SH2 domain
Encyclopedia
The SH2 domain is a structurally conserved protein domain
contained within the Src
oncoprotein and in many other intracellular
signal-transducing
proteins. Its presence on a protein helps that protein "find its way" to another protein by recognizing phosphorylated tyrosine on the other protein.
SH2 domains play a vital role in cellular communication. Its length is approximately 100 amino acids long and it is found within 115 human proteins. Regarding its structure, it contains 2 alpha helices
and 7 beta strands. Research has shown that it has a high affinity to phosphorylated tyrosine
residues and it is known to identify a sequence of 3-6 amino acids within a peptide motif.
Phosphorylation
of tyrosine residues in a protein occurs during signal transduction and is carried out by tyrosine kinase
s. In this way, phosphorylation of a substrate
by tyrosine kinases acts as a switch to trigger binding to an SH2 domain-containing protein. The intimate relationship between tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains is supported by their coordinate emergence during eukaryotic evolution.
and appear at the boundary between protozoa
and animalia in organisms such as the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
.
A detailed bioinformatic examination of SH2 domains of human
and mouse
reveals 120 SH2 domains contained within 115 proteins encoded by the human genome, representing a rapid rate of evolutionary expansion among the SH2 domains.
A large number of SH2 domain structures have been solved and many SH2 proteins have been knocked out in mice. Information generated on the Mouse Knockouts can be found on the sh2.uchicago.edu website.
The SH2 domain, which was first identified in the oncoproteins Src and Fps, is about 100 amino-acid residues long. It functions as a regulatory module of intracellular signaling cascades by interacting with high affinity to phosphotyrosine-containing target peptides in a sequence-specific and strictly phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Protein domain
A protein domain is a part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural...
contained within the Src
Src (gene)
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene.Src is a proto-oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase originally discovered by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, for which they won the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It belongs to a...
oncoprotein and in many other intracellular
Intracellular
Not to be confused with intercellular, meaning "between cells".In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".It is used in contrast to extracellular...
signal-transducing
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...
proteins. Its presence on a protein helps that protein "find its way" to another protein by recognizing phosphorylated tyrosine on the other protein.
Introduction
Protein-protein interactions play a major role in cellular growth and development. Modular domains, which are the subunits of a protein, moderate these protein interactions by identifying short peptide sequences. These peptide sequences determine the binding partners of each protein. One of the more prominent domains is the SH2 domain.SH2 domains play a vital role in cellular communication. Its length is approximately 100 amino acids long and it is found within 115 human proteins. Regarding its structure, it contains 2 alpha helices
Alpha helix
A common motif in the secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix is a right-handed coiled or spiral conformation, in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier...
and 7 beta strands. Research has shown that it has a high affinity to phosphorylated tyrosine
Tyrosine
Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group...
residues and it is known to identify a sequence of 3-6 amino acids within a peptide motif.
Binding and phosphorylation
SH2 domains typically bind a phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the context of a longer peptide motif within a target protein, and SH2 domains represent the largest class of known pTyr-recognition domains.Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes....
of tyrosine residues in a protein occurs during signal transduction and is carried out by tyrosine kinase
Tyrosine kinase
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions....
s. In this way, phosphorylation of a substrate
Substrate (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate. In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is transformed into one or...
by tyrosine kinases acts as a switch to trigger binding to an SH2 domain-containing protein. The intimate relationship between tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains is supported by their coordinate emergence during eukaryotic evolution.
Diversity
SH2 domains are not present in yeastYeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species. Most reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by an asymmetric division process called budding...
and appear at the boundary between protozoa
Protozoa
Protozoa are a diverse group of single-cells eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. Throughout history, protozoa have been defined as single-cell protists with animal-like behavior, e.g., movement...
and animalia in organisms such as the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
Dictyostelium discoideum
Dictyostelium discoideum is a species of soil-living amoeba belonging to the phylum Mycetozoa. D. discoideum, commonly referred to as slime mold, is a eukaryote that transitions from a collection of unicellular amoebae into a multicellular slug and then into a fruiting body within its lifetime. D...
.
A detailed bioinformatic examination of SH2 domains of human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
and mouse
Mouse
A mouse is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodents. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse . It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. This rodent is eaten by large birds such as hawks and eagles...
reveals 120 SH2 domains contained within 115 proteins encoded by the human genome, representing a rapid rate of evolutionary expansion among the SH2 domains.
A large number of SH2 domain structures have been solved and many SH2 proteins have been knocked out in mice. Information generated on the Mouse Knockouts can be found on the sh2.uchicago.edu website.
Function
The function of SH2 domains is to specifically recognize the phosphorylated state of tyrosine residues, thereby allowing SH2 domain-containing proteins to localize to tyrosine-phosphorylated sites. This process constitutes the fundamental event of signal transduction through a membrane, in which a signal in the extracellular compartment is "sensed" by a receptor and is converted in the intracellular compartment to a different chemical form, i.e. that of a phosphorylated tyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation leads to activation of a cascade of protein-protein interactions whereby SH2 domain-containing proteins are recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated sites. This process initiates a series of events which eventually result in altered patterns of gene expression or other cellular responses.The SH2 domain, which was first identified in the oncoproteins Src and Fps, is about 100 amino-acid residues long. It functions as a regulatory module of intracellular signaling cascades by interacting with high affinity to phosphotyrosine-containing target peptides in a sequence-specific and strictly phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Examples
Human proteins containing this domain include:- ABL1Abl geneV-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene located on chromosome 9.- Function :...
; ABL2ABL2Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 also known as Abelson-related gene is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ABL2 gene.- Function :... - BCAR3BCAR3Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCAR3 gene.-Further reading:...
; BLKBLK (gene)Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK also known as B lymphocyte kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BLK gene.-Interactions:The tyrosine-protein kinase BLK has been shown to interact with UBE3A.-Further reading:...
; BLNKB-cell linkerThe B-cell linker protein is encoded by the BLNK gene and is an adaptor protein also known as SLP-65, BASH, and BCA. BLNK is expressed in B cells and macrophages and plays a large role in B cell receptor signalling, in a fashion analogous to the role its paralogue SLP-76 plays in T cell receptor...
; BMXBMX (gene)Cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein kinase BMX is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BMX gene.-Interactions:BMX has been shown to interact with PAK1, PTK2, PTPN21 and RUFY1.-Further reading:...
; BTKBruton's tyrosine kinaseBruton's tyrosine kinase is a type of kinase enzyme implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia . Its exact mechanism of action remains unknown, but it plays a crucial role in B cell maturation as well as mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor... - CHN2; CISHCISHCytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISH gene. CISH orthologs have been identified in most mammals with sequenced genomes...
; CRKCRK (gene)Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk or p38 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene.- Function :...
; CRKLCRKLCrk-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRKL gene.CrkL together with Crk participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1.-Interactions:...
; CSKC-src tyrosine kinaseC-src tyrosine kinase, also known as CSK, is a human protein and gene. It includes an SH2 domain, an SH3 domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. This protein specifically phosphorylates Tyr-504 residue on human leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, which acts as a negative regulatory site... - DAPP1DAPP1Dual adapter for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAPP1 gene.-Further reading:...
- FERFER (gene)Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase FER is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FER gene.-Interactions:FER has been shown to interact with TMF1 and Cortactin.-Further reading:...
; FESFeline sarcoma oncogeneProto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fes/Fps is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FES gene.-Interactions:Feline sarcoma oncogene has been shown to interact with BCAR1 and BCR gene.-Further reading:...
; FGRFGR (gene)Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, also known as FGR, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FGR gene.- Function :This gene is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases...
; FRK; FYNFYNProto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FYN gene.This gene is a member of the protein-tyrosine kinase oncogene family. It encodes a membrane-associated tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in the control of cell growth... - GRAPGRAPGRB2-related adapter protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRAP gene.This gene encodes a member of the GRB2/Sem5 /Drk family. This member functions as a cytoplasmic signaling protein which contains an SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains...
; GRAP2GRAP2GRB2-related adapter protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRAP2 gene.-Interactions:GRAP2 has been shown to interact with CD28, STAMBP, CCNDBP1, Linker of activated T cells, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 and MAP4K1....
; GRB10GRB10Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB10 gene.- Function :...
; GRB14GRB14Growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB14 gene.-Interactions:GRB14 has been shown to interact with Epidermal growth factor receptor, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and TNKS2.-Further reading:...
; GRB2Grb2Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 also known as Grb2 is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the GRB2 gene....
; GRB7GRB7Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7, also known as GRB7, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GRB7 gene.- Function :The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adaptor proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules... - HCKHCKTyrosine-protein kinase HCK is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HCK gene.-Interactions:HCK has been shown to interact with BCR gene, ELMO1, Cbl gene, RAS p21 protein activator 1, RASA3, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, ADAM15 and RAPGEF1.-Further reading:...
; HSH2D - INPP5DINPP5DPhosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the INPP5D gene.-Interactions:INPP5D has been shown to interact with DOK2, LYN, CD22, Grb2, CRKL, CD31, DOK1 and SHC1.-Further reading:...
; INPPL1INPPL1Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the INPPL1 gene.-Interactions:INPPL1 has been shown to interact with BCAR1, SORBS1, FLNC and SHC1.-Further reading:...
; ITKITK (gene)IL2-inducible T-cell kinase, also known as ITK, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITK gene.- Function :This gene encodes an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in T-cells...
; JAK2Janus kinase 2Janus kinase 2 is a human protein that has been implicated in signaling by members of the type II cytokine receptor family , the GM-CSF receptor family , the gp130 receptor family , and the single chain receptors...
; LCKLckLck is a protein that is found inside specialized cells of the immune system called lymphocytes. Lck is a tyrosine kinase, which phosphorylates tyrosine residues of certain proteins involved in the intracellular signaling pathways of these lymphocytes...
; LCP2Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 , also known as LCP2 or SLP-76, is a gene that encodes a signal-transducing adaptor protein.-Interactions:...
; LYNLYNTyrosine-protein kinase Lyn is a protein that in humans is encoded in humans by the LYN gene.Lyn is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, which is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells, in neural tissues liver, and adipose tissue. In various hematopoietic cells, Lyn has emerged... - MATKMegakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinaseMegakaryocyte-associated tyrosine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MATK gene.-Interactions:Megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase has been shown to interact with CD117 and TrkA.-Further reading:...
; NCK1NCK1Cytoplasmic protein NCK1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCK1 gene.-Interactions:NCK1 has been shown to interact with DNM1, EIF2B2, KHDRBS1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, EPH receptor B1, SOCS7, MINK1, MAP4K1, MAP4K4, Abl gene, WIPF1, RRAS, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein,...
; NCK2NCK2Cytoplasmic protein NCK2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCK2 gene.-Interactions:NCK2 has been shown to interact with LIMS1, Epidermal growth factor receptor, PDGFRB, PTK2, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain and TrkB.... - PIK3R1PIK3R1Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R1 gene.-Interactions:PIK3R1 has been shown to interact with EPH receptor A2, KHDRBS1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Janus kinase 2, GAB2, CD117, BCAR1, CD28, SHB, EZR, PIK3CD, GAB1, HRAS,...
; PIK3R2PIK3R2Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R2 gene.-Interactions:PIK3R2 has been shown to interact with FYN, HER2/neu, Epidermal growth factor, Cbl gene, PIK3CD, CRKL and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor.-Further reading:...
; PIK3R3PIK3R3Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R3 gene.-Interactions:PIK3R3 has been shown to interact with Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, IRS1 and Retinoblastoma protein....
; PLCG1PLCG1Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLCG1 gene.-Function:The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate...
; PLCG2PLCG21-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCG2 gene.- Function :Enzymes of the phospholipase C family catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield diacylglycerols and water-soluble phosphorylated derivatives of the lipid...
; PTK6PTK6Tyrosine-protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTK6 gene.- Function :Tyrosine-protein kinase 6 is a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein kinase which may function as an intracellular signal transducer in epithelial tissues...
; PTPN11PTPN11Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2.PTPN11 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase ...
; PTPN6PTPN6Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN6 gene.Also known as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 .-Interactions:...
; RASA1RAS p21 protein activator 1RAS p21 protein activator 1 or RasGAP , also known as RASA1, is a 120-kDa cytosolic human protein that provides two principal activities:... - SH2B1SH2B1SH2B adapter protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B1 gene.-Interactions:SH2B1 has been shown to interact with Insulin receptor, Grb2, TrkA and Janus kinase 2.- Clinical significance :...
; SH2B2SH2B2SH2B adapter protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B2 gene.-Interactions:SH2B2 has been shown to interact with TrkA and Cbl gene.-Further reading:...
; SH2B3SH2B3SH2B adapter protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B3 gene.-Further reading:...
; SH2D1ASH2D1ASH2 domain-containing protein 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D1A gene.It is associated with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease.-Interactions:SH2D1A has been shown to interact with FYN, SLAMF1, CD84, LY9 and DOK1....
; SH2D1BSH2D1BSH2 domain-containing protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D1B gene.-Further reading:...
; SH2D2ASH2D2ASH2 domain-containing protein 2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D2A gene.-Further reading:...
; SH2D3ASH2D3ASH2 domain-containing protein 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D3A gene.-Interactions:SH2D3A has been shown to interact with Epidermal growth factor receptor.-Further reading:...
; SH2D3CSH2D3CSH2 domain containing 3C, also known as SH2D3C, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D3C gene.- Function :Sh2d3c is a gene on human chromosome 9 that encodes an SH2 domain containing protein known as NSP3. The mouse homologue is found on chromosome 2...
; SH2D4ASH2D4ASH2 domain-containing protein 4A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D4A gene.-Further reading:...
; SH2D4B; SH2D5; SH2D6; SH3BP2SH3BP2SH3BP2 is a protein associated with cherubism.-External links:*...
; SHBSHB (gene)SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHB gene.-Interactions:SHB has been shown to interact with Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, Src, Linker of activated T cells, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, ZAP-70, EPS8, PIK3R1 and VAV1.-Further reading:...
; SHC1SHC1SHC-transforming protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHC1 gene. SHC has been found to be important in the regulation of apoptosis and drug resistance in mammalian cells....
; SHC3SHC3SHC-transforming protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHC3 gene.-Interactions:SHC3 has been shown to interact with RICS and TrkB.-Further reading:...
; SHC4; SHD; SHE - SLA; SLA2SLA2Src-like-adapter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLA2 gene.-Further reading:...
- SOCS1; SOCS2SOCS2Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS2 gene.This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor , also known as suppressor of cytokine signalling , family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling...
; SOCS3SOCS3Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS3 gene.-Interactions:SOCS3 has been shown to interact with PTPN11, Glycoprotein 130, Erythropoietin receptor, Janus kinase 2, RAS p21 protein activator 1 and Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor.-Regulation:There...
; SOCS4; SOCS5SOCS5Suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS5 gene.-Further reading:...
; SOCS6SOCS6Suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS6 gene.-Further reading:...
; SOCS7SOCS7Suppressor of cytokine signaling 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS7 gene.-Further reading:... - SRCSrc (gene)Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene.Src is a proto-oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase originally discovered by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, for which they won the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It belongs to a...
; SRMS - STAT1STAT1STAT1 is a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription family of transcription factors. STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either type I, type II or type III interferons...
; STAT2STAT2Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene.-Interactions:STAT2 has been shown to interact with MED14, CREB-binding protein, SMARCA4, STAT1, IFNAR2, IFNAR1 and ISGF3G.-Further reading:...
; STAT3STAT3Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 also known as STAT3 is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family...
; STAT4STAT4STAT4 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family of transcription factors....
; STAT5ASTAT5ASignal transducer and activator of transcription 5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5A gene. STAT5A orthologs have been identified in several placentals for which complete genome data are available.-Interactions:...
; STAT5BSTAT5BSignal transducer and activator of transcription 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5B gene. STAT5B orthologs have been identified in most placentals for which complete genome data are available.-Interactions:...
; STAT6STAT6STAT6 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors.In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell... - SUPT6HSUPT6HTranscription elongation factor SPT6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT6H gene.-Further reading:...
; SYKSykSpleen tyrosine kinase, also known as Syk, is an enyzme which in humans is encoded by the SYK gene.- Function :SYK, along with Zap-70, is a member of the Syk family of tyrosine kinases... - TECTEC (gene)Tyrosine-protein kinase Tec is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TEC gene.-Interactions:TEC has been shown to interact with GNA12, Janus kinase 2, CD117, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, ARHGEF12 and DOK1.-Further reading:...
; TENC1TENC1Tensin-like C1 domain-containing phosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TENC1 gene.-Interactions:TENC1 has been shown to interact with AXL receptor tyrosine kinase.-Further reading:...
; TNS; TNS1TNS1Tensin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNS1 gene.-External links:* Info with links in the -Further reading:...
; TNS3; TNS4TNS4Tensin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNS4 gene.-Further reading:...
; TXKTXKTXK was a range of Crossbar exchanges used by the British Post Office telephone network, subsequently BT, between 1964 and 1994. TXC was used as the designation at first, but this was later changed as TXC sounded too much like TXE the code used for later electronic exchanges... - VAV1VAV1Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV1 gene.-Interactions:VAV1 has been shown to interact with Ku70, PLCG1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Janus kinase 2, SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ARHGDIB, SHB, PIK3R1, PRKCQ, Grb2, MAPK1, Syk, Linker of activated T cells, Cbl gene and...
; VAV2VAV2Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV2 gene.-Interactions:VAV2 has been shown to interact with CD19 and Grb2.-Further reading:...
; VAV3VAV3Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV3 gene.-Further reading:... - YES1YES1Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Yes is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the YES1 gene.-Interactions:YES1 has been shown to interact with Janus kinase 2, CTNND1, RPL10 and Occludin.-Further reading:...
; ZAP70ZAP-70ZAP-70 is an abbreviation for Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 . The protein is a member in the protein-tyrosine kinase family...