.- Uses :...
--- combinatorial chemistry techniques
--- administration, oral
--- administration, buccal --- administration, sublingual--- administration, topical
--- administration, buccal --- administration, cutaneous --- administration, intranasal --- administration, intravaginal --- administration, intravesical --- administration, rectal--- chemotherapy, cancer, regional perfusion
--- infusions, parenteral
--- infusions, intra-arterial --- infusions, intralesional --- infusions, intraosseous --- infusions, intravenous--- injections
--- injections, intra-arterial --- injections, intra-articular --- injections, intralesional --- injections, intralymphatic --- injections, intramuscular --- injections, intraperitoneal --- injections, intravenous --- injections, intraventricular --- injections, spinal --- injections, epidural --- blood patch, epidural --- injections, subcutaneous --- injections, intradermal --- injections, jet --- biolistics --- microinjections --- data collectionData collectionData collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data, for example, as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to obtain information to keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, to pass information on to...
--- geriatric assessment --- health surveys --- behavioral risk factor surveillance systemBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a United States health survey that looks at behavioral risk factors. It is run by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and conducted by the individual state health departments. The survey is administered by telephone and is the world's...
--- dental health surveys --- dental plaque index --- dmf index --- oral hygiene index --- periodontal index --- health status indicators --- apache
Apache
Apache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the Southwest United States. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, which is related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
--- severity of illness index --- karnofsky performance status --- sickness impact profile --- mass screening --- anonymous testing --- genetic screening --- mass chest x-ray --- multiphasic screening --- neonatal screening --- vision screening --- nutrition surveys --- diet surveys --- population surveillance --- sentinel surveillance --- health care surveys --- interviews
Interviews
Interviews is:# the plural form of "interview"# a compilation album by Bob Marley & the Wailers, see Interviews # a C++ toolkit for the X Window System, see InterViews...
--- focus groups --- narration --- nutrition assessment --- nutrition surveys --- diet surveys --- questionnaires --- records
Document
The term document has multiple meanings in ordinary language and in scholarship. WordNet 3.1. lists four meanings :* document, written document, papers...
--- birth certificates --- death certificates --- dental records
Dental Records
Dental Records is a small, independent record label, based in Ipswich, UK.-Releases:*DRCD0501 The Ballistics - Allow Me To Demonstrate*DRCD0601 Singled Out - Hardcore Seanography*DRCD0602 The Ballistics - The Spirit Of Kelso Cochrane...
--- hospital records
Hospital Records
Hospital Records is an independent record label based in South London. Primarily releasing Drum and bass, the label was started in 1996 by Tony Colman and Chris Goss, and has grown in recent years to become one of the most well known labels within UK dance music...
--- medical records --- medical record linkage --- medical records systems, computerized --- medical records, problem-oriented --- trauma severity indices --- abbreviated injury scale
Abbreviated Injury Scale
Abbreviated injury scale is an anatomical-based scoring system to determine the severity of single injuries based on the survivability of the injury. AIS is one of the most common anatomic scales for traumatic injuries...
--- glasgow coma scale
Glasgow Coma Scale
Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment...
--- glasgow outcome scale --- injury severity score
Injury Severity Score
The Injury Severity Score is an established medical score to assess trauma severity. It correlates with mortality, morbidity and hospitalization time after trauma...
--- nursing records --- registries --- seer program --- vital statistics
Vital statistics
Vital statistics are the information maintained by a government, recording the birth and death of individuals within that government's jurisdiction. These data are used by public health programs to evaluate how effective their programs are...
--- life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience...
--- life tables --- morbidity --- basic reproduction number
Basic reproduction number
In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number of an infection is the mean number of secondary cases caused by an individual infected soon after disease introduction into a population with no pre-existing immunity to the disease in the absence of interventions to control...
--- incidence
Incidence
Incidence may refer to:* Incidence , a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time* Incidence , the binary relations describing how subsets meet...
--- prevalence
Prevalence
In epidemiology, the prevalence of a health-related state in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the risk factor in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population...
--- mortality
Mortality rate
Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time...
--- cause of death
Cause of Death
Cause of Death is a 1990 album by American death metal band Obituary. Cause of Death is considered a classic album in the history of death metal. The artwork was done by artist Michael Whelan...
--- child mortality
Child mortality
Child mortality, also known as under-5 mortality, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. In 2010, 7.6 million children under five died , down from 8.1 million in 2009, 8.8 million in 2008, and 12.4 million in 1990. About half of child deaths occur in Africa....
--- fatal outcome --- fetal mortality --- hospital mortality --- infant mortality
Infant mortality
Infant mortality is defined as the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. Traditionally, the most common cause worldwide was dehydration from diarrhea. However, the spreading information about Oral Re-hydration Solution to mothers around the world has decreased the rate of children dying...
--- maternal mortality --- survival rate
Survival rate
In biostatistics, survival rate is a part of survival analysis, indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis...
--- pregnancy rate
Pregnancy rate
Pregnancy rate in infertility treatment is the success rate for pregnancy. It is the percentage of all attempts that leads to pregnancy, with attempts generally referring to menstrual cycles where insemination or any artificial equivalent is used, which may be simple artificial insemination or AI...
--- birth rate
Birth rate
Crude birth rate is the nativity or childbirths per 1,000 people per year . Another word used interchangeably with "birth rate" is "natality". When the crude birth rate is subtracted from the crude death rate, it reveals the rate of natural increase...
--- statisticsStatisticsStatistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments....
--- actuarial analysis --- analysis of varianceAnalysis of variance
In statistics, analysis of variance is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation...
--- multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis is based on the statistical principle of multivariate statistics, which involves observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time...
--- area under curve --- cluster analysis --- small-area analysis --- space-time clustering --- confidence intervals --- data interpretation, statistical --- discriminant analysis --- factor analysis, statistical --- matched-pair analysis --- models, statistical --- likelihood functions --- linear models --- logistic models --- models, economic --- models, econometric --- nomograms --- proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate...
--- monte carlo method
Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods are a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results. Monte Carlo methods are often used in computer simulations of physical and mathematical systems...
--- probability
Probability
Probability is ordinarily used to describe an attitude of mind towards some proposition of whose truth we arenot certain. The proposition of interest is usually of the form "Will a specific event occur?" The attitude of mind is of the form "How certain are we that the event will occur?" The...
--- bayes theorem --- likelihood functions --- markov chains --- odds ratio
Odds ratio
The odds ratio is a measure of effect size, describing the strength of association or non-independence between two binary data values. It is used as a descriptive statistic, and plays an important role in logistic regression...
--- proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate...
--- risk
Risk
Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity will lead to a loss . The notion implies that a choice having an influence on the outcome exists . Potential losses themselves may also be called "risks"...
--- logistic models --- risk assessment
Risk assessment
Risk assessment is a step in a risk management procedure. Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized threat...
--- risk factors
Risk factors
A risk factor is a concept in finance theory such as the CAPM, APT and other theories that use pricing kernels. In these models, the rate of return of an asset is a random variable whose realization in any time period is a linear combination of other random variables plus a disturbance term or...
--- uncertainty
Uncertainty
Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including physics, philosophy, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, psychology, sociology, engineering, and information science...
--- regression analysis
Regression analysis
In statistics, regression analysis includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables...
--- least-squares analysis --- linear models --- logistic models --- proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate...
--- sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as classification function. Sensitivity measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such Sensitivity and specificity are statistical...
--- statistical distributions --- binomial distribution --- chi-square distribution --- normal distribution --- poisson distribution
Poisson distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time and/or space if these events occur with a known average rate and independently of the time since...
--- statistics, nonparametric --- stochastic processes --- markov chains --- survival analysis
Survival analysis
Survival analysis is a branch of statistics which deals with death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems. This topic is called reliability theory or reliability analysis in engineering, and duration analysis or duration modeling in economics or sociology...
--- disease-free survival
--- epidemiologic study characteristics
--- epidemiologic studies --- case-control studies --- retrospective studies --- cohort studies --- longitudinal studies --- follow-up studies --- prospective studies --- cross-sectional studies --- seroepidemiologic studies --- hiv seroprevalence --- clinical trials --- clinical trials, phase i --- clinical trials, phase ii --- clinical trials, phase iii --- clinical trials, phase iv --- controlled clinical trialsClinical trial
Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions...
--- randomized controlled trials --- multicenter studies --- feasibility studies --- intervention studies --- pilot projects --- sampling studies --- twin studies
--- epidemiologic research design
--- control groups --- cross-over studies --- double-blind method --- matched-pair analysis --- meta-analysisMeta-analysis
In statistics, a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses. In its simplest form, this is normally by identification of a common measure of effect size, for which a weighted average might be the output of a meta-analyses. Here the...
--- random allocation --- reproducibility of results --- sample size
Sample size
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample...
--- sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as classification function. Sensitivity measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such Sensitivity and specificity are statistical...
--- predictive value of tests
Predictive value of tests
Predictive value of tests is the probability of a target condition given by the result of a test, often in regard to medical tests....
--- roc curve --- single-blind method
--- prosthesis design
--- prosthesis coloring--- intrauterine device expulsion
--- clinical trials
--- clinical trials, phase i --- clinical trials, phase ii --- clinical trials, phase iii --- clinical trials, phase iv --- controlled clinical trialsClinical trial
Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions...
--- randomized controlled trials --- multicenter studies
--- drug approval
--- investigational new drug application--- drug evaluation, preclinical
--- drug screening assays, antitumor --- tumor stem cell assay --- xenograft model antitumor assays --- subrenal capsule assay --- microbial sensitivity tests --- serum bactericidal test --- parasitic sensitivity tests--- product surveillance, postmarketing
--- adverse drug reaction reporting systems --- clinical trials, phase iv --- chromatin immunoprecipitationChromatin immunoprecipitationChromatin Immunoprecipitation is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA in the cell. It aims to determine whether specific proteins are associated with specific genomic regions, such as transcription factors on promoters or...
--- chromosome mapping
--- chromosome walking --- physical chromosome mapping --- contig mapping --- radiation hybrid mappingRadiation hybrid mapping
Radiation hybrid mapping is a technique for mapping mammalian chromosomes.Radiation hybrid mapping uses X-ray breakage of chromosomes to determine the distances between DNA markers, as well as their order on the chromosome. In addition, the method allows the relative likelihoods of alternative...
--- restriction mapping
--- cloning, molecular
--- artificial gene fusion --- two-hybrid system techniques--- crosses, genetic
--- genetic complementation test--- cytogenetic analysis
--- chromosome banding --- in situ hybridization, fluorescence --- chromosome painting --- spectral karyotyping --- karyotyping --- spectral karyotyping --- sex determination (analysis)--- gene transfer techniques
--- biolistics --- transduction, genetic --- transfectionTransfection
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is used notably for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells...
--- transformation, bacterial
--- genetic engineeringGenetic engineeringGenetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
--- directed molecular evolution --- dna shufflingDNA shuffling
DNA shuffling is a way to rapidly propagate beneficial mutations in a directed evolution experiment. It is used to rapidly increase DNA library size. -Procedure:DNAse I is first used to fragment a set of parent genes into pieces of 50-100 bp in length...
--- gene therapy
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development...
--- genetic enhancement
Genetic enhancement
Genetic enhancement refers to the use of genetic engineering to modify a person's nonpathological human traits. In contrast, gene therapy involves using genetic engineering to alter defective genes or insert corrected genes into the body in order to treat a disease.-Enhancement versus...
--- protein engineering
Protein engineering
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles....
--- amino acid substitution --- mutagenesis, insertional --- mutagenesis, site-directed --- sex preselection
--- molecular diagnostic techniques
--- molecular probe techniques
--- biotinylationBiotinylation
In biochemistry, biotinylation is the process of covalently attaching biotin to a protein, nucleic acid or other molecule. Biotinylation is rapid, specific and is unlikely to perturb the natural function of the molecule due to the small size of biotin...
--- blotting, northern --- blotting, southern --- blotting, southwestern --- branched dna signal amplification assay --- oligonucleotide array sequence analysis --- protein array analysis --- random amplified polymorphic dna technique --- two-hybrid system techniques
--- mutagenicity tests
--- comet assayComet assay
The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis assay is an uncomplicated and sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell. It was first described by Singh et al. in 1988...
--- micronucleus tests
--- nuclease protection assays
--- dna footprintingDNA footprinting
DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells....
--- nucleic acid amplification techniques
--- ligase chain reactionLigase chain reaction
The ligase chain reaction is a method of DNA amplification. While the better-known PCR carries out the amplification by polymerizing nucleotides, LCR instead amplifies the nucleic acid used as the probe. For each of the two DNA strands, two partial probes are ligated to form the actual one; thus,...
--- self-sustained sequence replication --- polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....
--- primed in situ labeling --- random amplified polymorphic dna technique --- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
--- nucleic acid hybridization
--- branched dna signal amplification assay --- heteroduplex analysis --- in situ hybridizationIn situ hybridization
In situ hybridization is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue , or, if the tissue is small enough , in the entire tissue...
--- in situ hybridization, fluorescence --- chromosome painting --- primed in situ labeling --- oligonucleotide array sequence analysis
--- sequence analysisSequence analysisIn bioinformatics, the term sequence analysis refers to the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological...
--- oligonucleotide array sequence analysis --- sequence analysis, dna --- dna mutational analysis --- sequence analysis, protein --- peptide mapping --- protein footprintingProtein Footprinting
Protein footprinting involves the study of the surface of proteins to investigate protein structure or how they assemble and interact within a larger macromolecular assembly...
--- sequence analysis, rna
--- restraint, physical
--- hindlimb suspension--- cytotoxicity tests, immunologic
--- complement hemolytic activity assay--- histocompatibility testing
--- lymphocyte culture test, mixed --- immunizationImmunizationImmunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent ....
--- immunization, passive --- adoptive transfer --- immunotherapy, adoptive --- immunization schedule --- immunization, secondary --- immunotherapy, active --- vaccinationVaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
--- mass immunization
--- immunoassayImmunoassayAn immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance in solutions that frequently contain a complex mixture of substances. Analytes in biological liquids such as serum or urine are frequently assayed using immunoassay methods...
--- immunoblotting --- blotting, western --- blotting, far-western --- immunoenzyme techniques --- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --- enzyme multiplied immunoassay techniqueEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, or EMIT, is a common method for screening urine and blood for drugs, both legal or illicit. First introduced by Syva Company in 1973, it is the first homogeneous immunoassay to be widely used commercially....
--- immunosorbent techniques --- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --- radioallergosorbent test --- radioimmunoprecipitation assay --- radioimmunosorbent test --- radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of antigens by use of antibodies...
--- immunoradiometric assay --- radioallergosorbent test --- radioimmunoprecipitation assay --- radioimmunosorbent test
--- immunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. IHC takes its name from the roots "immuno," in reference to antibodies used in the procedure, and...
--- fluorescent antibody technique --- antibody-coated bacteria test, urinary --- fluorescent antibody technique, direct --- fluorescent antibody technique, indirect --- fluoroimmunoassay --- fluorescence polarization immunoassay --- immunoenzyme techniques --- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --- enzyme multiplied immunoassay techniqueEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, or EMIT, is a common method for screening urine and blood for drugs, both legal or illicit. First introduced by Syva Company in 1973, it is the first homogeneous immunoassay to be widely used commercially....
--- immunoprecipitationImmunoprecipitationImmunoprecipitation is the technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein. This process can be used to isolate and concentrate a particular protein from a sample containing many thousands of different proteins...
--- chromatin immunoprecipitationChromatin immunoprecipitation
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA in the cell. It aims to determine whether specific proteins are associated with specific genomic regions, such as transcription factors on promoters or...
--- precipitin tests --- flocculation tests --- immunodiffusion
Immunodiffusion
Immunodiffusion is a diagnostic test which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar.Two commonly known forms are Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion and radial immunodiffusion....
--- immunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis is a general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies. All variants of immunoelectrophoresis require immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies reacting with the proteins to be...
--- counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
A laboratory technique used to evaluate the binding of an antibody to its antigen. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is similar to immunodiffusion, but with the addition of an applied electrical field across the diffusion medium, usually an agar or polyacrylamide gel...
--- immunoelectrophoresis, two-dimensional --- radioimmunoprecipitation assay
--- immunosuppressionImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other...
--- desensitization, immunologic --- graft enhancement, immunologic --- lymphocyte depletion --- transplantation conditioning--- leukocyte adherence inhibition test
--- radioisotope dilution technique
--- microscopy, interference
--- microscopy, phase-contrast--- intubation, intratracheal
--- laryngeal masks--- ischemic preconditioning, myocardial
--- microfluidic analytical techniques
--- electrophoresis, microchip--- microarray analysis
--- oligonucleotide array sequence analysis --- protein array analysis --- tissue array analysis--- microscopy, confocal
--- laser scanning cytometry--- microscopy, electron
--- cryoelectron microscopy --- electron probe microanalysis --- microscopy, electron, scanning --- microscopy, electron, transmission --- microscopy, electron, scanning transmission --- microscopy, energy-filtering transmission electron --- microscopy, immunoelectron--- microscopy, fluorescence
--- microscopy, fluorescence, multiphoton--- microscopy, interference
--- microscopy, phase-contrast--- microscopy, scanning probe
--- microscopy, atomic force --- microscopy, scanning tunneling--- disease models, animal
--- arthritis, experimental --- diabetes mellitus, experimental --- liver cirrhosis, experimental --- neoplasms, experimental --- leukemia, experimental --- liver neoplasms, experimental --- mammary neoplasms, experimental --- melanoma, experimental --- sarcoma, experimental --- nervous system autoimmune disease, experimental --- encephalomyelitis, autoimmune, experimental --- myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental --- neuritis, autoimmune, experimental --- radiation injuries, experimental--- biosensing techniques
--- surface plasmon resonanceSurface plasmon resonance
The excitation of surface plasmons by light is denoted as a surface plasmon resonance for planar surfaces or localized surface plasmon resonance for nanometer-sized metallic structures....
--- branched dna signal amplification assay
--- immunoassayImmunoassayAn immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance in solutions that frequently contain a complex mixture of substances. Analytes in biological liquids such as serum or urine are frequently assayed using immunoassay methods...
--- immunoblotting --- blotting, western --- immunoenzyme techniques --- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --- enzyme multiplied immunoassay techniqueEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, or EMIT, is a common method for screening urine and blood for drugs, both legal or illicit. First introduced by Syva Company in 1973, it is the first homogeneous immunoassay to be widely used commercially....
--- immunosorbent techniques --- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --- radioallergosorbent test --- radioimmunoprecipitation assay --- radioimmunosorbent test --- radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of antigens by use of antibodies...
--- immunoradiometric assay --- radioallergosorbent test --- radioimmunoprecipitation assay --- radioimmunosorbent test
--- oligonucleotide array sequence analysis
--- protein interaction mapping
--- blotting, far-western --- epitope mappingEpitope mapping
Epitope mapping is the process of identifying the binding sites, or ‘epitopes’, of antibodies on their target antigens .Identification and characterization of the binding sites of antibodies can aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics.Epitopes can be...
--- two-hybrid system techniques
--- random amplified polymorphic dna technique
--- xenograft model antitumor assays
--- subrenal capsule assay--- electric stimulation
--- electroshock --- cryopreservationCryopreservationCryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as 77 K or −196 °C . At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped...
--- freeze dryingFreeze drying
Freeze-drying is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport...
--- freeze substitution
--- tissue preservation
--- blood preservation --- cold ischemia --- organ preservation --- semen preservation --- radiation monitoringRadiation monitoringRadiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results .-Environmental monitoring:...
--- body burden --- film dosimetry --- thermoluminescent dosimetry--- spectrometry, x-ray emission
--- electron probe microanalysis --- breedingBreedingBreeding is the reproduction, that is, producing of offspring, usually animals or plants:* Breeding in the wild, the natural process of reproduction in the animal kingdom* Animal husbandry, through selected specimens such as dogs, horses, and rabbits...
--- estrus detection --- estrus synchronization --- hybridization, genetic --- inbreedingInbreeding
Inbreeding is the reproduction from the mating of two genetically related parents. Inbreeding results in increased homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or deleterious traits. This generally leads to a decreased fitness of a population, which is...
--- reproductive techniques, assisted
--- embryo transferEmbryo transfer
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy...
--- fertilization in vitro --- sperm injections, intracytoplasmic --- posthumous conception --- gamete intrafallopian transfer
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
Gamete intrafallopian transfer is a tool of assisted reproductive technology against infertility. Eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries, and placed in one of the Fallopian tubes, along with the man's sperm...
--- insemination, artificial --- insemination, artificial, heterologous --- insemination, artificial, homologous --- oocyte donation --- ovulation induction
Ovulation induction
Ovulation induction is the stimulation of ovulation by medication. It is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of ovarian follicles to reverse anovulation or oligoovulation, but can also be used in the sense of triggering oocyte release from relatively mature ovarian follicles...
--- superovulation --- zygote intrafallopian transfer
Zygote intrafallopian transfer
Zygote intrafallopian transfer is an infertility treatment where a blockage in the fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the egg. Egg cells are removed from a woman's ovaries, and in vitro fertilised. The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the use of laparoscopy...