Newtonian physics

• Newton's laws of motion
  Newton's laws of motion
  Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces...
  
  
• Inertia
  Inertia
  Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest, or the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion. It is proportional to an object's mass. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles of classical physics which are used to...
  
  , point mass
• Kinematics
  Kinematics
  Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies and systems without consideration of the forces that cause the motion....
  
  , rigid body
  Rigid body
  In physics, a rigid body is an idealization of a solid body of finite size in which deformation is neglected. In other words, the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it...
  
  
• Momentum
  Momentum
  In classical mechanics, linear momentum or translational momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object...
  
  , kinetic energy
  Kinetic energy
  The kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion.It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes...
  
  
• Parallelogram of force
  Parallelogram of force
  The parallelogram of forces is a method for solving the results of applying two forces to an object. When more than two forces are involved, the geometry is no longer parallelogrammatic, but the same principles apply...
  
  
• Circular motion
  Circular motion
  In physics, circular motion is rotation along a circular path or a circular orbit. It can be uniform, that is, with constant angular rate of rotation , or non-uniform, that is, with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion of...
  
  
  • Rotational speed
    Rotational speed
    Rotational speed tells how many complete rotations there are per time unit. It is therefore a cyclic frequency, measured in hertz in the SI System...
    
    
  • Angular speed
• Angular momentum
  Angular momentum
  In physics, angular momentum, moment of momentum, or rotational momentum is a conserved vector quantity that can be used to describe the overall state of a physical system...
  
  
  • torque
    Torque
    Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....
    
    
  • angular acceleration
    Angular acceleration
    Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity over time. In SI units, it is measured in radians per second squared , and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha .- Mathematical definition :...
    
    
  • moment of inertia
    Moment of inertia
    In classical mechanics, moment of inertia, also called mass moment of inertia, rotational inertia, polar moment of inertia of mass, or the angular mass, is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation. It is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation...
    
    
    • parallel axes rule
    • perpendicular axes rule
    • stretch rule
      Stretch rule
      In physics, the stretch rule states that the moment of inertia of a rigid object is unchanged when the object is stretched parallel to the axis of rotation,...
      
      
  • centripetal force
    Centripetal force
    Centripetal force is a force that makes a body follow a curved path: it is always directed orthogonal to the velocity of the body, toward the instantaneous center of curvature of the path. The mathematical description was derived in 1659 by Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens...
    
    , centrifugal force, Reactive centrifugal force
    Reactive centrifugal force
    In classical mechanics, reactive centrifugal force is the reaction paired with centripetal force. A mass undergoing circular motion constantly accelerates toward the axis of rotation. This centripetal acceleration is caused by a force exerted on the mass by some other object. In accordance with...
    
    
  • Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
• Euler's disk
  Euler's disk
  Euler's Disk is a scientific educational toy, used to illustrate and study the dynamic system of a spinning disk on a flat surface , and has been the subject of a number of scientific papers. This phenomenon has been studied since Leonard Euler in the 18th century, hence the name.It is manufactured...
  
  
• elastic potential energy
• Mechanical equilibrium
  Mechanical equilibrium
  A standard definition of static equilibrium is:This is a strict definition, and often the term "static equilibrium" is used in a more relaxed manner interchangeably with "mechanical equilibrium", as defined next....
  
  
• D'Alembert's principle
  D'Alembert's principle
  D'Alembert's principle, also known as the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle, is a statement of the fundamental classical laws of motion. It is named after its discoverer, the French physicist and mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert...
  
  
• Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
  Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
  A degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter, often called a dimension, in the formal description of the state of a physical system...
  
  
• Frame of reference
  Frame of reference
  A frame of reference in physics, may refer to a coordinate system or set of axes within which to measure the position, orientation, and other properties of objects in it, or it may refer to an observational reference frame tied to the state of motion of an observer.It may also refer to both an...
  
  
• Inertial frame of reference
  Inertial frame of reference
  In physics, an inertial frame of reference is a frame of reference that describes time homogeneously and space homogeneously, isotropically, and in a time-independent manner.All inertial frames are in a state of constant, rectilinear motion with respect to one another; they are not...
  
  
• Galilean transformation
  Galilean transformation
  The Galilean transformation is used to transform between the coordinates of two reference frames which differ only by constant relative motion within the constructs of Newtonian physics. This is the passive transformation point of view...
  
  
• Principle of relativity
  Principle of relativity
  In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics have the same form in all admissible frames of reference....
  
  

Conservation law

Conservation law

In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves....

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• Conservation of momentum
  • Conservation of linear momentum
  • Conservation of angular momentum
• Conservation of energy
  Conservation of energy
  The nineteenth century law of conservation of energy is a law of physics. It states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time. The total energy is said to be conserved over time...
  
  
  • Potential energy
    Potential energy
    In physics, potential energy is the energy stored in a body or in a system due to its position in a force field or due to its configuration. The SI unit of measure for energy and work is the Joule...
    
    
• Conservative force
  Conservative force
  A conservative force is a force with the property that the work done in moving a particle between two points is independent of the path taken. Equivalently, if a particle travels in a closed loop, the net work done by a conservative force is zero.It is possible to define a numerical value of...
  
  
• Conservation of mass
  Conservation of mass
  The law of conservation of mass, also known as the principle of mass/matter conservation, states that the mass of an isolated system will remain constant over time...
  
  

Law of universal gravitation

• Projectile motion
  Projectile motion
  The motion in which a body is thrown or projected is called Projectile motion.The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory, which is directly influenced by gravity....
  
  
• Kepler's laws of planetary motion
  Kepler's laws of planetary motion
  In astronomy, Kepler's laws give a description of the motion of planets around the Sun.Kepler's laws are:#The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci....
  
  
• Escape velocity
  Escape velocity
  In physics, escape velocity is the speed at which the kinetic energy plus the gravitational potential energy of an object is zero gravitational potential energy is negative since gravity is an attractive force and the potential is defined to be zero at infinity...
  
  
• Potential well
  Potential well
  A potential well is the region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy. Energy captured in a potential well is unable to convert to another type of energy because it is captured in the local minimum of a potential well...
  
  
• Weightlessness
  Weightlessness
  Weightlessness is the condition that exists for an object or person when they experience little or no acceleration except the acceleration that defines their inertial trajectory, or the trajectory of pure free-fall...
  
  
• Lagrangian point
  Lagrangian point
  The Lagrangian points are the five positions in an orbital configuration where a small object affected only by gravity can theoretically be stationary relative to two larger objects...
  
  
• N-body problem
  N-body problem
  The n-body problem is the problem of predicting the motion of a group of celestial objects that interact with each other gravitationally. Solving this problem has been motivated by the need to understand the motion of the Sun, planets and the visible stars...
  
  
• Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem
• Virial theorem
• Gravitational binding energy
  Gravitational binding energy
  The gravitational binding energy of an object consisting of loose material, held together by gravity alone, is the amount of energy required to pull all of the material apart, to infinity...
  
  
• Speed of gravity
  Speed of gravity
  In the context of classical theories of gravitation, the speed of gravity is the speed at which changes in a gravitational field propagate. This is the speed at which a change in the distribution of energy and momentum of matter results in subsequent alteration, at a distance, of the gravitational...
  
  
• Newtonian limit
  Newtonian limit
  In physics, the Newtonian limit refers to physical systems without significantly intense gravitation, in the sense that Newton's law of universal gravitation may be used to obtain values that are correct to a high order...
  
  
• Hill sphere
  Hill sphere
  An astronomical body's Hill sphere is the region in which it dominates the attraction of satellites. To be retained by a planet, a moon must have an orbit that lies within the planet's Hill sphere. That moon would, in turn, have a Hill sphere of its own...
  
  
• Roche lobe
  Roche lobe
  The Roche lobe is the region of space around a star in a binary system within which orbiting material is gravitationally bound to that star. If the star expands past its Roche lobe, then the material can escape the gravitational pull of the star. If the star is in a binary system then the material...
  
  
• Roche limit
  Roche limit
  The Roche limit , sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction...
  
  

Hamiltonian mechanics

Hamiltonian mechanics

Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of classical mechanics that was introduced in 1833 by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.It arose from Lagrangian mechanics, a previous reformulation of classical mechanics introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1788, but can be formulated without...

• Phase space
  Phase space
  In mathematics and physics, a phase space, introduced by Willard Gibbs in 1901, is a space in which all possible states of a system are represented, with each possible state of the system corresponding to one unique point in the phase space...
  
  
• Symplectic manifold
  Symplectic manifold
  In mathematics, a symplectic manifold is a smooth manifold, M, equipped with a closed nondegenerate differential 2-form, ω, called the symplectic form. The study of symplectic manifolds is called symplectic geometry or symplectic topology...
  
  
• Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)
  Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)
  In physics, Liouville's theorem, named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville, is a key theorem in classical statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics...
  
  
• Poisson bracket
  Poisson bracket
  In mathematics and classical mechanics, the Poisson bracket is an important binary operation in Hamiltonian mechanics, playing a central role in Hamilton's equations of motion, which govern the time-evolution of a Hamiltonian dynamical system...
  
  
  • Poisson algebra
    Poisson algebra
    In mathematics, a Poisson algebra is an associative algebra together with a Lie bracket that also satisfies Leibniz' law; that is, the bracket is also a derivation. Poisson algebras appear naturally in Hamiltonian mechanics, and are also central in the study of quantum groups...
    
    
  • Poisson manifold
    Poisson manifold
    In mathematics, a Poisson manifold is a differentiable manifold M such that the algebra C^\infty\, of smooth functions over M is equipped with a bilinear map called the Poisson bracket, turning it into a Poisson algebra...
    
    
  • Antibracket algebra
    Antibracket algebra
    In mathematics and theoretical physics, a Gerstenhaber algebra is an algebraic structure discovered by Murray Gerstenhaber that combines the structures of a supercommutative ring and a graded Lie superalgebra...
    
    
• Hamiltonian constraint
  Hamiltonian constraint
  In loop quantum gravity, dynamics such as time-evolutions of fields are controlled by the Hamiltonian constraint. The identity of the Hamiltonian constraint is a major open question in quantum gravity, as is extracting of physical observables from any such specific constraint.The Thiemann operator...
  
  
• Moment map
  Moment map
  In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry, the momentum map is a tool associated with a Hamiltonian action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold, used to construct conserved quantities for the action. The moment map generalizes the classical notions of linear and angular momentum...
  
  
• Contact geometry
  Contact geometry
  In mathematics, contact geometry is the study of a geometric structure on smooth manifolds given by a hyperplane distribution in the tangent bundle and specified by a one-form, both of which satisfy a 'maximum non-degeneracy' condition called 'complete non-integrability'...
  
  
• Analysis of flows
  Analysis of flows
  In theoretical physics, an analysis of flows is the study of "gauge" or "gaugelike" "symmetries"...
  
  
• Nambu mechanics
  Nambu mechanics
  In mathematics, Nambu dynamics is a generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics involving multiple Hamiltonians. Recall that Hamiltonian mechanics is based upon the flows generated by a smooth Hamiltonian over a symplectic manifold. The flows are symplectomorphisms and hence obey Liouville's theorem....
  
  

Lagrangian mechanics

Lagrangian mechanics

Lagrangian mechanics is a re-formulation of classical mechanics that combines conservation of momentum with conservation of energy. It was introduced by the Italian-French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788....

• Action (physics)
  Action (physics)
  In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system. It is a mathematical functional which takes the trajectory, also called path or history, of the system as its argument and has a real number as its result. Action has the dimension of energy × time, and its unit is...
  
  
• Lagrangian
  Lagrangian
  The Lagrangian, L, of a dynamical system is a function that summarizes the dynamics of the system. It is named after Joseph Louis Lagrange. The concept of a Lagrangian was originally introduced in a reformulation of classical mechanics by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton known as...
  
  
• Euler-Lagrange equations
• Noether's theorem
  Noether's theorem
  Noether's theorem states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. The theorem was proved by German mathematician Emmy Noether in 1915 and published in 1918...