List of AIDS-related topics - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This is a list of AIDS

AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...

-related topics, many of which were originally taken from the public domain U.S. Department of Health Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ed_resources/glossary/

A

AACTG –
acquired immunity –
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) –
AIDSinfo –
ACT UP/Golden Gate –
active immunity –
acupuncture

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a type of alternative medicine that treats patients by insertion and manipulation of solid, generally thin needles in the body....

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acute HIV infection

Acute HIV infection

Acute HIV infection or primary HIV infection is the second stage of HIV infection. It occurs after the incubation stage, before the latency stage and the potential AIDS succeeding the latency stage....

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Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program (AIEDRP) –
ADAP

AIDS Drug Assistance Programs

AIDS Drug Assistance Programs are a set of programs in all 50-states in the United States that provide Food and Drug Administration-approved HIV treatment drugs to low income patients in the U.S....

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ADC

AIDS dementia complex

AIDS dementia complex is a common neurological disorder associated with HIV infection and AIDS. It is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of brain macrophages and microglia...

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adenopathy –
adherence –
adjuvant

Adjuvant

An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents, such as a drug or vaccine, while having few if any direct effects when given by itself...

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administration

Public administration

Public Administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal.....

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Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG) –
adverse drug reaction

Adverse drug reaction

An adverse drug reaction is an expression that describes harm associated with the use of given medications at a normal dosage. ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs...

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aerosolized –
AETC

AIDS education and training centers

AIDS, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus , has become a global health issue, and various ways are being explored in order to combat the spread of the disease. One such way to somewhat limit the spread of AIDS is through education...

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agammaglobulinemia –
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, which supports research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of health care, reduce its costs, address patient safety and medical errors, and broaden access to effective...

(AHRQ) –
AHRQ

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

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AIDS –
AIDS Arms –
AIDS dementia complex

AIDS dementia complex

(ADC) –
AIDS Drug Assistance Programs

AIDS Drug Assistance Programs

AIDS Drug Assistance Programs are a set of programs in all 50-states in the United States that provide Food and Drug Administration-approved HIV treatment drugs to low income patients in the U.S....

(ADAP) –
AIDS education and training centers

AIDS education and training centers

(AETC) –
AIDS Law Project –
AIDS orphan

AIDS orphan

An AIDS orphan is a child who became an orphan because one or both parents died from AIDS.In statistics from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS , the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund , the term is used for a child whose mother has died due to AIDS before...

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AIDS research advisory committee (ARAC) –
AIDS service organization

AIDS service organization

AIDS service organizations are community based organizations that provide community support. While their primary function is to provide needed services to individuals with HIV, they also provide support services for their families and friends as well as conduct prevention efforts...

(ASO) –
The AIDS Show

The AIDS Show

The AIDS Show is a collaboratively written theater piece about AIDS, and a documentary video about the making of the stage show.-1984 production:...

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AIDS Vaccine 200

AIDS Vaccine 200

is a charity bike ride through the rolling hills of northeast Georgia. The ride raises awareness and vital funds for HIV/AIDS vaccine research having donated to date over $750,000 to the Emory Vaccine Center, one of the world's leading vaccine research centers working to find an HIV vaccine.-The...

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AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition

AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition

AVAC is a New York City-based international non-profit community- and consumer-based organization working to accelerate ethical development and delivery of AIDS vaccines and other HIV prevention options to populations throughout the world...

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AIDS wasting syndrome –
AIDS-related cancer

Cancer

Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...

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AIDS-related complex

AIDS-related complex

AIDS-related complex, or ARC, was introduced after discovery of the HIV when the medical community became aware of the inherent difficulties associated with treating patients suffering from an advanced case of HIV which gave rise to the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome...

(ARC) –
aidsdrugs –
aidsline –
aidstrials –
alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation...

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alopecia

Alopecia

Alopecia means loss of hair from the head or body. Alopecia can mean baldness, a term generally reserved for pattern alopecia or androgenic alopecia. Compulsive pulling of hair can also produce hair loss. Hairstyling routines such as tight ponytails or braids may induce Traction alopecia. Both...

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alpha interferon (INFa) –
alternative medicine

Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine is any healing practice, "that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine." It is based on historical or cultural traditions, rather than on scientific evidence....

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alveolar –
amebiasis –
amino acids –
anaphylactic shock –
anemia

Anemia

Anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin...

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anergy

Anergy

Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. An individual in a state of anergy often indicates that the immune system is unable to mount a normal...

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angiogenesis

Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Though there has been some debate over terminology, vasculogenesis is the term used for spontaneous blood-vessel formation, and intussusception is the term for the formation of new blood...

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angiomatosis

Angiomatosis

Angiomatosis is a non-neoplastic condition presenting with little knots of capillaries in various organs. It consists of many angiomas. It is also known as Von Hippel-Lindau Disease and is a rare genetic multi system disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of tumours in the body...

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anorexia

Anorexia (symptom)

Anorexia is the decreased sensation of appetite...

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antenatal –
antibiotic

Antibiotic

An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic; today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic has come to denote a broader range of...

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antibodies –
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Natural killer cell

Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses...

(ADCC) –
antibody-mediated immunity –
antifungal medication –
antigen

Antigen

An antigen is a foreign molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system. The immune system will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as...

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antigen presentation

Antigen presentation

Antigen presentation is a process in the body's immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other cell types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells....

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antigen-presenting cell

Antigen-presenting cell

An antigen-presenting cell or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex on their surfaces. T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors...

(APC) –
antineoplastic –
antiprotozoal –
antiretroviral drugs –
antisense drugs –
antitoxin

Antitoxin

An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms, but can be...

s –
Antiviral drug

Antiviral drug

Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses...

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aphasia

Aphasia

Aphasia is an impairment of language ability. This class of language disorder ranges from having difficulty remembering words to being completely unable to speak, read, or write....

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aphthous ulcer

Aphthous ulcer

An aphthous ulcer , also known as a canker sore, is a type of mouth ulcer which presents as a painful open sore inside the mouth or upper throat characterized by a break in the mucous membrane. Its cause is unknown, but they are not contagious...

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apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...

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approved drugs –
ARC

AIDS-related complex

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Armenicum

Armenicum

Armenicum is a drug invented in Armenia in 1998 that its developers claim is an effective treatment for HIV infection and a number of associated diseases...

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ART

Antiretroviral drug

Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV. When several such drugs, typically three or four, are taken in combination, the approach is known as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, or HAART...

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arthralgia

Arthralgia

Arthralgia literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses or an allergic reaction to medication....

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ASO

AIDS service organization

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aspergillosis

Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The most common forms are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis. Most humans inhale Aspergillus spores every day...

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assembly and budding –
asymptomatic

Asymptomatic

In medicine, a disease is considered asymptomatic if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms. A condition might be asymptomatic if it fails to show the noticeable symptoms with which it is usually associated. Asymptomatic infections are also called subclinical...

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ataxia

Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological sign and symptom that consists of gross lack of coordination of muscle movements. Ataxia is a non-specific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum...

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attenuated –
autoantibody

Autoantibody

An autoantibody is an antibody manufactured by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. It is derived from the Greek "auto" which means "self", "anti" which means "against" and "body"...

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autoimmunization –
autoinoculation

Autoinoculation

Autoinoculation is derived from the Latin root words "autos" and "inoculate" that mean "self implanting" or "self infection" or "implanting something from oneself". Autoinoculation can refer to both beneficial medical procedures as well as non-beneficial or harmful natural processes...

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autologous –
avascular necrosis

Avascular necrosis

Avascular necrosis is a disease where there is cellular death of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply. Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses...

(AVN) –
AVN

Avascular necrosis

Avascular necrosis is a disease where there is cellular death of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply. Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses...

B

B cell lymphoma –
B cells –
B lymphocytes (B cells) –
bactericidal –
bacteriostatic –
bacterium –
baculovirus

Baculovirus

The baculoviruses are a family of large rod-shaped viruses that can be divided to two genera: nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses . While GVs contain only one nucleocapsid per envelope, NPVs contain either single or multiple nucleocapsids per envelope. The enveloped virions are further...

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baseline

Baseline (medicine)

A baseline in medicine is information found at the beginning of a study or other initial known value which is used for comparison with later data. The concept of a baseline is essential to the daily practice of medicine in order to establish a relative rather than absolute meaning to data...

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basophil –
bDNA test

BDNA test

Branched DNA testing or bDNA testing is a test created by the Chiron company to measure the viral load of HIV in a sample of blood. A phosphorescent chemical that is known to bind to HIV RNA is added to the suspect DNA...

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beta-2 microglobulin

Beta-2 microglobulin

β2 microglobulin also known as B2M is a component of MHC class I molecules, which are present on all nucleated cells . In humans, the β2 microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene.-Structure and function:...

(β2M) –
bilirubin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...

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binding antibody

Binding antibody

A binding antibody is an antibody that has a reaction when combined with an antigen, possibly eliminating it....

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bioavailability

Bioavailability

In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. By definition, when a medication is administered...

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biological response modifiers

Biological response modifiers

Biological response modifiers, also known as BRM's, are substances that the human body produces naturally, as well as something that scientists can create in a lab. These substances arouse the body's response to an infection. Some of these are used to treat arthritis, cancer, and some other...

(BRMs

BRMS

A BRMS or Business Rule Management System is a software system used to define, deploy, execute, monitor and maintain the variety and complexity of decision logic that is used by operational systems within an organization or enterprise...

) –
biopsy

Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically...

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biotechnology

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose...

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blinded study –
blips –
blood-brain barrier

Blood-brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier is a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system . It occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion...

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body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome

Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome

Body fat redistribution syndrome, sometimes called fat derangement, is a medical condition characterized by fat loss , often in the cheeks or face. BFR most often occurs in HIV/AIDS patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy.-Definition:No firm definition of body fat redistribution syndrome...

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body fluids – cannot drink any plain water some people?
bone marrow

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg , bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg...

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bone marrow suppression

Bone marrow suppression

Bone marrow suppression or myelotoxicity or myelosuppression, is the decrease in cells responsible for providing immunity, carrying oxygen, and those responsible for normal blood clotting is a serious side effect of chemotherapy and certain drugs affecting the immune system such as azathioprine...

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booster

Booster dose

In medicine, a booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier dose. After initial immunization, a booster injection or booster dose is a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after it has been...

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branched DNA assay

Branched DNA assay

In biology, a branched DNA assay is a signal amplification assay that is used to detect nucleic acid molecules....

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breakthrough infection

Breakthrough infection

A breakthrough infection is an infection caused by the live virus in a vaccine or, simply, a vaccinated individual becoming sick with the same illness that the vaccine is meant to prevent. Often, the infection in the vaccinated individual is milder than if contracted naturally...

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Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS

Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS

Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS is the theatre community’s response to the AIDS crisis. By drawing upon the talents, resources and generosity of the theatre community, on Broadway, Off-Broadway and across the country, BC/EFA raises funds for AIDS-related causes across the United States...

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bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy. This allows the practitioner to examine the patient's airways for...

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budding

Budding

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on another one. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical...

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buffalo hump

Buffalo hump

Buffalo Hump was a Native American War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanche Indians...

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bugchasing and giftgiving –
Burkitt's lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system...

C

C-T scan (computed tomography scan) –
cachexia

Cachexia

Cachexia or wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight...

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Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research

Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research

The Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research is a Canadian charitable foundation whose goal is to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS to increase funds for research. All of CANFAR’s fundraising efforts are geared towards raising money to fund Canadian HIV/AIDS research...

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candida

Candida (genus)

Candida is a genus of yeasts. Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of animal hosts including humans, but other species, or harmless species in the wrong location, can cause disease. Candida albicans can cause infections in humans and other animals, especially in immunocompromised...

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candidiasis

Candidiasis

Thrush redirects here. For the hoof infection see Thrush .Candidiasis or thrush is a fungal infection of any of the Candida species , of which Candida albicans is the most common...

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carcinogen

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes...

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cat scan –
CCR5

CCR5

C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR5 gene. CCR5 is a member of the beta chemokine receptors family of integral membrane proteins...

–
CD4 (T4) or CD4 + cells

CD4

CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984...

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CDC National AIDS Hotline

CDC National AIDS Hotline

The CDC National AIDS Hotline distributes many publications on HIV and AIDS, including guides for teaching HIV prevention and caring for AIDS patients. Many of them are available at no charge. To get copies, to find out what programs are available in your local area, or just to ask questions about...

(CDC-NAH) –
CDC National Prevention Information Network

CDC National Prevention Information Network

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Prevention Information Network is a source of information and materials for both international and American HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, and Sexually Transmitted Disease education and prevention organizations.NPIN is located on...

(CDC-NPIN) –
cell lines –
cell-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells , antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen...

(CMI) –
cellular immunity –
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Druid Hills, unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, in Greater Atlanta...

(CDC) –
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration , is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer...

(CMS) –
central nervous system

Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...

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cerebrum –
cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord...

(CSF) –
cervical cancer

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. One of the most common symptoms is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer is in its advanced stages...

–
cervical dysplasia –
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia , also known as cervical dysplasia and cervical interstitial neoplasia, is the potentially premalignant transformation and abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. CIN is not cancer, and is usually curable...

(CIN1, CIN2, CIN3) –
cervix

Cervix

The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall...

–
challenge (medicine) –
chancroid

Chancroid

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia...

–
chemokines –
chemoprophylaxis

Chemoprophylaxis

Chemoprophylaxis refers to the administration of a medication for the purpose of preventing disease or infection. Antibiotics, for example, may be administered to patients with disorders of immune system function to prevent bacterial infections...

–
chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug or with a combination of such drugs into a standardized treatment regimen....

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Chlamydia –
chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD) –
Circumoral paresthesia –
clade

Clade

A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...

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clinical alert –
clinical endpoint

Clinical endpoint

In a clinical research trial, a clinical endpoint generally refers to occurrence of a disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality that constitutes one of the target outcomes of the trial, but may also refer to any such disease or sign that strongly motivates the withdrawal of that individual...

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clinical latency –
clinical practice guidelines –
clinical trial

Clinical trial

Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions...

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clinical trials information service (aidsinfo) –
clinicaltrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of clinical trials. It is run by the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health, and is the largest clinical trials database, currently holding registrations from over 93,000 trials from more than 170 countries in the...

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cloning

Cloning

Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments , cells , or...

–
CMS

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

–
CMV

Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses...

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CNS

Central nervous system

–
co-receptors –
coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii. It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.C...

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codon –
cofactors –
cognitive impairment –
cohort

Cohort study

A cohort study or panel study is a form of longitudinal study used in medicine, social science, actuarial science, and ecology. It is an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction...

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colitis

Colitis

In medicine, colitis refers to an inflammation of the colon and is often used to describe an inflammation of the large intestine .Colitides may be acute and self-limited or chronic, i.e...

–
combination therapy

Combination therapy

Combination therapy or polytherapy is the use of more than one medication or other therapy. In contrast, monotherapy is any therapy which is taken by itself....

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community planning –
Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS

Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS

CPCRA, the Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS, is - according to their own website:"an experienced community-based clinical trials network whose main goal is to obtain evidence to properly inform healthcare providers and people living with HIV on the most appropriate use of available...

(CPCRA) –
community-based clinical trial

Community-based clinical trial

Community-based clinical trials are clinical trials conducted directly through doctors and clinics rather than academic research facilities. They are designed to be administered through primary care physicians, community health centers and local outpatient facilities...

(CBCT) –
community-based organization (CBO) –
compassionate use –
complement

Complement system

The complement system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the immune system called the innate immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime...

–
complement cascade –
complementary and alternative therapy –
complete blood count

Complete blood count

A complete blood count , also known as full blood count or full blood exam or blood panel, is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood...

(CBC) –
computed tomography scan (C-T scan) –
concomitant drugs

Concomitant drugs

Concomitant drugs are two or more drugs used or given at or almost at the same time . The term has two contextual uses: as used in medicine or as used in drug abuse.- Concomitant drugs in medicine :...

–
condyloma

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact; however, it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis...

–
condyloma acuminatum –
contagious

Infectious disease

Infectious diseases, also known as communicable diseases, contagious diseases or transmissible diseases comprise clinically evident illness resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism...

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contraindication

Contraindication

In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment.Some contraindications are absolute, meaning that there are no reasonable circumstances for undertaking a course of action...

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controlled trials –
core

Core (anatomy)

In anatomy, the core refers, in its most general of definitions, to the body minus the legs and arms. Functional movements are highly dependent on the core, and lack of core development can result in a predisposition to injury...

–
core protein –
correlates of immunity/correlates of protection

Correlates of immunity/correlates of protection

Correlates of immunity/protection to a virus or other infectious pathogen are measurable signs that a person is immune, in the sense of being protected against becoming infected and/or developing disease....

–
CPCRA –
creatinine

Creatinine

Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body...

–
cross-resistance

Cross-resistance

Cross-resistance is the tolerance to a usually toxic substance as a result of exposure to a similarly acting substance. It is a phenomenon affecting e.g. pesticides and antibiotics. As an example rifabutin and rifampin cross react in the treatment of tuberculosis. This sort of resistance is also...

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cryotherapy

Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy or the removal of heat from a body part. The term "cryotherapy" comes from the Greek cryo meaning cold and the word therapy meaning cure...

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cryptococcal meningitis –
cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis, or cryptococcal disease, is a potentially fatal fungal disease. It is caused by one of two species; Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These were all previously thought to be subspecies of C...

–
Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that can live in both plants and animals. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans, a filamentous fungus belonging to the class Tremellomycetes. It is often found in pigeon excrement....

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cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis, also known as crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the intestines of mammals and is typically an acute short-term infection...

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Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan that can cause gastro-intestinal illness with diarrhea in humans.Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated in HIV positive patients presenting with diarrhea...

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CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord...

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CTL

Cytotoxic T cell

A cytotoxic T cell belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes that are capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells; they kill cells that are infected with viruses , or are otherwise damaged or...

–
cutaneous –
CXCR4

CXCR4

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 also known as fusin or CD184 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.- Function :...

–
cytokines –
cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus

(CMV) –
Cytomegalovirus retinitis

Cytomegalovirus retinitis

Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the eye's retina that can lead to blindness.-Presentation:...

–
cytopenia

Cytopenia

Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of blood cells. It takes a number of forms:*Low red blood cell count: resulting in anemia.*Low white blood cell count: leukopenia or neutropenia .*Low platelet count: thrombocytopenia.*Low granulocyte count: granulocytopenia*Low red blood...

–
cytotoxic –
cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)

D

DAIDS –
data safety and monitoring board (DSMB) –
deletion –
dementia

Dementia

Dementia is a serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging...

–
demyelination –
dendrite

Dendrite

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project...

–
dendritic cells –
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) –
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS/HHS or DHHS) –
desensitization

Desensitization (medicine)

For medical purposes, desensitization is a method to reduce or eliminate an organism's negative reaction to a substance or stimulus.For example, if a person with diabetes mellitus has a bad allergic reaction to taking a full dose of beef insulin, the doctor gives the person a very small amount of...

–
diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced...

(DM) –
diagnosis

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of anything. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines with variations in the use of logics, analytics, and experience to determine the cause and effect relationships...

–
diarrhea

Diarrhea

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and...

–
diplopia

Diplopia

Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or diagonally in relation to each other...

–
dissemination

Dissemination

To disseminate , in terms of the field of communication, means to broadcast a message to the public without direct feedback from the audience. Dissemination takes on the theory of the traditional view of communication, which involves a sender and receiver...

–
division of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

The Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a division of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases which is part of the National Institutes of Health. It was formed in 1986 as a part of the to address the national research needs created by the advent and spread of the...

(DAIDS) –
DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...

–
Domain (biology)

Domain (biology)

In biological taxonomy, a domain is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom. According to the three-domain system of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990, the Tree of Life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya...

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dose-ranging study

Dose-ranging study

A dose-ranging study is a clinical trial where different doses of an agent are tested against each other to establish which dose works best and/or is least harmful....

–
dose-response relationship

Dose-response relationship

The dose-response relationship, or exposure-response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure to a stressor after a certain exposure time...

–
double burden of disease –
double-blind study –
drug resistance –
drug-drug interaction –
DSMB

Data Monitoring Committees

A Data Monitoring Committee — sometimes called a Data and Safety Monitoring Board — is an independent group of experts who monitor patient safety and treatment efficacy data while a clinical trial is ongoing.- Need for a DMC :...

–
Duffy antigen system

Duffy antigen system

Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor also known as Fy glycoprotein or CD234 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DARC gene....

–
dysplasia

Dysplasia

Dysplasia , is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of development. This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process...

–
dyspnea

Dyspnea

Dyspnea , shortness of breath , or air hunger, is the subjective symptom of breathlessness.It is a normal symptom of heavy exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations...

E

efficacy

Efficacy

Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect. It has different specific meanings in different fields. In medicine, it is the ability of an intervention or drug to reproduce a desired effect in expert hands and under ideal circumstances.- Healthcare :...

–
empirical

Empirical

The word empirical denotes information gained by means of observation or experimentation. Empirical data are data produced by an experiment or observation....

–
encephalitis

Encephalitis

Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue...

–
end-stage disease –
endemic –
endogenous

Endogenous

Endogenous substances are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell. Endogenous retroviruses are caused by ancient infections of germ cells in humans, mammals and other vertebrates...

–
endoscopy

Endoscopy

Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope , an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ...

–
endotoxin

Endotoxin

Endotoxins are toxins associated with some Gram-negative bacteria. An "endotoxin" is a toxin that is a structural molecule of the bacteria that is recognized by the immune system.-Gram negative:...

–
endpoint

Clinical endpoint

–
enteric

Enteric

Enteric can refer to:* A general term describing something related to or associated with the intestines** Microorganisms that inhabit the intestines are commonly known as enteric bacteria* Enteric nervous system...

–
enteritis

Enteritis

In medicine, enteritis, from Greek words enteron and suffix -itis , refers to inflammation of the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by the ingestion of substances contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, dehydration and fever...

–
entry inhibitors

Entry inhibitors

Entry inhibitors, also known as fusion inhibitors, are a class of antiretroviral drugs, used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. This class of drugs interferes with the binding, fusion and entry of an HIV virion to a human cell...

–
Env

Retrovirus

A retrovirus is an RNA virus that is duplicated in a host cell using the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. The DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme. The virus thereafter replicates as part of the host cell's DNA...

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envelope

Envelope

An envelope is a common packaging item, usually made of thin flat material. It is designed to contain a flat object, such as a letter or card....

–
enzyme

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...

–
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA

ELISA

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , is a popular format of a "wet-lab" type analytic biochemistry assay that uses one sub-type of heterogeneous, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a substance in a liquid sample."Wet lab" analytic biochemistry assays involves detection of an...

) –
eosinophil –
eosinophilic folliculitis

Eosinophilic folliculitis

Eosinophilic folliculitis is an itchy rash with an unknown cause that is most common among individuals with HIV, though it can occur in HIV-negative individuals where it is known by the eponym Ofuji disease...

–
epidemic

Epidemic

In epidemiology, an epidemic , occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience...

–
epidemiological surveillance

Epidemiological surveillance

Epidemiological surveillance is the discipline of continuously gathering, analysing, and interpreting data about diseases, and disseminating conclusions of the analyses to relevant organisations. As such, it is a key element in epidemiology....

–
epidemiology

Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of health-event, health-characteristic, or health-determinant patterns in a population. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive...

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epithelium

Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective...

–
epitope

Epitope

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope...

–
Epstein-Barr virus

Epstein-Barr virus

The Epstein–Barr virus , also called human herpesvirus 4 , is a virus of the herpes family and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis...

(EBV) –
erythema

Erythema

Erythema is redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation...

–
erythema multiforme

Erythema multiforme

Erythema multiforme is a skin condition of unknown cause, possibly mediated by deposition of immune complex in the superficial microvasculature of the skin and oral mucous membrane that usually follows an infection or drug exposure...

–
erythrocytes –
etiology

Etiology

Etiology is the study of causation, or origination. The word is derived from the Greek , aitiologia, "giving a reason for" ....

–
exclusion/inclusion criteria –
exogenous

Exogenous

Exogenous refers to an action or object coming from outside a system. It is the opposite of endogenous, something generated from within the system....

–
exotoxin

Exotoxin

An exotoxin is a toxin excreted by a microorganism, like bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host...

–
expanded access

Expanded access

Expanded access refers to the use of an investigational drug outside of a clinical trial by patients with serious or life-threatening conditions who do not meet the enrollment criteria for the clinical trial in progress...

–
experimental drug

Experimental drug

An experimental drug is a substance that has been tested in a laboratory and has got approval from regulatory authorities to be tested on people. In the United States, the body responsible for approval is the U.S. Food and Drug Administration...

–
expression system

F

fat redistribution –
FDA
FDC –
floaters –
follicle –
follicular dendritic cells

Follicular dendritic cells

Follicular dendritic cells are cells of the immune system found in lymph follicles of secondary lymphoid organs and tertiary lymphoid organs. They are probably not of hematopoietic origin, though they look similar to true dendritic cells due to their filiform dendritic processes, but are of...

(FDCs

FDCs

Flight Data Coordinators are officers in the Airservices Australia that, along with the Air Traffic Controllers, are the human side of TAAATS ....

) –
Food and Drug Administration (United States)
functional antibody –
fungus

Fungus

A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...

–
fusin –
fusion inhibitor –
fusion mechanism

Fusion mechanism

The fusion mechanism is the mechanism by which cell fusion takes place. Cell fusion is the formation of a hybrid cell from two different cells of different species. Cells from the same organism may fuse together as well. This is often observed during lytic viral infection, where alterations of the...

–
fusion peptide

G

GAG

Gag

A gag is usually a device designed to prevent speech, often as a restraint device to stop the subject from calling for help. This is usually done by blocking the mouth, partially or completely, or attempting to prevent the tongue, lips, or jaw from moving in the normal patterns of speech. They are...

–
gamma globulin

Gamma globulin

Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins , more commonly known as antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.-Use as medical...

–
gamma interferon –
ganglion

Ganglion

In anatomy, a ganglion is a biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. Cells found in a ganglion are called ganglion cells, though this term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to retinal ganglion cells....

–
GART

Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase

Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GART gene.This protein is a trifunctional polypeptide...

–
gastrointestinal (GI) –
gene

Gene

A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...

–
gene therapy

Gene therapy

Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development...

–
genetic engineering

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...

–
genital ulcer disease –
genital warts –
genitourinary tract –
genome

Genome

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....

–
genotypic assay –
germinal centers –
giardiasis

Giardiasis

Giardiasis or beaver fever in humans is a diarrheal infection of the small intestine by a single-celled organism Giardia lamblia. Giardiasis occurs worldwide with a prevalence of 20–30% in developing countries. In the U.S., 20,000 cases are reported to the CDC annually, but the true annual...

–
globulins –
glycoprotein

Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending...

–
gonorrhea

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge. Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain...

–
gp120

Gp120

Envelope glycoprotein GP120 is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope. The 120 in its name comes from its molecular weight of 120 kilodaltons...

(gp120

Gp120

Envelope glycoprotein GP120 is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope. The 120 in its name comes from its molecular weight of 120 kilodaltons...

) –
gp160 (gp160) –
gp41

Gp41

gp41 is a subunit of the envelope protein complex of retroviruses, including Human immunodeficiency virus and Simian-Human immunodeficiency virus. This glycoprotein subunit remains non-covalently-bound to gp120, and provides the second step by which HIV enters the cell...

(gp41

Gp41

) –
granulocyte

Granulocyte

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments...

–
granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) –
granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) –
granulocytopenia

H

HAART –
hairy leukoplakia

Hairy leukoplakia

Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance.-Causes:...

–
half-life

Half-life

Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...

–
HAM/TSP –
HCSUS –
Health Care Financing Administration

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

(HCFA) –
Health Resources and Services Administration

Health Resources and Services Administration

The Health Resources and Services Administration , is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services located in Rockville, Maryland...

(HRSA) –
HELLP syndrome

HELLP syndrome

HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening obstetric complication usually considered to be a variant of pre-eclampsia. Both conditions usually occur during the later stages of pregnancy, or sometimes after childbirth.HELLP is an abbreviation of the main findings:...

–
helper T cells –
helper/suppressor ratio

Helper/suppressor ratio

The T-Lymphocyte Helper/Suppressor Profile is a basic laboratory test in which the percentage of CD3-positive lymphocytes in the blood positive for CD4 and CD8 are counted and compared...

(of T cells) –
hematocrit

Hematocrit

The hematocrit or packed cell volume or erythrocyte volume fraction is the percentage of the concentration of red blood cells in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women...

–
hematotoxic –
hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates...

–
hemolysis

Hemolysis

Hemolysis —from the Greek meaning "blood" and meaning a "loosing", "setting free" or "releasing"—is the rupturing of erythrocytes and the release of their contents into surrounding fluid...

–
hemophilia –
hepatic –
hepatic steatosis –
hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. The name is from the Greek hepar , the root being hepat- , meaning liver, and suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation"...

–
hepatitis C/co-infection with HIV

Hepatitis C/co-infection with HIV

In HIV–HCV co-infected patients, the Hepatitis C viral load is higher than in HCV-mono-infected patients in both the plasma and liver tissue. Patients who are HIV-positive are commonly co-infected with HCV due to shared routes of transmission: percutaneous exposure to blood, sexual intercourse,...

–
hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver. It is a nonspecific medical sign having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, direct toxicity, hepatic tumours, or metabolic disorder. Often, hepatomegaly will present as an abdominal mass...

–
herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) –
herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) –
herpes varicella zoster virus (VZV) –
herpes viruses

Herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 , also known as Human herpes virus 1 and 2 , are two members of the herpes virus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are ubiquitous and contagious...

–
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) –
histocompatibility testing –
histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs...

–
HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS) –
HIV disease –
HIV prevention trials network

HIV Prevention Trials Network

The HIV Prevention Trials Network is an international organization that develops and tests the safety and efficacy of primarily non-vaccine interventions designed to prevent the transmission of HIV....

(HPTN) –
HIV set point

HIV set point

The HIV set point is the viral load of a person infected with HIV, which stabilizes after a period of acute HIV infection. The set point is reached after the immune system has developed HIV antibodies and begins to attempt to fight the virus...

–
HIV vaccine trials network

HIV Vaccine Trials Network

The HIV Vaccine Trials Network is a non-profit organization which connects physicians and scientists with activists and community educators for the purpose of conducting clinical trials seeking a safe and effective HIV vaccine. Collaboratively, research professionals and laypeople review...

(HVTN) –
HIV-1 –
HIV-2 –
HIV-associated dementia –
HIV-related tuberculosis –
HLA

Human leukocyte antigen

The human leukocyte antigen system is the name of the major histocompatibility complex in humans. The super locus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6, and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and...

–
Hodgkin's disease –
holistic medicine –
homology (biology)

Homology (biology)

Homology forms the basis of organization for comparative biology. In 1843, Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function". Organs as different as a bat's wing, a seal's flipper, a cat's paw and a human hand have a common underlying...

–
hormone

Hormone

A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one...

–
host

Host (biology)

In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. In botany, a host plant is one that supplies food resources and substrate for certain insects or other fauna...

–
host factors –
HPTN –
HPV –
HRSA –
HTLV-I –
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) –
HTLV-II –
human growth hormone (HGH) –
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) –
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) –
human leukocyte antigens (HLA) –
human papilloma virus (HPV) –
human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) –
human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) –
humoral immunity

Humoral immunity

The Humoral Immune Response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage . B Cells transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies...

–
HVTN –
hydroxyurea

Hydroxyurea

Hydroxycarbamide or hydroxyurea is an antineoplastic drug, first synthesized in 1869, used in myeloproliferative disorders, specifically polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia...

–
hypergammaglobulinemia

Hypergammaglobulinemia

Hypergammaglobulinemia is a medical condition with elevated levels of gamma globulin.It is a type of immunoproliferative disorder.- Types :...

–
hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia or Hyperglycæmia, or high blood sugar, is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a glucose level higher than 13.5mmol/l , but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 15-20 mmol/l...

–
hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, or hyperlipidaemia is the condition of abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood...

–
hyperplasia

Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia means increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells. It may result in the gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes mixed with benign neoplasia/ benign tumor....

–
hyperthermia

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is an elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation. Hyperthermia occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate...

–
hypogonadism

Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism is a medical term for decreased functional activity of the gonads. Low testosterone is caused by a decline or deficiency in gonadal production of testosterone in males...

–
hypothesis

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. The term derives from the Greek, ὑποτιθέναι – hypotithenai meaning "to put under" or "to suppose". For a hypothesis to be put forward as a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it...

–
hypoxia

Hypoxia (medical)

Hypoxia, or hypoxiation, is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise...

I

idiopathic

Idiopathic

Idiopathic is an adjective used primarily in medicine meaning arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause. From Greek ἴδιος, idios + πάθος, pathos , it means approximately "a disease of its own kind". It is technically a term from nosology, the classification of disease...

–
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura –
IHS

Indian Health Service

Indian Health Service is an Operating Division within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . IHS is responsible for providing medical and public health services to members of federally recognized Tribes and Alaska Natives...

–
immune complex

Immune complex

An immune complex is formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen. The bound antigen acting as a specific epitope, bound to an antibody is referred to as a singular immune complex....

–
immune deficiency/immunodeficiency –
immune response –
immune system

Immune system

An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own...

–
immune thrombocytopenic purpura –
immunity

Immunity (medical)

Immunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. Immunity involves both specific and non-specific components. The non-specific components act either as barriers or as eliminators of wide...

–
immunization

Immunization

Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent ....

–
immunocompetent –
immunocompromised

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also decrease cancer immunosurveillance. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired but some people are born with defects in their immune system,...

–
immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency

–
immunogen –
immunogenicity

Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or animal.- Immunogenicity :The ability to induce humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responses....

–
immunoglobulin (Ig) –
immunoglobulin A

Antibody

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...

(IgA

IGA

Iga or IGA may stand for:-Given name:* a female given name of Polish origin. The name originates from the female given name Jadwiga and stands for gia,or gina in the USA....

) –
immunoglobulin D

Immunoglobulin D

Immunoglobulin D is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes where it is usually coexpressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in very small amounts in blood serum...

(IGD) –
immunoglobulin E

Immunoglobulin E

Immunoglobulin E is a class of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is a monomeric antibody with 4 Ig-like domains...

(IGE) –
immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin G are antibody molecules. Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains — two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Other immunoglobulins may be described in terms of polymers with the IgG structure considered the monomer.IgG constitutes 75%...

(IGG) –
immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the primary antibody against A and B antigens on red blood cells. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system...

(IGM) –
immunomodulator

Immunomodulator

An immunomodulator, also known as an immunotherapy is a substance which has an effect on the immune system.- Immunosuppressants :Inhibits immune response in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.- Immunostimulants :...

–
immunostimulant –
immunosuppression

Immunosuppression

Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other...

–
immunotherapy

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a medical term defined as the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies. While immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are...

–
immunotoxin

Immunotoxin

An immunotoxin is a human-made protein that consists of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. When the protein binds to that cell, it is taken in through endocytosis, and the toxin kills the cell...

–
in vitro

In vitro

In vitro refers to studies in experimental biology that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological context in order to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms. Colloquially, these experiments...

–
in vivo

In vivo

In vivo is experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or an in vitro controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are two forms of in vivo research...

–
incidence

Incidence (epidemiology)

Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time. Although sometimes loosely expressed simply as the number of new cases during some time period, it is better expressed as a proportion or a rate with a denominator.Incidence proportion is the...

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inclusion/exclusion criteria –
Incubation period

Incubation period

Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent...

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IND

Investigational New Drug

The United States Food and Drug Administration's Investigational New Drug program is the means by which a pharmaceutical company obtains permission to ship an experimental drug across state lines before a marketing application for the drug has been approved...

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Indian Health Service

Indian Health Service

(IHS) –
infection

Infection

An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...

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infectious –
informed consent

Informed consent

Informed consent is a phrase often used in law to indicate that the consent a person gives meets certain minimum standards. As a literal matter, in the absence of fraud, it is redundant. An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the...

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infusion

Infusion

An infusion is the outcome of steeping plants with desired chemical compounds or flavors in water or oil.-History:The first recorded use of essential oils was in the 10th or 11th century by the Persian polymath Avicenna, possibly in The Canon of Medicine.-Preparation techniques:An infusion is very...

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inoculation

Inoculation

Inoculation is the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease...

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institutional review board

Institutional review board

An institutional review board , also known as an independent ethics committee or ethical review board , is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the...

(IRB) –
integrase

Integrase

Retroviral integrase is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell...

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integrase inhibitors –
intensification –
intent to treat –
interaction

Interaction

Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect...

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interferon

Interferon

Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to...

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interleukin-1 (IL-1) –
interleukin-2 (IL-2) –
interleukin-4 (IL-4) –
interleukin-12 (IL-12) –
interleukins –
International Center for Research on Women

International Center for Research on Women

-Focus areas:ICRW research identifies women's contributions to their communities and the barriers – like HIV, violence, and lack of education – that prevent them from being economically stable and able to fully participate in society...

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interstitial

Interstitial

An interstitial space or interstice is an empty space or gap between spaces full of structure or matter.In particular, interstitial may refer to:-Physical sciences:...

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intramuscular (IM

Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications . It is used for particular forms of medication that are administered in small amounts...

) –
intrapartum –
intravenous –
intravenous immunoglobulin

Intravenous immunoglobulin

Intravenous immunoglobulin is a blood product administered intravenously. It contains the pooled IgG extracted from the plasma of over one thousand blood donors. IVIG's effects last between 2 weeks and 3 months...

(IVIG) –
intravitreal –
Investigational New Drug

Investigational New Drug

(IND) –
IRB

Institutional review board

–
isolate

Isolate

Isolate may refer to:* Genetic isolate, a population of organisms that has little genetic mixing with other organisms of the same species* Isolate , 2007* Isolate , 1992...

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ITP

ITP

ITP can refer to:*Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura , a bleeding disorder*Individual Thought Patterns, the fifth album by death metal band Death*Industria de Turbo Propulsores, a Spanish gas turbine manufacturer...

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IVIG

K

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor caused by Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872. It became more widely known as one of the AIDS defining...

(KS) –
Karnofsky score –
killer T cells –
KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. It is also the eighth human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is HHV-8. Like other herpesviruses, its informal name is used...

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Kupffer cells

L

LAI

Laï

Laï is a city in Chad, the capital of the region of Tandjilé. The town is served by Laï Airport.-References:...

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Langerhans cell

Langerhans cell

Langerhans cells are dendritic cells of the skin and mucosa, and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominant in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels, as well as...

s –
LAS –
lentivirus

Lentivirus

Lentivirus is a genus of slow viruses of the Retroviridae family, characterized by a long incubation period...

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lesion

Lesion

A lesion is any abnormality in the tissue of an organism , usually caused by disease or trauma. Lesion is derived from the Latin word laesio which means injury.- Types :...

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leukocytes –
leukocytosis

Leukocytosis

Leukocytosis is a raised white blood cell count above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, and is observed in certain parasitic infections...

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leukopenia

Leukopenia

Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of white blood cells found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection....

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leukoplakia

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a clinical term used to describe patches of keratosis. It is visible as adherent white patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, but also other areas of the gastro-intestinal tract, urinary tract and the genitals. The clinical appearance is highly...

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LFT

Liver function tests

Liver function tests , are groups of clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the state of a patient's liver. The parameters measured include PT/INR, aPTT, albumin, billirubin and others...

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LIP

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia is a syndrome secondary to autoimmune and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath...

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lipid

Lipid

Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others...

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lipodystrophy

Lipodystrophy

Lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue. A more specific term, lipoatrophy is used when describing the loss of fat from one area...

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liposomes –
live vector vaccine

Live vector vaccine

A live vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a chemically weakened virus to transport pieces of the virus in order to stimulate an immune response....

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liver function test (LFT) –
long terminal repeat sequence (LTR) –
long-term nonprogressors

Long-term nonprogressors

Long-term nonprogressors , less commonly called elite controllers, are rare individuals who are infected with HIV, but control the infection without antiretroviral therapy . Many of these patients have been HIV positive for 30 years without progressing to AIDS...

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LTR

Long terminal repeat

Long terminal repeats are sequences of DNA that repeat hundreds or thousands of times. They are found in retroviral DNA and in retrotransposons, flanking functional genes...

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lumbar

Lumbar

In tetrapod anatomy, lumbar is an adjective that means of or pertaining to the abdominal segment of the torso, between the diaphragm and the sacrum ...

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lumbar puncture

Lumbar puncture

A lumbar puncture is a diagnostic and at times therapeutic procedure that is performed in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis, or very rarely as a treatment to relieve increased intracranial pressure.-Indications:The...

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lymph

Lymph

Lymph is considered a part of the interstitial fluid, the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues. Interstitial fluid becomes lymph when it enters a lymph capillary...

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lymph nodes –
lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) –
lymphatic vessels –
lymphocyte

Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...

–
lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia is a syndrome secondary to autoimmune and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath...

) –
lymphoid organs –
lymphoid tissue –
lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) –
lymphokines –
lymphoma

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system. Typically, lymphomas present as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Treatment might involve chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and can be curable depending on the histology, type, and stage...

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lymphopenia –
lymphoproliferative response

Lymphoproliferative response

response]] that entails rapid T-cell replication. Standard antigens, such as tetanus toxoid, that elicit this response are used in lab tests of immune competence .- External links :...

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lysis

Lysis

Lysis refers to the breaking down of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a "lysate"....

M

MAC

Mycobacterium avium complex

Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of genetically related bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. It includes Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare....

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macrophage

Macrophage

Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals...

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macrophage-tropic virus –
magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging , nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , or magnetic resonance tomography is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures...

(MRI) –
MAI –
maintenance therapy

Maintenance therapy

Maintenance therapy is a medical therapy that is designed to help a primary treatment succeed. For example, maintenance chemotherapy may be given to people who have a cancer in remission in an attempt to prevent a relapse...

–
major histocompatibility complex

Major histocompatibility complex

Major histocompatibility complex is a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells , which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or body cells...

(MHC) –
malabsorption syndrome –
malaise

Malaise

Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, of being "out of sorts", often the first indication of an infection or other disease. Malaise is often defined in medicinal research as a "general feeling of being unwell"...

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malignant

Malignant

Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition, especially tumors, to become progressively worse and to potentially result in death. Malignancy in cancers is characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis...

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mast cell

Mast cell

A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin...

–
MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus is a free Web site that provides consumer health information for patients, families, and Health care providers. The site brings together information from the United States National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health , other U.S. government agencies, and...

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mega-HAART –
memory T cells

Memory T cells

Memory T cells are a subset of infection- as well as potentially cancer-fighting T cells that have previously encountered and responded to their cognate antigen; thus, the term antigen-experienced T cell is often applied. Such T cells can recognize foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses,...

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meninges

Meninges

The meninges is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.-Dura...

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meningitis

Meningitis

Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs...

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messenger RNA

Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein...

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metabolism

Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories...

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metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis, or metastatic disease , is the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part. It was previously thought that only malignant tumor cells and infections have the capacity to metastasize; however, this is being reconsidered due to new research...

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MHC

Major histocompatibility complex

–
microbes –
microbicide

Microbicide

Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, are pharmacologic agents and chemical substances that are capable of killing or destroying certain microorganisms that commonly cause human infection, for example the human immunodeficiency virus....

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Microsporidiosis

Microsporidiosis

Microspridiosis is an opportunistic intestinal infection that causes diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals . It results from different species of microsporidia, a group of microbial fungi....

–
mitochondria –
mitochondrial toxicity

Mitochondrial toxicity

Mitochondrial toxicity is a condition in which the mitochondria of a body's cells become damaged or decline significantly in number; it occurs as a side effect of certain antiretroviral drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.-Causes:...

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molecule

Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their electrical charge...

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molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the skin or occasionally of the mucous membranes. It is caused by a DNA poxvirus called the molluscum contagiosum virus . MCV has no animal reservoir, infecting only humans. There are four types of MCV, MCV-1 to -4; MCV-1 is the most prevalent and...

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monocyte

Monocyte

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates including all mammals , birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function...

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mononeuritis multiplex (MM) –
monovalent vaccine –
morbidity –
MRI –
mucocutaneous –
mucosa –
mucosal immunity –
mucous membrane

Mucous membrane

The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...

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Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study is an ongoing clinical study involving over 6,000 men infected with HIV. The study, a program of the Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, has been ongoing for over 25 years and has resulted in over 1,000 scientific publications....

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multi-drug rescue therapy –
multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) –
mutation

Mutation

In molecular biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic...

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myalgia

Myalgia

Myalgia means "muscle pain" and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. The most common causes are the overuse or over-stretching of a muscle or group of muscles. Myalgia without a traumatic history is often due to viral infections...

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mycobacterium

Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy...

–
mycobacterium avium complex

Mycobacterium avium complex

Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of genetically related bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. It includes Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare....

(MAC) –
mycosis

Mycosis

A mycosis is a fungal infection of animals, including humans. Mycoses are common, and a variety of environmental and physiological conditions can contribute to the development of fungal diseases...

–
myelin

Myelin

Myelin is a dielectric material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Myelin is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell. The production of the myelin sheath is called myelination...

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myelopathy

Myelopathy

Myelopathy refers to pathology of the spinal cord. When due to trauma, it is known as spinal cord injury. When inflammatory, it is known as myelitis. Disease that is vascular in nature is known as vascular myelopathy....

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myelosuppression –
myelotoxic –
myocardial –
myopathy

Myopathy

In medicine, a myopathy is a muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. "Myopathy" simply means muscle disease...

N

NADIR

Nadir

The nadir is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface there. Since the concept of being below is itself somewhat vague, scientists define the nadir in more rigorous...

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NAT

National AIDS trust

NAT is a UK charity that campaigns on a range of issues related to HIV, primarily in a domestic context. The charity's key strategic goals are:* Effective prevention of HIV transmission...

–
National AIDS Hotline –
National Cancer Institute

National Cancer Institute

The National Cancer Institute is part of the National Institutes of Health , which is one of 11 agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NCI coordinates the U.S...

(NCI) –
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services...

(NIAID) –
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , created by Congress in 1962, supports and conducts research on topics related to the health of children, adults, families, and populations...

(NICHD) –
National Institutes of Health

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health are an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and are the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. Its science and engineering counterpart is the National Science Foundation...

(NIH) –
National Library of Medicine (NLM) –
National Prevention Information Network (NPIN) –
natural history study

Natural history study

In medicine, a natural history study is a study that follows a group of people over time who have, or are at risk of developing, a specific medical condition or disease...

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natural killer cells (NK cells) –
NCI

National Cancer Institute

–
New Drug Application

New drug application

The New Drug Application is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the Food and Drug Administration approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing...

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nebulized –
Nef

Nef (protein)

Nef is a protein expressed by primate lentiviruses. These include human immunodeficiency viruses and simian immunodeficiency virus . Nef is one of many pathogen-expressed proteins, known as virulence factors, which function to manipulate the host's cellular machinery and thus allow infection,...

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neonatal –
neoplasm –
nephrotoxic –
neuralgia

Neuralgia

Neuralgia is pain in one or more nerves that occurs without stimulation of pain receptor cells. Neuralgia pain is produced by a change in neurological structure or function rather than by the excitation of pain receptors that causes nociceptive pain. Neuralgia falls into two categories: central...

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neurological complications of AIDS –
neuropathy –
neutralization

Neutralisation (immunology)

Neutralisation in the immunological sense refers to the ability of antibodies to block the site on bacteria or viruses that they use to enter their target cell. One example of this within biology is a neutralizing antibody....

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neutralizing antibody

Neutralizing antibody

A Neutralizing antibody, or NAb is an antibody which defends a cell from an antigen or infectious body by inhibiting or neutralizing any effect it has biologically...

–
neutralizing domain

Neutralizing domain

The neutralizing domain is a specific site or section of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus that elicits antibodies with neutralizing activity.-External links:* , NLM Gateway* , PNAS...

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neutropenia

Neutropenia

Neutropenia, from Latin prefix neutro- and Greek suffix -πενία , is a granulocyte disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, the most important type of white blood cell...

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neutrophil –
New Drug Application

New drug application

The New Drug Application is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the Food and Drug Administration approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing...

(NDA) –
New York Cares

New York Cares

' was founded by a group of friends in 1987 who wanted to take action against social issues in New York City. Today, the organization engages 43,000 volunteers in service each year, helping 450,000 New Yorkers in need. The organization is not a volunteer matching service: Its staff works with 990...

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NIAID –
NICHD –
night sweat –
NIH –
NK cell –
NLM

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

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NNRTI –
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) –
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) –
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) –
NRTI –
nucleic acid

Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA . Together with proteins, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information...

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nucleic acid test

Nucleic acid test

A nucleic acid test, often called a "NAT" test, is a biochemical technique used to detect a virus or a bacterium...

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nucleocapsid –
nucleoli –
nucleoside

Nucleoside

Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage...

–
nucleoside analog –
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) –
nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions...

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nucleotide analogs –
nucleus

Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these...

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null cell

Null cell

A null cell is a large granular lymphocyte without surface markers or membrane-associated proteins from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. Natural killer cells are usually null cells with surface marker CD 16 which bind to the Fc portion of the IgG, and thereby destroy it. NK-cells do immune...

O

ocular

Human eye

The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a conscious sense organ, the eye allows vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth...

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off-label use

Off-label use

Off-label use is the practice of prescribing pharmaceuticals for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, unapproved dose or unapproved form of administration...

–
Office of AIDS Research (OAR) –
OI

Oi may refer to:* Oi , one of the seven titles of Japanese professional shogi tournament* Japanese cruiser Ōi, a WWII era Japanese warship* Oi , the largest landline telephone company in Brazil...

–
oncology

Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...

–
open-label trial

Open-label trial

An open-label trial or open trial is a type of clinical trial in which both the researchers and participants know which treatment is being administered....

–
opportunistic infection

Opportunistic infection

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens, particularly opportunistic pathogens—those that take advantage of certain situations—such as bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan infections that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, one with a healthy immune system...

s –
oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL

OHL

OHL may refer to:*Oberste Heeresleitung, the Supreme Army Command of Germany in World War I*Obrascón Huarte Lain, a Spanish construction company*Old Hill railway station's National Rail station code*Ontario Hockey League...

) –
organelle

Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer....

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oropharyngeal –
orphan drugs –
osteonecrosis –
osteopenia

Osteopenia

Osteopenia is a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal. It is considered by many doctors to be a precursor to osteoporosis. However, not every person diagnosed with osteopenia will develop osteoporosis...

P

P24

P24 capsid protein

p24 is a component of the HIV particle capsid. There are approximately 2000 molecules per virus particle, or at a molecule weight of 24 kDa, about 10^4 virus particles per picogram of p24.-References:...

–
package insert

Package insert

A package insert or prescribing information is a document provided along with a prescription medication to provide additional information about that drug.-Responsible agencies:In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration determines the requirements...

–
palliative –
palliative care

Palliative care

Palliative care is a specialized area of healthcare that focuses on relieving and preventing the suffering of patients...

–
pancreas

Pancreas

The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist...

–
pancreatitis

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It occurs when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated in the pancreas instead of the small intestine. It may be acute – beginning suddenly and lasting a few days, or chronic – occurring over many years...

–
pancytopenia

Pancytopenia

Pancytopenia is a medical condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets.If only two parameters from the full blood count are low, the term bicytopenia can be used...

–
pandemic

Pandemic

A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic...

–
pap smear

Pap smear

The Papanicolaou test is a screening test used in to detect pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the endocervical canal of the female reproductive system. Changes can be treated, thus preventing cervical cancer...

–
papilloma

Papilloma

Papilloma refers to a benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically in finger-like fronds. In this context papilla refers to the projection created by the tumor, not a tumor on an already existing papilla . When used without context, it frequently refers to infections caused by human...

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parallel track –
parasite –
parenteral

Parenteral

Parenteral is a route of administration that involves piercing the skin or mucous membrane. Parenteral nutrition refers to providing nutrition via the veins.-Etymology:...

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paresthesia

Paresthesia

Paresthesia , spelled "paraesthesia" in British English, is a sensation of tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. It is more generally known as the feeling of "pins and needles" or of a limb "falling asleep"...

–
passive immunity

Passive immunity

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels...

–
passive immunotherapy –
pathogen

Pathogen

A pathogen gignomai "I give birth to") or infectious agent — colloquially, a germ — is a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host...

–
pathogenesis

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism by which the disease is caused. The term can also be used to describe the origin and development of the disease and whether it is acute, chronic or recurrent...

–
PBMC

PBMC

A peripheral blood mononuclear cell is any blood cell having a round nucleus. For example: a lymphocyte, a monocyte or a macrophage. These blood cells are a critical component in the immune system to fight infection and adapt to intruders. The lymphocyte population consists of T cells , B cells...

–
PCP

Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine , commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, is a recreational dissociative drug...

–
PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....

–
Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group (PACTG) –
pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease is a generic term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs. This may lead to infections. PID is a vague term and can refer to viral, fungal, parasitic, though most...

–
peptide

Peptide

Peptides are short polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. They are distinguished from proteins on the basis of size, typically containing less than 50 monomer units. The shortest peptides are dipeptides, consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond...

–
perianal –
perinatal –
perinatal transmission –
peripheral neuritis –
peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of or trauma to the nerve or the side-effects of systemic illness....

–
persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

The lymphatic system is part of the immune surveillance system. Blood contains fluid and blood cells. The fluid, which may contain suspended foreign material such as bacteria and viruses, seeps through blood vessel walls into the tissues, where it bathes the body cells and exchanges substances with...

–
person with AIDS (PWA) –
PGL

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

–
phagocyte

Phagocyte

Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel". They are...

–
phagocytosis –
pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism...

–
phase I trials –
phase II trials –
phase III trials –
phase IV trials –
phenotypic assay –
photosensitivity

Photosensitivity

Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons, especially visible light.- Human medicine :Sensitivity of the skin to a light source can take various forms. People with particular skin types are more sensitive to sunburn...

–
PHS –
pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...

–
placebo

Placebo

A placebo is a simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other medical condition intended to deceive the recipient...

–
placebo controlled study –
placebo effect

Placebo effect

Placebo effect may refer to:* Placebo effect, the tendency of any medication or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work...

–
plasma

Blood plasma

Blood plasma is the straw-colored liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid...

–
plasma cells –
platelets –
PML

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy , also known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, is a rare and usually fatal viral disease that is characterized by progressive damage or inflammation of the white matter of the brain at multiple locations .It occurs almost exclusively in...

–
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (formerly Pneumocystis carinii or PCP) –
POL

POL

-Given name:*Pol Amat , field hockey player from Spain*Pol Antràs , Spanish economist*Pol Cruchten , Luxembourgian film director and producer*Pol Espargaró , Grand Prix motorcycle racer...

–
polymerase

Polymerase

A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription...

–
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Polymerase chain reaction

–
polyneuritis –
polypeptide –
polyvalent vaccine –
post-exposure prophylaxis

Post-exposure prophylaxis

Post-exposure prophylaxis is any prophylactic treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen , in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease.-Rabies:...

(PEP

Post-exposure prophylaxis

Post-exposure prophylaxis is any prophylactic treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen , in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease.-Rabies:...

) –
PPD test –
pre-conception counseling

Pre-conception counseling

Pre-conception counseling is based on the medical theory that all women of child-bearing years should be pre-screened for health and risk potentials before attempting to become pregnant...

–
preclinical –
precursor cells –
prevalence

Prevalence

In epidemiology, the prevalence of a health-related state in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the risk factor in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population...

–
primary HIV infection –
primary isolate

Primary isolate

Primary isolate is a pure microbial or viral sample that has been obtained from an infected individual, rather than grown in a laboratory. In chemistry and bacteriology, the verb isolate means to obtain a pure chemical, bacteriological or viral sample...

–
primaquine

Primaquine

Primaquine is a medication used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. It is a member of the 8-aminoquinoline group of drugs that includes tafenoquine and pamaquine.-Radical cure:...

–
proctitis

Proctitis

Proctitis is an inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum, affecting only the last 6 inches of the rectum.-Overview:Symptoms are ineffectual straining to empty the bowels, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and possible discharge, a feeling of not having adequately emptied the bowels,...

–
prodrome

Prodrome

In medicine, a prodrome is an early symptom that might indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur. It is derived from the Greek word prodromos or precursor...

–
prodrug

Prodrug

A prodrug is a pharmacological substance administered in an inactive form. Once administered, the prodrug is metabolised in vivo into an active metabolite, a process termed bioactivation. The rationale behind the use of a prodrug is generally for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and...

–
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

(PML

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

) –
prophylactic drug –
prophylaxis –
protease

Protease

A protease is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming the protein....

–
protease inhibitors –
protease-sparing regimen

Protease-sparing regimen

Protease-sparing regimen often abbreviated as PSR, is a method or therapy for treating people infected with HIV that involves a three-drug combination that reduces viral load below the limit of detection while saving protease inhibitors for later use. It is considered a weaker form of HIV treatment...

–
proteins –
protocol

Clinical trial protocol

A clinical trial protocol is a document that describes the objective, design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial...

–
protozoa

Protozoa

Protozoa are a diverse group of single-cells eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. Throughout history, protozoa have been defined as single-cell protists with animal-like behavior, e.g., movement...

–
provirus

Provirus

A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.This state can be a stage of virus replication, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous retrovirus. In inactive viral infections the virus will not replicate...

–
pruritus –
pseudo-Cushing's syndrome

Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome

Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome is a medical condition in which patients display the signs, symptoms, and abnormal hormone levels seen in Cushing's syndrome...

–
pseudovirion

Pseudovirion

Pseudovirion are synthetic viruses used to inject genetic material, including DNA and RNA, with specific and desired traits into bacterial and eukaryotic cells...

–
PUBMED

PubMed

PubMed is a free database accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez information retrieval system...

–
pulmonary

Human lung

The human lungs are the organs of respiration in humans. Humans have two lungs, with the left being divided into two lobes and the right into three lobes. Together, the lungs contain approximately of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli, having a total surface area of about in...

–
purified protein derivative (PPD)

R

radiology

Radiology

Radiology is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualized within the human body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies to diagnose or treat diseases...

–
randomized trial –
rebound

Rebound

Rebound can refer to:In films:* Rebound , a 1931 movie starring Ina Claire and Robert Ames* Rebound , a 1959 movie starring Lyndon Brook and Jane Hylton...

–
receptor (immunology) –
recombinant

Recombinant virus

A recombinant virus is a virus produced by recombining pieces of DNA using recombinant DNA technology. This may be used to produce viral vaccines or gene therapy vectors....

–
recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA sequences that result from the use of laboratory methods to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in biological organisms...

–
recombinant DNA technology –
refractory (medicine) –
regulatory genes –
regulatory T cells –
remission –
renal –
rescue therapy

Rescue therapy

Rescue therapy refers to non-surgical medical treatment in life-threatening situations. Commonly, rescue therapy refers to drug treatment for cardiovascular problems intended to regain normal heart rhythm. Less commonly, rescue therapy refers to multi-drug combinations for HIV-positive patients...

–
resistance

Immunology

Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ; the...

–
resistance testing –
retina

Retina

The vertebrate retina is a light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera. Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical...

–
retinal detachment

Retinal detachment

Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a medical emergency.The retina is a...

–
retinitis –
retrovirus

Retrovirus

–
REV –
reverse transcriptase

Reverse transcriptase

In the fields of molecular biology and biochemistry, a reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also helps in the formation of a double helix DNA once the RNA has been reverse...

–
ribonucleic acid (RNA

RNA

Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....

) –
ribosome

Ribosome

A ribosome is a component of cells that assembles the twenty specific amino acid molecules to form the particular protein molecule determined by the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule....

–
RNA

RNA

Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....

–
route of administration

Route of administration

A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.-Classification:Routes of administration are usually classified by application location...

–
RT-PCR –
RTI

Reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors are a class of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection, tumors, and cancer. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase enzyme that retroviruses need to reproduce.-Mechanism:...

–
Ryan White C.A.R.E. act

S

safe sex

Safe sex

Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions...

–
safer sex –
salmonella

Salmonella

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm, and flagella which grade in all directions . They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction...

–
salvage therapy

Salvage therapy

Salvage therapy is a form of treatment given after an ailment does not respond to standard treatment. The most common diseases that require salvage therapy are HIV and various tumors...

–
SAMHSA –
sarcoma

Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells in one of a number of tissues that develop from embryonic mesoderm. Thus, sarcomas include tumors of bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, and hematopoietic tissues...

–
seborrheic dermatitis –
secondary prophylaxis –
sepsis

Sepsis

Sepsis is a potentially deadly medical condition that is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state and the presence of a known or suspected infection. The body may develop this inflammatory response by the immune system to microbes in the blood, urine, lungs, skin, or other tissues...

–
seroconversion

Seroconversion

Seroconversion is the development of detectable specific antibodies to microorganisms in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization. Serology is used to determine antibody positivity...

–
serologic test –
seroprevalence

Seroprevalence

Seroprevalence is the number of persons in a population who test positive for a specific disease based on serology specimens; often presented as a percent of the total specimens tested or as a proportion per 100,000 persons tested...

–
serosorting

Serosorting

Serosorting is the practice of using HIV status as a decision-making point in choosing sexual behavior. Frequently the term is used to describe the behavior of a person who chooses a sexual partner assumed to be of the same HIV serostatus for the purpose of engaging in unprotected sex with the...

–
serostatus

Serostatus

Serostatus is a term used to refer to the presence or absence of specific substances in the blood serum. Most commonly, this medical test is looking for specific antibodies in an effort to diagnose a particular disease....

–
serum

Blood plasma

–
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) –
serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) –
set point –
sexually transmitted disease

Sexually transmitted disease

Sexually transmitted disease , also known as a sexually transmitted infection or venereal disease , is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex...

(STD) –
shingles –
SHIV

Shiv

The word Shiv or shiv may refer to:* Shiv , a type of sharp weapon* Shiva, a Hindu deity* A fictional location in Magic: The Gathering, see Dominaria* Shiv, a villain in the animated series Static Shock...

–
side effects

Adverse effect (medicine)

In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. If it results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or...

–
simian immunodeficiency virus

Simian immunodeficiency virus

Simian immunodeficiency virus , also known as African Green Monkey virus and also as Monkey AIDS is a retrovirus able to infect at least 33 species of African primates...

(SIV) –
sinusitis

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may be due to infection, allergy, or autoimmune issues. Most cases are due to a viral infection and resolve over the course of 10 days...

–
social integration

Social integration

Social integration, in sociology and other social sciences, is the movement of minority groups such as ethnic minorities, refugees and underprivileged sections of a society into the mainstream of societies...

SIT

Structured intermittent therapy

Structured intermittent therapy was coined in early 2000 by Mark Dybul, Anthony Fauci, and other research scientists from the National Institute of Health, as a form of reduced treatment for patients with HIV...

–
SIV

Simian immunodeficiency virus

Simian immunodeficiency virus , also known as African Green Monkey virus and also as Monkey AIDS is a retrovirus able to infect at least 33 species of African primates...

–
Special Projects of National Significance

Special Projects of National Significance

The Special Projects of National Significance program is a United States Department of Health program that helps to "advance knowledge and skills in the health and support services to underserved populations diagnosed with HIV infection." The current SPNS effort began in 1991 with several federal...

(SPNS) –
spinal tap

Lumbar puncture

–
spleen

Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock...

–
splenomegaly

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It is one of the four cardinal signs of hypersplenism, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any...

–
sputum analysis –
standard of care

Standard of care

In tort law, the standard of care is the degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care.The requirements of the standard are closely dependent on circumstances. Whether the standard of care has been breached is determined by the trier of fact, and is usually...

–
staphylococcus

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope they appear round , and form in grape-like clusters....

–
STD

Sexually transmitted disease

–
stem cells (FDCs

FDCs

Flight Data Coordinators are officers in the Airservices Australia that, along with the Air Traffic Controllers, are the human side of TAAATS ....

) –
steroid

Steroid

A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.The core...

–
Stevens–Johnson syndrome –
STI –
stomatitis

Stomatitis

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth...

–
strain

Strain (biology)

In biology, a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways.-Microbiology and virology:A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a micro-organism . For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus...

–
stratification

Stratification

Stratification is the building up of layers. Stratified is an adjective referring to the arranging of layers, and is also the past form of the verb stratify, to separate or become separated into layers...

–
structured intermittent therapy

Structured intermittent therapy

(SIT) –
structured treatment interruption (STI) –
study endpoint –
subarachnoid space

Subarachnoid space

In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid cavity is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater....

–
subclinical infection

Subclinical infection

A subclinical infection is the asymptomatic carrying of an by an individual of an agent that usually is a pathogen causing illness, at least in some individuals. Many pathogens spread by being silently carried in this way by some of their host population...

–
subcutaneous (SQ) –
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration is a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is charged with improving the quality and availability of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitative services in order to reduce illness, death, disability, and cost to...

(SAMHSA) –
subunit HIV vaccine –
sulfa drug

Sulfonamide (medicine)

Sulfonamide or sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame...

–
sulfonamides –
superantigen

Superantigen

Superantigens are a class of antigens which cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in oligoclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release...

–
suppressor T cell –
surrogate marker –
surveillance

Surveillance

Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually of people. It is sometimes done in a surreptitious manner...

–
susceptible –
symptoms –
syncytium

Syncytium

In biology, a syncytium is a large cell-like structure; filled with cytoplasm and containing many nuclei. Most cells in eukaryotic organisms have a single nucleus; syncytia are specialized forms used by various organisms.The term may also refer to cells that are connected by specialized membrane...

–
syndrome

Syndrome

In medicine and psychology, a syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs , symptoms , phenomena or characteristics that often occur together, so that the presence of one or more features alerts the physician to the possible presence of the others...

–
synergism

Synergism

In theology, synergism is the position of those who hold that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom...

–
synergistic –
synthesis

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis is an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products. The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step...

–
syphilis

Syphilis

–
systemic

Systemic

Systemic refers to something that is spread throughout, system-wide, affecting a group or system such as a body, economy, market or society as a whole. Systemic may also refer to:-In medicine:...

T

T cells (T lymphocytes) –
T lymphocyte proliferation assay –
T lymphocytes –
T suppressor cells –
T4 cell –
T4 cells (T-helper cells) –
T8 cells –
Tanner staging –
TAT

TAT

TAT is a rock/punk band hailing from London, England consisting of Tatiana DeMaria , Nick Kent and Jake Reed .-Early years :...

–
TB

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...

–
template –
TeachAIDS

TeachAIDS

TeachAIDS is a nonprofit organization that develops HIV prevention education technology materials, based on an approach invented through research at Stanford University.The TeachAIDS software has been cited as a model health intervention...

–
teratogenicity –
Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS –
testosterone

Testosterone

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands...

–
therapeutic HIV vaccine –
thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is a relative decrease of platelets in blood.A normal human platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. These limits are determined by the 2.5th lower and upper percentile, so values outside this range do not necessarily indicate disease...

–
thrush

Candidiasis

Thrush redirects here. For the hoof infection see Thrush .Candidiasis or thrush is a fungal infection of any of the Candida species , of which Candida albicans is the most common...

–
thymosin

Thymosin

Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues. They are named thymosins because they were originally isolated from the thymus, but most are now known to be present in many other tissues...

–
thymus

Thymus

The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. The thymus produces and "educates" T-lymphocytes , which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system....

–
tissue

Biological tissue

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called tissues because of their identical functioning...

–
titer

Titer

A titer is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive...

–
toxicity

Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organisms. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver...

–
toxoplasmic encephalitis –
toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid family. Animals are infected by eating infected meat, by ingestion of feces of a cat that has itself...

–
transaminase

Transaminase

In biochemistry, a transaminase or an aminotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. To be specific, this reaction involves removing the amino group from the amino acid, leaving behind an α-keto acid, and transferring it to the...

–
transcription

Transcription (genetics)

Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...

–
transfusion

Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood...

–
translation

Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of...

–
transmission

Transmission (medicine)

In medicine and biology, transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected...

–
transplacental

Transplacental

Transplacental refers to the ability of a toxin or pathogen to cross the physical and biological barriers of the placenta separating the mother and fetus, to whom such substances may be dangerous. This would include, for example, HIV and the drug thalidomide....

–
treatment IND

Treatment IND

Treatment IND or treatment investigational new drugs, is a United States regulation used to make promising new drugs available to desperately ill patients as early in the drug development process as possible. The U.S...

–
triglycerides –
tuberculin skin test (TST) –
tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

(TB) –
tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factors

Tumor necrosis factors refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause cell death . The first two members of the family to be identified were:...

(TNF

Tumor necrosis factors

Tumor necrosis factors refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause cell death . The first two members of the family to be identified were:...

)

V

V3 loop

The third variable loop or V3 loop is a part or region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The V3 loop of the viron's envelope glycoprotein, gp120, allows it to infect human immune cells by binding to a cytokine receptor on the target human immune cell, such as a CCR5 cell or CXCR4 cell,...

–
vaccination

Vaccination

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...

–
vaccine

Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins...

–
vaccinia

Vaccinia

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbp in length, and which encodes for approximately 250 genes. The dimensions of the virion are roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, with a mass of...

–
vaginal candidiasis –
valley fever –
variable region –
varicella zoster virus

Varicella zoster virus

Varicella zoster virus is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans . It commonly causes chicken-pox in children and Herpes zoster in adults and rarely in children.-Nomenclature:...

(VZV) –
vector –
vertical transmission

Vertical transmission

Vertical transmission, also known as mother-to-child transmission, is the transmission of an infection or other disease from mother to child immediately before and after birth during the perinatal period. A pathogen's transmissibility refers to its capacity for vertical transmission...

–
viral burden –
viral core –
viral culture

Viral culture

Viral culture is a laboratory test in which samples are placed with a cell type that the virus being tested for is able to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then the culture is positive....

–
viral envelope

Viral envelope

Many viruses have viral envelopes covering their protein capsids. The envelopes typically are derived from portions of the host cell membranes , but include some viral glycoproteins. Functionally, viral envelopes are used to help viruses enter host cells...

–
viral load

Viral load

Viral load is a measure of the severity of a viral infection, and can be calculated by estimating the amount of virus in an involved body fluid. For example, it can be given in RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma...

–
viremia

Viremia

Viremia is a medical condition where viruses enter the bloodstream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to bacteremia, a condition where bacteria enter the bloodstream.- Primary versus Secondary :...

–
viricide –
virion –
virology

Virology

Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy...

–
virus

Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...

–
visceral

W

wasting syndrome –
Western blot

Western blot

The western blot is a widely used analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in the given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native proteins by 3-D structure or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide...

–
white blood cells –
wild-type virus –
window period

Window period

In medicine, the window period for a test designed to detect a specific disease is the time between first infection and when the test can reliably detect that infection...

–
Women's Interagency HIV Study

Women's Interagency HIV Study

The Women's Interagency HIV Study is a longitudinal, observational cohort study of women infected with and at risk for HIV infection in the United States.-Funding:...

(WIHS) –
World AIDS Day

World AIDS Day

World AIDS Day, observed December 1 every year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection. Government and health officials observe the day, often with speeches or forums on the AIDS topics. Since 1995, the President of the United States has made an...

–
World AIDS Vaccine Day

World AIDS Vaccine Day

World AIDS Vaccine Day, also known as HIV Vaccine Awareness Day, is observed annually on May 18. HIV vaccine advocates mark the day by promoting the continued urgent need for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection and AIDS...

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