Kubitzki system
Encyclopedia
A system of plant taxonomy, the Kubitzki system is the product of an ongoing survey of vascular plant
s, entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.
The survey, in the form of an encyclopedia
, is important as a comprehensive, multivolume treatment
of the vascular plants, with keys
to and descriptions of all families
and genera
, mostly by specialists in those groups. The Kubitzki system served as the basis for classification
in Mabberley's Plant-Book, an influential dictionary
of the vascular plants.
Mabberley
says on Introduction page xi of the 2008 edition, that the Kubitzki system "has remained the standard to which other literature is compared".
In ordinal
and family arrangements, the classification system in the initial angiosperm volumes closely resembles the Dahlgren system
in Monocots and the Cronquist system
in Dicots, but later volumes have been influenced by recent molecular phylogenetic studies
.
The first volume of the series covered lycophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms, and was published in 1990. By 2010, there were nine published volumes, covering 39 of the 59 orders of flowering plants that are recognized in the APG III system
. The order Saxifragales
is covered except for the genus Medusandra, which was transferred to it from Malpighiales
in 2009. Volume 10 covers the family Myrtaceae
and the orders Cucurbitales
and Sapindales
.
Because it is the result of a work in progress, the Kubitzki system is incomplete for those groups of plant
s that have not yet been covered, and groups that have been completely covered are not revised in light of subsequent knowledge. Since the first volume was published in 1990, a great deal has been learned about plant taxonomy
, mostly by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence
s. The classification of ferns
has been completely overhauled in that time. And some of the gymnosperm
families have been revised.
For the flowering plants, the Kubitzki System follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
, except for the recognition of smaller
families. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has twice revised its classification system
. The APG III system
was published in 2009.
----
In volumes 5,6,7,8 no groups above the taxonomic rank
of order were recognized.
In volume 9 the supraordinal groups Rosidae and Asteridae were recognized.
Vascular plant
Vascular plants are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, Equisetum, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms...
s, entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.
The survey, in the form of an encyclopedia
Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia is a type of reference work, a compendium holding a summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge....
, is important as a comprehensive, multivolume treatment
Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject.-Noteworthy treatises:...
of the vascular plants, with keys
Identification key
In biology, an identification key is a printed or computer-aided device that aids the identification of biological entities, such as plants, animals, fossils, microorganisms, and pollen grains...
to and descriptions of all families
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
and genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
, mostly by specialists in those groups. The Kubitzki system served as the basis for classification
Biological classification
Biological classification, or scientific classification in biology, is a method to group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is part of scientific taxonomy....
in Mabberley's Plant-Book, an influential dictionary
Dictionary
A dictionary is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon...
of the vascular plants.
Mabberley
David Mabberley
Professor Dr. David John Mabberley, , is a botanist, educator and writer. Among his varied interests is the taxonomy of tropical plants, especially trees of the families Labiatae, Meliaceae and Rutaceae. He is perhaps best known for his plant dictionary The plant-book. A portable dictionary of the...
says on Introduction page xi of the 2008 edition, that the Kubitzki system "has remained the standard to which other literature is compared".
In ordinal
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
and family arrangements, the classification system in the initial angiosperm volumes closely resembles the Dahlgren system
Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was...
in Monocots and the Cronquist system
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants .Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two...
in Dicots, but later volumes have been influenced by recent molecular phylogenetic studies
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
.
The first volume of the series covered lycophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms, and was published in 1990. By 2010, there were nine published volumes, covering 39 of the 59 orders of flowering plants that are recognized in the APG III system
APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
. The order Saxifragales
Saxifragales
Saxifragales is an order of flowering plants. Their closest relatives are a large eudicot group known as the rosids by the definition of rosids given in the APG II classification system. Some authors define the rosids more widely, including Saxifragales as their most basal group. Saxifragales is...
is covered except for the genus Medusandra, which was transferred to it from Malpighiales
Malpighiales
Malpighiales is one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 16000 species, approximately 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse and hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems that are based only on...
in 2009. Volume 10 covers the family Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five...
and the orders Cucurbitales
Cucurbitales
The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropic and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, together with many herbs and climbers...
and Sapindales
Sapindales
Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, horse-chestnuts, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; mahogany and neem....
.
Because it is the result of a work in progress, the Kubitzki system is incomplete for those groups of plant
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
s that have not yet been covered, and groups that have been completely covered are not revised in light of subsequent knowledge. Since the first volume was published in 1990, a great deal has been learned about plant taxonomy
Plant taxonomy
Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, describes, classifies, identifies, and names plants. It thus is one of the main branches of taxonomy.Plant taxonomy is closely allied to plant systematics, and there is no sharp boundary between the two...
, mostly by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
s. The classification of ferns
Fern
A fern is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants belonging to the botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem . They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants...
has been completely overhauled in that time. And some of the gymnosperm
Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms are a group of seed-bearing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word gymnospermos , meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds...
families have been revised.
For the flowering plants, the Kubitzki System follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies., three...
, except for the recognition of smaller
Segregate (taxonomy)
In taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon is split off, from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off...
families. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has twice revised its classification system
Systematics
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of terrestrial life, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees...
. The APG III system
APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
was published in 2009.
Classification
- 1 divisio Pteridophyta
- 2 divisio PinophytaPinophytaThe conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta or Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being...
or Gymnospermae- 1 subdivisio Coniferophytina
- 2 subdivisio Cycadophytina
- 3 divisio Magnoliophyta or Angiospermae
- subdivisio Magnoliophytina
- 1 classis Monocotyledoneae or LiliopsidaLiliopsidaLiliopsida is a botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae . It is considered synonymous with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopoli : see author citation...
[complete] (with Rolf DahlgrenRolf DahlgrenRolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren was a Swedish-Danish botanist, professor at the University of Copenhagen from 1973 to his death....
's collaboration)- 1 superordo Acoranae
- Acoraceae
- Not included in any order
- NartheciaceaeNartheciaceaeNartheciaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has only rarely been recognized by systems of plant taxonomy.The APG III system does recognize such a family and places it in the order Dioscoreales, in the clade monocots...
- Nartheciaceae
- 2 superordo Alismatanae
- 1 ordo AralesAralesArales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. The name was used in the Cronquist system for an order placed in subclass Arecidae, circumscribed as :* order Arales*: family Acoraceae*: family Araceae...
- AraceaeAraceaeAraceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially...
- Lemnaceae
- Araceae
- 2 ordo AlismatalesAlismatalesAlismatales is an order of flowering plants including about 2500 species. Pleants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic.-Description:...
- Butomaceae
- AlismataceaeAlismataceaeThe water-plantains are a family of flowering plants, comprising 11 genera and between 85-95 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere...
- LimnocharitaceaeLimnocharitaceaeLimnocharitaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales. It is commonly known as the water poppy family. They are small, perennial, aquatic herbs, native to the tropics, but adventive or naturalized in the subtropics as a result of...
- HydrocharitaceaeHydrocharitaceaeHydrocharitaceae is a flowering plant family that includes a number of species of aquatic plant, broadly called the Tape-grasses, and includes the well known Canadian Waterweed and Frog's Bit.The family includes both fresh and marine aquatics...
- Najadaceae
- AponogetonaceaeAponogetonaceaeThe Aponogetonaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Alismatales.In recent decades the family has had universal recognition by taxonomists. The APG system and APG II system treat it in the order Alismatales in the clade monocots...
- ScheuchzeriaceaeScheuchzeriaceaeScheuchzeria palustris , is a flowering plant, the only species in the genus Scheuchzeria, itself the only genus in the family Scheuchzeriaceae...
- JuncaginaceaeJuncaginaceaeJuncaginaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, recognized by most taxonomists for the past few decades. It is also known as the Arrowgrass family....
- PotamogetonaceaePotamogetonaceaeThe Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. There are roughly 120 species spread across six genera in the Potamagetonaceae...
- RuppiaceaeRuppiaceaeRuppia, also known as the ditch grasses, is the only genus in the family Ruppiaceae. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists...
- Posidoniaceae
- ZosteraceaeZosteraceaeZosteraceae is a family of marine perennial flowering plants found in temperate and subtropical coastal waters, with the highest diversity located around Korea and Japan. Most seagrasses complete their entire life cycle under water, having filamentous pollen especially adapted to dispersion in an...
- Zannichelliaceae
- Cymodoceaceae
- 1 ordo Arales
- 3 superordo LilianaeLilianaeLilianae is a botanical name, in use for a superorder . Such a superorder will of necessity include the family Liliaceae...
- 1 ordo LilialesLilialesLiliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another...
- CampynemataceaeCampynemataceaeCampynemataceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- LuzuriagaceaeLuzuriagaceaeLuzuriagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , did recognize such a family and placed it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. The APG III system merged this small family...
- AlstroemeriaceaeAlstroemeriaceaeThe Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 200 species in three or four genera, native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America....
- ColchicaceaeColchicaceaeColchicaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG III system, of 2009 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots, and regards the family as including some two hundred species of herbaceous perennials with rhizomes or corms.The...
- MelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceae is a family of flowering perennial herbs in the Northern Hemisphere. The family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists, and the circumscription has varied...
- TrilliaceaeTrilliaceaeTrilliaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct since 1846 when it was recognized; this table for a summarizes the placement of these taxa...
- LiliaceaeLiliaceaeThe Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
- CalochortaceaeCalochortaceaeCalochortaceae is a family of flowering plants. It is recognised by only a few systems of plant taxonomy, including the Dahlgren system, which placed it in the order Liliales in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms].The APG II system places...
- Petermanniaceae
- SmilacaceaeSmilacaceaeSmilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct...
- PhilesiaceaePhilesiaceaePhilesiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- Campynemataceae
- 2 ordo AsparagalesAsparagalesAsparagales is the name of an order of plants, used in modern classification systems such as the APG III system . The order takes its name from the family Asparagaceae and is placed in the monocots. The order has only recently been recognized in classification systems...
- OrchidaceaeOrchidaceaeThe Orchidaceae, commonly referred to as the orchid family, is a morphologically diverse and widespread family of monocots in the order Asparagales. Along with the Asteraceae, it is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, with between 21,950 and 26,049 currently accepted species,...
- IridaceaeIridaceaeThe Iris family or Iridaceae is a family of perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants included in the monocot order Asparagales, taking its name from the genus Iris. Almost worldwide in distribution and one of the most important families in horticulture, it includes more than 2000 species...
- DoryanthaceaeDoryanthaceaeDoryanthaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 does recognize this family...
- LanariaceaeLanariaceaeLanariaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 does recognize this family. The family then includes a single species Lanariaceae is the...
- IxioliriaceaeIxioliriaceaeIxiolirion is the botanical name of a genus of flowering plants from Southwest Asia, placed in the mongeneric family Ixioliriaceae in the order Asparagales of the monocots....
- HypoxidaceaeHypoxidaceaeHypoxidaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 does recognize this family...
- Johnsoniaceae
- HemerocallidaceaeHemerocallidaceaeHemerocallidoideae is the botanical name of a subfamily of flowering plants, part of the family Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu lato in the monocot order Asparagales according to the APG system of 2009. Earlier classification systems treated the group as a separate family, the Hemerocallidaceae. The name...
- TecophilaeaceaeTecophilaeaceaeTecophilaeaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 does recognize this family...
- Blandfordiaceae
- AsteliaceaeAsteliaceaeAsteliaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 does recognize this family...
- BoryaceaeBoryaceaeBoryaceae is a family of arborescent, or tree forming, highly drought-tolerant flowering plants native to Australia, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots...
- AsphodelaceaeAsphodelaceaeAsphodeloideae is a subfamily of the monocot family Xanthorrhoeaceae in the order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Asphodelaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Asphodelus...
- XanthorrhoeaceaeXanthorrhoeaceaeXanthorrhoeaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription of the family has varied wildly....
- AphyllanthaceaeAphyllanthaceaeAphyllanthoideae is a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Aphyllanthaceae...
- Anemarrhenaceae
- AmaryllidaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAmaryllidoideae is the subfamily of flowering plants that takes its name from the genus Amaryllis. It is part of the family Amaryllidaceae, in order Asparagales...
- AgapanthaceaeAgapanthaceaeAgapanthoideae is a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Agapanthaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the sole included type genus, Agapanthus. Previously the genus Agapanthus...
- AlliaceaeAlliaceaeAllioideae is the botanical name of a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae...
- ThemidaceaeThemidaceaeBrodiaeoideae is a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has been treated as a separate family, Themidaceae. They are native to Central America and western North America, from British Columbia to Guatemala...
- AsparagaceaeAsparagaceaeAsparagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.In earlier classification systems, the species involved were often treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae...
- HyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceaeScilloideae is a subfamily of the monocot family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales. The Scilloideae are bulbous flowering plants, which have sometimes been placed in a separate family, the Hyacinthaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Scilla...
- Lomandraceae
- Herreriaceae
- Hostaceae
- Anthericaceae
- AgavaceaeAgavaceaeAgavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry zone types such as the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree...
- Eriospermaceae
- RuscaceaeRuscaceaeNolinoideae is a monocot subfamily of the family Asparagaceae in the APG III system of 2009. It was previously treated as a separate family, Ruscaceae s.l...
- Behniaceae
- Dracaenaceae
- Convallariaceae
- Nolinaceae
- Orchidaceae
- 3 ordo TriuridalesTriuridalesTriuridales was an order of flower plants that was used in the well-known Cronquist system, in the subclass Alismatidae, with this circumscription:* order Triuridales*: family Petrosaviaceae*: family Triuridaceae...
- TriuridaceaeTriuridaceaeTriuridaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003, does recognize such a family and places it in the order Pandanales, in the clade monocots...
- Triuridaceae
- 4 ordo DioscorealesDioscorealesDioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.In the APG II system, of 2003, this order was placed in the clade monocots and comprised the families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae.Under the APG system of 1998,...
- DioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 750 species in eight or nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the Yam ....
- Trichopodaceae
- Taccaceae
- BurmanniaceaeBurmanniaceaeBurmanniaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants, consisting of about a hundred species of herbaceous plants in roughly a dozen genera. Often they are quite remarkable plants, more often red than green, without much leaf area and not growing very big in any way.The APG II system,...
- CorsiaceaeCorsiaceaeCorsiaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system treats the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- Dioscoreaceae
- 5 ordo PandanalesPandanalesPandanales is an order of flowering plants, with a pantropical distribution.The APG III system places the Pandanales in the monocots. Both the APG III and APG II systems include five families in this order:* Cyclanthaceae* Pandanaceae* Stemonaceae...
- PandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics of the Old World. Such a family has been widely recognized by taxonomists.Pandanaceae are trees or climbing or scrambling shrubs distributed in the Old World tropics and are adapted from sea level in salted beaches to mountain cloud...
- CyclanthaceaeCyclanthaceaeCyclanthaceae is a family of flowering plants.-Classification:The APG system and the APG II system assign it to the order Pandanales in the clade monocots...
- VelloziaceaeVelloziaceaeVelloziaceae is a botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales in the clade monocots...
- Acanthochlamydaceae
- StemonaceaeStemonaceaeStemonaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of three or four genera with between 25-35 species. The APG II system places it in the order Pandanales, in the monocots...
- Pentastemonaceae
- Pandanaceae
- 1 ordo Liliales
- 4 superordo Commelinanae
- 1 ordo PrincipesPrincipes (botany)In plant taxonomy, Principes is a botanical name, meaning "the first". It was used in the Engler system for an order in the Monocotyledones and later in the Kubitzki system. This order included one family only, the Palmae...
- Palmae
- 2 ordo Dasypogonales
- DasypogonaceaeDasypogonaceaeDasypogonaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists: the plants involved were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae....
- Dasypogonaceae
- 3 ordo BromelialesBromelialesThe Bromeliales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by a few systems of plant taxonomy, with a various placement. It appears that it always has had the same circumscription:...
- BromeliaceaeBromeliaceaeBromeliaceae is a family of monocot flowering plants of around 3,170 species native mainly to the tropical Americas, with a few species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, Pitcairnia feliciana...
- ?RapateaceaeRapateaceaeRapateaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
(see also Xyridales)
- Bromeliaceae
- 4 ordo CommelinalesCommelinalesCommelinales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families combined contain over 800 species in about 70 genera; the majority of species are in the Commelinaceae...
- CommelinaceaeCommelinaceaeCommelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with an estimated 650 species in 40 genera. Well known genera include...
- PontederiaceaePontederiaceaePontederiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG II system, of 2003 places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, in the monocots. It is a small family of heterostylous aquatic plants, occurring in tropical and subtropical waters...
- PhilydraceaePhilydraceaePhilydraceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- HaemodoraceaeHaemodoraceaeHaemodoraceae is a family of flowering plants. It is sometimes known as the "Bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New Guinea, and in the Americas Haemodoraceae is a family of flowering plants. It is sometimes known as the...
- Commelinaceae
- 5 ordo Xyridales
- MayacaceaeMayacaceaeMayaca is a genus of flowering plants, often placed in its own family, the Mayacaceae. In the APG II system of 2003, it is assigned to the Order Poales in the clade commelinids. The Cronquist system, of 1981, also recognised such a family and placed it in the order Commelinales in the subclass...
- XyridaceaeXyridaceaeXyridaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the Yellow-eyed-grass Family....
- EriocaulaceaeEriocaulaceaeThe Eriocaulaceae or pipewort family is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales. The family is large, with about 1,150-1,200 species described in ten genera. The family is widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group occurring in tropical regions,...
- ?RapateaceaeRapateaceaeRapateaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- Mayacaceae
- 6 ordo ZingiberalesZingiberalesZingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains...
- MusaceaeMusaceaeMusaceae is a botanical name for a family of flowering plants. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves with overlapping basal sheaths that form a pseudostem making some members appear to be woody trees.The family has been...
- StrelitziaceaeStrelitziaceaeStrelitziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The plants are very similar in appearance and growth habit to members of the related families Heliconiaceae and Musaceae...
- LowiaceaeLowiaceaeOrchidantha is a genus of flowering plants, often given its own family, Lowiaceae. It includes the plants in the formerly recognised genera Lowia, Protamomum and Wolfia. Orchidantha remains a poorly known genus, with up to about a dozen species, found from southern China to Borneo...
- Heliconiaceae
- CostaceaeCostaceaeCostaceae or the Costus Family is a family of pantropical monocots. They belong to the order Zingiberales, which contains other horticulturally and economically important plants such as the banana , bird-of-paradise , and edible ginger...
- ZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceae, or the Ginger family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes, comprising ca. 52 genera and more than 1300 species, distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas.Many species are important...
- Cannaceae
- MarantaceaeMarantaceaeThe Marantaceae or arrowroot family is a family of flowering plants known for its large starchy rhizomes. It is sometimes called the prayer-plant family...
- ?HanguanaceaeHanguanaceaeHanguanaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 does recognize such a family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
(possibly related to Zingiberales or Commelinales)
- Musaceae
- 7 ordo TyphalesTyphalesTyphales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Cronquist system the name was used for an order placed in the subclass Commelinidae. The order consisted of :* order Typhales*: family Sparganiaceae...
- TyphaceaeTyphaceaeTyphaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- Typhaceae
- 8 ordo JuncalesJuncalesJuncales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Engler system and in the Cronquist system it is circumscribed as:* order Juncales*: family Juncaceae...
- JuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceae, the rush family, are a monocotyledonous family of flowering plants. There are eight genera and about 400 species. Members of the Juncaceae are slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous plants, and they may superficially resemble grasses. They often grow on infertile soils in a wide range...
- ThurniaceaeThurniaceaeThurniaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- CyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceae are a family of monocotyledonous graminoid flowering plants known as sedges, which superficially resemble grasses or rushes. The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. These species are widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group...
- Juncaceae
- 9 ordo PoalesPoalesPoales is a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales....
- FlagellariaceaeFlagellariaceaeFlagellariaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has rarely been recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- RestionaceaeRestionaceaeRestionaceae, also called restiads, is the botanical name for a family of rush-like flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere.- Description :...
- EcdeiocoleaceaeEcdeiocoleaceaeEcdeiocoleaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has rarely been recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, in 2003 , does recognize such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- AnarthriaceaeAnarthriaceaeAnarthriaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has rarely been recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- CentrolepidaceaeCentrolepidaceaeCentrolepidaceae is a botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognises such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids in the monocots.The family is now regarded as...
- JoinvilleaceaeJoinvilleaceaeJoinvilleaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids in the monocots. The family consists of one genus with four currently accepted species, distributed from the Malay Peninsula to the Caroline Islands and high islands...
- PoaceaePoaceaeThe Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges...
- Flagellariaceae
- incertae sedisIncertae sedis, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
in monocots- HydatellaceaeHydatellaceaeHydatellaceae are small, aquatic flowering plants. The family includes the genus Trithuria, which has been recently re-defined to include the genus Hydatella. The family consists of about a dozen species. These tiny , relatively simple, aquatic plants occur in Australasia and India. The simple...
- Hydatellaceae
- 1 ordo Principes
- 1 superordo Acoranae
- 1 classis Monocotyledoneae or Liliopsida
- subdivisio Magnoliophytina
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- 2 classis Dicotyledoneae or MagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classification system being discussed.-Cronquist and...
[incomplete]- 1 subclassis MagnoliidaeMagnoliidaeMagnoliids are a group of about 9,000 species of flowering plants, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, and many others. They are characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.-Classification:Traditionally,...
- 1 superordo Magnolianae (lower magnoliids)
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- 1 ordo MagnolialesMagnolialesMagnoliales is an order of flowering plants.-Classification:The Magnoliales includes six families:* Annonaceae...
- HimantandraceaeHimantandraceaeHimantandraceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognised by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Magnoliales in the clade magnoliids...
- EupomatiaceaeEupomatiaceaeEupomatiaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognised by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Magnoliales in the clade magnoliids...
- AustrobaileyaceaeAustrobaileyaceaeAustrobaileyaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. This family is recognised by most plant taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognise such a family and places it in order Austrobaileyales. This order is accepted as being among the most basic lineages in the clade...
- DegeneriaceaeDegeneriaceaeDegeneriaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognised by more than a few taxonomists, at least over the past few decades....
- MagnoliaceaeMagnoliaceaeThe Magnoliaceae, or Magnolia Family, is a flowering plant family in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two subfamilies:*Magnolioideae, of which Magnolia is the most well-known genus....
- AnnonaceaeAnnonaceaeAnnonaceae, also called the custard apple familyis a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely lianas.With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,...
- MyristicaceaeMyristicaceaeMyristicaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists; it is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, Nutmeg ....
- ?CanellaceaeCanellaceaeThe Canellaceae are a family of flowering plants. The family has sixteen species in six genera. The species are highly aromatic evergreen plants, mostly trees and rarely shrubs, which produce essential oils...
- ?Lactoridaceae
- AmborellaceaeAmborellaceaeAmborella is a genus of rare understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the island of New Caledonia. The genus consists of only a single species, Amborella trichopoda, and is the only member of the family Amborellaceae. Wood of Amborella lacks the vessels characteristic of most flowering plants...
- TrimeniaceaeTrimeniaceaeTrimeniaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades....
- ChloranthaceaeChloranthaceaeChloranthaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family consists of four genera, totalling several dozen species, of herbaceous or woody plants occurring in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Madagascar, Central & South America, and the West Indies...
- MonimiaceaeMonimiaceaeMonimiaceae is a family of flowering plants, which includes 150-220 species of shrubs and small trees in 18-25 genera. They are native to the southern hemisphere tropics and subtropics. The largest genus is Tambourissa, with 50 species in Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, and the Comoros...
- Gomortegaceae
- LauraceaeLauraceaeThe Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 3500, perhaps as many as 4000, species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America...
- HernandiaceaeHernandiaceaeHernandiaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognised by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Laurales in the clade magnoliids...
- CalycanthaceaeCalycanthaceaeThe Calycanthaceae is a small family of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains four genera and only 6-11 species, restricted to warm temperate and tropical regions:...
- Himantandraceae
- 2 ordo IllicialesIllicialesIlliciales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. The order is not recognized by all plant taxonomists and is comprised differently in various systems of plant taxonomy, but is composed of 2-4 families of shrubs, trees, and lianas native to Australasia, south eastern Asia, and the...
- WinteraceaeWinteraceaeThe Winteraceae are a family of flowering plants. The family includes 120 species of trees and shrubs in 9 genera.The Winteraceae are a mostly southern-hemisphere family associated with the Antarctic flora, found in tropical to temperate climate regions of Malesia, Oceania, eastern Australia, New...
- ?CanellaceaeCanellaceaeThe Canellaceae are a family of flowering plants. The family has sixteen species in six genera. The species are highly aromatic evergreen plants, mostly trees and rarely shrubs, which produce essential oils...
- IlliciaceaeIlliciaceaeIlliciaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades....
- SchisandraceaeSchisandraceaeSchisandraceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades. Before that, the plants concerned were assigned to family Magnoliaceae....
- Winteraceae
- 3 ordo AristolochialesAristolochialesAristolochiales is an order of flowering plants. It is not recognised in the APG or APG II systems, in which it is considered a synonym of Piperales. It also is not recognized in the Thorne system....
- AristolochiaceaeAristolochiaceaeThe Aristolochiaceae, or the Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with 7 genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales...
- HydnoraceaeHydnoraceaeHydnoraceae is a family of parasitic flowering plants in the order Piperales. It contains two genera, Hydnora and Prosopanche and some seven species...
- ?RafflesiaceaeRafflesiaceaeRafflesiaceae is a family of parasitic plants found in east and southeast Asia, including Rafflesia arnoldii, the plant with the largest flower of all plants. The plants are endoparasites of vines in the genus Tetrastigma and lack stems, leaves, roots, and any photosynthetic tissue...
- Aristolochiaceae
- 4 ordo PiperalesPiperalesPiperales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but otherwise has been treated variously over time...
- SaururaceaeSaururaceaeSaururaceae is a plant family comprising four genera and seven species of herbaceous flowering plants native to eastern and southern Asia and North America. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is sometimes known as the "lizard's-tail family"...
- PiperaceaePiperaceaeThe Piperaceae, also known as the pepper family, is a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,610 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of peppers can be found within the two main genera: Piper and Peperomia .Members of the Piperaceae may be small...
- Saururaceae
- 1 ordo Magnoliales
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- 2 superordo Ranunculanae (higher magnoliids)
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- 1 ordo Nelumbonales
- Nelumbonaceae
- 2 ordo RanunculalesRanunculalesRanunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group known as the basal eudicots...
- LardizabalaceaeLardizabalaceaeLardizabalaceae is a family of flowering plants.The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system , which places it in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudicots....
- BerberidaceaeBerberidaceaeBerberidaceae are a family of 15 genera flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order Ranunculales. The family contains about 570 species, of which the majority are in Berberis...
- MenispermaceaeMenispermaceaeMenispermaceae, the botanical name for a family of flowering plants, has been universally recognized by taxonomists. Tubocurare, a neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare, is derived from plants of this family....
- RanunculaceaeRanunculaceaeRanunculaceae are a family of about 1700 species of flowering plants in about 60 genera, distributed worldwide....
- ?CircaeasteraceaeCircaeasteraceaeCircaeasteraceae is a family of one to two species of herbaceous plants native to China and the Himalayas.The family has been recognized by many taxonomists. The APG II system , recognizes it and places it in the order Ranunculales in the clade eudicots...
- Pteridophyllaceae
- PapaveraceaePapaveraceaePapaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family of 44 genera and approximately 770 species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in temperate and subtropical climates, but almost unknown in the tropics...
- FumariaceaeFumariaceaeFumariaceae is a family of about 575 species of herbaceous plants in 20 genera, native to the Northern Hemisphere and South Africa.-Flower shape:Plants in the fumitory family are easily recognised by their peculiar flowers with two dissimilar pairs of...
- Lardizabalaceae
- 1 ordo Nelumbonales
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- 3 superordo Nymphaeanae
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- ordo NymphaealesNymphaealesNymphaeales is an order of plants, which consists of water lilies and other aquatic plants.This order is considered to be a basal, or early diverging, group of angiosperms...
- CabombaceaeCabombaceaeCabombaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct by at least some taxonomists and by APG III...
- NymphaeaceaeNymphaeaceaeNymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called water lilies and live in freshwater areas in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains eight genera. There are about 70 species of water lilies around the world. The genus...
- ?Ceratophyllaceae
- Cabombaceae
- ordo Nymphaeales
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- 4 superordo Caryophyllanae
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- ordo CaryophyllalesCaryophyllalesCaryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.-Description:...
(including.:CentrospermaeCentrospermaeCentrospermae is a descriptive botanical name, published in 1878 by Eichler, meaning "with the seed in the center", referring to the free-central placentation. It was used in the Engler system and the Wettstein system) for an order of flowering plants....
EichlerAugust W. EichlerAugust Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler , was a German botanist who modified the classification system to better reflect the relationships between plants...
)- Family with an asterisk: *, included in Expanded Caryophyllales in Volume V.
- Family with the sign +, only recognized in Volume V, but not in Volume II.
- ordo Caryophyllales
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- 1 superordo Magnolianae (lower magnoliids)
- 1 subclassis Magnoliidae
- 2 classis Dicotyledoneae or Magnoliopsida
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- Nepenthaceae *
- DroseraceaeDroseraceaeDroseraceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. The family is also known under its common name, the sundew family.It consists of carnivorous plants: besides the sundews, the genus Drosera, it also contains the even more-famous Venus fly trap Dionaea muscipula...
* - Drosophyllaceae *
- SimmondsiaceaeSimmondsiaceaeSimmondsiaceae or the Jojoba Family is a family of flowering plants. The family is not recognized by all taxonomic systems, the single species, Simmondsia chinensis, often being treated as belonging to family Buxaceae....
* - RhabdodendraceaeRhabdodendraceaeRhabdodendron is a genus comprising 2–3 species of tropical South American trees.Rhabdodendron is placed in its own family, Rhabdodendraceae, which has only been recognized for the past few decades. The 2003 APG II system assigned it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots...
* - AsteropeiaceaeAsteropeiaceaeAsteropeiaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by very few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 does recognize such a family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots...
* - PhysenaceaePhysenaceaePhysenaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. This family has been only recently recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots...
* - AncistrocladaceaeAncistrocladaceaeAncistrocladaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been widely recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots...
* - DioncophyllaceaeDioncophyllaceaeDioncophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of three species of lianas native to the rainforests of western Africa.Its closest relative is Ancistrocladaceae. Both of these families lie within a clade of mostly carnivorous plants which since 1998 or so have been moved to the order...
* - FrankeniaceaeFrankeniaceaeFrankeniaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been widely recognized by many taxonomists; it has commonly been assumed to be closely related to family Tamaricaceae....
* - TamaricaceaeTamaricaceaeTamaricaceae is a flowering plant family containing four genera. In the 1980s, the family was classified in the Violales under the Cronquist system; more modern classifications place them in the Caryophyllales.The family is native to drier areas of Europe, Asia and Africa...
*
- cladeCladeA clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
CentrospermaeCentrospermaeCentrospermae is a descriptive botanical name, published in 1878 by Eichler, meaning "with the seed in the center", referring to the free-central placentation. It was used in the Engler system and the Wettstein system) for an order of flowering plants....
- CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeThe Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae and Polygonaceae...
- MolluginaceaeMolluginaceaeMolluginaceae is a family of flowering plants recognized by several taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes such a family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots...
- AizoaceaeAizoaceaeThe Family Aizoaceae or Ficoidaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1900 species. They are commonly known as stone plants or carpet weeds. Species that resemble stones or pebbles are sometimes called mesembs...
- AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeThe flowering plant family Amaranthaceae, the Amaranth family, contains about 176 genera and 2,400 species.- Description :Most of these species are herbs or subshrubs; very few are trees or climbers. Some species are succulent....
- ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae were a family of flowering plants, also called the Goosefoot Family. They are now included within family Amaranthaceae. The vast majority of Chenopods are weeds, and many are salt and drought tolerant. A few food crops also belong to the family: spinach, beets, chard, quinoa, and...
- HalophytaceaeHalophytaceaeHalophytum ameghinoi is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solitary female flowers and inflorescences of male flowers on the same plant .Halophytum has sometimes been placed...
- Stegnospermaceae
- AchatocarpaceaeAchatocarpaceaeAchatocarpaceae is a family of woody flowering plants. The family consists of two genera and ten species, and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is found from the southwestern United States south to tropical and subtropical South America....
- PhytolaccaceaePhytolaccaceaePhytolaccaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been almost universally recognized by taxonomists, although its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family....
- NyctaginaceaeNyctaginaceaeNyctaginaceae, the Four O'Clock Family, is a family of around 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions...
- Cactaceae
- PortulacaceaePortulacaceaePortulacaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising about 20 genera with about 500 species, ranging from herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is also known as the purslane family; it has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the highest diversity...
- DidiereaceaeDidiereaceaeDidiereaceae is a small family of just four genera and 11 species of flowering plants endemic to south and southwest Madagascar, where they form an important component of the Madagascar spiny forests.-Description:...
- BasellaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceae is a family of flowering plants, in the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group...
- Hectorellaceae
- BarbeuiaceaeBarbeuiaceaeBarbeuia madagascariensis is a liana found only on the island of Madagascar.Barbeuia has occasionally been placed in its own family, Barbeuiaceae. The APG II system of 2003, for instance, recognies such a family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots...
+ - SarcobataceaeSarcobataceaeSarcobataceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. This name has only recently been published, and such a family has been recognized by very few taxonomists....
+ - Petiveriaceae +
- Agdestidaceae +
- Caryophyllaceae
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- 5 superordo Hamamelidanae
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- 1 ordo Trochodendrales
- TrochodendraceaeTrochodendraceaeTrochodendraceae is a family of flowering plants with two living genera found in southeast Asia. The two living species share the feature of secondary xylem without vessels, which is quite rare in angiosperms...
- EupteleaceaeEupteleaceaeEupteleaceae is a family of flowering plants.The family has been recognized by many taxonomists. The APG II system , recognizes it and places it in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudicots. The family consists of a single genus Euptelea, with two species, native to eastern Asia.-External...
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- ?MyrothamnaceaeMyrothamnaceaeMyrothamnaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, having been included in order Hamamelidales in the Cronquist system. The APG II system includes Myrothamnaceae in Gunneraceae but allows for the optional segregation of...
- Trochodendraceae
- 2 ordo HamamelidalesHamamelidalesHamamelidales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. The Cronquist system included the order in subclass Hamamelidae with the circumscription:* order Hamamelidales*: family Hamamelidaceae*: family Cercidiphyllaceae...
- PlatanaceaePlatanaceaePlatanaceae is a family of flowering plants. It has been recognized by almost all taxonomists, and is sometimes called the "plane-tree family"....
- HamamelidaceaeHamamelidaceaeThe Hamamelidaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, including 27 genera and about 80-90 species, all shrubs and small trees...
- Platanaceae
- 3 ordo FagalesFagalesThe Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus Fagus, Beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons...
- FagaceaeFagaceaeThe family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like nuts. Fagaceous leaves are often...
- BetulaceaeBetulaceaeBetulaceae, or the Birch Family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams and hop-hornbeams, numbering about 130 species...
- Ticodendraceae
- Fagaceae
- 4 ordo JuglandalesJuglandalesJuglandales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. This order was recognised in several systems...
- RhoipteleaceaeRhoipteleaceaeRhoiptelea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Juglandaceae family. It contains a single species, Rhoiptelea chiliantha, commonly known as the horsetail tree. This genus was previously recognized in its own family, Rhoipteleaceae, but the APG III system of 2009 placed it in the...
- JuglandaceaeJuglandaceaeThe Juglandaceae, also known as the Walnut Family, is a family of trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Various members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia....
- MyricaceaeMyricaceaeThe Myricaceae is a small family of dicotyledonous shrubs and small trees in the order Fagales. There are three genera in the family, although some botanists separate many species from Myrica into a fourth genus Morella...
- Rhoipteleaceae
- 5 ordo ?Casuarinales
- CasuarinaceaeCasuarinaceaeCasuarinaceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of 3 or 4 genera and approximately 70 species of trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics , Australia, and the Pacific Islands...
- Casuarinaceae
- 1 ordo Trochodendrales
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- 6 superordo Polygonanae
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- ordo PolygonalesPolygonalesPolygonales was an order of flowering plants, recognized by several older systems, such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964, and the Cronquist system, 1981...
- PolygonaceaePolygonaceaePolygonaceae is a family of flowering plants known informally as the "knotweed family" or "smartweed family"— "buckwheat family" in the United States. The name is based on the genus Polygonum and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, Genera Plantarum. The name refers...
- Polygonaceae
- ordo Polygonales
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- 7 superordo Plumbaginanae
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- ordo PlumbaginalesPlumbaginalesPlumbaginales is an order of flowering plants. The order is recognized by several systems, such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964 and the Cronquist system, 1981. Its circumscription is typically:...
- PlumbaginaceaePlumbaginaceaePlumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family....
- Plumbaginaceae
- ordo Plumbaginales
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- 8 superordo Malvanae
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- ordo MalvalesMalvalesMalvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, it includes about 6000 species within nine families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots....
- NeuradaceaeNeuradaceaeNeuradaceae is a family of flowering plant. It comprised three genera — Grielum, Neurada and Neuradopsis — totalling ten species....
- Tepuianthaceae
- ThymelaeaceaeThymelaeaceaeThymelaeaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera and 898 species. It was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.Thymelaeaceae is in the order Malvales...
- DipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees. The family name, from the type genus Dipterocarpus, is derived from Greek and refers to the two-winged fruit...
- Diegodendraceae
- SphaerosepalaceaeSphaerosepalaceaeSphaerosepalaceae is a family of flowering plants. It contains 14 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, Dialyceras and Rhopalocarpus, all of which are endemic to Madagascar. The family is alternatively known as the Rhopalocarpaceae....
- CistaceaeCistaceaeThe Cistaceae is a small family of plants known for its beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom...
- SarcolaenaceaeSarcolaenaceaeThe Sarcolaenaceae are a family of flowering plants endemic to Madagascar. The family includes 40 species of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs in ten genera....
- BixaceaeBixaceaeBixaceae, or the achiote family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants. Under the Cronquist system, it was traditionally placed in the order Violales...
- CochlospermaceaeCochlospermaceaeCochlospermaceae is a family of two genera and 20-25 species of trees and shrubs. They occur widely throughout the tropical regions of the world, but are curiously absent from Malaysia. Most species in this family are mesophytic or xerophytic, growing primarily in drier climates.Some authorities...
- MuntingiaceaeMuntingiaceaeMuntingiaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the rosid order Malvales. It is a small family which consists of three monotypic genera: Dicraspidia, Muntingia and Neotessmannia. They are woody plants of the tropical regions of America. The older Cronquist System places these genera in...
- MalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Judd & al. Well known members of this family include okra, jute and cacao...
- Neuradaceae
- ordo Malvales
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In volumes 5,6,7,8 no groups above the taxonomic rank
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
of order were recognized.
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- ordo CapparalesCapparalesCapparales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. It was used in the Cronquist system for an order in subclass Dilleniidae and in the Kubitzki system, nowadays...
- Bataceae
- SalvadoraceaeSalvadoraceaeSalvadoraceae is a family in the plant order Brassicales, comprising 3 genera totalling around 12 species. They occur in Africa, including Madagascar; South East Asia; and have also been found on Java, suggesting they are probably found in much of Malesia...
- Tropaeolaceae
- LimnanthaceaeLimnanthaceaeLimnanthaceae are a small family of annual herbs occurring throughout temperate North America. There are eight species and nineteen taxa currently recognized. Members of this family are prominent in vernal pool communities of California. Some taxa have been domesticated for use as an oil seed crop...
- CaricaceaeCaricaceaeCaricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, native to tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5-10 m tall...
- Moringaceae
- Setchellanthaceae
- AkaniaceaeAkaniaceaeAkaniaceae is a family of flowering plants in order Brassicales. It comprises two monotypic genera, Akania and Bretschneidera....
- GyrostemonaceaeGyrostemonaceaeGyrostemonaceae is a family of plants in order Brassicales. It comprises 6 genera, totalling about 18 species. All are endemic to temperate parts of Australia. They are shrubs or small trees with small, often narrow leaves, and small flowers. They are wind-pollinated....
- ResedaceaeResedaceaeResedaceae is a family of generally herbaceous dicotyledonous plants comprising some 70 species in six genera:*Caylusea*Ochradenus*Oligomeris*Randonia*Reseda*Sesamoides...
- Pentadiplandraceae
- Tovariaceae
- KoeberliniaceaeKoeberliniaceaeKoeberlinia spinosa is a species of flowering plant native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico known by several common names, including Crown of Thorns, Allthorn, and Crucifixion Thorn. It is the sole species of the monotypic genus Koeberlinia, which is sometimes considered to be...
- Cruciferae or BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceae, a medium sized and economically important family of flowering plants , are informally known as the mustards, mustard flowers, the crucifers or the cabbage family....
- CapparaceaeCapparaceaeCapparaceae , commonly known as the Caper family, is a family of plants in order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, it contains 33 genera and about 700 species...
- Emblingiaceae
- ordo Capparales
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- Not placed in any order, but related to Capparales
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- TapisciaceaeTapisciaceaeTapisciaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Until recently it had been abandoned by taxonomists, and it was not recognised in the APG II system of 2003. Recently, however, it has been reinstated to encompass the two small genera Tapiscia and Huertea....
- Tapisciaceae
- ordo CelastralesCelastralesCelastrales is an order of flowering plants. They are found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. There are about 1200 to 1350 species in about 100 genera. All but 7 of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae...
- ParnassiaceaeParnassiaceaeParnassiaceae Gray is a family of Flowering plants in the eudicot order Celastrales. It is not recognized in the APG III system of plant classification. When that system was published in 2009, Parnassiaceae was treated as a segregate of an expanded Celastraceae. Parnassiaceae has only two...
- LepidobotryaceaeLepidobotryaceaeLepidobotryaceae is a flowering plant family in the order Celastrales. It contains only two species, Lepidobotrys staudtii and Ruptiliocarpon caracolito.- Description :...
- CelastraceaeCelastraceaeThe Celastraceae , is a family of about 90-100 genera and 1,300 species of vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales...
- Parnassiaceae
- ordo OxalidalesOxalidalesThe Oxalidales are an order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of eudicots. The following families are typically placed here:* Family Brunelliaceae* Family Cephalotaceae * Family Connaraceae...
- OxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeThe Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of eight genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 900 species in the genus Oxalis...
- ConnaraceaeConnaraceaeThe Connaraceae is a family of 16 genera and about 350 species.-Genera:* Agelaea* Burttia* Cnestidium* Cnestis* Connarus* Ellipanthus* Hemandradenia* Jollydora* Manotes* Pseudoconnarus* Rourea...
- Cephalotaceae
- Brunelliaceae
- CunoniaceaeCunoniaceaeThe Cunoniaceae is a family of 26 genera and about 350 species of woody plants in the Antarctic flora, with many laurifolia species with glossy leaves endemic to laurel forest habitat. The family is native to Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, southern South America, the Mascarene...
- ElaeocarpaceaeElaeocarpaceaeElaeaocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family approximately contains 605 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genera. The largest genera are Elaeocarpus, with about 350 species, and Sloanea, with about 150....
- Oxalidaceae
- ordo RosalesRosalesRosales is an order of flowering plants. It is one of the four orders in the nitrogen fixing clade of the fabids and is sister to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales. It contains about 7700 species, distributed into about 260 genera. Rosales comprises nine families, the type family...
(# revised position, formerly in UrticalesUrticalesUrticales is a botanical name for what used to be an order of flowering plants. Before molecular phylogenetics became an important part of plant taxonomy, Urticales was recognized in many, perhaps even most, systems of plant classification, with some variations in circumscription...
in Vol. 2)- RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae are a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including about 2830 species in 95 genera. The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the largest genera are Alchemilla , Sorbus , Crataegus , Cotoneaster , and Rubus...
(including Guamatela) - Dirachmaceae
- RhamnaceaeRhamnaceaeRhamnaceae, the Buckthorn family, is a large family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs and some vines.The family contains 50-60 genera and approximately 870-900 species. The Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions...
- Barbeyaceae #
- ElaeagnaceaeElaeagnaceaeElaeagnaceae, the oleaster family, is a plant family of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has 45-50 species in three genera....
- UlmaceaeUlmaceaeUlmaceae is a family of flowering plant that includes the elms , and the zelkovas . Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.The family was formerly sometimes treated to include the...
# - MoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and over 1000 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates...
# - Cecropiaceae (including CannabaceaeCannabaceaeCannabaceae are a small family of flowering plants. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis , Humulus and Celtis...
) # - UrticaceaeUrticaceaeUrticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica . Urticaceae includes a number of well-known and useful plants, including the aforementioned nettles, Ramie , māmaki , and ajlai .The family includes approximately 2600 species, grouped...
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- Rosaceae
- ordo CornalesCornalesCornales is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries...
- Hydrostachyaceae
- Curtisiaceae
- GrubbiaceaeGrubbiaceaeGrubbiaceae is a family of flowering plants endemic to the Cape floristic region of South Africa. The family includes five species of leathery-leaved shrubs in two genera, Grubbia and Strobilocarpus. They are commonly known as sillyberry....
- CornaceaeCornaceaeCornaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. It contains approximately 110 species, mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen. Members of this family usually have opposite or alternate simple leaves, four- or five-parted flowers clustered in...
- HydrangeaceaeHydrangeaceaeHydrangeaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Cornales, with a wide distribution in Asia and North America, and locally in southeastern Europe.-Overview:...
- LoasaceaeLoasaceaeThe Loasaceae is a family of 15-20 genera and about 200-260 species of flowering plants in the order Cornales, native to the Americas and Africa. The family comprises annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants, and a few shrubs and small trees.Genera...
- ordo EricalesEricalesThe Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons, including for example tea, persimmon, blueberry, Brazil nut, and azalea. The order includes trees and bushes, lianas and herbaceous plants. Together with ordinary autophytic plants, the Ericales include chlorophyll-deficient...
- TheophrastaceaeTheophrastaceaeTheophrastaceae is a small family of flowering plants. As currently circumscribed, the family consists of seven genera and 95 species of trees or shrubs, native to tropical regions of the Americas....
- Samolaceae
- Maesaceae
- MyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceae, or the Myrsine family, is a rather large family from the order Ericales. It consists of 35 genera and about 1000 species....
- PrimulaceaePrimulaceaePrimulaceae is a family of flowering plants with about 24 genera, including some favorite garden plants and wildflowers. It is also known as the primrose family.- Genera :...
- ActinidiaceaeActinidiaceaeActinidiaceae, or the Chinese Gooseberry family, is a small family of plants. It includes three genera and about 360 species. It is a member of the order Ericales.-Distribution:...
- BalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants, comprising two genera and 850+ species, all but one of which belong to the genus Impatiens...
- MarcgraviaceaeMarcgraviaceaeMarcgraviaceae is a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales.The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes and lianas with alternate, pinnately-nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accompanied by modified, fleshy saccate bracts which produce nectar....
- Pellicieraceae
- TetrameristaceaeTetrameristaceaeTetrameristaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family consists of four species, of trees or shrubs, in two genera:* Tetramerista in Southeast Asia* Pentamerista in the Guyanas....
- EricaceaeEricaceaeThe Ericaceae, commonly known as the heath or heather family, is a group of mostly calcifuge flowering plants. The family is large, with roughly 4000 species spread across 126 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants...
- ClethraceaeClethraceaeClethraceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of Asia and the Americas, with one species also on Madeira...
- CyrillaceaeCyrillaceaeCyrillaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas. The family comprises two genera, each with a single species, Cyrilla racemiflora and Cliftonia monophylla....
- Roridulaceae
- SarraceniaceaeSarraceniaceaeSarraceniaceae is a family of pitcher plants , belonging to order Ericales .The family comprises three extant genera: Sarracenia , Darlingtonia , and Heliamphora . The extinct Archaeamphora longicervia may also belong to this family...
- DiapensiaceaeDiapensiaceaeDiapensiaceae is a small family of flowering plants, comprising 12 species in five genera. Three of the genera, Berneuxia, Galax, and Pyxidanthera, contain only a single species. The Asian species of Shortia were formerly separated as the genus Schizocodon, and some authors still recognize S....
- Lissocarpaceae
- PolemoniaceaePolemoniaceaePolemoniaceae are a family of about 25 genera with 270-400 species of annual and perennial plants, native to the Northern Hemisphere and South America, with the center of diversity in western North America, especially in California.Only one genus is found in Europe, and two in Asia, where they...
- Fouquieriaceae
- Scytopetalaceae
- LecythidaceaeLecythidaceaeThe Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250-300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America and Madagascar.According to the most recent molecular analysis of Lecythidaceae The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250-300 species of woody plants...
- Napoleonaeaceae
- StyracaceaeStyracaceaeStyracaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, containing 11 genera and about 160 species of trees and shrubs. The family occurs in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere....
- EbenaceaeEbenaceaeThe Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants, which includes ebony and persimmon. The family has approximately 500 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, Diospyros and Euclea. The species are mostly evergreen and native to the tropics and subtropics, with a few deciduous species native to...
- SladeniaceaeSladeniaceaeSladeniaceae Airy Shaw is a family of flowering plants containing tree species found in sub-tropical to tropical environments in East Africa , Burma, Yunnan and Thailand...
- TheaceaeTheaceaeThe Theaceae is a family of flowering plants, composed of shrubs and trees. Some botanists include the family Ternstroemiaceae within the Theaceae while others do not...
- Ternstroemiaceae
- SapotaceaeSapotaceaeSapotaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to order Ericales. The family includes approximately 800 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in approximately 65 genera . Distribution is pantropical....
- SymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocos is a genus of flowering plants in the order Ericales, containing about 250 species native to Asia, Australia and the Americas.Symplocos species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Engrailed....
- Theophrastaceae
- ordo LamialesLamialesLamiales is an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes approximately 11,000 species divided into about 20 families...
- BignoniaceaeBignoniaceaeThe Bignoniaceae, or Trumpet Creeper Family, is a family of flowering plants comprising about 650-750 species in 116-120 genera. Members of the family are mostly trees and lianas , shrubs and more rarely herbaceous plants. As climber plants, they are twine climbers or tendril climbers, and rarely...
- Buddlejaceae
- Byblidaceae
- Callitrichaceae
- CarlemanniaceaeCarlemanniaceaeThe Carlemanniaceae are a tropical East Asian and Southeast Asian family of subshrub to herbaceous perennial flowering plants with 2 genera. Older systems of plant taxonomy place the two genera, Carlemannia, and Silvianthus within the Caprifoliaceae or the Rubiaceae...
- Cyclocheilaceae
- GesneriaceaeGesneriaceaeGesneriaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of ca. 150 genera and ca. 3,200 species in the Old World and New World tropics and subtropics, with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.Most...
- Globulariaceae
- Hippuridaceae
- Labiatae
- LentibulariaceaeLentibulariaceaeLentibulariaceae is a family of carnivorous plants containing three genera, Genlisea, the corkscrew plants, Pinguicula, the butterworts, and Utricularia, the bladderworts....
- MartyniaceaeMartyniaceaeMartyniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the Lamiales order that are restricted to the New World. The family was included in Pedaliaceae in the Cronquist system but is recognized as a separate family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group on the basis of phylogenetic studies that show that the...
- MyoporaceaeMyoporaceaeMyoporaceae is a family of plants, found mostly in Australia, which includes the following genera:* Diocirea* Eremophila, also known as Emu Bush* Myoporum, also known as Boobiala...
- Nesogenaceae
- OleaceaeOleaceaeOleaceae are a family containing 24 extant genera and around 600 species of mesophytic shrubs, trees and occasionally vines. As shrubs, members of this family may be twine climbers, or scramblers.-Leaves:...
- PedaliaceaePedaliaceaePedaliaceae is a flowering plant family classified in the order Scrophulariales in the Cronquist system and Lamiales in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system...
- PhrymaceaePhrymaceaePhrymaceae , also known as the Lopseed family, is a small plant family in the order Lamiales. It now consists of about 190 species, distributed worldwide but with the majority in western North America and Australia .Previously, this family was monotypic with the genus Phryma, and limited in...
- PlantaginaceaePlantaginaceaePlantaginaceae Juss. or plantain family, are a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. The type genus is Plantago L..In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have...
- Plocospermataceae
- ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae, the figwort family, are a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral or rarely radial symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including...
- StilbaceaeStilbaceaeStilbaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.Genera include:*Anastrabe E. Mey. ex Benth.*Bowkeria Harv.*Campylostachys Kunth*Charadrophila Marloth*Euthystachys A. DC.*Halleria L.*Ixianthes Benth....
- Tetrachondraceae
- Trapellaceae
- VerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceae, commonly known as the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that...
- Bignoniaceae
- ordo AsteralesAsteralesAsterales is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the composite family and its related families.The order is a cosmopolite, and includes mostly herbaceous species, although a small number of trees and shrubs are also present.The Asterales can be characterized on the...
- AlseuosmiaceaeAlseuosmiaceaeAlseuosmiaceae is a plant family of the order Asterales, found in Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand.They are shrubs with simple, alternate leaves, spiral or whorled, with entire or dentate margins. The solitary flowers are terminal or axillary, or aggregated in fascicles and rarely in...
- ArgophyllaceaeArgophyllaceaeThe Argophyllaceae is a family of shrubs or small trees belonging to the order Asterales. The family includes two genera Argophyllum and Corokia. Members of the family are native to eastern Australia, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, and Rapa Iti....
- Compositae or AsteraceaeAsteraceaeThe Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...
- subfamily BarnadesioideaeBarnadesioideaeBarnadesioideae is a subfamily of the Asteraceae, or sunflower family, of flowering plants. It comprises a single tribe, the Barnadesieae D. Don. The subfamily is endemic to South America, and molecular evidence points to a basal position for this subfamily within the sunflower family....
- subfamily MutisioideaeMutisioideaeMutisioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.-Taxonomy:The subfamily Mutisioideae consists of 3 tribes, 45 genus and about 630 species Tribe Mutisieae* Adenocaulon Hook....
- subfamily CarduoideaeCarduoideaeCarduoideae is the thistle subfamily of the Asteraceae, or sunflower family, of flowering plants. It comprises a number of tribes in various circumscriptions of the family, in addition to the Cynareae....
- subfamily CichorioideaeCichorioideaeCichorioideae is a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants. Familiar members of Cichorioideae include lettuce, dandelions and Gazanias. The subfamily comprises about 240 genera and about 2900 species...
- subfamily AsteroideaeAsteroideaeAsteroideae is a subfamily of the plant family Asteraceae. It contains about 70% of the species of the family.It is made of several tribes including Astereae, Calenduleae, Eupatorieae, Gnaphalieae, Heliantheae, Senecioneae and Tageteae.- Classification :...
- subfamily Barnadesioideae
- CalyceraceaeCalyceraceaeCalyceraceae is a plant family in the order Asterales.The members of the family have simple, alternate leaves and flowers arranged in heads. The flowers have 5 fused petals.Selected genera:*Acarpha*Acicarpha*Boopis*Calycera...
- CampanulaceaeCampanulaceaeThe family Campanulaceae , of the order Asterales, contains about 2000 species in 70 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky non-toxic sap...
- Carpodetaceae
- GoodeniaceaeGoodeniaceaeGoodeniaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical...
- MenyanthaceaeMenyanthaceaeMenyanthaceae are a family of aquatic and wetland plants in the order Asterales. There are approximately 60-70 species in five genera distributed worldwide. The simple or compound leaves arise alternately from a creeping rhizome. In the submersed aquatic genus Nymphoides, leaves are floating and...
- Pentaphragmataceae
- Phellinaceae
- RousseaceaeRousseaceaeRousseaceae is a plant family in the order Asterales containing trees and shrubs. The fruit is a berry or capsule. Leaves are simple, with toothed margins. Leaf stipules are not seen in this group....
- StylidiaceaeStylidiaceaeThe family Stylidiaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It consists of five genera with over 240 species, most of which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Members of Stylidiaceae are typically grass-like herbs or small shrubs and can be perennials or annuals...
- Alseuosmiaceae
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In volume 9 the supraordinal groups Rosidae and Asteridae were recognized.
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- SabiaceaeSabiaceaeSabiaceae is a family of flowering plants, native to tropical to warm temperate regions of southern Asia and the Americas.In the Cronquist system the family was placed in the order Ranunculales, but more recent classifications place it as the sole family in the order Sabiales, or , as unplaced to...
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- ordo ProtealesProtealesProteales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by almost all taxonomists.-Families:The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes this order, and places it in the clade eudicots with this circumscription:...
- ProteaceaeProteaceaeProteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...
- PlatanaceaePlatanaceaePlatanaceae is a family of flowering plants. It has been recognized by almost all taxonomists, and is sometimes called the "plane-tree family"....
(revised position, formerly in HamamelidalesHamamelidalesHamamelidales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. The Cronquist system included the order in subclass Hamamelidae with the circumscription:* order Hamamelidales*: family Hamamelidaceae*: family Cercidiphyllaceae...
in Vol. 2) - Nelumbonales (revised position, formerly in Nelumbonales in Vol. 2)
- Proteaceae
- ordo BuxalesBuxalesBuxales is a botanical name at the rank of order.Under the APG II system, Buxaceae is a family unplaced as to order in the eudicots. This family may optionally include the genus Didymeles, which in Cronquist system was given its own family and order, placed in subclass Hamamelidae...
- BuxaceaeBuxaceaeBuxaceae are a small family of four or five genera and about 90-120 species of flowering plants. They are shrubs and small trees, with a cosmopolitan distribution...
- DidymelaceaeDidymelaceaeDidymelaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised by a fair number of taxonomists, at least over the past few decades....
- Buxaceae
- ordo GunneralesGunneralesGunnerales is an order of flowering plants. In the APG III system it contains two genera: Gunnera and Myrothamnus. These are assigned to two separate families . In the Cronquist system Gunneraceae was placed in the Haloragales and Myrothamnaceae in the Hamamelidales.-External links:* in Stevens,...
- GunneraceaeGunneraceaeGunneraceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Gunnerales in the clade core eudicots. The family then consists of one or two genera, Gunnera...
- MyrothamnaceaeMyrothamnaceaeMyrothamnaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, having been included in order Hamamelidales in the Cronquist system. The APG II system includes Myrothamnaceae in Gunneraceae but allows for the optional segregation of...
(revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
- Gunneraceae
- ordo Proteales
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- Sabiaceae
- Not included in any order
- DilleniaceaeDilleniaceaeDilleniaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus Hibbertia, which contains many commercially valuable garden species....
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- ordo SaxifragalesSaxifragalesSaxifragales is an order of flowering plants. Their closest relatives are a large eudicot group known as the rosids by the definition of rosids given in the APG II classification system. Some authors define the rosids more widely, including Saxifragales as their most basal group. Saxifragales is...
- AltingiaceaeAltingiaceaeAltingiaceae, a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, are wind-pollinated trees that produce hard, woody fruits containing numerous seeds. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail. They naturally occur in Central America, Mexico, eastern North America, the...
(newly recognized family, included in HamamelidaceaeHamamelidaceaeThe Hamamelidaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, including 27 genera and about 80-90 species, all shrubs and small trees...
in Vol. 2) - Aphanopetalaceae
- Cercidiphyllaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
- CrassulaceaeCrassulaceaeCrassulaceae, or the orpine family, are a family of dicotyledons. They store water in their succulent leaves. They are found worldwide, but mostly occur in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce...
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Grossulariaceae
- HaloragaceaeHaloragaceaeHaloragaceae is a dicotyledon flowering plant family in the order Saxifragales, based on the phylogenetic APG III system. In the Cronquist system, it was included in the order Haloragales.- Distribution :...
- HamamelidaceaeHamamelidaceaeThe Hamamelidaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, including 27 genera and about 80-90 species, all shrubs and small trees...
(revised position, formerly in HamamelidalesHamamelidalesHamamelidales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. The Cronquist system included the order in subclass Hamamelidae with the circumscription:* order Hamamelidales*: family Hamamelidaceae*: family Cercidiphyllaceae...
in Vol. 2) - IteaceaeIteaceaeIteaceae is a flowering plant family of trees and shrubs native to the eastern USA, south eastern Africa, and south and Southeastern Asia. Some older taxonomic systems place the genera in this family in the Grossulariaceae. The APG III system of 2009 includes the former Pterostemonaceae in Iteaceae...
- Paeoniaceae
- PenthoraceaePenthoraceaePenthoraceae is a flowering plant family of rhizome forming herbs native to eastern North America and Eastern and Southeastern Asia.-References:* in Stevens, P. F. ....
- PeridiscaceaePeridiscaceaePeridiscaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. It comprises four genera: Medusandra, Soyauxia, Peridiscus, and Whittonia. It has a disjunct distribution, with Peridiscus occurring in Venezuela and northern Brazil, Whittonia in Guyana, Medusandra in Cameroon, and Soyauxia...
(except Medusandra) - PterostemonaceaePterostemonaceaePterostemonaceae Small is a small family of shrubs native to tropical and subtropical Mexico. The family was recognized by scientists working with the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group but is placed in the Grossulariaceae by other taxonomic systems...
- SaxifragaceaeSaxifragaceaeSaxifragaceae is a plant family with about 460 known species in 36 genera. In Europe there are 12 genera.The flowers are hermaphroditic and actinomorphic...
- Tetracarpaeaceae
- Altingiaceae
- ordo Vitales
- Leeaceae
- VitaceaeVitaceaeVitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grapevine and Virginia creeper. The family name is derived from the genus Vitis...
- ordo ZygophyllalesZygophyllalesThe Zygophyllales are an order of dicotyledon plants, comprising the following two families:* Family Zygophyllaceae* Family KrameriaceaeAccording to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group both families are unplaced to order, but nevertheless included in the Eurosids I. The APG III system of 2009, however,...
- Krameriaceae
- ZygophyllaceaeZygophyllaceaeThe Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. It includes around 285 species in 22 genera.In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales...
- ordo Saxifragales
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- Dilleniaceae
- Not included in any order
- HuaceaeHuaceaeHuaceae is a family of plant in the rosids group, which has been classed in the orders Malpighiales, Malvales, and Violales or in its own order Huales. The APG II system places it in the clade eurosids I, whereas the APG III system of 2009 placed it within the Oxalidales. It contains the following...
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- ordo GeranialesGeranialesGeraniales are a small order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. The largest family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes some small families, contributing together another less than 40 species...
- GeraniaceaeGeraniaceaeGeraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus Geranium. It includes both the genus Geranium and the garden plants called geraniums, which modern botany classifies as genus Pelargonium, along with other related genera.There are...
- LedocarpaceaeLedocarpaceaeLedocarpaceae is a flowering plant family of shrubs native to western South America.-References:* in Stevens, P. F. ....
- MelianthaceaeMelianthaceaeThe Melianthaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG II system includes them within the rosid clade. All members of the Melianthaceae proper are trees or shrubs found in tropical and southern Africa...
- Geraniaceae
- ordo CrossosomatalesCrossosomatalesThe Crossosomatales are an order, newly recognized by the AGP II, of flowering plants, included within the Rosids, which are part of the eudicots...
(Guamatela placed in RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae are a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including about 2830 species in 95 genera. The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the largest genera are Alchemilla , Sorbus , Crataegus , Cotoneaster , and Rubus...
in volume 6)- AphloiaceaeAphloiaceaeAphloiaceae Takht. 1985, is a monogeneric family of flowering plants. It contains only one species Aphloia theiformis Benn., a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees occurring in East Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles....
- CrossosomataceaeCrossosomataceaeCrossosomataceae is a small plant family, consisting of three genera of shrubs found only in the dry parts of the American southwest and Mexico.-External links:...
- GeissolomataceaeGeissolomataceaeThe Geissolomataceae is a monotypic family of flowering plants native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The plants are xerophytic evergreen shrubs and are known to accumulate aluminum....
- Ixerbaceae
- StachyuraceaeStachyuraceaeStachyuraceae is a flowering plant family of shrubs and small trees native to East and Southeast Asia. The plants have leaves with serrate margins and flowers in long, hanging racemes.- References :* in Stevens, P. F. ....
- StaphyleaceaeStaphyleaceaeStaphyleaceae is a small family of five genera of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales, native to the Northern Hemisphere and also in South America. The genus Staphylea, which gives the family its name, contains the "bladdernut" trees.Genera...
- Strasburgeraceae
- Aphloiaceae
- ordo Geraniales
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- Huaceae
- Not included in any order
- PicramniaceaePicramniaceaeThe Picramniales are a small, mainly neotropical order of plants containing one family, the Picramniaceae, and three genera Alvaradoa, Nothotalisia and Picramnia. Members of the order were formerly placed in the family Simaroubaceae or misidentified as species in the family Sapindaceae, in the...
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- ordo BerberidopsidalesBerberidopsidalesBerberidopsidales Doweld is a botanical name at the rank of order. This name is only newly published: such an order has been recognized by very few taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003, merely mentions the possibility of recognizing the order, as...
- Aextoxicaceae
- BerberidopsidaceaeBerberidopsidaceaeBerberidopsidaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by only a few taxonomists: the plants involved have often been treated as belonging to family Flacourtiaceae....
- ordo Berberidopsidales
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- Picramniaceae
- Not included in any order
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