List of state leaders in 1990
Encyclopedia
Africa
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Algeria -
- President - Chadli BendjedidChadli BendjedidChadli Bendjedid was the sixth President of Algeria from February 9, 1979 to January 11, 1992.-Early career:...
, President of Algeria (1979–1992) - Prime Minister - Mouloud HamroucheMouloud HamroucheMouloud Hamrouche was the Prime Minister of Algeria from September 5, 1989 to June 5, 1991. He was born in Constantine, Algeria. He was a leading member of the FLN. However, after serving as prime minister of Algeria he became involved in serious disputes with other party leaders who he said were...
, Prime Minister of AlgeriaPrime Minister of AlgeriaThe Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria.The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members of the government that the new Prime Minister recommends. The People's National Assembly must approve the legislative program of the new...
(1989–1991) AngolaPeople's Republic of AngolaThe People's Republic of Angola was a self-declared socialist state that was established in 1975 after it was granted independence from Portugal, akin to the situation in Mozambique. The newly-founded nation enjoyed friendly relations with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the People's Republic of... - Communist Party Leader - José Eduardo dos SantosJosé Eduardo dos SantosJosé Eduardo dos Santos is an Angolan politician who has been the second and current President of Angola since 1979. As President, José Eduardo dos Santos is also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces and president of the MPLA , the party that has been ruling Angola since...
, Secretary of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party (1979–1991) - President - José Eduardo dos SantosJosé Eduardo dos SantosJosé Eduardo dos Santos is an Angolan politician who has been the second and current President of Angola since 1979. As President, José Eduardo dos Santos is also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces and president of the MPLA , the party that has been ruling Angola since...
, President of AngolaPresident of AngolaThe President of the Republic of Angola is both head of state and head of government in Angola. While the President appoints a Prime Minister, executive authority usually belongs to the President....
(1979–present)
Benin - the People's Republic of BeninPeople's Republic of BeninThe People's Republic of Benin was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day Benin. The People's Republic was established on November 30, 1975, shortly after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey...
changed into the Republic of BeninBeninBenin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located...
on 1 March 1990 - Communist Party Leader - Mathieu KérékouMathieu KérékouMathieu Kérékou, was President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006. After seizing power in a military coup, he ruled the country for 17 years, for most of that time under an officially Marxist-Leninist ideology, before he was stripped of his powers by the National Conference of...
, Secretary of the Popular Revolutionary Party of BeninPeople's Revolutionary Party of BeninThe People's Revolutionary Party of Benin was a political party in the People's Republic of Benin. It was founded in 1975 by General Mathieu Kérékou. With the new constitution of November 30, 1975, PRPB became the sole legal party in the country...
(1979–1990) - President - Mathieu KérékouMathieu KérékouMathieu Kérékou, was President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006. After seizing power in a military coup, he ruled the country for 17 years, for most of that time under an officially Marxist-Leninist ideology, before he was stripped of his powers by the National Conference of...
, President of Benin (1972–1991) - Prime Minister - Nicéphore SogloNicéphore SogloNicéphore Dieudonné Soglo is a Beninois politician who was Prime Minister of Benin from 1990 to 1991 and President from 1991 to 1996. He has been the Mayor of Cotonou since 2003.-Biography:Soglo was born in Togo...
, Prime Minister of Benin (1990–1991)
- President - Chadli Bendjedid
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Botswana
- President - Quett MasireQuett MasireQuett Ketumile Joni Masire, GCMG was the second President of Botswana for the Botswana Democratic Party from 1980 to 1998. He stepped down and was succeeded by the then Vice-President of Botswana, Festus Mogae, who became the third President of Botswana...
, President of BotswanaHeads of state of Botswana-Presidents of Botswana :- Affiliations :- See also :*Heads of government of Botswana*Vice-President of Botswana*Colonial heads of Botswana *Lists of office-holders...
(1980–1998)
- President - Quett Masire
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Burkina Faso
- Head of State - Blaise CompaoréBlaise CompaoréBlaise Compaoré has been the President of Burkina Faso since 1987 following a coup d'état that ousted then-President Thomas Sankara. In 2011, a mutiny by soldiers over unpaid housing allowances forced him to flee the capital for his hometown...
, Head of State of Burkina FasoHeads of state of Burkina Faso-List of heads of state of Burkina Faso:-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Burkina Faso**Heads of government of Burkina Faso**Colonial heads of Burkina Faso...
(1987–present)
- Head of State - Blaise Compaoré
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Burundi -
- President - Pierre BuyoyaPierre BuyoyaMajor Pierre Buyoya is a Burundian politician who has ruled Burundi twice, from 1987 to 1993 and from 1996 to 2003...
, President of Burundi (1987–1993) - Prime Minister - Adrien SibomanaAdrien SibomanaAdrien Sibomana was the prime minister of Burundi from October 19, 1988 until July 10, 1993. He was a member of UPRONA. He is an ethnic Hutu and was appointed by the Tutsi President Pierre Buyoya in an unsuccessful attempt to appease Hutus by giving a few high government posts to them...
, Prime Minister of BurundiHeads of government of Burundi-List of Heads of Government of Burundi:-Affiliations:-See also:*Burundi**Kings of Burundi**Presidents of Burundi**Vice-Presidents of Burundi**Provincial governors of Burundi...
(1988–1993)
- President - Pierre Buyoya
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Cameroon
- President - Paul BiyaPaul BiyaPaul Biya is a Cameroonian politician who has been the President of Cameroon since 6 November 1982. A native of Cameroon's south, Biya rose rapidly as a bureaucrat under President Ahmadou Ahidjo in the 1960s, serving as Secretary-General of the Presidency from 1968 to 1975 and then as Prime...
, President of CameroonHeads of state of Cameroon-Presidents of Cameroon :-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Politics of Cameroon*Heads of government of Cameroon*Colonial heads of Cameroon...
(1982–present)
- President - Paul Biya
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Cape Verde -
- President - Aristides PereiraAristides PereiraAristides Maria Pereira was the first President of Cape Verde, serving from 1975 to 1991.-Biography:Pereira was born on the island of Boa Vista. His first major government job was chief of telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau...
, President of Cape VerdeHeads of state of Cape Verde-Presidents of Cape Verde :-Affiliations:-Latest election:- See also :*Cape Verde**Heads of government of Cape Verde**Colonial heads of Cape Verde...
(1975–1991) - Prime Minister - Pedro PiresPedro PiresPedro Verona Rodrigues Pires was the President of Cape Verde from March 2001 to September 2011. Before becoming President, he was Prime Minister from 1975 to 1991....
, Prime Minister of Cape VerdeHeads of government of Cape Verde-Prime Ministers of Cape Verde :-Affiliations:-See also:*Cape Verde**Heads of state of Cape Verde**Colonial heads of Cape Verde**List of political parties in Cape Verde...
(1975–1991)
- President - Aristides Pereira
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Central African Republic
- President - André KolingbaAndré KolingbaAndré-Dieudonné Kolingba was the fourth president of the Central African Republic , from 1 September 1981 until 1 October 1993. He took power from President David Dacko in a bloodless coup d'état in 1981 and lost power to Ange-Félix Patassé in a democratic election held in 1993...
, President of the Central African Republic (1981–1993)
- President - André Kolingba
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Chad
- President -
- Hissène HabréHissène HabréHissène Habré , also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.-Early life:...
, President of ChadHeads of state of Chad-List of Heads of State of Chad:-Affiliations:-External links:**...
(1982–1990) - Jean Alingué BawoyeuJean Alingué BawoyeuJean Alingué Bawoyeu , known in French as the vieux sage, which translates as "wise elder", is a Chadian politician. A Christian, his base of support is in Tandjilé, in southern Chad, from which he originates. He was President of the National Assembly in 1990 and then Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992...
, Acting President of ChadHeads of state of Chad-List of Heads of State of Chad:-Affiliations:-External links:**...
(1990) - Idriss DébyIdriss DébyGeneral Idriss Déby Itno is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Déby is of the Bidyat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. He added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006.-Rise to power:...
, Head of State of ChadHeads of state of Chad-List of Heads of State of Chad:-Affiliations:-External links:**...
(1990–present)
- Hissène Habré
- President -
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Comoros
- President - Said Mohamed DjoharSaid Mohamed DjoharSaid Mohammed Djohar was a Comorian politician who served as President of the Comoros during the 1990s.-Climb to power:...
, President of ComorosHeads of state of Comoros-List of Heads of State of the Comoros:- Affiliations :-See also:*Comoros**Heads of government of the Comoros**Colonial heads of the Comoros*Lists of office-holders...
(1989–1995) CongoPeople's Republic of the CongoThe People's Republic of the Congo was a self-declared Marxist-Leninist socialist state that was established in 1970 in the Republic of the Congo... - Communist Party Leader - Denis Sassou NguessoDenis Sassou NguessoDenis Sassou Nguesso is a Congolese politician who has been the President of Congo-Brazzaville since 1997; he was previously President from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as President, he headed the single-party regime of the Congolese Labour Party for 12 years...
, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Congolese Labor PartyCongolese Party of LabourThe Congolese Party of Labour , founded in 1969 by Marien Ngouabi, is the ruling political party of the Republic of the Congo...
(1979–1991) - President - Denis Sassou NguessoDenis Sassou NguessoDenis Sassou Nguesso is a Congolese politician who has been the President of Congo-Brazzaville since 1997; he was previously President from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as President, he headed the single-party regime of the Congolese Labour Party for 12 years...
, President of CongoHeads of state of the Republic of the Congo-List of Heads of State of the Republic of the Congo :-Affiliations:-See also:*Congo*Republic of the Congo**List of heads of government of the Republic of the Congo...
(1979–1992) - Prime Minister -
- Alphonse Poaty-SouchlatyAlphonse Poaty-SouchlatyAlphonse Poaty-Souchlaty is a politician of the Republic of the Congo. Poaty-Souchlaty was the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of the Congo from 7 August 1989 to 3 December 1990 under President Denis Sassou Nguesso....
, Prime Minister of Congo (1989–1990) - Pierre MoussaPierre MoussaPierre Moussa is a Congolese politician, currently serving as Minister of the Economy and Planning. He served in the government from 1979 to 1991 and has again served in the government since 1997. He was Acting Prime Minister from December 1990 to January 1991.-Political career:Moussa was born in...
, Acting Prime Minister of Congo (1990–1991)
- Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty
- President - Said Mohamed Djohar
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Côte d'Ivoire -
- President - Félix Houphouët-BoignyFélix Houphouët-BoignyFélix Houphouët-Boigny , affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux, was the first President of Côte d'Ivoire. Originally a village chief, he worked as a doctor, an administrator of a plantation, and a union leader, before being elected to the French Parliament and serving in a number of...
, President of Côte d'IvoireHeads of state of Côte d'Ivoire-Presidents of Côte d'Ivoire :-Affiliations:-See also:*Côte d'Ivoire**Heads of government of Côte d'Ivoire**Colonial heads of the Côte d'Ivoire...
(1960–1993) - Prime Minister - Alassane OuattaraAlassane OuattaraAlassane Dramane Ouattara is an Ivorian politician who has been President of Côte d'Ivoire since 2011. An economist by profession, Ouattara worked for the International Monetary Fund and the Central Bank of West African States , and he was the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from November 1990 to...
, Prime Minister of Côte d'IvoireHeads of government of Côte d'Ivoire-Prime Ministers of Côte d'Ivoire :-Affiliations:-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org* Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd...
(1990–1993)
- President - Félix Houphouët-Boigny
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Djibouti -
- President - Hassan Gouled AptidonHassan Gouled AptidonHassan Gouled Aptidon was the first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999.-Biography:...
, President of DjiboutiHeads of state of Djibouti-Presidents of Djibouti :-Affiliations:-See also:*Djibouti**Heads of government of Djibouti*French Territory of the Afars and the Issas *French Somaliland...
(1977–1999) - Prime Minister - Barkat Gourad HamadouBarkat Gourad HamadouBarkat Gourad Hamadou was the Prime Minister of Djibouti from 2 October 1978 until 7 March 2001.-Political career:Hamadou is a member of the Afar ethnic group and was born in Dikhil Region, in the southwest of Djibouti...
, Prime Minister of DjiboutiHeads of government of Djibouti-Prime Ministers of Djibouti :-Affiliations:-See also:*Djibouti**Heads of state of Djibouti*French Territory of the Afars and the Issas *French Somaliland...
(1978–2001)
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon
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Egypt -
- President - Hosni MubarakHosni MubarakMuhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak is a former Egyptian politician and military commander. He served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011....
, President of EgyptPresident of EgyptThe President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the head of state of Egypt.Under the Constitution of Egypt, the president is also the supreme commander of the armed forces and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government....
(1981–2011) - Prime Minister - Atef SedkiAtef SedkiAtef Muhammad Naguib Sedki was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1986 until 1996. He replaced Ali Mahmoud Lutfi on November 10, 1986.-Biography:...
, Prime Minister of EgyptPrime Minister of EgyptThe Prime Minister of Egypt is the head of the Egyptian government. According to the constitution, the prime minister is the leader of the largest political party in the Egyptian Parliament....
(1986–1996)
- President - Hosni Mubarak
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Equatorial Guinea -
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema MbasogoTeodoro Obiang Nguema MbasogoTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is an Equatoguinean politician who has been President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979. He ousted his uncle, Francisco Macías Nguema, in an August 1979 military coup and has overseen Equatorial Guinea's emergence as an important oil producer, beginning in the 1990s...
, President of Equatorial GuineaHeads of state of Equatorial Guinea-Presidents of Equatorial Guinea :-Affiliations:-See also:*Equatorial Guinea**Heads of government of Equatorial Guinea...
(1979–present) - Prime Minister - Cristino Seriche BiokoCristino Seriche BiokoCristino Seriche Bioko was the prime minister of Equatorial Guinea from August 15, 1982 to March 4, 1992.-References:...
, Prime Minister of Equatorial GuineaHeads of government of Equatorial Guinea-Prime Ministers of Equatorial Guinea :-Affiliations:-See also:*Equatorial Guinea**Heads of state of Equatorial Guinea...
(1982–1992) EthiopiaPeople's Democratic Republic of EthiopiaThe People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was the official name of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991, as established by the Communist government of Mengistu Haile Mariam and the Workers' Party of Ethiopia...
- - Communist Party Leader - Mengistu Haile MariamMengistu Haile MariamMengistu Haile Mariam is a politician who was formerly the most prominent officer of the Derg, the Communist military junta that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987, and the President of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991...
, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of EthiopiaWorkers' Party of EthiopiaThe Workers' Party of Ethiopia is a Communist party in Ethiopia that was, from 1984 to 1990, the only legal political party in the country.-The Commission to Organize the Party of the Workers of Ethiopia:...
(1984–1991) - President - Mengistu Haile MariamMengistu Haile MariamMengistu Haile Mariam is a politician who was formerly the most prominent officer of the Derg, the Communist military junta that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987, and the President of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991...
, President of Ethiopia (1977–1991) - Prime Minister - Hailu YimenuHailu YimenuHailu Yimenu was acting prime minister of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from November 8, 1989 until May 1991....
, Acting Prime Minister of EthiopiaHeads of government of EthiopiaThis page contains a list of the Prime Ministers of Ethiopia.-Heads of Government of Ethiopia :-Affiliations:-See also:*List of Emperors of Ethiopia...
(1989–1991)
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
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Gabon -
- President - Omar BongoOmar BongoEl Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba , born as Albert-Bernard Bongo, was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 42 years from 1967 until his death in office in 2009....
, President of GabonHeads of state of Gabon-Presidents of Gabon :-Affiliations:-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon...
(1967–2009) - Prime Minister -
- Léon MébiameLéon MébiameLéon Mébiame was the Prime Minister of Gabon from 1975 to 1990.A member of the Fang ethnic group, Mébiame was born in Libreville. Under French colonial rule, he became an inspector of federal police in 1956 and was posted in Chad from January 6, 1957 to March 1959...
, Prime Minister of GabonHeads of government of Gabon-Prime Ministers of Gabon :-Affiliations:- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon...
(1975–1990) - Casimir Oyé-MbaCasimir Oyé-MbaCasimir Marie Ange Oyé-Mba is a Gabonese politician. After serving as Governor of the Bank of Central African States from 1978 to 1990, Oyé-Mba was Prime Minister of Gabon from 3 May 1990 to 2 November 1994...
, Prime Minister of GabonHeads of government of Gabon-Prime Ministers of Gabon :-Affiliations:- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon...
(1990–1994)
- Léon Mébiame
- President - Omar Bongo
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The Gambia
- President - Sir Dawda JawaraDawda JawaraSir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, GCMG was the first leader of The Gambia, serving first as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970 and then as President from 1970 to 1994....
, President of The GambiaHeads of state of the Gambia-Heads of State of The Gambia :-Affiliations:*PPP - People's Progressive Party*APRC - Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction*Mil - Military of the Gambia...
(1970–1994)
- President - Sir Dawda Jawara
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Ghana
- Head of State - Jerry RawlingsJerry RawlingsJerry John Rawlings is a former leader of the Republic of Ghana and now the African Union envoy to Somalia. Rawlings ruled Ghana as a military dictator in 1979 and from 1981 to 1992 and then as the first elected president of the Fourth Republic from 1993 to 2001...
, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of GhanaPresident of GhanaThe President of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana. Officially styled President of the Republic of Ghana and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghanaian Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is Prof. John Atta Mills, who took office in January...
(1981–2001)
- Head of State - Jerry Rawlings
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Guinea
- President - Lansana ContéLansana ContéLansana Conté was the second President of Guinea from 3 April 1984 until his death. He was a Muslim and a member of the Susu ethnic group.-Early life:...
, President of GuineaHeads of state of Guinea-List of Heads of State of Guinea:For Colonial Heads prior to independence, see: Colonial Heads of Guinea-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Guinea**Colonial Heads of Guinea...
(1984–2008)
- President - Lansana Conté
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Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State - João Bernardo VieiraJoão Bernardo VieiraJoão Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 1980 to 1999 and again from 2005 to 2009. After seizing power in 1980, Vieira ruled for 19 years, and he won a multiparty presidential election in 1994. He was ousted at the end of the 1998–1999 civil war and went into exile...
, Chairman of the Council of State of Guinea-BissauHeads of state of Guinea-Bissau-Presidents of Guinea-Bissau :-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Guinea-Bissau**List of heads of government of Guinea-Bissau...
(1984–1999)
- Head of State - João Bernardo Vieira
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Kenya
- President - Daniel arap MoiDaniel arap MoiDaniel Toroitich arap Moi was the President of Kenya from 1978 until 2002.Daniel arap Moi is popularly known to Kenyans as 'Nyayo', a Swahili word for 'footsteps'...
, President of KenyaHeads of state of Kenya-Heads of State of Kenya :-Affiliations:*KANU - Kenya African National Union*PNU - Party of National Unity-Latest election:-See also:*List of colonial heads of Kenya*Kenya**Heads of Government of Kenya**Vice-Presidents of Kenya...
(1978–2002)
- President - Daniel arap Moi
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Lesotho -
- Monarch -
- Moshoeshoe IIMoshoeshoe II of LesothoMoshoeshoe II , previously known as Constantine Bereng Seeiso, was the paramount chief of Lesotho, succeeding paramount chief Seeiso from 1960 until the country gained full independence from Britain in 1966...
, King of Lesotho (1965–1990) - Queen 'Mamohato'MaMohato of LesothoQueen 'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso served as the Regent Head of State of Lesotho on three occasions:*From 5 June to 5 December 1970*From 10 March to 12 November 1990...
, Regent of Lesotho (1990) - Letsie IIILetsie III of LesothoLetsie III is the reigning king of Lesotho. He succeeded his father, Moshoeshoe II, when the latter was forced into exile in 1990. His father was briefly restored in 1995 but soon died in a car crash in early 1996, and Letsie became king again...
, King of Lesotho (1990–1995)
- Moshoeshoe II
- Head of Government - Justin LekhanyaJustin LekhanyaRetired General Justin Metsing Lekhanya was the prime minister, defense minister and chairman of the military council of Lesotho from January 24 1986 until May 2 1991...
, Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho (1986–1991)
- Monarch -
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Liberia -
- Head of State -
- Samuel DoeSamuel DoeSamuel Kanyon Doe was the 21st President of Liberia, serving from 1986 until his assassination in 1990. He had previously served as Chairman of the People's Redemption Council from 1980 to 1986. He was the first indigenous head of state in Liberian history.Doe was a part of a rural tribe in inland...
, President of Liberia (1986–1990) - Amos SawyerAmos SawyerDr. Amos Claudius Sawyer was the President of the Interim Government of National Unity in Liberia . Sawyer was born to Abel Sawyer and Sarah Sawyer in 1945, of Sarpo ethnicity; his siblings include Joe Sawyer; the Sawyers were a prominent family in Sinoe County...
, President of the Interim Government of National Unity of Liberia (1990–1994)
- Samuel Doe
- Head of State -
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Libya
- De facto Head of State - Muammar GaddafiMuammar GaddafiMuammar Muhammad Abu Minyar Gaddafi or "September 1942" 20 October 2011), commonly known as Muammar Gaddafi or Colonel Gaddafi, was the official ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011.He seized power in a...
, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011) - Nominal Head of State -
- Mifta al-Usta UmarMifta al-Usta UmarMifta al-Usta Umar was the General Secretary of Libya's General People's Congress from 15 February 1984 to 7 October 1990. In this role, he was officially Libya's head of state, though Muammar Gaddafi continued to exercise ultimate authority in Libya as "Leader and Guide of the Revolution".He...
, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1984–1990) - Abdul Razzaq as-SawsaAbdul Razzaq as-SawsaAbdul Razzaq as-Sawsa was a former Head of State of Libya from 7 October 1990 to 18 November 1992.-References:...
, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1990–1992)
- Mifta al-Usta Umar
- Head of Government -
- Umar Mustafa al-MuntasirUmar Mustafa al-MuntasirUmar Mustafa al-Muntasir was General Secretary of the People's Committee in Libya from 1 March 1987 to 7 October 1990 and the foreign minister from 1992 until 2000....
, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (1987–1990) - Abuzed Omar DordaAbuzed Omar DordaAbuzed Omar Dorda was General Secretary of the People's Committee of Libya from 7 October 1990 to 29 January 1994, and as Libya's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1997 to 2003....
, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (1990–1994)
- Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir
- De facto Head of State - Muammar Gaddafi
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Madagascar -
- President - Didier RatsirakaDidier RatsirakaVice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka is a Malagasy politician who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002.-Second Republic:...
, President of Madagascar (1975–1993) - Prime Minister - Victor RamahatraVictor RamahatraVictor Ramahatra is a former politician in Madagascar. During the presidency of Didier Ratsiraka, Ramahatra served as Prime Minister of Madagascar from 12 February 1988 until 8 August 1991, replacing long-time Prime Minister Désiré Rakotoarijaona. When Ratsiraka returned to office in 1997,...
, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1988–1991)
- President - Didier Ratsiraka
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Malawi
- President - Hastings BandaHastings BandaHastings Kamuzu Banda was the leader of Malawi and its predecessor state, Nyasaland, from 1961 to 1994. After receiving much of his education overseas, Banda returned to his home country to speak against colonialism and advocate for independence...
, President for Life of MalawiHeads of state of Malawi-Heads of State of Malawi :-Affiliations:*MCP - Malawi Congress Party*UDF - United Democratic Front*DPP - Democratic Progressive Party-See also:...
(1966–1994)
- President - Hastings Banda
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Mali
- President - Moussa TraoréMoussa TraoréGeneral Moussa Traoré is a Malian soldier and politician. As a Lieutenant, he led the military ouster of President Modibo Keïta in 1968. Thereafter he served as Head of State from 1968-1979, and President of Mali from 1979 to 1991, when he was overthrown by popular protests and military coup...
, President of MaliHeads of state of Mali-List of Heads of State of Mali:-Affiliations:-See also:*Heads of Government of Mali*Colonial Heads of Mali*Lists of incumbents*Elections in Mali ...
(1968–1991)
- President - Moussa Traoré
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Mauritania -
- Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TayaMaaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TayaMaaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya , was Prime Minister of Mauritania from 1981 to 1984 and president from 1984 to 2005. He guided Mauritania from military rule to democracy, and took a pro-Western stance in foreign affairs...
, Head of State of Mauritania (1984–2005) - Prime Minister - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TayaMaaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TayaMaaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya , was Prime Minister of Mauritania from 1981 to 1984 and president from 1984 to 2005. He guided Mauritania from military rule to democracy, and took a pro-Western stance in foreign affairs...
, Prime Minister of MauritaniaHeads of government of Mauritania-List of Heads of Government of Mauritania:-Affiliations:-See also:*Mauritania**Heads of State of Mauritania**Colonial Heads of Mauritania*Lists of office-holders-External links:*...
(1984–1992) MauritiusMauritius (commonwealth realm)The commonwealth realm of Mauritius, known simply officially as 'Mauritius', was a predecessor to modern-day Republic of Mauritius and an independent state that existed between 1968 and 1992. When British rule ended in 1968, Mauritius was given independence as a commonwealth realm in which form the... - Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Mauritius (1968–1992) - Governor-General - Sir Veerasamy RingadooVeerasamy RingadooSir Veerasamy Ringadoo, GCMG, GCSK, QC, was the Governor General of Mauritius from 17 January 1986 to 12 March 1992, when it became a republic. Ringadoo then served as President until later in 1992, when he was replaced by the democratically elected Cassam Uteem. He is a Tamil by origin and a Hindu...
, Governor-General of Mauritius (1986–1992) - Prime Minister - Sir Anerood JugnauthAnerood JugnauthSir Anerood Jugnauth , KCMG, QC, GCSK, PC, LLB, GOLH, GOP, ORS is the President of Mauritius and all its dependencies...
, Prime Minister of Mauritius (1982–1995) (Territorial collectivity of France) - Prefect -
- Daniel Limodin, Prefect of Mayotte (1988–1990)
- Jean-Paul Coste, Prefect of Mayotte (1990–1993)
- President of the General Council - Younoussa BamanaYounoussa BamanaYounoussa Bamana was a politician from Mayotte who served in the French National Assembly from 1978-1981 .- references :*...
, President of the General Council of MayotteGeneral Council of MayotteMayotte elects on territorial level a legislature. The General Council has 19 members, elected for a three year term in single seat constituencies.- Presidents of the General Council:* Younoussa Bamana : 6 July 1977 – March 1991...
(1976–1991)
- Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
-
Morocco -
- Monarch - Hassan IIHassan II of MoroccoKing Hassan II l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, dial. el-ḥasan ettâni); July 9, 1929 – July 23, 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999...
, King of Morocco (1961–1999) - Prime Minister - Azzeddine LarakiAzzeddine LarakiAzzeddine Laraki was the Prime Minister of Morocco between September 30, 1986 and August 11, 1992. He was born in Fes and died in Rabat, Morocco. - References :...
, Prime Minister of Morocco (1986–1992) - (self-declared, partially recognized state)
- President - Mohamed AbdelazizMohamed AbdelazizMohamed Abdelaziz is the 3rd and current Secretary General of the Polisario Front and President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic since 1976...
, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicPresident of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicThe President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is the head of state of the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , an exile government based in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria. From the declaration of independence on February 27, 1976 to October 16, 1982 SADR's Head of State...
(1976–present) - Prime Minister - Mahfoud Ali BeibaMahfoud Ali BeibaMahfoud Laroussi Ali Beiba was a Sahrawi nationalist politician and co-founder of the Polisario Front, an organisation that seeks independence for Western Sahara...
, Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicPrime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicThe Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is the head of government of the SADR, while the President is the head of state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was proclaimed in the territory that made up the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara on February 27, 1976...
(1988–1993)
- President - Mohamed Abdelaziz
- Monarch - Hassan II
-
Mozambique
- the People's Republic of MozambiquePeople's Republic of MozambiqueThe People's Republic of Mozambique , was a self-declared socialist state that lasted from June 25, 1975 through December 1, 1990, becoming the present day Republic of Mozambique.After gaining independence from Portugal in 1975, the People's Republic of Mozambique was established shortly...
changed into the Republic of MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest...
on 1 December 1990 - Communist Party Leader - Joaquim ChissanoJoaquim ChissanoJoaquim Alberto Chissano served as the second President of Mozambique for nineteen years from 6 November 1986 until 2 February 2005. Since stepping down as president, Chissano has become an elder statesman and is called upon by international bodies, such as the United Nations, to be an envoy or...
, President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (1986–1990) - President - Joaquim ChissanoJoaquim ChissanoJoaquim Alberto Chissano served as the second President of Mozambique for nineteen years from 6 November 1986 until 2 February 2005. Since stepping down as president, Chissano has become an elder statesman and is called upon by international bodies, such as the United Nations, to be an envoy or...
, President of MozambiqueHeads of state of Mozambique-Presidents of Mozambique :-Affiliations:FRELIMO = Frente de Libertação de Moçambique...
(1986–2005) - Prime Minister - Mário da Graça MachungoMário da Graça MachungoMário Fernandes da Graça Machungo is a Mozambican politician. He was Planning Minister from at least 1984 to 1986, when he became Prime Minister of the country from 17 July 1986 to 16 December 1994.-References:...
, Prime Minister of MozambiqueHeads of government of Mozambique-Prime Ministers of Mozambique :-Affiliations:FRELIMO = Frente da Libertação de Moçambique RENAMO = Resistencia Nacional Moçambicana -See also:*Colonial Heads of Mozambique*Heads...
(1986–1994)
Namibia - - South West AfricaSouth West AfricaSouth-West Africa was the name that was used for the modern day Republic of Namibia during the earlier eras when the territory was controlled by the German Empire and later by South Africa....
gained independence on 21 March 1990 - Administrator-General - Louis PienaarLouis PienaarLouis Pienaar is a South African lawyer and former diplomat. In 1985, the apartheid government put him in charge of Namibia, in the lead-up to that country's independence in 1990...
, Administrator-General of South West Africa (1985–1990) - President - Sam NujomaSam NujomaSamuel Daniel Shafiishuna Nujoma is a Namibian politician who was the first President of Namibia from 1990 to 2005. He led the South-West Africa People's Organisation in its long struggle against South African rule and took office as President when Namibia obtained independence on 21 March 1990...
, President of Namibia (1990–2005) - Prime Minister - Hage GeingobHage GeingobHage Geingob is a Namibian politician who was the first Prime Minister of Namibia following its independence, serving from 1990 to 2002...
, Prime Minister of NamibiaPrime Minister of Namibia-Prime Ministers of Namibia :-See also:*Namibia**Politics of Namibia**List of colonial heads of Namibia **List of Presidents of Namibia...
(1990–2002)
- the People's Republic of Mozambique
-
Niger -
- President - Ali SaïbouAli SaibouAli Saibou was the third President of Niger from 1987 to 1993 succeeding the deceased Seyni Kountché.A member of the Djerma people, he was born in Dingajibanda, a village in the Ouallam arrondissement. Although from Kountché's home village, Saibou is not a cousin...
, President of NigerHeads of state of Niger-List of Heads of State of Niger:-Affiliations:-See also:*Niger*List of colonial heads of Niger*Heads of Government of Niger*Lists of Incumbents-References:*...
(1987–1993) - Prime Minister - Aliou MahamidouAliou MahamidouAliou Mahamidou was a Nigerien politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Niger from 2 March 1990 to 27 October 1991.He have 5 children...
, Prime Minister of NigerHeads of government of Niger-List of Heads of Government of Niger:-Affiliations:-See also:*Niger*List of colonial heads of Niger*Heads of State of Niger*Lists of Incumbents-References:*...
(1990–1991)
- President - Ali Saïbou
-
Nigeria
- Head of State - Ibrahim BabangidaIbrahim BabangidaGeneral Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida CFR DSS mni , popularly known as IBB, was a Nigerian Army officer and military ruler of Nigeria...
, President of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of NigeriaPresident of NigeriaThe President of Nigeria is the Head of State and head of the national executive. Officially styled President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and Commander-in-Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The current President of Nigeria is Goodluck Jonathan.-History:On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained...
(1985–1993)
- Head of State - Ibrahim Babangida
-
Rwanda
- President - Juvénal HabyarimanaJuvénal HabyarimanaJuvénal Habyarimana was the third President of the Republic of Rwanda, the post he held longer than any other president to date, from 1973 until 1994. During his 20-year rule he favored his own ethnic group, the Hutus, and supported the Hutu majority in neighboring Burundi against the Tutsi...
, President of Rwanda (1973–1994) (British overseas territory) - Governor - Robert F Stimson, Governor of Saint HelenaGovernor of Saint HelenaThe Governor of Saint Helena is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha...
(1988–1991)
- President - Juvénal Habyarimana
-
São Tomé and Príncipe -
- President - Manuel Pinto da CostaManuel Pinto da CostaManuel Pinto da Costa is a Santoméan economist and politician who served as the first President of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1975 to 1991. He was again elected as President in August 2011 and took office on 3 September 2011....
, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–1991) - Prime Minister - Celestino Rocha da CostaCelestino Rocha da CostaCelestino Rocha da Costa is a former prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. He held the post from 8 January 1988 to 7 February 1991. He was the last head of a single party Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe government....
, Prime Minister of São Tomé and PríncipeHeads of government of São Tomé and Príncipe-Prime Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe :-Affiliations:-See also:*São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe...
(1988–1991)
- President - Manuel Pinto da Costa
-
Senegal
- President - Abdou DioufAbdou DioufAbdou Diouf was the second President of Senegal, serving from 1981 to 2000. Diouf is notable both for coming to power by peaceful succession, and leaving willingly after losing the 2000 presidential election to Abdoulaye Wade...
, President of Senegal (1981–2000)
- President - Abdou Diouf
-
Seychelles
- President - France-Albert RenéFrance-Albert RenéFrance-Albert René was the long-time socialist President of Seychelles from 1977 to 2004. He is known by government officials and party members as "the Boss". His name is often given as simply Albert René or F.A...
, President of Seychelles (1977–2004)
- President - France-Albert René
-
Sierra Leone
- President - Joseph Saidu MomohJoseph Saidu MomohMajor General Joseph Saidu Momoh was the President of Sierra Leone from November, 1985 to April 29, 1992.- Biography :...
, President of Sierra LeoneHeads of government of Sierra LeoneThe following is a list of heads of government of Sierra Leone from 1954 until 1978, when a single party constitution was adopted, and President of Sierra Leone became head of government as well.-Heads of Government of Sierra Leone:-See also:...
(1985–1992) SomaliaSomali Democratic RepublicThe Somali Democratic Republic was the name that the communist regime of former President of Somalia Major General Mohamed Siad Barre gave to Somalia after seizing power during a bloodless coup d'état in 1969...
- - Communist Party Leader - Siad BarreSiad BarreMohamed Siad Barre was the military dictator and President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991. During his rule, he styled himself as Jaalle Siyaad ....
, Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist PartySomali Revolutionary Socialist PartyThe Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party was the governing political party in Somalia from 1976 to 1991.- History :XHKS was created by the military regime of Siad Barre under Soviet guidance. A founding congress was held in June 1976. The congress elected a Central Committee, with Barre as the...
(1976–1991) - President - Siad BarreSiad BarreMohamed Siad Barre was the military dictator and President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991. During his rule, he styled himself as Jaalle Siyaad ....
, President of Somalia (1969–1991) - Prime Minister -
- Muhammad Ali SamatarMuhammad Ali SamatarMuhammad Ali Samatar is a Somali politician and former Prime Minister of Somalia from 1 February 1987 to 3 September 1990.- Biography :Samatar was born in 1931 in Somalia...
, Prime Minister of SomaliaPrime Minister of SomaliaThis page contains a list of the Prime Ministers of Somalia.-Prime Ministers of Somalia :-Affiliations:*SYL - Somali Youth League*SNL - Somali National League...
(1987–1990) - Muhammad Hawadle MadarMuhammad Hawadle MadarMuhammad Hawadle Madar was the Prime Minister of Somalia from September 3, 1990 to January 24, 1991. A former member of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, he was in office for a few months before the outbreak of the Somali Civil War....
, Prime Minister of SomaliaPrime Minister of SomaliaThis page contains a list of the Prime Ministers of Somalia.-Prime Ministers of Somalia :-Affiliations:*SYL - Somali Youth League*SNL - Somali National League...
(1990–1991)
- Muhammad Ali Samatar
- President - Joseph Saidu Momoh
-
South Africa
- President - F. W. de Klerk, State President of South AfricaState President of South AfricaState President, or Staatspresident in Afrikaans, was the title of South Africa's head of state from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1961, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state...
(1989–1994)
- President - F. W. de Klerk, State President of South Africa
-
Sudan
- Head of State - Omar al-BashirOmar al-BashirLieutenant General Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir is the current President of Sudan and the head of the National Congress Party. He came to power in 1989 when he, as a brigadier in the Sudanese army, led a group of officers in a bloodless military coup that ousted the government of Prime Minister...
, Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation of Sudan (1989–present)
- Head of State - Omar al-Bashir
-
Swaziland -
- Monarch - Mswati IIIMswati III of SwazilandMswati III is the King of Swaziland and head of the Swazi Royal Family. In 1986, he succeeded his father Sobhuza II as ruler of the southern African kingdom...
, King of Swaziland (1986–present) - Prime Minister - Obed DlaminiObed DlaminiObed Mfanyana Dlamini was Prime Minister of Swaziland from 12 July 1989 to 25 October 1993. He is currently a member of Liqoqo , and is one of the two members in the council to have an affiliation to a political party. He is a member of the Ngwane National Liberatory Congress...
, Prime Minister of SwazilandHeads of government of Swaziland-Heads of Government:-See also:*List of kings of Swaziland*lists of incumbents...
(1989–1993)
- Monarch - Mswati III
-
Tanzania -
- President - Ali Hassan MwinyiAli Hassan MwinyiAli Hassan Mwinyi is a Tanzanian politician. He was the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President...
, President of Tanzania (1985–1995) - Prime Minister -
- Joseph Sinde WariobaJoseph Sinde WariobaJoseph Sinde Warioba served as Prime Minister of Tanzania from 1985 to 1990. Furthermore, he served concurrently as the country's Vice President. He is currently a Judge on the East African Court of Justice....
, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1985–1990) - John MalecelaJohn MalecelaJohn Samuel Malecela in Bugiri Dodoma, was Prime Minister of Tanzania from 1990-11-09–1994-12-07. He served as the vice-chairman of the CCM from 1995 to 2007, and a member of the CCM Central Committee to date....
, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1990–1994)
- Joseph Sinde Warioba
- President - Ali Hassan Mwinyi
-
Togo
- President - Gnassingbé EyadémaGnassingbé EyadémaGeneral Gnassingbé Eyadéma , was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005. He participated in two successful military coups, in January 1963 and January 1967, and became President on April 14, 1967...
, President of Togo (1967–2005)
- President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma
-
Tunisia -
- President - Zine El Abidine Ben AliZine El Abidine Ben AliZine El Abidine Ben Ali is a Tunisian political figure who was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011. Ben Ali was appointed Prime Minister in October 1987, and he assumed the Presidency on 7 November 1987 in a bloodless coup d'état that ousted President Habib Bourguiba, who was...
, President of Tunisia (1987–2011) - Prime Minister - Hamed KarouiHamed KarouiHamed Karoui was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 27 September 1989 to 17 November 1999. From 1986 to 1987 he was Minister of Youth and Sports and from 1988 to 1989 he was Minister of Justice. He was a member of the Constitutional Democratic Rally party.-References:...
, Prime Minister of TunisiaPrime Minister of TunisiaThe Prime Minister of the Tunisian Republic is the head of government of Tunisia. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Tunisia...
(1989–1999)
- President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Uganda -
- President - Yoweri MuseveniYoweri MuseveniYoweri Kaguta Museveni is a Ugandan politician and statesman. He has been President of Uganda since 26 January 1986.Museveni was involved in the war that deposed Idi Amin Dada, ending his rule in 1979, and in the rebellion that subsequently led to the demise of the Milton Obote regime in 1985...
, President of UgandaPresident of Uganda-List of Presidents of Uganda:-Affiliations:-See also:*Uganda*Vice President of Uganda*Prime Minister of Uganda*Politics of Uganda*History of Uganda*Political parties of Uganda...
(1986–present) - Prime Minister - Samson KisekkaSamson KisekkaSamson Babi Mululu Kisekka was a Vice President of Uganda. He also worked as a medical doctor, politician and diplomat. He was closely associated with Yoweri Museveni and served as prime minister and vice-president under him....
, Prime Minister of UgandaPrime Minister of Uganda-List of Prime Ministers of Uganda:-Affiliations:-See also:*Uganda*President of Uganda*Vice President of Uganda*Politics of Uganda*History of Uganda*Political parties of Uganda...
(1986–1991)
- President - Yoweri Museveni
-
Zaire -
- President - Mobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga , commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko , born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1997...
, President of ZaireHeads of state of the Democratic Republic of the CongoThis is the list of the Heads of State of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since independence in 1960. The current head of state is President Joseph Kabila, since 26 January 2001.-Heads of State:-Affiliations:...
(1965–1997) - Head of Government -
- Kengo wa DondoKengo Wa DondoLéon Kengo Wa Dondo served as the "first state commissioner" several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. He was one of the most powerful figures in the regime and was a strong advocate of economic globalization and free-market economics...
, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1988–1990) - Lunda Bululu, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1990–1991) ZambiaZambiaZambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west....
- Kengo wa Dondo
- President - Kenneth KaundaKenneth KaundaKenneth David Kaunda, known as KK, served as the first President of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991.-Early life:Kaunda was the youngest of eight children. He was born at Lubwa Mission in Chinsali, Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia...
, President of Zambia (1964–1991) - Prime Minister - Malimba MashekeMalimba MashekeMalimba Masheke is a Zambian politician. He served as the last Prime Minister of the country from 15 March 1989 to 31 August 1991. He had previously been Minister of Defence from 1985 to 1988 and Minister of Home Affairs from 1988 to 1989....
, Prime Minister of ZambiaPrime Minister of Zambia-Prime Ministers of Zambia :-External links:*...
(1989–1991)
- President - Mobutu Sese Seko
-
Zimbabwe
- President - Robert MugabeRobert MugabeRobert Gabriel Mugabe is the President of Zimbabwe. As one of the leaders of the liberation movement against white-minority rule, he was elected into power in 1980...
, President of Zimbabwe (1987–present)
- President - Robert Mugabe
Asia
AfghanistanDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a government of Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. It was both ideologically close to and economically dependent on the Soviet Union, and was a major belligerent of the Afghan Civil War.- Saur Revolution :...
-
-
- Communist Party Leader - Mohammad NajibullahMohammad NajibullahMohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai , originally merely Najibullah, was the fourth and last President of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. He is also considered the second President of the Republic of Afghanistan.-Early years:Najibullah was born in August 1947 to the Ahmadzai...
, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of AfghanistanPeople's Democratic Party of AfghanistanThe People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was a communist party established on the 1 January 1965. While a minority, the party helped former president of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan, to overthrow his cousin, Mohammed Zahir Shah, and established Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan...
(1986–1990) - President - Mohammad NajibullahMohammad NajibullahMohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai , originally merely Najibullah, was the fourth and last President of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. He is also considered the second President of the Republic of Afghanistan.-Early years:Najibullah was born in August 1947 to the Ahmadzai...
, President of AfghanistanPresident of AfghanistanAfghanistan has only been a republic between 1973 and 1992 and from 2001 onwards. Before 1973, it was a monarchy that was governed by a variety of kings, emirs or shahs...
(1987–1992) - Prime Minister -
- Sultan Ali KeshtmandSultan Ali KeshtmandSultan Ali Keshtmand, sometimes transliterated Kishtmand, born May 22, 1935 in Kabul, was an Afghan politician. He served twice as Prime Minister during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan....
, Prime Minister of AfghanistanPrime Minister of AfghanistanThe Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government.The position was created in 1927, and was appointed by the king, mostly as an advisor, until the end of the monarchy in 1973...
(1989–1990) - Fazal Haq KhaliqyarFazal Haq KhaliqyarFazal Haq Khaliqyar , was an Afghan politician, that was briefly Prime Minister of the Republic of Afghanistan.He performed duties as Minister of Finance during Mohammad Daud Khan's rule. He was appointed as Prime Minister during the period of President Mohammad Najibullah government...
, Prime Minister of AfghanistanPrime Minister of AfghanistanThe Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government.The position was created in 1927, and was appointed by the king, mostly as an advisor, until the end of the monarchy in 1973...
(1990–1992)
- Sultan Ali Keshtmand
- Communist Party Leader - Mohammad Najibullah
-
Bahrain
- Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of BahrainKing of BahrainThe King of Bahrain is the monarch and head of state of Bahrain. Between 1783 and 1971, the Bahraini monarch held the title of Hakim, and, from 1971 until 2002, the title of Emir...
(1961–1999) - Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of BahrainPrime Minister of BahrainIn Bahrain, the Prime Minister is the head of government of the country. According to the Constitution of Bahrain, the Prime Minister is appointed directly by the King, and needs not be an elected member of the Council of Representatives....
(1970–present)
- Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain
-
Bangladesh -
- President -
- Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President of Bangladesh (1983–1990)
- Shahabuddin AhmedShahabuddin AhmedShahabuddin Ahmed is a former president and Chief Justice of Bangladesh. Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed took over the office of President after a popular uprising against President Hossain Mohammad Ershad in 1991. After the resumption of democracy, he returned to his duties as the Chief Justice...
, Acting President of Bangladesh (1990–1991)
- Prime Minister - Kazi Zafar AhmedKazi Zafar AhmedKazi Zafar Ahmed was born in 1939, in the upazila of Chauddagram in Comilla. He was originally a leader at the Dhaka University. He served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 20 March 1989 to 6 December 1990. He has a M.A...
, Prime Minister of BangladeshPrime Minister of BangladeshThe Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the Head of the Government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Jatiya Sangsad Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate...
(1989–1990)
- President -
-
Bhutan
- Monarch - Jigme Singye WangchuckJigme Singye WangchuckJigme Singye Wangchuck is the former King of Bhutan. He was the fourth Dragon King of Bhutan from 1972 until his abdication in favour of his eldest son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, in 2006...
, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck
-
Brunei
- Monarch - Hassanal BolkiahHassanal BolkiahGeneral Haji Sir Hassan al-Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah GCB GCMG is the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, the 29th Sultan of Brunei and the first Prime Minister of Brunei Darussalam...
, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) - Prime Minister - Hassanal BolkiahHassanal BolkiahGeneral Haji Sir Hassan al-Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah GCB GCMG is the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, the 29th Sultan of Brunei and the first Prime Minister of Brunei Darussalam...
, Prime Minister of BruneiPrime Minister of BruneiThe Prime Minister of Brunei is a title held by the Sultan of Brunei. As the prime minister, the Sultan presides over the cabinet.As of 2011, the post is held by Hassanal Bolkiah....
(1984–present) Cambodia - - Communist Party Leader - Heng SamrinHeng SamrinHeng Samrin is a Cambodian politician. He was the chairman of the People's Republic of Kampuchea and the State of Cambodia , and later vice chairman and chairman of the National Assembly of Cambodia since 2006....
, Secretary-General of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary PartyCambodian People's PartyThe Cambodian People's Party is the current ruling party of Cambodia.This party was formerly known as Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party...
(1981–1991) - Head of State - Heng SamrinHeng SamrinHeng Samrin is a Cambodian politician. He was the chairman of the People's Republic of Kampuchea and the State of Cambodia , and later vice chairman and chairman of the National Assembly of Cambodia since 2006....
, Chairman of the Council of State of Cambodia (1979–1992) - Premier - Hun SenHun SenHun Sen is the current Prime Minister of Cambodia.He has been the sole leader of the Cambodian People's Party , which has governed Cambodia since the Vietnamese-backed overthrow of the Khmer Rouge in 1979...
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of CambodiaPrime Minister of CambodiaThe Prime Minister of Cambodia , is the head of government of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Prime Minister is appointed by the King under Article 119 of the Constitution and is responsible for leading the government of the Kingdom.-Constitutional powers:The powers of the Prime Minister are established...
(1985–present)
- Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah
- ' -
- Communist Party Leader- Jiang ZeminJiang ZeminJiang Zemin is a former Chinese politician, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2005...
, General Secretary of the Communist Party of ChinaGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of ChinaThe General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , officially General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China, a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat...
(1989–2002) - President - Yang ShangkunYang ShangkunYang Shangkun was President of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993, and was permanent Vice-chair of the Central Military Commission...
, President of the People's Republic of ChinaPresident of the People's Republic of ChinaThe President of the People's Republic of China is a ceremonial office and a part of State organs under the National People's Congress and it is the head of state of the People's Republic of China . The office was created by the 1982 Constitution...
(1988–1993) - Premier - Li PengLi PengLi Peng served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998, and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China ...
, Premier of the People's Republic of ChinaPremier of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China , sometimes also referred to as the "Prime Minister" informally, is the Leader of the State Council of the People's Republic of China , who is the head of government and holds the highest-ranking of the Civil service of the...
(1987–1998) (British dependent territory) - Governor - Sir David WilsonDavid Wilson, Baron Wilson of TillyornDavid Clive Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn, is a retired British administrator, diplomat and Sinologist. Lord Wilson of Tillyorn was the penultimate Commander-in-Chief and 27th Governor of Hong Kong...
, Governor of Hong KongGovernor of Hong KongThe Governor of Hong Kong was the head of the government of Hong Kong during British rule from 1843 to 1997. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions...
(1987–1992)
- Communist Party Leader- Jiang Zemin
-
India -
- President - R. VenkataramanR. VenkataramanRamaswamy Venkataraman was an Indian lawyer, Indian independence activist and politician who served as a Union minister and as the eighth President of India....
, President of IndiaPresident of IndiaThe President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India, as well as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. President of India is also the formal head of all the three branches of Indian Democracy - Legislature, Executive and Judiciary...
(1987–1992) - Prime Minister -
- V. P. SinghV. P. SinghVishwanath Pratap Singh was the seventh Prime Minister of India and the 41st Raja Bahadur of Manda.-Early life:...
, Prime Minister of IndiaPrime Minister of IndiaThe Prime Minister of India , as addressed to in the Constitution of India — Prime Minister for the Union, is the chief of government, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in parliament...
(1989–1990) - Chandra ShekharChandra ShekharChandra Shekhar Singh was the eighth Prime Minister of India.-Early years:He was born on 1 July 1927 to a Rajput farming family in Ibrahimpatti - Ballia in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Chandra Shekhar Singh did his Master of Arts at Allahabad University. He was known as a firebrand in student politics...
, Prime Minister of IndiaPrime Minister of IndiaThe Prime Minister of India , as addressed to in the Constitution of India — Prime Minister for the Union, is the chief of government, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in parliament...
(1990–1991)
- V. P. Singh
- President - R. Venkataraman
-
Indonesia
- President - Suharto, President of Indonesia (1967–1998)
-
Iran
- Supreme Leader - Ali KhameneiAli KhameneiAyatollah Seyed Ali Hoseyni Khāmene’i is the Supreme Leader of Iran and the figurative head of the Muslim conservative establishment in Iran and Twelver Shi'a marja...
, Supreme Leader of IranSupreme Leader of IranThe Supreme Leader of Iran is the highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The post was established by the constitution in accordance with the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists...
(1989–present) - President - Akbar Hashemi RafsanjaniAkbar Hashemi RafsanjaniAyatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani is an influential Iranian politician and writer, who was the fourth President of Iran. He was a member of the Assembly of Experts until his resignation in 2011...
, President of IranPresident of IranThe President of Iran is the highest popularly elected official in, and the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran; although subordinate to the Supreme Leader of Iran, who functions as the country's head of state...
(1989–1997) IraqBa'athist IraqThe History of Iraq , referred to as Ba'athist Iraq, covers the period of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's rule over Iraq. Ba'athist rule in Iraq first occurred briefly in 1963 under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr until overthrown that same year. Ba'athism was restored to power five years later after... - President - Saddam HusseinSaddam HusseinSaddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003...
, President of IraqPresident of IraqThe President of Iraq is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution." The President is elected by the Council of...
(1979–2003) - Prime Minister - Saddam HusseinSaddam HusseinSaddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003...
, Prime Minister of IraqPrime Minister of IraqThe Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's head of government. Prime Minister was originally an appointed office, subsidiary to the head of state, and the nominal leader of the Iraqi parliament. Under the newly adopted constitution the Prime Minister is to be the country's active executive authority...
(1979–1991)
- Supreme Leader - Ali Khamenei
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Israel
- President - Chaim HerzogChaim HerzogChaim Herzog served as the sixth President of Israel , following a distinguished career in both the British Army and the Israel Defense Forces .-Early life:...
, President of IsraelPresident of IsraelThe President of the State of Israel is the head of state of Israel. The position is largely an apolitical ceremonial figurehead role, with the real executive power lying in the hands of the Prime Minister. The current president is Shimon Peres who took office on 15 July 2007...
(1983–1993) - Prime Minister - Yitzhak ShamirYitzhak Shamir' is a former Israeli politician, the seventh Prime Minister of Israel, in 1983–84 and 1986–92.-Biography:Icchak Jeziernicky was born in Ruzhany , Russian Empire . He studied at a Hebrew High School in Białystok, Poland. As a youth he joined Betar, the Revisionist Zionist youth movement...
, Prime Minister of IsraelPrime Minister of IsraelThe Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and the most powerful political figure in Israel . The prime minister is the country's chief executive. The official residence of the prime minister, Beit Rosh Hamemshala is in Jerusalem...
(1986–1992)
- President - Chaim Herzog
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Japan -
- Monarch - AkihitoAkihitois the current , the 125th emperor of his line according to Japan's traditional order of succession. He acceded to the throne in 1989.-Name:In Japan, the emperor is never referred to by his given name, but rather is referred to as "His Imperial Majesty the Emperor" which may be shortened to . In...
, Emperor of Japan (1989–present) - Prime Minister - Toshiki KaifuToshiki Kaifuis a Japanese politician who was the 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan from 1989 to 1991.- Career :He was born in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, and was educated at Chuo University and Waseda University. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party , Kaifu ran successfully for the Diet in 1960 and...
, Prime Minister of Japan (1989–1991)
- Monarch - Akihito
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Jordan
- Monarch - HusseinHussein of JordanHussein bin Talal was the third King of Jordan from the abdication of his father, King Talal, in 1952, until his death. Hussein's rule extended through the Cold War and four decades of Arab-Israeli conflict...
, King of Jordan (1952–1999) - Prime Minister - Mudar BadranMudar BadranMudar Seyyid Muhammad Badran is a retired Jordanian politician.Badran was born in Jerash, Jordan. He served as firstly as the secret service dirctor in the 1970's, which was when the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was facing a civil war against the "Feda'eyn". He also served as a Minister of...
, Prime Minister of Jordan (1989–1991)
- Monarch - Hussein
- ' -
- Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sungKim Il-sungKim Il-sung was a Korean communist politician who led the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death...
, General Secretary of the Korean Workers' PartyWorkers' Party of KoreaThe Workers' Party of Korea is the ruling Communist party of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , commonly known as North Korea. It is also called the Korean Workers' Party...
(1948–1994) - President - Kim Il-sungKim Il-sungKim Il-sung was a Korean communist politician who led the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death...
, President of North Korea (1972–1994) - Premier - Yon Hyong-mukYon Hyong-mukYon Hyong-muk, also spelt as Yong Hyong-muk was a longserving politician in North Korea and at the height of his career the most powerful person in that country outside the Kim family. He was premier of North Korea from 1989 until 1992 .He was born in Kyongwon County and had a strong...
, Premier of North Korea (1988–1992)
- Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sung
- ' -
- President - Roh Tae-wooRoh Tae-wooRoh Tae-woo , is a former ROK Army general and politician. He was the 13th president of South Korea .Roh befriended Chun Doo-hwan while in high school in Daegu. In his younger life, Roh was a keen rugby union player....
, President of South KoreaPresident of South KoreaThe President of the Republic of Korea is, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, chief executive of the government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of state of the Republic of Korea...
(1988–1993) - Prime Minister -
- Kang Young-HoonKang Young-HoonKang Young-Hoon KBE was the Prime Minister of South Korea from 5 December 1988 until 27 December 1990, and acting Prime Minister until 16 December 1988.Kang holds a Ph.D. in Political Science and a M.A...
, Prime Minister of South KoreaPrime Minister of South KoreaThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea is appointed by the President with the National Assembly's approval. Unlike prime ministers in the parliamentary system, the Prime Minister of South Korea is not required to be a member of parliament....
(1988–1990) - Ro Jai Bong, Prime Minister of South KoreaPrime Minister of South KoreaThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea is appointed by the President with the National Assembly's approval. Unlike prime ministers in the parliamentary system, the Prime Minister of South Korea is not required to be a member of parliament....
(1990–1991)
- Kang Young-Hoon
- President - Roh Tae-woo
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Kuwait
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-SabahJaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-SabahJaber III al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, GCB , GCMG of the al-Sabah dynasty, was the Emir and thirteenth Sheikh of Kuwait, serving from December 31, 1977 until his death on January 15, 2006...
, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006) - Prime Minister - Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-SabahSaad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-SabahSheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, KCMG was the Emir of Kuwait during a short reign of nine days , succeeding the late Sheikh Jaber....
, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
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Laos -
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone PhomvihaneKaysone PhomvihaneKaysone Phomvihane was the leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 1955, though Souphanouvong served in a figurehead role...
, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary PartyLao People's Revolutionary PartyThe Lao People's Revolutionary Party is a communist political party that has governed Laos since 1975. The policy-making organs are the politburo and the central committee. A party congress, which elects members to the politburo and central committee, is held every five years...
(1975–1992) - President -
- SouphanouvongSouphanouvongPrince Souphanouvong was, along with his half-brother Prince Souvanna Phouma and Prince Boun Oum of Champasak, one of the “Three Princes” who represented respectively the communist , neutralist, and royalist political factions in Laos...
, President of LaosPresident of LaosThe President of Laos is the head of state of the People's Democratic Republic of Laos.The office of the President was created in 1975, after the takeover of the country by the Pathet Lao, which abolished the monarchy. A member of the deposed royal family, Prince Souphanouvong, was the first...
(1975–1991) - Phoumi VongvichitPhoumi VongvichitPhoumi Vongvichit was a leading figure of the Pathet Lao and an elder statesman of the Lao People's Democratic Republic....
, Acting President of LaosPresident of LaosThe President of Laos is the head of state of the People's Democratic Republic of Laos.The office of the President was created in 1975, after the takeover of the country by the Pathet Lao, which abolished the monarchy. A member of the deposed royal family, Prince Souphanouvong, was the first...
(1986–1991)
- Souphanouvong
- Premier - Kaysone PhomvihaneKaysone PhomvihaneKaysone Phomvihane was the leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 1955, though Souphanouvong served in a figurehead role...
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of LaosPrime Minister of LaosThe Prime Minister of Laos is the head of government of the People's Democratic Republic of Laos.-Prime Ministers:-Trivia:Between December 1959 to December 1960, Laos had 6 different Prime Ministers, after being ousted by 6 different political coups....
(1975–1991)
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane
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Lebanon
- President - Elias HrawiElias HrawiElias Hrawi was a President of Lebanon, whose term of office ran from 1989 to 1998.He was a native of the Beqaa valley. He was elected on 24 November 1989, two days after the assassination of René Moawad, who had held office for just seventeen days...
, President of Lebanon (1989–1998) - Prime Minister -
- Michel AounMichel AounMichel Naim Aoun is a former Lebanese Army Commander and he is one of the allies of Hezbollah. From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, he has served as Prime Minister of the legal one of two rival governments that contended for power. He declared "The Liberation War" against the Syrian...
, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1988–1990) - Selim al-HossSelim al-HossSelim Ahmed El-Hoss is a veteran Lebanese politician. He was a Prime Minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut.-Education:...
, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1990) - Omar KaramiOmar KaramiOmar Abdul Hamid Karami was the Prime Minister of Lebanon on two separate occasions...
, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1990–1992) MacauMacauMacau , also spelled Macao , is, along with Hong Kong, one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China...
(overseas province of Portugal)
- Michel Aoun
- Governor -
- Carlos Montez MelanciaCarlos Montez MelanciaCarlos Montez Melancia was the Governor of Macau from 9 July 1987 to 22 April 1991. He was born in Santarém District, Portugal in 1927. In 1991 his corruption affairs were revealed by the mass media. It was in this period that the Supreme Procuratorate of Portugal decided to indict him for...
, Governor of MacauGovernor of MacauThe Governor of Macau was a Portuguese colonial official who headed the colony of Macau, before 1623 called Captain-major . The post was replaced on December 20, 1999 upon the transfer of administration to the People's Republic of China by the office of the Chief Executive of the Macau Special...
(1987–1990) - Francisco Murteira Nabo, Acting Governor of MacauGovernor of MacauThe Governor of Macau was a Portuguese colonial official who headed the colony of Macau, before 1623 called Captain-major . The post was replaced on December 20, 1999 upon the transfer of administration to the People's Republic of China by the office of the Chief Executive of the Macau Special...
(1990–1991)
- Carlos Montez Melancia
- President - Elias Hrawi
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Malaysia -
- Monarch - Sultan Azlan Shah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of MalaysiaYang di-Pertuan AgongThe Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained independence....
(1989–1994) - Prime Minister - Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of MalaysiaPrime Minister of MalaysiaThe Prime Minister of Malaysia is the indirectly elected head of government of Malaysia. He is officially appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the head of state, who in HM's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House of Representatives , the...
(1981–2003)
- Monarch - Sultan Azlan Shah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
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Maldives
- President - Maumoon Abdul GayoomMaumoon Abdul GayoomMaumoon Abdul Gayoom was President of the Maldives from 1978 to 2008. After serving as Minister of Transport, he was nominated as President by the Majlis of the Maldives and succeeded Ibrahim Nasir on November 11, 1978. He eventually became the longest-ruling head of government in Asia...
, President of the MaldivesPresident of the MaldivesThe President of the Maldives is the Head of State and Head of Government and first citizen of the Republic of Maldives and the Supreme Commander of the Maldivian armed forces.The current President of the Republic of Maldives is Mohamed Nasheed....
(1978–2008) Mongolia - - Communist Party Leader -
- Jambyn Batmönkh, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary PartyMongolian People's Revolutionary PartyThe Mongolian People's Party formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party is an ex-communist political party in Mongolia. The party is abbreviated MPP in English and ' in Mongolian...
(1984–1990) - Gombojavyn Ochirbat, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary PartyMongolian People's Revolutionary PartyThe Mongolian People's Party formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party is an ex-communist political party in Mongolia. The party is abbreviated MPP in English and ' in Mongolian...
(1990)
- Jambyn Batmönkh, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
- Head of State -
- Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of MongoliaPresident of MongoliaThe President of Mongolia is the head of state of Mongolia. The Constitution of Mongolia implements a parliamentary system, so while much of the President's role is ceremonial, he or she does wield significant political power.-Election:...
(1984–1990) - Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, President of MongoliaPresident of MongoliaThe President of Mongolia is the head of state of Mongolia. The Constitution of Mongolia implements a parliamentary system, so while much of the President's role is ceremonial, he or she does wield significant political power.-Election:...
(1990–1997)
- Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of Mongolia
- Head of Government -
- Dumaagiin SodnomDumaagiin SodnomDumaagiin Sodnom is a Mongolian political figure who served as Mongolia's 14th Prime Minister from 1984 to 1990.Sodnom was born in the Örgön District of Dornogovi Province on 14 July 1933. He first attended school in the Bayanmönkh district of Khentii Province and then went on to study at the...
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of MongoliaPrime Minister of MongoliaThe Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian government's executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by Parliament, and can be removed by a vote of no confidence.-Powers:...
(1984–1990) - Sharavyn GungaadorjSharavyn GungaadorjSharavyn Gungaadorj is a Mongolian politician and was the 15th Prime Minister of Mongolia from March 21 to September 11 in 1990.- Life :...
, Prime Minister of MongoliaPrime Minister of MongoliaThe Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian government's executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by Parliament, and can be removed by a vote of no confidence.-Powers:...
(1990) - Dashiin ByambasürenDashiin ByambasürenDashiin Byambasüren is a former Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party politician who was Prime Minister of Mongolia from 11 September 1990 - 21 July 1992, as the first one to be appointed by a democratically elected parliament. He comes from a Buryat background...
, Prime Minister of MongoliaPrime Minister of MongoliaThe Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian government's executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by Parliament, and can be removed by a vote of no confidence.-Powers:...
(1990–1992)
- Dumaagiin Sodnom
- President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
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Myanmar -
- Head of State - Saw MaungSaw MaungSenior General Saw Maung was the founder of the State Peace and Development Council in Myanmar. He served as their Chairman from 1988 to 1992.-Early life and career:...
, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council of MyanmarPresident of BurmaThe President of Burma is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, and leads the executive branch of the Burmese government, and heads the Cabinet of Burma. The president is elected by members of parliament, not by the general population. The Presidential...
(1988–1992) - Prime Minister - Saw MaungSaw MaungSenior General Saw Maung was the founder of the State Peace and Development Council in Myanmar. He served as their Chairman from 1988 to 1992.-Early life and career:...
, Prime Minister of MyanmarPrime Minister of MyanmarThe Prime Minister of Burma was the head of government of Burma, also called Myanmar, from 1948 to 2011.-History of the office:The position of Prime Minister was created in 1948, when Burma gained independence from the United Kingdom. Since then, eleven people have held the office...
(1988–1992) Nepal - - Monarch - BirendraBirendra of NepalBirendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was a King of Nepal. The son of King Mahendra, whom he succeeded in 1972, he reigned until his death in the 2001 Nepalese royal massacre...
, King of NepalNepalese monarchyThe Kingdom of Nepal , also referred to as the Gorkha Kingdom, was formed in 1768 by the unification of Nepal. Founded by Prithvi Narayan Shah The Kingdom of Nepal , also referred to as the Gorkha Kingdom, was formed in 1768 by the unification of Nepal. Founded by Prithvi Narayan Shah The Kingdom...
(1972–2001) - Prime Minister -
- Marich Man Singh ShresthaMarich Man Singh ShresthaMarich Man Singh Shrestha is a Nepalese politician. He served as prime minister of Nepal from June 15, 1986 to April 6, 1990. Prior to that he was Speaker of the National Assembly of Nepal. He is a member of the Newar community and was the first member of that ethnic group to become prime minister...
, Prime Minister of Nepal (1986–1990) - Lokendra Bahadur ChandLokendra Bahadur ChandLokendra Bahadur Chand was the prime minister of Nepal four times: from 1983 to 1986, briefly during April 1990, briefly during 1997, and from October 2002 until June 2003. He is a major supporter of the Nepalese monarchy...
, Prime Minister of Nepal (1990) - Krishna Prasad BhattaraiKrishna Prasad BhattaraiKrishna Prasad Bhattarai was a Nepalese political leader. As a leader of the Nepali Congress Party, he made his position by transitioning Nepal from an absolute monarchy to a democratic multi-party system.Bhattarai was twice the Prime Minister of Nepal, once heading the Interim Government from 19...
, Prime Minister of Nepal (1990–1991)
- Marich Man Singh Shrestha
- Head of State - Saw Maung
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Oman -
- Monarch - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
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Pakistan -
- President - Ghulam Ishaq KhanGhulam Ishaq KhanGhulam Ishaq Khan , abbreviated as GIK, was the seventh President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993 and a career statesman from the start to the end of cold war...
, President of PakistanPresident of PakistanThe President of Pakistan is the head of state, as well as figurehead, of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Recently passed an XVIII Amendment , Pakistan has a parliamentary democratic system of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a...
(1988–1993) - Prime Minister -
- Benazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto was a democratic socialist who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from 1988 until 1990 and 1993 until 1996....
, Prime Minister of PakistanPrime Minister of PakistanThe Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
(1988–1990) - Ghulam Mustafa JatoiGhulam Mustafa JatoiGhulam Mustafa Jatoi was a Pakistani politician, and was the Acting Prime Minister of Pakistan for 3 months, from August 6, 1990 to November 6, 1990. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi's ancestors were mureeds of the Pir's of Sarhandi....
, Prime Minister of PakistanPrime Minister of PakistanThe Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
(1990) - Nawaz SharifNawaz SharifMian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif is a Pakistani conservative politician and steel magnate who served as 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 to October 12, 1999...
, Prime Minister of PakistanPrime Minister of PakistanThe Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
(1990–1993)
- Benazir Bhutto
- President - Ghulam Ishaq Khan
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Philippines
- President - Corazon AquinoCorazon AquinoMaria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino was the 11th President of the Philippines and the first woman to hold that office in Philippine history. She is best remembered for leading the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines...
, President of the Philippines (1986–1992)
- President - Corazon Aquino
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Qatar -
- Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al ThaniKhalifa bin Hamad Al ThaniEmir Shaikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Muhammed Al Thani GCB GCMG was the Emir of Qatar from 1972 until he was deposed by his son Hamad bin Khalifa in 1995....
, Emir of Qatar (1972–1995) - Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al ThaniKhalifa bin Hamad Al ThaniEmir Shaikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Muhammed Al Thani GCB GCMG was the Emir of Qatar from 1972 until he was deposed by his son Hamad bin Khalifa in 1995....
, Prime Minister of Qatar (1970–1995)
- Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani
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Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - FahdFahd of Saudi ArabiaFahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, was King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005...
, King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005) - Prime Minister - FahdFahd of Saudi ArabiaFahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, was King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005...
, Prime Minister of Saudi ArabiaPrime Minister of Saudi ArabiaThe Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia is formally the Head of government under the Malik , the rather absolute Head of State of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.-History:...
(1982–2005)
- Monarch - Fahd
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Singapore -
- President - Wee Kim WeeWee Kim WeeWee Kim Wee GCB was the fourth President of Singapore from 2 September 1985 to 1 September 1993.-Early life:Born into a humble family, Wee Kim Wee was the son of a clerk, Wee Choong Lay and his wife Chua Lay Hua. His father died when he was eight...
, President of SingaporePresident of SingaporeThe President of the Republic of Singapore is Singapore's head of state. In a Westminster parliamentary system, as which Singapore governs itself, the prime minister is the head of the government while the position of president is largely ceremonial. Before 1993, the President of Singapore was...
(1985–1993) - Prime Minister -
- Lee Kuan YewLee Kuan YewLee Kuan Yew, GCMG, CH is a Singaporean statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades...
, Prime Minister of SingaporePrime Minister of SingaporeThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore appoints as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.The office of Prime Minister...
(1959–1990) - Goh Chok TongGoh Chok TongGoh Chok Tong is the Senior Minister of Singapore and the chairman of the central bank of Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He also served as the second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore from 28 November 1990 to 12 August 2004, succeeding Lee Kuan Yew, the former Prime...
, Prime Minister of SingaporePrime Minister of SingaporeThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore appoints as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.The office of Prime Minister...
(1990–2004)
- Lee Kuan Yew
- President - Wee Kim Wee
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Sri Lanka -
- President - Ranasinghe PremadasaRanasinghe PremadasaRanasinghe Premadasa was the 3rd President of Sri Lanka from January 2, 1989 to May 1, 1993. Before that, he served as the Prime Minister in the government headed by J. R. Jayewardene from February 6, 1978 to January 1, 1989...
, President of Sri LankaPresident of Sri LankaThe President of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the elected head of state and the head of government. The President is a dominant political figure in Sri Lanka. The office was created in 1978 but has grown so powerful there have been calls to restrict or even eliminate its power...
(1989–1993) - Prime Minister - Dingiri Banda WijetungaDingiri Banda WijetungaDingiri Banda Wijetunga was the President of Sri Lanka from May 1, 1993 to November 12, 1994, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from March 3, 1989 to May 7, 1993 and the Governor of North Western province, Sri Lanka from 1988 to 1989.-Early life:...
, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1989–1993)
- President - Ranasinghe Premadasa
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Syria
- President - Hafez al-AssadHafez al-AssadHafez ibn 'Ali ibn Sulayman al-Assad or more commonly Hafez al-Assad was the President of Syria for three decades. Assad's rule consolidated the power of the central government after decades of coups and counter-coups, such as Operation Wappen in 1957 conducted by the Eisenhower administration and...
, President of Syria (1971–2000) - Prime Minister - Mahmoud ZuabiMahmoud ZuabiMahmoud Zuabi was Syria's Prime Minister from November 1, 1987 until March 7, 2000.- Early life :...
, Prime Minister of Syria (1987–2000)
- President - Hafez al-Assad
- ' -
- President - Lee Teng-huiLee Teng-huiLee Teng-hui is a politician of the Republic of China . He was the 7th, 8th, and 9th-term President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang from 1988 to 2000. He presided over major advancements in democratic reforms including his own re-election which marked the first direct...
, President of the Republic of ChinaPresident of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
(1988–2000) - Premier -
- Lee HuanLee HuanLee Huan was a politician in the Republic of China. He was Premier of the Republic of China from 1989 to 1990, serving for one year under former President Lee Teng-hui. He was the father of current KMT legislators Lee Ching-hua and Diane Lee...
, President of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of ChinaPremier of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...
(1989–1990) - Hau Pei-tsunHau Pei-tsunHau Pei-tsun was Premier of the Republic of China from May 30, 1990 to February 10, 1993 and a 4-star general in the ROC Army.-Biography:Born to a well-to-do family in Yancheng, Jiangsu, Hau received a military education from the Chinese Military Academy, Chinese Army University, U.S. Army Command...
, President of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of ChinaPremier of the Republic of ChinaThe President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...
(1990–1993)
- Lee Huan
- President - Lee Teng-hui
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Thailand -
- Monarch - Bhumibol AdulyadejBhumibol AdulyadejBhumibol Adulyadej is the current King of Thailand. He is known as Rama IX...
, King of Thailand (1946–present) - Prime Minister - Chatichai ChoonhavanChatichai ChoonhavanGeneral Chatichai Choonhavan was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 1988 to 1991. He was the only son of Field Marshal Phin Choonhavan, and is of Thai Chinese descent with ancestry from Chenghai District...
, Prime Minister of Thailand (1988–1991)
- Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej
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Turkey
- President - Turgut ÖzalTurgut ÖzalHalil Turgut Özal was Prime Minister of Turkey and President of Turkey . As Prime Minister, he transformed the economy of Turkey by paving the way for the privatization of many state enterprises.-Early life and career:...
, President of Turkey (1989–1993) - Prime Minister - Yıldırım AkbulutYildirim AkbulutYıldırım Akbulut is a Turkish politician, who was a leader of the Anavatan Partisi , a former Prime Minister of Turkey and twice the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.-Biography:...
, Prime Minister of TurkeyPrime Minister of TurkeyThe Prime Minister of the Turkey is the head of government in Turkish politics. The prime minister is the leader of a political coalition in the Turkish parliament and the leader of the cabinet....
(1989–1991)
- President - Turgut Özal
-
United Arab Emirates
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab EmiratesPresident of the United Arab EmiratesThe President is the Head of State of the United Arab Emirates. Because the current ruler of Abu Dhabi customarily also holds the presidency of the UAE, the office is de facto hereditary. The President is also Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces and Chairman of the Supreme Council and...
(1971–2004) - Prime Minister -
- Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al MaktoumRashid bin Saeed Al MaktoumHH The Emir Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum was the Vice-President and Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates and Emir of Dubai...
, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1979–1990) - Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al MaktoumMaktoum bin Rashid Al MaktoumMaktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , also referred to as Sheikh Maktoum was the Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and the emir of Dubai.-Biography:...
, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1990–2006)
- Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates
-
Vietnam -
- Communist Party Leader - Nguyễn Văn LinhNguyen Van LinhNguyễn Văn Linh was a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician. He was the general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 1986 to 1991 and a political leader of the Vietcong during the Vietnam War...
, General Secretary of the Communist Party of VietnamGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of VietnamThe General Secretary is the leader of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The activities of Politburo and Secretariat are directed by the General Secretary. The post holder also maintains the top position in the Party's Central Military Commission, which is considered the supreme military...
(1986–1991) - Head of State - Võ Chí CôngVo Chi CongVõ Chí Công was a Vietnamese Communist political figure and one-time President of Vietnam.-Early life and political activities:Võ Chí Công was born Võ Toàn in Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam, in 1912...
, Chairman of the State Council of VietnamPresident of VietnamThe President of Vietnam is the head of state of Vietnam, although the functions of the President are often ceremonial...
(1987–1992) - Premier - Đỗ Mười, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of VietnamPrime Minister of Vietnam-Office:The Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government. The Prime Minister presides over the Vietnamese cabinet, and is responsible for appointing and supervising ministers...
(1988–1991)
- Communist Party Leader - Nguyễn Văn Linh
- '
- united with South Yemen creating the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990
- President - Ali Abdullah SalehAli Abdullah SalehField Marshal Ali Abdullah Saleh is the first President of the Republic of Yemen. Saleh previously served as President of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1978 until 1990, at which time he assumed the office of chairman of the Presidential Council of a post-unification Yemen. He is the...
, President of North Yemen (1978–present) - Prime Minister - Abdul Aziz Abdul GhaniAbdul Aziz Abdul GhaniAbdul Aziz Abdul Ghani was a Yemeni politician who served as Prime Minister of Yemen from 1994 to 1997, under President Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ghani was a member of the General People's Congress party....
, Prime Minister of North Yemen (1983–1990)
- '
- united with North Yemen creating the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990
- Communist Party Leader - Ali Salim al-Beidh, Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist PartyYemeni Socialist PartyThe Yemeni Socialist Party is a political party in Yemen.It was the ruling party in South Yemen, the only Marxist Arab state, before unification in 1990...
(1986–1990) - Head of State - Haidar Abu Bakr al-AttasHaidar Abu Bakr al-AttasHaidar Abu Bakr al-Attas was appointed Prime Minister of Yemen by President Ali Abdullah Saleh when the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic united in 1990 to form present-day Yemen. Al-Attas served until 1994...
, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council of South Yemen (1986–1990) - Prime Minister - Yasin Said NumanYasin Said NumanYasin Said Numan was the Prime Minister of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen from February 1986 until the Yemeni unification in 1990, under Chairman Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, who preceded Numan as Prime Minister. Numan had previously been Minister of Fisheries and Deputy Prime...
, Prime Minister of South Yemen (1986–1990)
- '
- created by the union of North and South Yemen on 22 May 1990
- President - Ali Abdullah SalehAli Abdullah SalehField Marshal Ali Abdullah Saleh is the first President of the Republic of Yemen. Saleh previously served as President of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1978 until 1990, at which time he assumed the office of chairman of the Presidential Council of a post-unification Yemen. He is the...
, President of YemenPresident of YemenThe President of the Republic of Yemen is the head of state of Yemen.Under the Constitution of Yemen, the president is also the supreme commander of the armed forces and head of the executive branch of the Yemeni government....
(1978–present) - Prime Minister - Haidar Abu Bakr al-AttasHaidar Abu Bakr al-AttasHaidar Abu Bakr al-Attas was appointed Prime Minister of Yemen by President Ali Abdullah Saleh when the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic united in 1990 to form present-day Yemen. Al-Attas served until 1994...
, Prime Minister of YemenPrime Minister of YemenThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government in that country. The current Prime Minister, Ali Muhammad Mujawar, has held the position since 7 April 2007. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President...
(1990–1994)
Europe
Albania-
- Communist Party Leader - Ramiz AliaRamiz Aliawas the second and last communist leader of Albania from 1985-91, and the President of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1991 to 1992, and also the first President of the post communist Albania elected in 1991-92. He had been designated as successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after...
, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1985–1991) - Head of State - Ramiz AliaRamiz Aliawas the second and last communist leader of Albania from 1985-91, and the President of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1991 to 1992, and also the first President of the post communist Albania elected in 1991-92. He had been designated as successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after...
, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1982–1991) - Premier - Adil ÇarçaniAdil ÇarçaniAdil Çarçani was an Albanian politician in the Communist regime led by Enver Hoxha. He served as the titular head of the Albanian government in the years immediately preceding the fall of the Communist regime....
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1981–1991)
- Communist Party Leader - Ramiz Alia
-
Andorra
- Monarchs -
- French Co-Prince - François MitterrandFrançois MitterrandFrançois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand was the 21st President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995. He is the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the only figure from the left so far elected President...
, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995) - Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
- French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand
- Prime Minister -
- Josep Pintat-SolansJosep Pintat-SolansJosep Pintat-Solans was the second Head of Government of Andorra. A local business executive, he was unanimously elected Head of Government by the General Council of Andorra and began serving on May 21, 1984; Pintat-Solans was re-elected in January 1986, receiving the votes of 27 of the General...
, Head of Government of AndorraHead of Government of AndorraThe Head of Government is the chief executive of the government of the Principality of Andorra.The current Cap de Govern is Antoni Martí.-Heads of Government:-See also:*List of Co-Princes of Andorra...
(1984–1990) - Òscar Ribas ReigÒscar Ribas ReigOscar Ribas Reig was the first prime minister of Andorra in 1982. He twice served as head of government, firstly from 8 January 1982 to 21 May 1984 with National Liberal party and then from 12 January 1990 to 7 December 1994 with the National Democratic Agreement party...
, Head of Government of AndorraHead of Government of AndorraThe Head of Government is the chief executive of the government of the Principality of Andorra.The current Cap de Govern is Antoni Martí.-Heads of Government:-See also:*List of Co-Princes of Andorra...
(1990–1994)
- Josep Pintat-Solans
- Monarchs -
-
Austria -
- President - Kurt WaldheimKurt WaldheimKurt Josef Waldheim was an Austrian diplomat and politician. Waldheim was the fourth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and the ninth President of Austria, from 1986 to 1992...
, Federal President of AustriaPresident of AustriaThe President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Though theoretically entrusted with great power by the constitution, in practice the President acts, for the most part, merely as a ceremonial figurehead...
(1986–1992) - Chancellor - Franz VranitzkyFranz VranitzkyFranz Vranitzky is an Austrian politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria , he was Chancellor of Austria from 1986 to 1997.-Early life and career:...
, Federal Chancellor of AustriaChancellor of AustriaThe Federal Chancellor is the head of government in Austria. Its deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful political position in Austrian politics.-Appointment:The...
(1986–1997)
- President - Kurt Waldheim
-
Belgium
- Monarch -
- Baudouin I, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
- Martens governmentWilfried MartensWilfried Martens is a Belgian politician. He was born in Sleidinge . Martens was the 44th Prime Minister of Belgium from 3 April 1979 to 6 April 1981 and 17 December 1981 to 7 March 1992....
, Acting Head of State of Belgium (1990)
- Prime Minister - Wilfried MartensWilfried MartensWilfried Martens is a Belgian politician. He was born in Sleidinge . Martens was the 44th Prime Minister of Belgium from 3 April 1979 to 6 April 1981 and 17 December 1981 to 7 March 1992....
, Prime Minister of Belgium (1982–1992)
Kingdom of Bulgaria - the People's Republic of Bulgaria changed into the Republic of BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
on 15 November 1990 - Communist Party Leader - Petar MladenovPetar MladenovPetar Toshev Mladenov was a Bulgarian communist diplomat and politician. He was the last Communist leader of Bulgaria from 1989 to 1990, and briefly the first President of democratic Bulgaria in 1990.-Early life and career:...
, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist PartyBulgarian Communist PartyThe Bulgarian Communist Party was the communist and Marxist-Leninist ruling party of the People's Republic of Bulgaria from 1946 until 1990 when the country ceased to be a communist state...
(1989–1990) - President -
- Petar MladenovPetar MladenovPetar Toshev Mladenov was a Bulgarian communist diplomat and politician. He was the last Communist leader of Bulgaria from 1989 to 1990, and briefly the first President of democratic Bulgaria in 1990.-Early life and career:...
, Chairman of the Council of State of Bulgaria (1989–1990) - Stanko Georgiev, Acting President of Bulgaria (1990)
- Nikolay TodorovNikolay TodorovNikolay Todorov-Kayzera is a retired Bulgarian professional football midfielder who played for several clubs in Europe and the Bulgaria national football team....
, Acting President of Bulgaria (1990) - Zhelyu ZhelevZhelyu ZhelevZhelyu Mitev Zhelev is a Bulgarian politician and former dissident who was the first democratically elected President of Bulgaria, he is elected for his first mandate by the Parliament for the period 1990 to 1992, in January 1992 general elections are held when he is reelected for his second...
, President of Bulgaria (1990–1997)
- Petar Mladenov
- Premier -
- Georgi AtanasovGeorgi AtanasovGeorgi Ivanov Atanasov was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party who served as Prime Minister from 1986-1990. Atanasov supported the move to oust Todor Zhivkov as Chairman of the State Council, joining Petar Mladenov in leading the opposition...
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1986–1990) - Andrey LukanovAndrey LukanovAndrey Karlov Lukanov was a Bulgarian political figure.-Biography:Lukanov was born in Moscow, USSR, in the family of Karlo Lukanov, , a Bulgarian communist emigre....
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1990) - Dimitar PopovDimitar Iliev PopovDimitar Iliev Popov was a leading Bulgarian judge and the first Prime Minister of the country not to be a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party since 1946....
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1990–1991)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Monarch -
-
Cyprus
- President - George VasiliouGeorge VasiliouGeorgios Vasos Vassiliou was the third President of the Republic of Cyprus from 1988 to 1993. He was also the founder and leader of the Cypriot United Democrats party and a highly successful businessman....
, President of Cyprus (1988–1993) -
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Rauf DenktaşRauf DenktasRauf Raif Denktaş is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , a de facto state which is only recognized by Turkey...
, President of Northern CyprusPresident of Northern CyprusThe President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is the head of state of the TRNC. Rauf Denktaş was the first and founder president of TRNC, and retired in 2005. His position was taken over by Mehmet Ali Talat, followed by the current president, Derviş Eroğlu.In the Turkish Republic of...
(1975–2005) - Prime Minister - Derviş EroğluDervis ErogluDr. Derviş Eroğlu is the President of the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. He was Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus from 1985 to 1994 and from 1996 to 2004, and leader of the National Unity Party. His party won the general elections in 2009 and Eroğlu...
, Prime Minister of Northern CyprusPrime Minister of Northern CyprusThe Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Prime Minister head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative...
(1985–1994) Czech and Slovak Federal RepublicCzech and Slovak Federal RepublicCzech and Slovak Federal Republic was the official name of Czechoslovakia from April 1990 until 31 December 1992, when the country was dissolved into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.- Adoption of the name :Since 1960, Czechoslovakia's official name had been Czechoslovak Socialist Republic...
-
- President - Rauf Denktaş
- the Czechoslovak Socialist RepublicCzechoslovak Socialist RepublicThe Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 1960 until end of 1989 , a Soviet satellite state of the Eastern Bloc....
changed name to Czechoslovak Federal Republic on 29 March 1990 and to Czech and Slovak Federal RepublicCzech and Slovak Federal RepublicCzech and Slovak Federal Republic was the official name of Czechoslovakia from April 1990 until 31 December 1992, when the country was dissolved into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.- Adoption of the name :Since 1960, Czechoslovakia's official name had been Czechoslovak Socialist Republic...
on 20 April 1990 - Communist Party Leader - Ladislav AdamecLadislav AdamecLadislav Adamec was a Czechoslovak Communist political figure. Upon the retirement of Prime Minister Lubomír Štrougal in October 1988, Adamec assumed the role, thus serving as the last Communist leader of Czechoslovakia. He served from October 12, 1988 to December 7, 1989...
, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of CzechoslovakiaCommunist Party of CzechoslovakiaThe Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa was a Communist and Marxist-Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992....
(1989–1990) - President - Václav HavelVáclav HavelVáclav Havel is a Czech playwright, essayist, poet, dissident and politician. He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia and the first President of the Czech Republic . He has written over twenty plays and numerous non-fiction works, translated internationally...
, President of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1989–1992) - Prime Minister - Marián ČalfaMarián CalfaMarián Čalfa was a Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia during and after the Velvet Revolution, as well as acting President for 19 days, and was a key facilitator of smooth power transfer from the Communists to a new democratic representation.An ethnic Slovak, he was a member of KSČ, the Communist...
, Prime Minister of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1989–1992) DenmarkKingdom of DenmarkThe Kingdom of Denmark or the Danish Realm , is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting of Denmark proper in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. Denmark is the hegemonial part, where the... - Monarch - Margrethe IIMargrethe II of DenmarkMargrethe II is the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of Denmark. In 1972 she became the first female monarch of Denmark since Margaret I, ruler of the Scandinavian countries in 1375-1412 during the Kalmar Union.-Early life:...
, Queen of Denmark (1972–present) - Prime Minister - Poul SchlüterPoul SchlüterPoul Holmskov Schlüter is a Danish politician, who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1982 to 1993.Born in Tønder, south Jutland, he graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1957 with a degree in law, and joined the bar in 1960. Schlüter was a member of the Danish Parliament for the...
, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
- President - George Vasiliou
-
Finland
- President - Mauno KoivistoMauno KoivistoMauno Henrik Koivisto is a Finnish politician who served as the ninth President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. He also served as Prime Minister 1968–1970 and 1979–1982...
, President of FinlandPresident of FinlandThe President of the Republic of Finland is the nation's head of state. Under the Finnish constitution, executive power is vested in the President and the government, with the President possessing extensive powers. The President is elected directly by the people of Finland for a term of six years....
(1982–1994) - Prime Minister - Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of FinlandPrime Minister of FinlandThe Prime Minister is the Head of Government of Finland. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, who is the Head of State. The current Prime Minister is Jyrki Katainen of the National Coalition Party.-Overview:...
(1987–1991)
- President - Mauno Koivisto
-
Early Modern France -
- President - François MitterrandFrançois MitterrandFrançois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand was the 21st President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995. He is the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the only figure from the left so far elected President...
, President of France (1981–1995) - Prime Minister - Michel RocardMichel RocardMichel Rocard is a French politician, member of the Socialist Party . He served as Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 1991, during which he created the Revenu minimum d'insertion , a social minimum welfare program for indigents, and led the Matignon Accords regarding the status...
, Prime Minister of FrancePrime Minister of FranceThe Prime Minister of France in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. The head of state is the President of the French Republic...
(1988–1991)
- President - François Mitterrand
- ' -
- merged into the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
- Head of State -
- Manfred GerlachManfred GerlachManfred Gerlach was a German jurist and politician . He served as the acting Chairman of the Council of State and was thus head of state of East Germany from 6 December 1989 to 5 April 1990.-Early life:...
, Acting Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany (1989–1990) - Sabine Bergmann-PohlSabine Bergmann-PohlSabine Bergmann-Pohl née Schulz is a German politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany , she was president of the People's Chamber of the German Democratic Republic from April to October 1990 and as such the last head of state...
, President of the People's Chamber of East Germany (1990)
- Manfred Gerlach
- Premier -
- Hans ModrowHans ModrowHans Modrow is a German politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. He currently is the honorary Chairman of the Left Party....
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1989–1990) - Lothar de MaizièreLothar de MaizièreLothar de Maizière is a German christian democratic politician. In 1990, he served as the only democratically elected Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic, and as such was the last leader of an independent East Germany....
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1990)
- Hans Modrow
- ' -
- President - Richard von WeizsäckerRichard von WeizsäckerRichard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker , known as Richard von Weizsäcker, is a German politician . He served as Governing Mayor of West Berlin from 1981 to 1984, and as President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1984 to 1994...
, Federal President of West GermanyPresident of GermanyThe President of the Federal Republic of Germany is the country's head of state. His official title in German is Bundespräsident . Germany has a parliamentary system of government and so the position of President is largely ceremonial...
(1984–1994) - Chancellor - Helmut KohlHelmut KohlHelmut Josef Michael Kohl is a German conservative politician and statesman. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998...
, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1998)
- President - Richard von Weizsäcker
-
Greece -
- President -
- Christos SartzetakisChristos SartzetakisChristos Sartzetakis is a Greek jurist and former supreme justice of the Court of Cassation , who served as the fourth President of the Third Hellenic Republic from 1985 to 1990. He was born in Neapoli, Thessaloniki in 1929...
, President of GreecePresident of GreeceThe President of the Hellenic Republic , colloquially referred to in English as the President of Greece, is the head of state of Greece. The office of the President of the Republic was established after the Greek republic referendum, 1974 and formally by the Constitution of Greece in 1975. The...
(1985–1990) - Konstantinos Karamanlis, President of GreecePresident of GreeceThe President of the Hellenic Republic , colloquially referred to in English as the President of Greece, is the head of state of Greece. The office of the President of the Republic was established after the Greek republic referendum, 1974 and formally by the Constitution of Greece in 1975. The...
(1990–1995)
- Christos Sartzetakis
- Prime Minister-
- Xenophon ZolotasXenophon ZolotasXenophon Zolotas , was a Greek economist and served as an interim non-party Prime Minister of Greece.-Early life and career:Born in Athens in 1904, Zolotas studied economics at the University of Athens, and later studied in Leipzig and Paris. He came from a wealthy family of goldsmiths with roots...
, Prime Minister of GreecePrime Minister of GreeceThe Prime Minister of Greece , officially the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic , is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek cabinet. The current interim Prime Minister is Lucas Papademos, a former Vice President of the European Central Bank, following...
(1989–1990) - Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of GreecePrime Minister of GreeceThe Prime Minister of Greece , officially the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic , is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek cabinet. The current interim Prime Minister is Lucas Papademos, a former Vice President of the European Central Bank, following...
(1990–1993)
- Xenophon Zolotas
- President -
-
Hungary
- President -
- Mátyás SzűrösMátyás SzurösMátyás Szűrös is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from October 18, 1989–May 2, 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from communist to democratic government...
, Interim President of Hungary (1989–1990) - Árpád GönczÁrpád GönczÁrpád Göncz is a Hungarian liberal politician and former President of Hungary . Göncz played a role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956...
, President of Hungary (1990–2000)
- Mátyás Szűrös
- Prime Minister -
- Miklós NémethMiklós NémethMiklós Németh served as Prime Minister of Hungary from November 24, 1988 to May 23, 1990. He was one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist party, in the tumultuous years that led to the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe.As Prime Minister, Németh took...
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1988–1990) - József AntallJózsef AntallJózsef Antall was the first democratically-elected Prime Minister of Hungary after the fall of Communism , teacher, librarian, historian and political figure...
, Prime Minister of Hungary (1990–1993)
- Miklós Németh
- President -
-
Iceland
- President - Vigdís FinnbogadóttirVigdís FinnbogadóttirVigdís Finnbogadóttir is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth President of Iceland from 1980 to 1996. In addition to being both Iceland's and Europe's first female president, she was the world's first democratically elected female head of state...
, President of IcelandPresident of IcelandThe President of Iceland is Iceland's elected head of state. The president is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage and has limited powers. The president is not the head of government; the Prime Minister of Iceland is the head of government. There have been five presidents since...
(1980–1996) - Prime Minister - Steingrímur HermannssonSteingrímur HermannssonSteingrímur Hermannsson was Prime Minister of Iceland.-Early childhood:Steingrímur's father was Hermann Jónasson, another former Prime Minister. Being the son a prominent official, Steingrímur enjoyed a relatively care-free upbringing in a country stricken by the Great Depression...
, Prime Minister of IcelandPrime Minister of IcelandThe Prime Minister of Iceland is Iceland's head of government. The prime minister is appointed formally by the President and exercises executive authority along with the cabinet subject to parliamentary support....
(1988–1991)
- President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
-
Republic of Ireland -
- President -
- Patrick HilleryPatrick HilleryPatrick John "Paddy" Hillery was an Irish politician and the sixth President of Ireland from 1976 until 1990. First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála for Clare, he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973...
, President of IrelandPresident of IrelandThe President of Ireland is the head of state of Ireland. The President is usually directly elected by the people for seven years, and can be elected for a maximum of two terms. The presidency is largely a ceremonial office, but the President does exercise certain limited powers with absolute...
(1976–1990) - Mary RobinsonMary RobinsonMary Therese Winifred Robinson served as the seventh, and first female, President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1997 to 2002. She first rose to prominence as an academic, barrister, campaigner and member of the Irish Senate...
, President of IrelandPresident of IrelandThe President of Ireland is the head of state of Ireland. The President is usually directly elected by the people for seven years, and can be elected for a maximum of two terms. The presidency is largely a ceremonial office, but the President does exercise certain limited powers with absolute...
(1990–1997)
- Patrick Hillery
- Prime Minister - Charles HaugheyCharles HaugheyCharles James "Charlie" Haughey was Taoiseach of Ireland, serving three terms in office . He was also the fourth leader of Fianna Fáil...
, Taoiseach of IrelandTaoiseachThe Taoiseach is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland. The Taoiseach is appointed by the President upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas , and must, in order to remain in office, retain the support of a majority in the Dáil.The current Taoiseach is...
(1987–1992)
- President -
-
Italy -
- President - Francesco CossigaFrancesco CossigaFrancesco Cossiga was an Italian politician, the 43rd Prime Minister and the eighth President of the Italian Republic. He was also a professor of constitutional law at the University of Sassari....
, President of Italy (1985–1992) - Prime Minister - Giulio AndreottiGiulio AndreottiGiulio Andreotti is an Italian politician of the now dissolved centrist Christian Democracy party. He served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior , Defense Minister and Foreign Minister and he...
, President of the Council of Ministers of ItalyPrime minister of ItalyThe Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
(1989–1992)
- President - Francesco Cossiga
-
Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Hans Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
- Prime Minister - Hans BrunhartHans BrunhartHans Brunhart was the Head of Government, foreign minister and finance minister of the principality of Liechtenstein from April 26, 1978 until May 26, 1993. He was a member of the Patriotic Union party , a liberal and social oriented party...
, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
Lithuania - - the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 11 March 1990 which was recognized by the USSR on 6 September 1991
- Head of State -
- Vytautas Astrauskas, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Lithuanian SSR (1987–1990)
- Algirdas BrazauskasAlgirdas BrazauskasAlgirdas Mykolas Brazauskas was the first President of a newly independent post-Soviet Union Lithuania from 1993 to 1998 and Prime Minister from 2001 to 2006....
, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Lithuanian SSR (1990) - Vytautas LandsbergisVytautas LandsbergisProfessor Vytautas Landsbergis is a Lithuanian conservative politician and Member of the European Parliament. He was the first head of state of Lithuania after its independence declaration from the Soviet Union, and served as the Head of the Lithuanian Parliament Seimas...
, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Lithuania (1990–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Vytautas SakalauskasVytautas SakalauskasVytautas Sakalauskas was a Soviet Lithuanian politician who was the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic before Lithuanian independence in 1990....
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Lithuanian SSRPrime Minister of LithuaniaThe Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of the executive arm of Lithuania's government, and is chosen by the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. The modern office of Prime Minister was established in 1990, although the official title was "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers" until 25...
(1985–1990) - Kazimira PrunskienėKazimira PrunskieneKazimira Danutė Prunskienė was the first Prime Minister of Lithuania after the declaration of independence of March 11, 1990 and Minister of Agriculture in the government of Gediminas Kirkilas....
, Prime Minister of LithuaniaPrime Minister of LithuaniaThe Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of the executive arm of Lithuania's government, and is chosen by the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. The modern office of Prime Minister was established in 1990, although the official title was "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers" until 25...
(1990–1991)
- Vytautas Sakalauskas
-
Luxembourg
- Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of LuxembourgGrand Duke of LuxembourgThe Grand Duke of Luxembourg is the sovereign monarch and head of state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg has been a grand duchy since 15 March 1815, when it was elevated from a duchy when placed in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands...
(1964–2000) - Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
- Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
-
Malta
- President - Ċensu TaboneCensu TaboneVincent "Ċensu" Tabone was the fourth President of Malta and a former Minister and Nationalist MP.-Early years:Ċensu "Il-King" Tabone is the son of Niccolò and Elisa Tabone, the youngest of ten children. His paternal grandmother, Giuseppina De Gaetani, had settled in Valletta in the mid-19th...
, President of MaltaPresident of MaltaThe President of Malta is the constitutional head of state of Malta.The President is appointed by a resolution of the House of Representatives of Malta for a five year term, taking an oath to "preserve, protect and defend" the Constitution....
(1989–1994) - Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech AdamiEddie Fenech AdamiEdward “Eddie” Fenech Adami is a Maltese politician who was Prime Minister of Malta from 1987 until 1996 and again from 1998 until 2004...
, Prime Minister of MaltaPrime Minister of MaltaThe Prime Minister of Malta is the Head of Government of Malta.-Establishment of the office and developments:The office of "Head of Ministry" was created as soon as Malta was granted autonomous government in 1921. The 1921 constitution was suspended twice before being revoked...
(1987–1996)
- President - Ċensu Tabone
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Monaco
- Monarch - Rainier IIIRainier III, Prince of MonacoRainier III, Prince of Monaco , styled His Serene Highness The Sovereign Prince of Monaco, ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs of the 20th century.Though he was best known outside of Europe for having married American...
, Prince of MonacoPrince of MonacoThe Reigning Prince or Princess of Monaco is the sovereign monarch and head of state of the Principality of Monaco. All Princes or Princesses thus far have taken the name of the House of Grimaldi, but have belonged to various other houses in male line...
(1949–2005) - Head of Government - Jean AusseilJean AusseilJean Ausseil was a Minister of State for Monaco. He served between 1985 and 1991. He was born in 1925 and died in 2001. -References:...
, Minister of State of Monaco (1985–1991)
- Monarch - Rainier III
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Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch - BeatrixBeatrix of the NetherlandsBeatrix is the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands comprising the Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba. She is the first daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. She studied law at Leiden University...
, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–present) -
Netherlands (constituent country)
- Prime Minister - Ruud LubbersRuud LubbersRudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal . He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from November 4, 1982 until August 22, 1994....
, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
- Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers
-
Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
- see under North America
-
Aruba (constituent country)
- see under North America
- Monarch - Beatrix
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Norway -
- Monarch - Olav VOlav V of NorwayOlav V was the king of Norway from 1957 until his death. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Olav was born in the United Kingdom as the son of King Haakon VII of Norway and Queen Maud of Norway...
, King of Norway (1957–1991) - Prime Minister -
- Jan P. SyseJan P. Sysewas a lawyer and Norwegian politician from the Conservative Party. He was Prime Minister of Norway from 1989 to 1990. He also served as Minister of Industry from 1983 to 1985...
, Prime Minister of NorwayPrime Minister of NorwayThe Prime Minister of Norway is the political leader of Norway and the Head of His Majesty's Government. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Stortinget , to their political party, and ultimately the...
(1989–1990) - Gro Harlem BrundtlandGro Harlem BrundtlandGro Harlem Brundtland is a Norwegian Social democratic politician, diplomat, and physician, and an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She served three terms as Prime Minister of Norway , and has served as the Director General of the World Health Organization...
, Prime Minister of NorwayPrime Minister of NorwayThe Prime Minister of Norway is the political leader of Norway and the Head of His Majesty's Government. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Stortinget , to their political party, and ultimately the...
(1990–1996)
- Jan P. Syse
- Monarch - Olav V
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Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Mieczysław Rakowski, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1989–1990)
- President -
- Wojciech JaruzelskiWojciech JaruzelskiWojciech Witold Jaruzelski is a retired Polish military officer and Communist politician. He was the last Communist leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's...
, President of Poland (1989–1990) - Lech WałęsaLech WałęsaLech Wałęsa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity , the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 95.Wałęsa was an electrician...
, President of Poland (1990–1995)
- Wojciech Jaruzelski
- Prime Minister - Tadeusz MazowieckiTadeusz MazowieckiTadeusz Mazowiecki is a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe after World War II.-Biography:Mazowiecki comes from a Polish...
, Prime Minister of Poland (1989–1991)
-
Portugal -
- President - Mário SoaresMário SoaresMário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE , Portuguese politician, served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.-Family:...
, President of PortugalPresident of PortugalPortugal has been a republic since 1910, and since that time the head of state has been the president, whose official title is President of the Portuguese Republic ....
(1986–1996) - Prime Minister - Aníbal Cavaco SilvaAníbal Cavaco SilvaAníbal António Cavaco Silva, GCC , is the President of Portugal. He won the Portuguese presidential election on 22 January 2006 and was re-elected on 23 January 2011, for a second five-year term. Cavaco Silva was sworn in on 9 March 2006....
, Prime Minister of PortugalPrime Minister of PortugalPrime Minister is the current title of the chief of the Portuguese Government. As chief executive, the Prime Minister coordinates the action of ministers, representing the Government from the other organs of state, accountable to Parliament and keeps the President informed...
(1985–1995)
- President - Mário Soares
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Kingdom of Romania
- President - Ion IliescuIon IliescuIon Iliescu served as President of Romania from 1990 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004. From 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 until his retirement in 2008, Iliescu was a Senator for the Social Democratic Party , whose honorary president he remains....
, President of RomaniaPresident of RomaniaThe President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term . An individual may serve two terms...
(1989–1996) - Prime Minister - Petre RomanPetre RomanPetre Roman is a Romanian politician and a former Prime Minister of Romania. He served from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. Roman is a member of the Club of Madrid, grouping 66 democratic former heads of state and government...
, Prime Minister of RomaniaPrime Minister of RomaniaThe Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers , when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called The Council of Ministers...
(1989–1991)
- President - Ion Iliescu
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San Marino
- Captains Regent -
- Gloriana RanocchiniGloriana RanocchiniGloriana Ranocchini was Captain Regent of San Marino from 1 April 1984 to 1 October 1984 and 1 October 1989 to 1 April 1990.In 1984 she was co-regent with Giorgio Crescentini. In 1989 Leo Achilli was her co-regent. She was a member of the San Marinese Socialist Party.-References:...
and Leo Achilli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1989–1990) - Adolmiro Bartolini and Ottaviano Rossi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1990)
- Cesare Antonio Gasperoni and Roberto Bucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1990–1991)
- Gloriana Ranocchini
- Captains Regent -
-
Soviet Union -
- Communist Party leader - Mikhail GorbachevMikhail GorbachevMikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the USSR, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991...
, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionGeneral Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the title given to the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. With some exceptions, the office was synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union...
(1985–1991) - President - Mikhail GorbachevMikhail GorbachevMikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the USSR, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991...
, President of the Soviet Union (1988–1991) - Premier - Nikolai RyzhkovNikolai RyzhkovNikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov was a Soviet official who became a Russian politician following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He served as the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers or Premier of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991...
, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet UnionPremier of the Soviet UnionThe office of Premier of the Soviet Union was synonymous with head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Twelve individuals have been premier...
(1985–1991)
- Communist Party leader - Mikhail Gorbachev
-
Spain
- Monarch - Juan Carlos IJuan Carlos I of SpainJuan Carlos I |Italy]]) is the reigning King of Spain.On 22 November 1975, two days after the death of General Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was designated king according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco. Spain had no monarch for 38 years in 1969 when Franco named Juan Carlos as the...
, King of Spain (1975–present) - Prime Minister - Felipe GonzálezFelipe GonzálezFelipe González Márquez is a Spanish socialist politician. He was the General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party from 1974 to 1997. To date, he remains the longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996.-Early life:Felipe was...
, President of the Government of SpainPrime Minister of SpainThe President of the Government of Spain , sometimes known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the head of Government of Spain. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1978...
(1982–1996)
- Monarch - Juan Carlos I
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Sweden
- Monarch - Carl XVI GustafCarl XVI Gustaf of SwedenCarl XVI Gustaf is the reigning King of Sweden since 15 September 1973, succeeding his grandfather King Gustaf VI Adolf because his father had predeceased him...
, King of Sweden (1973–present) - Prime Minister - Ingvar CarlssonIngvar CarlssonGösta Ingvar Carlsson is a Swedish politician, Prime Minister of Sweden and leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party ....
, Prime Minister of SwedenPrime Minister of SwedenThe Prime Minister is the head of government in the Kingdom of Sweden. Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested...
(1986–1991)
- Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf
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Switzerland
- Swiss Federal CouncilSwiss Federal CouncilThe Federal Council is the seven-member executive council which constitutes the federal government of Switzerland and serves as the Swiss collective head of state....
:- Otto StichOtto StichOtto Stich is a Swiss politician.He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 7 December 1983 and handed over office on 31 October 1995. He is affiliated to the Social Democratic Party....
(1983–1995), Jean-Pascal DelamurazJean-Pascal DelamurazJean-Pascal Delamuraz was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council ....
(1983–1998), Arnold KollerArnold KollerArnold Koller is a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council .He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on December 10, 1986 as a member of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland from the canton of Appenzell Inner Rhodes...
(1986–1999, President), Flavio CottiFlavio CottiFlavio Cotti born in Prato-Sornico on 18 October 1939) is a Swiss politician.He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 10 December 1986 and handed over office on 30 April 1999...
(1986–1999), René FelberRené FelberRené Felber is a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council .Born 1933 in Bienne, Felber was a teacher in Boudevilliers and Le Locle . He was mayor of Le Locle from 1964 to 1980 , member of the Cantonal Parliament of Neuchâtel...
(1987–1993), Adolf OgiAdolf OgiAdolf Ogi is a Swiss politician from the village of Kandersteg in the Swiss Alps.He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 9 December 1987, as member of the Swiss People's Party from the Canton of Berne...
(1987–2000), Kaspar VilligerKaspar VilligerKaspar Villiger is a Swiss businessman, politician and former member of the Swiss Federal Council . He currently heads Swiss bank UBS.-Political career:On February 1, 1989, he was elected to the Swiss Federal Council...
(1989–2003)
- Otto Stich
- Swiss Federal Council
-
United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present) - Prime Minister -
- Margaret ThatcherMargaret ThatcherMargaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990...
, Prime Minister of the United KingdomPrime Minister of the United KingdomThe Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the Head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party and...
(1979–1990) - John MajorJohn MajorSir John Major, is a British Conservative politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990–1997...
, Prime Minister of the United KingdomPrime Minister of the United KingdomThe Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the Head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party and...
(1990–1997)
- Margaret Thatcher
-
Guernsey (British Crown dependencyCrown dependencyThe Crown Dependencies are British possessions of the Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea....
)- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Sir Alexander BoswellAlexander Boswell (British Army officer)Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Crawford Simpson Boswell KCB CBE DL is a former British Army officer. He joined the Army as junior officer in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders shortly after the Second World War, and after a series of regimental and staff postings was second-in-command of his...
, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1985–1990) - Sir Michael WilkinsMichael WilkinsLieutenant General Sir Michael Compton Lockwood Wilkins KCB OBE was a senior Royal Marines officer who became Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey.-Military career:Wilkins joined the Royal Marines in 1951...
, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1990–1994)
- Sir Alexander Boswell
- Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey (1982–1992)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
-
Jersey (British Crown dependencyCrown dependencyThe Crown Dependencies are British possessions of the Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea....
)- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Sir William PillarWilliam PillarAdmiral Sir William Thomas Pillar GBE KCB was Chief of Naval Support and a member of the Admiralty.-Naval career:...
, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1985–1990) - Sir John SuttonJohn Sutton (RAF officer)Air Marshal Sir John Matthias Dobson Sutton KCB is a former Royal Air Force officer who became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief at RAF Support Command.-RAF career:...
, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1990–1995)
- Sir William Pillar
- Bailiff - Sir Peter CrillPeter CrillSir Peter Leslie Crill KBE was Bailiff of Jersey from 1986 to 1995.- Early years :Crill attended Victoria College, Jersey between 1932 and 1943...
, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
-
Isle of Man (British Crown dependencyCrown dependencyThe Crown Dependencies are British possessions of the Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea....
)- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Laurence NewLaurence NewMajor-General Sir Laurence Anthony Wallis New Kt CB CBE is a former British Army officer who became Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff.-Military career:...
, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (1985–1990) - Sir Laurence JonesLaurence JonesAir Marshal Sir Laurence Alfred Jones KCB AFC RAF was a senior Royal Air Force commander.-RAF career:Educated at Trinity School, Jones joined the Royal Air Force in 1951. He was made Officer Commanding No. 8 Squadron in 1961 and Officer Commanding No. 92 Squadron in 1967...
, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (1990–1995)
- Laurence New
- Chief minister - Miles WalkerMiles WalkerSir Miles Rawstron Walker CBE LLD is a Manx businessman and politician, who was the first ever Chief Minister of the Isle of Man.-Early life and career:...
, Chief Minister of the Isle of ManChief Minister of the Isle of ManThe Chief Minister is the executive head of the Isle of Man Government.The office derives from that of Chairman of the Executive Council. Before 1980 the Executive Council was chaired by the Lieutenant Governor, but thereafter the chairman was elected by Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man...
(1986–1996)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
-
Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir Derek ReffellDerek ReffellAdmiral Sir Derek Roy Reffell KCB is a former Governor of Gibraltar.-Naval career:Educated at Culford School, Reffell entered the Royal Navy, qualified as a Navigating Officer in 1954 and progressed through the ranks: he commanded the frigate, HMS Sirius, from her launch in 1966, and served as...
, Governor of GibraltarGovernor of GibraltarThe Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Gibraltar is the representative of the British monarch in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. The Governor is appointed by the British Monarch on the advice of the British Government...
(1989–1993) - Chief Minister - Joe BossanoJoe BossanoJoseph "Joe" John Bossano is a Gibraltarian politician, and the former leader of the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party. He was Chief Minister of Gibraltar from 25 March 1988 to 17 May 1996. He served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Gibraltar Parliament from its founding in 1978 until April...
, Chief Minister of GibraltarChief Minister of GibraltarThe Chief Minister of Gibraltar is the leader of the largest party elected to the Gibraltar Parliament, and is formally appointed by the Governor of Gibraltar, representative of the British Crown.-List of Chief Ministers:...
(1988–1996)
- Governor - Sir Derek Reffell
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Vatican City
- Monarch - Pope John Paul IIPope John Paul IIBlessed Pope John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtyła , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted ; only Pope Pius IX ...
, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City (1978–2005) - President of the Governorate -
- Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate of Vatican City State (1984–1990)
- Rosalio Lara, President of the Governorate of Vatican City State (1990–1997)
- Holy SeeHoly SeeThe Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...
- Secretary of State -
- Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of StateCardinal Secretary of StateThe Cardinal Secretary of State—officially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope—presides over the Holy See, usually known as the "Vatican", Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia...
(1979–1990) - Angelo SodanoAngelo SodanoAngelo Sodano is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the current Dean of the College of Cardinals and former Vatican Secretary of State, having held that post from 1990 to 2006, under both popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI...
, Cardinal Secretary of StateCardinal Secretary of StateThe Cardinal Secretary of State—officially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope—presides over the Holy See, usually known as the "Vatican", Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia...
(1990–2006)
- Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State
- Secretary of State -
- Monarch - Pope John Paul II
-
Kingdom of Yugoslavia -
- Communist Party leader - Milan Pančevski, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of YugoslaviaLeague of Communists of YugoslaviaLeague of Communists of Yugoslavia , before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Savez komunista Jugoslavije/Савез комуниста Југославије, Slovene: Zveza komunistov Jugoslavije, Macedonian: Сојуз на комунистите на Југославија, Sojuz na...
(1989–1990) - Head of State -
- Janez DrnovšekJanez DrnovšekJanez Drnovšek was a Slovenian liberal politician, President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia , Prime Minister of Slovenia and President of Slovenia . He was born in Celje, Slovenia, then the Socialist Republic of Slovenia...
, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1989–1990) - Borisav JovićBorisav JovicBorisav Jović is a former Serbian communist politician, who served as the Serbian member of the collective presidency of Yugoslavia during the late 1980s and early 1990s...
, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1990–1991)
- Janez Drnovšek
- Premier - Ante MarkovićAnte MarkovicAnte Marković was a statesman of the former Yugoslavia. He was the last prime minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.- Early life :...
, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of YugoslaviaPrime Minister of YugoslaviaThe Prime Minister or the President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia was the head of government of the Yugoslav state, from the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 until the end of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.-Kingdom of...
(1989–1991)
- Communist Party leader - Milan Pančevski, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
North America
Anguilla (British dependent territory)
-
- Governor - Brian G.J. Canty, Governor of AnguillaGovernor of AnguillaThe Governor of Anguilla is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of Anguilla. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1989–1992) - Chief Minister - Emile GumbsEmile GumbsSir Emile Gumbs is a politician from Anguilla. He served as the island territory's Chief Minister from 1 February 1977 to May 1980 and again from 12 March 1984 to 16 March 1994. He is the only person from Anguilla to have been knighted.-References:...
, Chief Minister of AnguillaChief Minister of Anguilla-List of Chief Ministers of Anguilla:...
(1984–1994)
- Governor - Brian G.J. Canty, Governor of Anguilla
-
Antigua and Barbuda -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Antigua and BarbudaMonarch of Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its reigning monarch since November 1, 1981...
(1981–present) - Governor-General - Sir Wilfred JacobsWilfred JacobsSir Wilfred Ebenezer Jacobs was the first Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda. He held this position from 1 November 1981 to 10 June 1993. He was replaced by James Carlisle. He was also the governor of Antigua and Barbuda from 1967 until that country gained independence in 1981 and he became...
, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (1967–1993) - Prime Minister - Vere BirdVere BirdSir Vere Cornwall Bird Sr. was the first Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. His son, Lester Bryant Bird, succeeded him as Prime Minister. In 1994 he was declared a national hero....
, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1976–1994) (constituent countryConstituent countryConstituent country is a phrase sometimes used in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity. The term constituent country does not have any defined legal meaning, and is used simply to refer to a country which is a part Constituent country is a phrase sometimes used in contexts...
of the Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the NetherlandsThe Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in Western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are referred to as "countries", and participate on a basis of equality...
) - Governor - Felipe TrompFelipe TrompFelipe B. Tromp was the first Governor of Aruba after Aruba received a status aparte within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. He served one term of six years as governor from 1 January 1986 until 12 March 1992. He was succeeded by Olindo Koolman....
, Governor of ArubaGovernor of ArubaThe Governor of Aruba is the representative on Aruba of the Dutch head of state . The governors duties are twofold: he represents and guards the general interests of the Kingdom and is head of the Aruban Government. He is accountable to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As the head...
(1986–1992) - Prime Minister - Nelson Oduber, Prime Minister of ArubaPrime Minister of ArubaThe Prime Minister of Aruba is Aruba's head of government. Together with Aruba's Council of Ministers, they form the executive branch of Aruban government.-List of Prime Ministers of Aruba:...
(1989–1994)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
The Bahamas -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present) - Governor-General - Sir Henry Milton TaylorHenry Milton TaylorSir Henry Milton Taylor was the third Governor-General of the Bahamas.-Biography:Sir Henry, the adopted son of Joseph J. Taylor and Evelyn Taylor, was born on 4 November 1903, at Clarence Town, Long Island. He attended the government school on Long Island and took correspondence courses from London...
, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1988–1992) - Prime Minister - Sir Lynden PindlingLynden PindlingSir Lynden Oscar Pindling KCMG, OM, JP , is generally regarded as the "Father of the Nation" of the Bahamas, having led it to Majority Rule on 10 January 1967 and then to independence on 10 July 1973. He served as the first black premier of the Colony of the Bahama Islands from 1967 to 1969 and as...
, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1967–1992)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Barbados -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Barbados (1966–present) - Governor-General -
- Sir Hugh SpringerHugh SpringerSir Hugh Worrell Springer was the organiser and first General Secretary of the Barbados Workers' Union and Barbados' third native Governor-General. By an act of Parliament in 1998, Springer was named as one of the ten National Heroes of Barbados.-References:...
, Governor-General of Barbados (1984–1990) - Dame Nita Barrow, Governor-General of Barbados (1990–1995)
- Sir Hugh Springer
- Prime Minister - Lloyd Erskine SandifordLloyd Erskine SandifordSir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA is a Barbadian politician. He served as the fourth Prime Minister of Barbados from 1987 to 1994....
, Prime Minister of Barbados (1987–1994)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Belize -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Belize (1981–present) - Governor-General - Dame Elmira Minita GordonElmira Minita GordonDame Elmira Minita Gordon, GCMG, GCVO was Governor-General of Belize from its independence in 1981 to 1993. She was the first woman in a Commonwealth Realm to assume the position of Governor General. As Governor General she also held the title of Patron to the Scout Association of Belize and the...
, Governor-General of Belize (1981–1993) - Prime Minister - George Cadle PriceGeorge Cadle PriceGeorge Cadle Price PC was the first Prime Minister of Belize and is considered to have been one of the principal architects of the country's independence, and is today referred to by many as "the Father of the Nation"....
, Prime Minister of Belize (1989–1993) (British dependent territory) - Governor - Sir Desmond LangleyDesmond LangleyMajor-General Sir Henry Desmond Allen Langley KCVO MBE was Major-General Commanding the Household Division and General Officer Commanding London District.-Military career:...
, Governor of BermudaGovernor of BermudaThe Governor of Bermuda is the representative of the British monarch in the British overseas territory of Bermuda. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1988–1992) - Premier - Sir John Swan, Premier of Bermuda (1982–1995) (British dependent territory)
- Governor - J. Mark A. Herdman, Governor of the British Virgin IslandsGovernor of the British Virgin IslandsThe Governor of the British Virgin Islands is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of British Virgin Islands. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1986–1991) - Chief Minister - Lavity StouttLavity StouttHamilton Lavity Stoutt was the first and longest serving Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands, winning four general elections and serving three non-consecutive terms of office from 1967 to 1971, again from 1981 to 1983 and again from 1986 until his death in 1995.Since Stoutt's death in...
, Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1995)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Canada
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Canada (1952–present) - Governor General -
- Jeanne SauvéJeanne SauvéJeanne Mathilde Sauvé was a Canadian journalist, politician, and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 23rd since Canadian Confederation....
, Governor General of CanadaGovernor General of CanadaThe Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II...
(1984–1990) - Ray HnatyshynRay HnatyshynRamon John Hnatyshyn , commonly known as Ray Hnatyshyn, was a Canadian politician and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 24th since Canadian Confederation....
, Governor General of CanadaGovernor General of CanadaThe Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II...
(1990–1995)
- Jeanne Sauvé
- Prime Minister - Brian MulroneyBrian MulroneyMartin Brian Mulroney, was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S...
, Prime Minister of CanadaPrime Minister of CanadaThe Prime Minister of Canada is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution...
(1984–1993) (British dependent territory) - Governor - Alan James Scott, Governor of the Cayman IslandsGovernor of the Cayman IslandsThe Governor of the Cayman Islands is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of the Cayman Islands. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1987–1992)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Costa Rica
- President -
- Óscar AriasÓscar AriasÓscar Arias Sánchez is a Costa Rican politician who was President of Costa Rica from 2006 to 2010. He previously served as President from 1986 to 1990 and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars then raging in several other Central American countries.He is also a...
, President of Costa Rica (1986–1990) - Rafael Ángel Calderón FournierRafael Ángel Calderón FournierRafael Ángel Calderón Fournier served as President of Costa Rica from 1990 to 1994. He was the presidential candidate of the Social Christian Unity Party for the national elections held in February 2010, but resigned his candidacy on 5 October 2009, when he was sentenced to five years in prison...
, President of Costa Rica (1990–1994)
- Óscar Arias
- President -
-
Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel CastroFidel CastroFidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011...
, First secretary of the Communist Party of CubaCommunist Party of CubaThe Communist Party of Cuba is the governing political party in Cuba. It is a communist party of the Marxist-Leninist model. The Cuban constitution ascribes the role of the Party to be the "leading force of society and of the state"...
(1965–2011) - President - Fidel CastroFidel CastroFidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011...
, President of the Council of State of CubaPresident of Cuba--209.174.31.28 18:43, 22 November 2011 The President of Cuba is the Head of state of Cuba. According to the Cuban Constitution of 1976, the President is the chief executive of the Council of State of Cuba...
(1976–2008) - Premier - Fidel CastroFidel CastroFidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011...
, President of the Council of Ministers of CubaPrime Minister of CubaPrime Minister of Cuba was a position in the government of Cuba. Fidel Castro assumed the position of Prime Minister in 1959 replacing José Miró Cardona....
(1959–2008) DominicaDominicaDominica , officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth...
- - President - Sir Clarence Seignoret, President of Dominica (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister - Eugenia CharlesEugenia CharlesDame Mary Eugenia Charles, DBE was Prime Minister of Dominica from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. She was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister, as well as the nation's longest serving prime minister...
, Prime Minister of Dominica (1980–1995)
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro
-
Dominican Republic
- President - Joaquín BalaguerJoaquín BalaguerJoaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo was the President of the Dominican Republic from 1960 to 1962, from 1966 to 1978, and again from 1986 to 1996.-Early life and introduction to politics:...
, President of the Dominican Republic (1986–1996)
- President - Joaquín Balaguer
-
El Salvador
- President - Alfredo CristianiAlfredo CristianiAlfredo Félix Cristiani Burkard, popularly known as Alfredo Cristiani was President of El Salvador from 1989 to 1994....
, President of El SalvadorPresident of El SalvadorThis page contains a list of Presidents of El Salvador.-Heads of State of El Salvador within the Federal Republic of Central America :*Pedro Barriere : 21 September 1821 - 28 November 1821*José Matías Delgado : 28 Nov 1821 - 9 February 1823...
(1989–1994)
- President - Alfredo Cristiani
-
Grenada
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of GrenadaMonarchy of GrenadaThe monarchy of Grenada is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of the Grenadas. The present monarch of Grenada is Queen Elizabeth II...
(1974–present) - Governor-General - Sir Paul ScoonPaul ScoonSir Paul Scoon, GCMG, GCVO, OBE was Governor General of Grenada for 14 years, from 1978 to 1992.-Biography:Sir Paul was born on 4 July 1935 in Gouyave, a town on the west coast of Grenada. He attended St. John's Anglican School and then the Grenada Boys' Secondary School...
, Governor-General of Grenada (1978–1992) - Prime Minister -
- Ben JonesBen Jones (Grenada)Ben Joseph Jones was a Grenadian politician. He was a lawyer before being elected to Parliament as a member of the New National Party in 1984. In 1984 he began serving as foreign minister in the government of his party's leader, Herbert Blaize. When Blaize died in December 1989, Jones became prime...
, Prime Minister of Grenada (1989–1990) - Nicholas BrathwaiteNicholas BrathwaiteSir Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite was the prime minister of Grenada from 1983 to 1984 and from 1990 to 1995.Brathwaite was born in Carriacou, Grenada. Following the 1983 invasion of Grenada, Brathwaite, a member of the National Democratic Congress, was appointed by Governor-General Sir Paul Scoon...
, Prime Minister of Grenada (1990–1995)
- Ben Jones
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Guatemala
- President - Vinicio CerezoVinicio CerezoMarco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo is a Guatemalan politician. He served as President of Guatemala from 14 January 1986 to 14 January 1991 and currently sits in Congress.-Career:...
, President of GuatemalaPresident of GuatemalaThe title of President of Guatemala has been the usual title of the leader of Guatemala since 1839, when that title was assumed by Mariano Rivera Paz...
(1986–1991)
- President - Vinicio Cerezo
-
Haiti
- President -
- Prosper AvrilProsper AvrilProsper Avril is a Haitian political figure who was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. A trusted member of François Duvalier's Presidential Guard and adviser to Jean-Claude Duvalier, Lt. Gen. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed...
, President of HaitiPresident of HaitiThe President of the Republic of Haiti is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti...
(1988–1990) - Hérard AbrahamHérard Abraham-Life:Abraham enlisted in the Haïtian army as a young man. He rose to the rank of lieutenant general and became one of the few military members in the inner circle of President Jean-Claude Duvalier. Abraham supported the 1986 coup against Duvalier, and served as foreign minister for the first time...
, Acting President of HaitiPresident of HaitiThe President of the Republic of Haiti is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti...
(1990) - Ertha Pascal-TrouillotErtha Pascal-TrouillotErtha Pascal-Trouillot was the provisional President of Haiti from 1990 through 1991. She was the first woman in Haitian history to hold that office.-Background:...
, Provisional President of HaitiPresident of HaitiThe President of the Republic of Haiti is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti...
(1990–1991)
- Prosper Avril
- President -
-
Honduras
- President -
- José Azcona del HoyoJosé Azcona del HoyoJosé Simón Azcona del Hoyo was President of Honduras from 27 January 1986 to 27 January 1990 for the Liberal Party of Honduras . He was born in La Ceiba in Honduras.-Career:...
, President of HondurasPresident of HondurasThis page lists the Presidents of Honduras.Colonial Honduras declared its independence from Spain on 15 September 1821. From 5 January 1822 to 1 July 1823, Honduras was part of the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide....
(1986–1990) - Rafael Leonardo Callejas RomeroRafael Leonardo Callejas RomeroRafael Leonardo Callejas Romero was born on 14 November 1943 in Tegucigalpa in Honduras, and was the President of Honduras from 27 January 1990 to 27 January 1994, representing the National Party of Honduras .-Career:...
, President of HondurasPresident of HondurasThis page lists the Presidents of Honduras.Colonial Honduras declared its independence from Spain on 15 September 1821. From 5 January 1822 to 1 July 1823, Honduras was part of the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide....
(1990–1994)
- José Azcona del Hoyo
- President -
-
Jamaica
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of JamaicaMonarchy of JamaicaThe Monarchy of Jamaica is a constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Jamaica, forming the core of the country's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy...
(1962–present) - Governor-General - Sir Florizel GlasspoleFlorizel GlasspoleSir Florizel Augustus Glasspole, ON, GCMG, GCVO, K.St.J was the third Governor General of Jamaica....
, Governor-General of JamaicaGovernor-General of JamaicaThe Governor-General of Jamaica represents the Jamaican monarch, and head of state, who holds the title of King or Queen of Jamaica ....
(1973–1991) - Prime Minister - Michael ManleyMichael ManleyMichael Norman Manley ON OCC was the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica . Manley was a democratic socialist....
, Prime Minister of JamaicaPrime Minister of JamaicaThe Prime Minister of Jamaica is Jamaica's head of government, currently Andrew Holness. Andrew Holness was elected as the new leader of the governing Jamaica Labour Party and succeeded Bruce Golding to become Jamaica's ninth Prime Minister on 23 October 2011...
(1989–1992)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Mexico
- President - Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of MexicoPresident of MexicoThe President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces...
(1988–1994) MontserratMontserratMontserrat is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. This island measures approximately long and wide, giving of coastline...
(British dependent territory) - Governor -
- Christopher J. TurnerChristopher J. TurnerChristopher John Turner, CBE was Governor of the Turks and Caicos from October 1982 to January 1987. Hesubsequently served as Governor of Montserrat from 1987 to 1990.-References:...
, Governor of MontserratGovernor of MontserratThe Governor of Montserrat is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of Montserrat. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1987–1990) - David G. P. TaylorDavid G. P. TaylorDavid George Pendleton Taylor CBE was a British businessman and administrator who served as Chief Executive of the Falklands Islands and Governor of Montserrat....
, Governor of MontserratGovernor of MontserratThe Governor of Montserrat is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of Montserrat. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1990–1993)
- Christopher J. Turner
- Chief Minister - John OsborneJohn Osborne (politician)John Alfred Osborne was a chief minister of Montserrat.He first came to that position in November 1978, as a member of the People's Liberation Movement, and continued until losing legislative council elections on October 10, 1991. By 2001 he had switched parties, joining the New People's...
, Chief Minister of MontserratChief Minister of MontserratThe Chief Minister of Montserrat is the head of government of Montserrat, an island in the Caribbean that is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, appointed by the Governor of Montserrat on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II, Montserrat's head of state. The current Chief Minister of Montserrat is...
(1978–1991) (constituent countryConstituent countryConstituent country is a phrase sometimes used in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity. The term constituent country does not have any defined legal meaning, and is used simply to refer to a country which is a part Constituent country is a phrase sometimes used in contexts...
of the Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the NetherlandsThe Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in Western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are referred to as "countries", and participate on a basis of equality...
) - Governor -
- René Römer, Governor of the Netherlands AntillesGovernor of the Netherlands AntillesThe Governor of the Netherlands Antilles was the representative of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Netherlands Antilles and the head of the National Government of the Netherlands Antilles....
(1983–1990) - Jaime Saleh, Governor of the Netherlands AntillesGovernor of the Netherlands AntillesThe Governor of the Netherlands Antilles was the representative of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Netherlands Antilles and the head of the National Government of the Netherlands Antilles....
(1990–2002)
- René Römer, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles
- Prime Minister - Maria Liberia PetersMaria Liberia PetersMaria Liberia Peters was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1994.Born Maria Peters in Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, she attended school and earned a teaching degree in the Netherlands. She later married Niels Liberia, a civil servant...
, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1988–1993)
- President - Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico
-
Nicaragua
- President -
- Daniel OrtegaDaniel OrtegaJosé Daniel Ortega Saavedra is a Nicaraguan politician and revolutionary, currently serving as the 83rd President of Nicaragua, a position that he has held since 2007. He previously served as the 79th President, between 1985 and 1990, and for much of his life, has been a leader in the Sandinista...
, President of NicaraguaPresident of NicaraguaThe position of President of Nicaragua was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1838 the title of the position was known as Head of State and from 1838 to 1854 as Supreme Director .-Heads of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America...
(1985–1990) - Violeta ChamorroVioleta ChamorroVioleta Barrios Torres de Chamorro is a Nicaraguan political leader, former president and publisher. She became president of Nicaragua on April 25, 1990, when she unseated Daniel Ortega...
, President of NicaraguaPresident of NicaraguaThe position of President of Nicaragua was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1838 the title of the position was known as Head of State and from 1838 to 1854 as Supreme Director .-Heads of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America...
(1990–1997)
- Daniel Ortega
- President -
-
Panama
- President - Guillermo EndaraGuillermo EndaraGuillermo David Endara Galimany was the President of Panama from 1989 to 1994. He ran for office in 2004 and 2009 but lost to the former President Martin Torrijos and to the incumbent President Ricardo Martinelli....
, President of Panama (1989–1994)
- President - Guillermo Endara
-
Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present) - Governor-General - Sir Clement ArrindellClement ArrindellSir Clement Athelston Arrindell GCMG GCVO QC was Governor of Saint Kitts and Nevis from 1981-83 and Governor-General upon the island's independence in 1983...
, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1981–1995) - Prime Minister - Kennedy SimmondsKennedy SimmondsDr. the Right Honourable Sir Kennedy Alphonse Simmonds was a founding member of the People's Action Movement party. He was Premier of Saint Kitts and Nevis from 21 February 1980, until the twin-island state gained independence from the United Kingdom on 19 September 1983. Upon Independence, he...
, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1980–1995)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Saint Lucia
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Saint LuciaMonarchy of Saint LuciaThe monarchy of Saint Lucia is a system of government in which a hereditary, constitutional monarch is the sovereign of Saint Lucia. The present monarch of Saint Lucia is Queen Elizabeth II. Saint Lucia share the Sovereign with a number of Commonwealth realms...
(1979–present) - Governor-General - Stanislaus A. James, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1988–1996)
- Prime Minister - John ComptonJohn ComptonSir John George Melvin Compton, KBE, PC was the first, fifth and eighth Prime Minister of Saint Lucia in 1979, from 1982 to 1996, and from 2006 until his death. Compton, who previously led Saint Lucia under British rule from 1964 to 1979, was the country's first leader when it became independent...
, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (1982–1996) (Territorial collectivity of France) - Prefect - Jean-Pierre Marquié, Prefect of Saint Pierre and MiquelonPrefect of Saint Pierre and MiquelonThe prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is the local representative of the President of France and in effect the Governor or Executive officer of the territory.- Overview :...
(1989–1991) - President of the General Council - Marc Plantegenest, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1984–1994)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesMonarchy of Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesThe monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, forming the core of the country's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The Crown is thus is the...
(1979–present) - Governor-General - David Emmanuel JackDavid Emmanuel JackSir David Emmanuel Jack, GCMG, MBE was Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from 1989 to 1996. He was born in Victoria Village, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. He also served as Health Minister from 1986 to 1989....
, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1989–1996) - Prime Minister - James Fitz-Allen MitchellJames Fitz-Allen MitchellSir James Fitz-Allen Mitchell was the second Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the founder of the New Democratic Party . He also served as Premier of the then colony from 1972 to 1974.-Life and career:...
, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1984–2000)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Trinidad and Tobago -
- President - Noor HassanaliNoor HassanaliNoor Mohamed Hassanali,TC was the second President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . A retired High Court judge, President Hassanali was the first Indo-Trinidadian to hold the office of President and was the first Muslim head of state in the Americas...
, President of Trinidad and TobagoPresident of Trinidad and TobagoThe President of Trinidad and Tobago is the head of state of Trinidad and Tobago, and the commander in chief of its armed forces. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1976, before which the head of state was Queen Elizabeth II...
(1987–1997) - Prime Minister - A. N. R. RobinsonA. N. R. RobinsonArthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson, OCC, TC was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991...
, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1986–1991) Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos IslandsThe Turks and Caicos Islands are a British Overseas Territory and overseas territory of the European Union consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the Caribbean, the larger Caicos Islands and the smaller Turks Islands, known for tourism and as an offshore financial centre.The Turks and...
(British dependent territory) - Governor - Michael J. BradleyMichael J. Bradley (Governor)Michael John Bradley was Governor of the Turks and Caicos from January 1987 to June 1993. Bradley was succeeded by Martin Bourke in June 1993....
, Governor of the Turks and Caicos IslandsGovernor of the Turks and Caicos IslandsThe Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of Turks and Caicos Islands. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government...
(1987–1993) - Chief Minister - Oswald SkippingsOswald SkippingsOswald O'Neil Skippings is a politician from the Turks and Caicos Islands. He served as the island territory's Chief Minister from 19 June 1980 to November 1980 and again from 3 March 1988 to April 1991....
, Chief Minister of Turks and Caicos IslandsPremier of the Turks and Caicos IslandsThis is a list of Chief Ministers and Premiers of the Turks and Caicos Islands.-Chief Ministers of the Turks and Caicos Islands:-Premiers of the Turks and Caicos Islands:...
(1988–1991)
- President - Noor Hassanali
-
United States
- President - George H.W. Bush, President of the United StatesPresident of the United StatesThe President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
(1989–1993) -
Puerto Rico (CommonwealthCommonwealth (United States insular area)In the terminology of the United States insular areas, a Commonwealth is a type of organized but unincorporated dependent territory.The definition of "Commonwealth" according to current U.S. State Department policy reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific...
of the United States)- Governor - Rafael Hernández ColónRafael Hernández ColónRafael Hernández Colón is a Puerto Rican politician who served as the fourth Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for three non-consecutive terms, from 1973 to 1977 and from 1985 to 1993. An experienced politician, Hernández holds the record for being the youngest Governor of Puerto Rico,...
, Governor of Puerto RicoGovernor of Puerto RicoThe Governor of Puerto Rico is the Head of Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Since 1948, the Governor has been elected by the people of Puerto Rico...
(1985–1993)
- Governor - Rafael Hernández Colón
-
United States Virgin Islands (Insular areaInsular areaAn insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the fifty U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States...
of the United States)- Governor - Alexander A. FarrellyAlexander A. FarrellyAlexander Anthony Farrelly was the governor of the United States Virgin Islands serving from 1987 to 1995.Farrelly graduated from St. John's University, Queens, New York in 1954 with a bachelor's degree in law...
, Governor of US Virgin Islands (1987–1995)
- Governor - Alexander A. Farrelly
- President - George H.W. Bush, President of the United States
Oceania
(unorganizedUnorganized territory
An unorganized territory is a region of land without a "normally" constituted system of government. This does not mean that the territory has no government at all or that it is unclaimed territory...
, unincorporated territory of the United States)
-
- Governor - Peter Tali ColemanPeter Tali ColemanPeter Tali Coleman was the first person of Samoan descent to be appointed governor of American Samoa and later became the territory's first popularly elected governor. A member of the Republican Party, he is the only U.S...
, Governor of American Samoa (1989–1993)
- Governor - Peter Tali Coleman
-
Australia -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of AustraliaMonarchy in AustraliaThe Monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of Australia. The monarchy is a constitutional one modelled on the Westminster style of parliamentary government, incorporating features unique to the Constitution of Australia.The present monarch is...
(1952–present) - Governor-General - Bill HaydenBill HaydenWilliam George "Bill" Hayden AC was the 21st Governor-General of Australia. Prior to this, he represented the Australian Labor Party in parliament; he was a minister in the government of Gough Whitlam, and later became Leader of the Opposition, narrowly losing the 1980 federal election to the...
, Governor-General of AustraliaGovernor-General of AustraliaThe Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia at federal/national level of the Australian monarch . He or she exercises the supreme executive power of the Commonwealth...
(1989–1996) - Prime Minister - Bob HawkeBob HawkeRobert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia from March 1983 to December 1991 and therefore longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister....
, Prime Minister of AustraliaPrime Minister of AustraliaThe Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the highest minister of the Crown, leader of the Cabinet and Head of Her Majesty's Australian Government, holding office on commission from the Governor-General of Australia. The office of Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful...
(1983–1991) - Christmas IslandChristmas IslandThe Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos Islands....
(external territory of Australia)- Administrator -
- A.D. Taylor, Administrator of Christmas Island (1986-1990)
- W.A. McKenzie, Administrator of Christmas Island (1990-1991)
- Assembly Chairman -
- Alexander Donald Taylor, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly (1989–1990)
- Gordon BennettGordon Bennett-People:*Gordon Bennett , Australian artist*Gordon Bennett , US Roman Catholic priest*Gordon Bennett , UK football coach*Gordon Bennett , Australian soldier...
, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly (1990–1991)
- Administrator -
- Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) IslandsThe Territory of the Cocos Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia, located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Christmas Island and approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka....
(external territory of Australia)- Administrator -
- Dawn Laurie, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988-1990)
- Barry CunninghamBarry CunninghamBarry Thomas Cunningham was an Australian politician. Born in Pakenham, Victoria, he was a dairy and potato farmer and an agricultural contractor before entering politics...
, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1990-1992)
- Council Chairman - Parson bin Yapat, Chairman of the Cocos Islands Council (1983-1993)
- Administrator -
-
Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator - Herbert Bruce MacDonald, Administrator of Norfolk Island (1989–1992)
- Head of Government - David BuffettDavid BuffettDavid Ernest Buffett AM is a political figure from the Australian territory of Norfolk Island. He is the current Chief Minister of Norfolk Island since March 2010, a position he has held on three previous occasions...
, President of the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island (1989–1992)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Fiji -
- President - Ratu Sir Penaia GanilauPenaia GanilauRatu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu Ganilau, GCMG, KCVO, KBE, DSO was the first President of Fiji, serving from 8 December 1987 until his death in 1993...
, President of FijiPresident of FijiThe President of the Republic of Fiji is the head of state of Fiji. The President was appointed by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term under the terms of the now-suspended 1997 constitution. The Great Council of Chiefs is constitutionally required to consult the Prime Minister, but...
(1987–1993) - Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese MaraKamisese MaraRatu Sir Kamisese Mara, CF, GCMG, KBE is considered the founding father of the modern nation of Fiji. He was Chief Minister from 1967 to 1970, when Fiji gained its independence from the United Kingdom, and, apart from one brief interruption in 1987, the first Prime Minister from 1970 to 1992...
, Prime Minister of FijiPrime Minister of FijiThe Prime Minister of the Republic of Fiji is the head of government of Fiji. The Prime Minister was appointed by the President under the terms of the now-suspended 1997 constitution....
(1987–1992) (French overseas territory) - High Commissioner - Jean Montpezat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (1987–1992)
- President of the Government - Alexandre LéontieffAlexandre LéontieffAlexandre Léontieff was the President of French Polynesia from 1987 to 1991.-Personal life:Léontieff was born on October 20, 1948, at Teahupo'o, Tahiti, near the world famous surfing location...
, President of the Government of French PolynesiaPresident of French PolynesiaThis is the list of Presidents of French Polynesia.-See also:*List of monarchs of Tahiti*Colonial and Departmental Heads of French Polynesia-External links:*...
(1987–1991) (Insular areaInsular areaAn insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the fifty U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States...
of the United States) - Governor - Joseph Franklin AdaJoseph Franklin AdaJoseph Franklin Ada is a U.S. politician.Born in Guam, Ada attended the College of Guam for two years before entering the University of Portland, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in corporate finance in 1968. He served as the Republican Governor of Guam from 1987 until 1995. His running...
, Governor of Guam (1987–1995)
- President - Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
-
Kiribati
- President - Ieremia TabaiIeremia TabaiSir Ieremia Tienang Tabai GCMG AO was the first President of Kiribati. He had been described as being the most able leader of the Pacific island states....
, President of KiribatiPresident of KiribatiThe President of Kiribati is the head of state and head of government of Kiribati.Following a general election, by which citizens elect the members of the House of Assembly, members select from their midst "not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates" for the presidency. No other person may stand...
(1983–1991)
- President - Ieremia Tabai
-
Marshall Islands
- President - Amata KabuaAmata KabuaAmata Kabua was the first President of the Marshall Islands from 1979 to 1996 ....
, President of the Marshall IslandsPresident of the Marshall Islands-List of Presidents of the Marshall Islands:...
(1979–1996)
- President - Amata Kabua
-
Federated States of Micronesia
- President - John HaglelgamJohn HaglelgamJohn Haglelgam was the second President of the Federated States of Micronesia. He served from 1987-1991. He is a native of Eauripik Island, Yap.-External links:*...
, President of the Federated States of MicronesiaPresident of the Federated States of MicronesiaThe following is a list of the Presidents of the Federated States of Micronesia:-See also:*High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands...
(1987–1991)
- President - John Haglelgam
-
Nauru
- President - Bernard DowiyogoBernard DowiyogoHE Bernard Annen Auwen Dowiyogo was President of the Republic of Nauru.-Background and early career:He first became an elected member of Nauru's 18-seat parliament in 1973...
, President of NauruPresident of NauruThe President of Nauru is elected by Parliament from amongst its members. He is both the head of state and head of government of Nauru. Nauru's unicameral Parliament has 18 members, with an electoral term of 3 years. Political parties only play a minor role in Nauru politics, and there has often...
(1989–1995) (French overseas territory) - High Commissioner - Bernard Grasset, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1988–1991)
- President - Bernard Dowiyogo
-
New Zealand -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New ZealandMonarchy in New ZealandThe monarchy of New Zealand also referred to as The Crown in Right of New Zealand, Her Majesty in Right of New Zealand, or The Queen in Right of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of the Realm of New Zealand,...
(1952–present) - Governor-General -
- Sir Paul ReevesPaul ReevesSir Paul Alfred Reeves, ONZ, GCMG, GCVO, CF, QSO was Archbishop and Primate of New Zealand from 1980 to 1985 and the 15th Governor-General of New Zealand from 22 November 1985 to 20 November 1990...
, Governor-General of New Zealand (1985–1990) - Dame Catherine TizardCatherine TizardDame Catherine Anne Tizard, was Mayor of Auckland City and the 16th Governor-General of New Zealand, the first woman to hold either office.-Early life:...
, Governor-General of New Zealand (1990–1996)
- Sir Paul Reeves
- Prime Minister -
- Geoffrey Palmer, Prime Minister of New ZealandPrime Minister of New ZealandThe Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand...
, (1989–1990) - Mike Moore, Prime Minister of New ZealandPrime Minister of New ZealandThe Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand...
, (1990) - Jim BolgerJim BolgerJames Brendan "Jim" Bolger, ONZ was the 35th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1990 to 1997. Bolger was elected on the promise of delivering a "Decent Society" following the previous Labour government's economic reforms, known as Rogernomics...
, Prime Minister of New ZealandPrime Minister of New ZealandThe Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand...
, (1990–1997)
- Geoffrey Palmer, Prime Minister of New Zealand
-
Cook Islands (Associated stateAssociated stateAn associated state is the minor partner in a formal, free relationship between a political territory with a degree of statehood and a nation, for which no other specific term, such as protectorate, is adopted...
of New Zealand)- Queen's Representative -
- Sir Tangaroa TangaroaTangaroa TangaroaSir Tangaroa Tangaroa MBE, , was a Cook Islands politician.He started his professional life as a government radio operator...
, Queen's Representative of the Cook IslandsQueen's RepresentativeThe Queen's Representative is the formal title given to the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, as Queen of New Zealand, in the Cook Islands....
(1984–1990) - Apenera ShortApenera ShortSir Apenera Pera Short KBE was a Cook Islands politician and from 1990 to 2000 was the Queen's Representative in the Cook Islands....
, Queen's Representative of the Cook IslandsQueen's RepresentativeThe Queen's Representative is the formal title given to the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, as Queen of New Zealand, in the Cook Islands....
(1990–2000)
- Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa
- Prime Minister - Geoffrey HenryGeoffrey HenrySir Geoffrey Arama Henry KBE is a Cook Island politician who was twice the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands. He was leader of the Cook Islands Party from 1979 to 2006.-Early life:...
, Prime Minister of the Cook IslandsPrime Minister of the Cook IslandsThe Prime Minister of the Cook Islands is the official rsponsible for heading Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's government in the Cook Islands, a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand. The office was established in 1965, when self-government was first granted to the islands...
(1989–1999)
- Queen's Representative -
-
Niue (associated stateAssociated stateAn associated state is the minor partner in a formal, free relationship between a political territory with a degree of statehood and a nation, for which no other specific term, such as protectorate, is adopted...
of New Zealand)- Premier - Sir Robert RexRobert RexSir Robert Richmond Rex, KBE, CMG, was Premier of the Pacific island state of Niue from its establishment as a self-governing territory 19 October 1974 until his death in 1992...
, Premier of NiuePremier of NiueThe Premier of Niue is Niue's head of government. He or she is elected by the Niue Assembly, and forms a Cabinet consisting of him- or herself and three other members of the Assembly....
(1974–1992)
- Premier - Sir Robert Rex
- TokelauTokelauTokelau is a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400...
(dependent territoryDependent territoryA dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State, and remains politically outside of the controlling state's integral area....
of New Zealand)- Administrator -
- Neil WalterNeil WalterNeil Douglas Walter, CNZM is a distinguished New Zealand diplomat, and is a former Administrator of Tokelau, a territory of New Zealand. He served from February 1988 until 1990, and again from March 1, 2003 to 17 October 2006.-Biography:...
, Administrator of Tokelau (1988–1990) - Graham Keith Ansell, Administrator of Tokelau (1990–1992) (CommonwealthCommonwealth (United States insular area)In the terminology of the United States insular areas, a Commonwealth is a type of organized but unincorporated dependent territory.The definition of "Commonwealth" according to current U.S. State Department policy reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific...
of the United States)
- Neil Walter
- Administrator -
- Governor -
- Pedro TenorioPedro TenorioPedro P. Tenorio was the second and fifth elected Governor of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.Tenorio was born on Saipan. He graduated from George Washington High School in Guam and attended the University of Guam. He has worked as a schoolteacher, a shipping...
, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1982–1990) - Lorenzo I. De Leon GuerreroLorenzo I. De Leon GuerreroLorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero was the third elected Governor of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.-Biography:...
, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1990–1994) (United Nations Trust TerritoryUnited Nations Trust TerritoriesUnited Nations trust territories were the successors of the remaining League of Nations mandates and came into being when the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946. All of the trust territories were administered through the UN Trusteeship Council...
administered by the USAUnited Nations Trust TerritoriesUnited Nations trust territories were the successors of the remaining League of Nations mandates and came into being when the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946. All of the trust territories were administered through the UN Trusteeship Council...
)
- Pedro Tenorio
- President - Ngiratkel EtpisonNgiratkel EtpisonNgiratkel Etpison was a politician from Palau. He was elected the country's president in the 1988 elections, the final elections conducted under a plurality voting system, in which he received just 26% of the votes cast, defeating opponent Roman Tmetuchl by a margin of 31 votes...
, President of PalauPresident of Palau-List of Presidents of Palau:-Latest election:-See also:*Vice-President of Palau*High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands...
(1989–1993)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand
-
Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present) - Governor-General - Sir Vincent EriVincent EriSir Vincent Serei Eri, GCMG was the fifth Governor General of Papua New Guinea and is often cited as being the first Papua New Guinean national to write a novel, The Crocodile in English...
, Governor-General of Papua New GuineaGovernor-General of Papua New GuineaThe Governor-General of Papua New Guinea is the viceregal representative of Queen Elizabeth II, known in Tok Pisin as 'Missis Kwin', Papua New Guinea's head of state, performing the duties of the Queen in her absence...
(1990–1991) - Prime Minister - Rabbie NamaliuRabbie NamaliuSir Rabbie Langanai Namaliu, GCL, CSM, KCMG is a Papua New Guinea politician. He served as the fourth Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea from 1988 to 1992 as leader of the Pangu Party...
, Prime Minister of Papua New GuineaPrime Minister of Papua New GuineaThe Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, is Papua New Guinea's head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the National Parliament. Since 2 August 2011, the Prime Minister has been Peter O’Neill of the People's National Congress Party.-List...
(1988–1992) (British dependent territory) - Governor -
- Robin Byatt, Governor of the Pitcairn IslandsGovernor of the Pitcairn IslandsThe Governor of the Pitcairn Islands is the representative of the British crown in the Pitcairn Islands, which are the last remaining British territory in the Pacific Ocean...
(1987–1990) - David MossDavid MossDavid Moss is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Calgary Flames.-Playing career:Moss was selected 220th overall in the seventh round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft and played for the Flames' AHL affiliate, the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights from the 2005–06 season. While with the...
, Governor of the Pitcairn IslandsGovernor of the Pitcairn IslandsThe Governor of the Pitcairn Islands is the representative of the British crown in the Pitcairn Islands, which are the last remaining British territory in the Pacific Ocean...
(1990–1994)
- Robin Byatt, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands
- Magistrate - Brian YoungBrian Young (magistrate)Brian Michael John Young served as magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of Pitcairn Island from December 1984 until 1 January 1991. In 2007 Young was found guilty of rape and indecent assault and was sentenced to six years and six months in prison.-Ancestry:-References:...
, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands (1984–1991)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Solomon Islands -
- Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of the Solomon IslandsMonarch of the Solomon IslandsThe monarchy of the Solomon Islands is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of the Solomon Islands. The present monarch of the Solomon Islands is Queen Elizabeth II. The Solomon Islands share the Sovereign with a number of Commonwealth realms...
(1978–present) - Governor-General - Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of the Solomon IslandsGovernor-General of the Solomon IslandsThe Governor-General of Solomon Islands is the representative of the Queen of Solomon Islands, Elizabeth II. The Queen does not reside in the islands, and so the Governor-General serves as the country's de facto head of state in her absence....
(1988–1994) - Prime Minister - Solomon MamaloniSolomon MamaloniSolomon Mamaloni was the second Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands three times:* August 31, 1981 - November 19, 1984* March 28, 1989 - June 18, 1993* November 7, 1994 - August 27, 1997...
, Prime Minister of the Solomon IslandsPrime Minister of the Solomon IslandsThe Prime Minister of Solomon Islands is Solomon Islands' head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the National Parliament. Solomon Islands is a Commonwealth realm. Since August 2010, the Prime Minister has been Danny Philip of the Reform...
(1989–1993)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II
-
Tonga -
- Monarch - Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006)
- Prime Minister - Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehakeTu'i Pelehake (Fatafehi)Sione Ngū Manumataongo Tukuʻaho , also known as HRH Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, was the youngest son of Sālote Tupou III and was educated in Tonga and Australia. Tu'ipelehake is a traditional high ranking Tongan title....
, Prime Minister of TongaPrime Minister of TongaThis is a list of Prime Ministers of Tonga from the establishment of that office in 1876 until the present day.-List of Premiers/Prime Ministers of Tonga :-External links:*...
(1965–1991) TuvaluTuvaluTuvalu , formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls...
- - Monarch - Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the United KingdomElizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present) - Governor-General -
- Sir Tupua LeupenaTupua LeupenaSir Tupua Leupena, GCMG, MBE was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Tuvalu.-Governor-General of Tuvalu:...
, Governor-General of TuvaluGovernor-General of TuvaluThe Governor-General of Tuvalu is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tuvalu, the nation's Head of State, and performs the duties of the Queen in her absence.-History:...
(1986–1990) - Sir Toaripi LautiToaripi LautiSir Toaripi Lauti, GCMG, PC was born Toalipi Lauti on November 28, 1928.-Pre-Independence career:He was the chief minister of Tuvalu, the former Ellice Islands, from October 2, 1975 to October 1, 1978. The Tuvalu archipelago, located about halfway between Australia and Hawaii, consists of six...
, Governor-General of TuvaluGovernor-General of TuvaluThe Governor-General of Tuvalu is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tuvalu, the nation's Head of State, and performs the duties of the Queen in her absence.-History:...
(1990–1993)
- Sir Tupua Leupena
- Prime Minister - Bikenibeu PaeniuBikenibeu PaeniuThe Rt Hon Bikenibeu Paeniu is a politician from Tuvalu. He has served twice as the third Prime Minister of Tuvalu.-Political career:...
, Prime Minister of TuvaluPrime Minister of TuvaluThe Prime Minister of Tuvalu is the head of government of Tuvalu. According to Tuvalu's constitution, the Prime Minister must always be a member of Parliament, and is elected by Parliament in a secret ballot. Because there are no political parties in Tuvalu, any member of Parliament can be...
(1989–1993)
-
Vanuatu -
- President - Frederick Karlomuana TimakataFrederick Karlomuana TimakataRev. Frederick "Fred" Karlomuana Timakata served as acting President of the island country of Vanuatu briefly in 1984, and subsequently as President from January 30, 1989 to January 30, 1994....
, President of VanuatuPresident of VanuatuThe President of Vanuatu is the head of state of Vanuatu. The President is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils.The President's role is mostly ceremonial...
(1989–1994) - Prime Minister - Walter LiniWalter LiniFather Walter Hadye Lini was an Anglican priest and the founding Prime Minister of Vanuatu. He was born on Pentecost Island. During the era when Vanuatu was a condominium ruled by the United Kingdom and France, Lini formed the Vanua'aku Pati, which was principally backed by English-speakers...
, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (1979–1991) (French overseas territory) - Administrator-Superior -
- Roger Dumec, Administrator Superior of Wallis and FutunaAdministrator Superior of Wallis and FutunaThe Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna is the representative of the President of the French Republic in Wallis and Futuna. The current Administrator is Michel Jeanjean...
(1988–1990) - Robert Pommies, Administrator Superior of Wallis and FutunaAdministrator Superior of Wallis and FutunaThe Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna is the representative of the President of the French Republic in Wallis and Futuna. The current Administrator is Michel Jeanjean...
(1990–1993)
- Roger Dumec, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna
- President of the Territorial Assembly -
- Pasilio Tui, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and FutunaTerritorial Assembly of Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna elects on territorial level a legislature. The Territorial Assembly has 20 members, elected for a five year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies....
(1989–1990) - Clovis Logologofolau, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and FutunaTerritorial Assembly of Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna elects on territorial level a legislature. The Territorial Assembly has 20 members, elected for a five year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies....
(1990–1992)
- Pasilio Tui, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna
- President - Frederick Karlomuana Timakata
-
Samoa
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western SamoaO le Ao o le MaloO le Ao o le Malo is the Samoan head of state, which is the title's rough translation....
(1962–2007) - Prime Minister - Tofilau Eti AlesanaTofilau Eti AlesanaTofilau Eti Alesana, AC, born Aualamalefalelima Alesana, was a Samoan politician. He was born in Vaitogi, Tutuila, American Samoa to a Samoan upper-class parents, Reverend James Alesana Fai'ivae and Vaoita Iosefa Mala'itai...
, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1988–1998)
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western Samoa
South America
-
Argentina
- President - Carlos MenemCarlos MenemCarlos Saúl Menem is an Argentine politician who was President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999. He is currently an Argentine National Senator for La Rioja Province.-Early life:...
, President of Argentina (1989–1999)
- President - Carlos Menem
-
Bolivia
- President - Jaime Paz ZamoraJaime Paz ZamoraJaime Paz Zamora was President of Bolivia from August 6, 1989 to August 6, 1993. He also served as Vice-President between 1982 and 1984.-Foundation of the MIR and alliance with Siles Zuazo:...
, President of BoliviaPresident of BoliviaThe President of Bolivia is head of state and head of government of Bolivia. According to the current Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five year term, renewable once...
(1989–1993)
- President - Jaime Paz Zamora
-
Brazil
- President -
- José SarneyJosé SarneyJosé Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990....
, President of Brazil (1985–1990) - Fernando Collor de MelloFernando Collor de MelloFernando Affonso Collor de Mello was the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his trial of impeachment by the Brazilian Senate...
, President of Brazil (1990–1992)
- José Sarney
- President -
-
Chile
- President -
- Augusto PinochetAugusto PinochetAugusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, more commonly known as Augusto Pinochet , was a Chilean army general and dictator who assumed power in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973...
, President of ChilePresident of ChileThe President of the Republic of Chile is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Chile. The President is responsible of the government and state administration...
(1973–1990) - Patricio AylwinPatricio AylwinPatricio Aylwin Azócar was the first president of Chile after its return to democratic rule in 1990, following the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet.- Early life :...
, President of ChilePresident of ChileThe President of the Republic of Chile is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Chile. The President is responsible of the government and state administration...
(1990–1994)
- Augusto Pinochet
- President -
-
Colombia
- President -
- Virgilio Barco VargasVirgilio Barco VargasVirgilio Barco Vargas was a politician and diplomat from Colombia. He was a member of the Colombian Liberal Party and served as president of Colombia from August 7, 1986 until August 7, 1990....
, President of Colombia (1986–1990) - César GaviriaCésar GaviriaCésar Gaviria Trujillo is a Colombian politician and a Latin American statesman. He served as President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994, and Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1994 until 2004.-Early life:...
, President of Colombia (1990–1994)
- Virgilio Barco Vargas
- President -
-
Ecuador
- President - Rodrigo Borja CevallosRodrigo Borja CevallosRodrigo Borja Cevallos was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992.-Biography:Borja was born in Quito, the capital of Ecuador. He helped to found the Party of the Democratic Left, a socialist political party which quickly gained strength. He served several terms in Congress,...
, President of Ecuador (1988–1992) Falkland IslandsFalkland IslandsThe Falkland Islands are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located about from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago consists of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland...
(British dependent territory) - Governor - William Hugh Fullerton, Governor of the Falkland IslandsGovernor of the Falkland IslandsThe Governor of the Falkland Islands is the representative of the British Crown in the Falkland Islands, acting "in Her Majesty's name and on Her Majesty's behalf" as the islands' de facto head of state in the absence of the British monarch...
(1988–1992) - Chief Executive - Ronald SampsonRonald SampsonRonald Sampson, CBE, is a British administrator who served as Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands from April 1989 until September 1994.During his time as Chief Executive, Sampson worked to improve up the infrastructure of the Falkland Islands in the wake of the 1982 war...
, Chief Executive of the Falkland IslandsChief Executive of the Falkland IslandsThe Chief Executive of the Falklands Islands is the head of government of the Falkland Islands, as well as head of the public service responsible for the efficient and effective management of the Falkland Islands Government...
(1989–1994)
- President - Rodrigo Borja Cevallos
-
Guyana -
- President - Desmond HoyteDesmond HoyteHugh Desmond Hoyte was a Guyanese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Guyana from 1984 to 1985 and President of Guyana from 1985 until 1992.He was born in Guyana's capital, Georgetown...
, President of Guyana (1985–1992) - Prime Minister - Hamilton GreenHamilton GreenHamilton Green was the prime minister of Guyana from 6 August 1985 to 9 October 1992, during the racial and oppressive dictatorship of the People's National Congress...
, Prime Minister of Guyana (1985–1992)
Paraguay - President - Andrés Rodríguez, President of Paraguay (1989–1993)
- President - Desmond Hoyte
-
Peru -
- President -
- Alan García, President of Peru (1985–1990)
- Alberto FujimoriAlberto FujimoriAlberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
, President of Peru (1990–2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Guillermo Larco CoxGuillermo Larco CoxGuillermo Larco Cox , civil engineer and Peruvian politician. Member of the Peruvian Aprista Party, achieved the position of Senator and Prime Minister.- Biography :...
, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1989–1990) - Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1990–1991)
- Guillermo Larco Cox
- President -
-
Suriname
- President -
- Ramsewak ShankarRamsewak ShankarRamsewak Shankar is a Surinamese politician who was the 4th President of Suriname from 1988 to 1990. He was previously Agriculture & Fisheries Minister from 1969 to 1971.He was elected as President by the National Assembly after a parliamentary election...
, President of SurinamePresident of SurinameThe President of the Republic of Suriname is, in accordance with the Constitution of 1987, the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of Suriname....
(1988–1990) - Johan Kraag, President of SurinamePresident of SurinameThe President of the Republic of Suriname is, in accordance with the Constitution of 1987, the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of Suriname....
(1990–1991)
- Ramsewak Shankar
- President -
-
Uruguay
- President -
- Julio María Sanguinetti, President of Uruguay (1985–1990)
- Luis Alberto LacalleLuis Alberto LacalleLuis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera is a Uruguayan lawyer and politician who served as President of Uruguay from 1990 to 1995.-Background:His mother, María Hortensia de Herrera de Lacalle, was the daughter of the Blanco political leader Luis Alberto de Herrera, after whom Lacalle was named. Luis...
, President of Uruguay (1990–1995)
- President -
-
Venezuela
- President - Carlos Andrés PérezCarlos Andrés PérezCarlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez , also known as CAP and often referred to as El Gocho , was a Venezuelan politician, President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1989 to 1993. His first presidency was known as the Saudi Venezuela due to its economic and social prosperity thanks to...
, President of Venezuela (1989–1993)
- President - Carlos Andrés Pérez