For other categories, see List of MeSH codes.

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- amino alcohols

--- ethanolamines --- albuterol

Salbutamol

Salbutamol or albuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is marketed as Ventolin among other brand names....

 --- choline

Choline

Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation....

 --- platelet activating factor --- clenbuterol

Clenbuterol

Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier...

 --- deanol --- epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...

 --- ethanolamine

Ethanolamine

Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine , is an organic chemical compound that is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol . Like other amines, monoethanolamine acts as a weak base...

 --- 2-hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine is an amine. It is similar in structure to ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine.- References :...

 --- isoproterenol

Isoproterenol

Isoprenaline or isoproterenol is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia , heart block, and rarely for asthma...

 --- labetalol

Labetalol

Labetalol is a mixed alpha/beta adrenergic antagonist, which is used to treat high blood pressure.-Indications:...

 --- midodrine

Midodrine

Midodrine is a vasopressor/antihypotensive agent. Midodrine was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension...

 --- norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is the US name for noradrenaline , a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter...

 --- normetanephrine

Normetanephrine

Normetanephrine is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for catecholamine-secreting tumors such as pheochromocytoma....

 --- octopamine

Octopamine

Octopamine is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems. It is also found naturally in numerous plants, including bitter orange. Biosynthesis of the D--enantiomer of octopamine is by β-hydroxylation of...

 --- orciprenaline

Orciprenaline

Orciprenaline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma. Orciprenaline is a moderately selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on...

 --- fenoterol

Fenoterol

Fenoterol is an asthma medication designed to open up the airways to the lungs. It is classed as sympathomimetic beta2 agonist.Fenoterol is produced and sold by Boehringer Ingelheim as Berotec N and in combination with ipratropium as Berodual N....

 --- phenylephrine

Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil, and to increase blood pressure...

 --- etilefrine

Etilefrine

Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive. It is a sympathomimetic amine of the 3-hydroxy-phenylethanolamine series used in treating orthostatic hypotension of neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine or metabolic origin...

 --- procaterol

Procaterol

Procaterol, applied as procaterol hydrochloride , is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma. It has never been filed for FDA evaluation in the United States, where it is not marketed. The drug is readily oxidated in the presence of moisture and air, making it...

 --- sotalol

Sotalol

Sotalol is a drug used in individuals with rhythm disturbances of the heart, and to treat hypertension in some individuals. It is a non-selective competitive β-adrenergic receptor blocker that also exhibits Class III antiarrhythmic properties by its inhibition of potassium channels...

 --- synephrine

Synephrine

Synephrine is a drug commonly used for weight loss. While its effectiveness is widely debated, synephrine has gained significant popularity as an alternative to ephedrine, a related substance which has been made illegal or restricted in many countries due to health risks and its use as a precursor...

 --- terbutaline

Terbutaline

Terbutaline is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist.Terbutaline is currently on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited drugs for Olympic athletes, except when administered by inhalation and a Therapeutic Use Exemption has been obtained in advance.Terbutaline is currently used to delay...

 --- heptaminol

Heptaminol

Heptaminol is an amino alcohol which is classified as a vasoconstrictor . It is sometimes used in the treatment of low blood pressure, particularly orthostatic hypotension....

 --- isoetharine --- propanolamines --- acebutolol

Acebutolol

Acebutolol is a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias.-Pharmacology:Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta blocker with ISA...

 --- alprenolol

Alprenolol

Alprenolol, or alfeprol, alpheprol, and alprenololum , is a non-selective beta blocker as well as 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of angina pectoris...

 --- dihydroalprenolol

Dihydroalprenolol

Dihydroalprenolol is a hydrogenated alprenolol derivative. It is a radiolabeled form of alprenolol. Being a beta-adrenergic blocker, it is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation....

 --- atenolol --- betaxolol

Betaxolol

Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm as timolol may...

 --- bisoprolol

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers, a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker. The FDA approved Duramed Pharmaceutical's application for Zebeta Oral Tablets as a new molecular...

 --- bupranolol

Bupranolol

Bupranolol is a non-selective beta blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity , but with strong membrane stabilizing activity. Its potency is similar to propranolol.- Uses and dosage:...

 --- carteolol

Carteolol

Carteolol is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma....

 --- celiprolol

Celiprolol

Celiprolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure....

 --- ephedrine

Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia....

 --- histidinol --- isoxsuprine

Isoxsuprine

Isoxsuprine, or Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, is a drug used as a vasodilator in humans and equines.-Reasons for use and controversy:Isoxsuprine is most commonly used to treat hoof-related problems in the horse, most commonly for laminitis and navicular disease, as its effects as a vasodilator are...

 --- levobunolol

Levobunolol

Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically to manage glaucoma....

 --- methoxamine

Methoxamine

Methoxamine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, similar in structure to phenylephrine and 2,5-DMA. It was Developed by Burroughs-Wellcome in the 1940s. The drug induces vasoconstriction of skin and splanchnic blood vessels, thereby increasing peripheral vascular resistance and raising mean...

 --- metipranolol

Metipranolol

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in eye drops to treat glaucoma. It is rapidly metabolized into desacetylmetipranolol....

 --- metoprolol

Metoprolol

Metoprolol is a selective β1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially hypertension. The active substance metoprolol is employed either as metoprolol succinate or metoprolol tartrate...

 --- nadolol

Nadolol

Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure, migraine headaches, and chest pain.-Pharmacology:...

 --- nylidrin --- oxprenolol

Oxprenolol

Oxprenolol is a non-selective beta blocker with some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity...

 --- oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine is a vasodilator.Synergestic effects with antibiotics have been suggested....

 --- penbutolol

Penbutolol

Penbutolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.-External links:*...

 --- phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine , also known as the stereoisomers norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which is used as a stimulant, decongestant, and anorectic agent. It is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough...

 --- p-hydroxynorephedrine --- metaraminol

Metaraminol

Metaraminol is a potent sympathomimetic amine used in the prevention and treatment of hypotension, particularly as a complication of anesthesia.It is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist with some β effect....

 --- pindolol

Pindolol

Pindolol is a beta blocker....

 --- iodocyanopindolol

Iodocyanopindolol

Iodocyanopindolol is a drug related to pindolol which acts as both a β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist and a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist. Its 125I radiolabelled derivative has been widely used in mapping the distribution of beta adrenoreceptors in the body....

 --- practolol

Practolol

Practolol is a selective beta blocker that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propanolol...

 --- prenalterol

Prenalterol

Prenalterol is a cardiac stimulant which acts as a β1-adrenergic agonist.- References :...

 --- propranolol --- ritodrine

Ritodrine

Ritodrine is a tocolytic drug, was used to stop premature labor. It is available in oral tablets or as an injection, and is typically used as the hydrochloride salt, ritodrine hydrochloride...

 --- suloctidil --- timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

 --- xamoterol

Xamoterol

Xamoterol is a cardiac stimulant. It works by binding to the β1 adrenergic receptor. it is a 3rd generation andrenergics beta receptor partial agonist. it provides cardiac stimulation when patient is at rest but it acts as a blocker during exercise....

 --- sphingosine

Sphingosine

Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.-Functions:...

 --- psychosine

--- chlorohydrins

--- alpha-chlorohydrin --- chlorobutanol

Chlorobutanol

Chlorobutanol, or trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, is a chemical preservative, sedative hypnotic and weak local anaesthetic similar in nature to chloral hydrate. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties...

 --- ethchlorvynol

Ethchlorvynol

Ethchlorvynol is a sedative and hypnotic medication developed by Pfizer in the 1950s. It has been used to treat insomnia, but has been largely superseded and is only offered where an intolerance or allergy to other drugs exists....

 --- ethylene chlorohydrin

--- ethanol

Ethanol

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...

--- ethamoxytriphetol --- ethanolamines --- ethanolamine

Ethanolamine

Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine , is an organic chemical compound that is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol . Like other amines, monoethanolamine acts as a weak base...

 --- ethylene chlorohydrin --- mercaptoethanol --- phenylethyl alcohol --- trifluoroethanol

--- fatty alcohols

--- butanols --- 1-butanol --- chlorobutanol

Chlorobutanol

Chlorobutanol, or trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, is a chemical preservative, sedative hypnotic and weak local anaesthetic similar in nature to chloral hydrate. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties...

 --- tert-butyl alcohol --- dodecanol

Dodecanol

Dodecanol, also known by its IUPAC name 1-dodecanol or dodecan-1-ol, and by its trivial name dodecyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol. Dodecanol is a colourless, water insoluble solid of melting point 24 °C and boiling point 259 °C. It has a floral odor...

 --- sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate , sodium laurilsulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate is an organic compound with the formula CH311OSO3Na). It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products...

 --- dolichol

Dolichol

Dolichol refers to any of a group of long-chain mostly unsaturated organic compounds that are made up of varying numbers of isoprene units terminating in an α-saturated isoprenoid group, containing an alcohol functional group.-Functions:...

 --- dolichol phosphates --- farnesol

Farnesol

Farnesol is a natural organic compound which is an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol found as a colorless liquid. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with oils...

 --- heptanol

Heptanol

Heptanol may refer to any of four isomeric chemical compounds:* 1-Heptanol* 2-Heptanol* 3-Heptanol* 4-Heptanol...

 --- hexanols --- octanols --- 1-octanol --- pentanols --- sodium tetradecyl sulfate

Sodium tetradecyl sulfate

Sodium tetradecyl sulfate is a sclerosant drug. It is commonly used in the treatment of varicose and spider veins of the leg, during the procedure of sclerotherapy. Being a detergent-based chemical, its action is on the lipid molecules in the cells of the vein wall, causing destruction of the...

--- glycols

--- butylene glycols --- busulfan

Busulfan

Busulfan is a cancer drug, in use since 1959.Busulfan is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates...

 --- ethylene glycols --- chloral hydrate

Chloral hydrate

Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug as well as a chemical reagent and precursor. The name chloral hydrate indicates that it is formed from chloral by the addition of one molecule of water. Its chemical formula is C2H3Cl3O2....

 --- chloralose

Chloralose

Chloralose is an avicide, rodenticide used to kill mice in temperatures below 15 °C. It is also widely used in neuroscience and veterinary medicine as an anesthetic and sedative.Chemically, it is a chlorinated acetal derivative of glucose....

 --- ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol is an organic compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting liquid...

 --- methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol --- polyethylene glycols --- cetomacrogol --- hydrogel --- nonoxynol --- octoxynol --- poloxalene --- poloxamer

Poloxamer

Poloxamers are nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene . The word "poloxamer" was coined by the inventor, Irving Schmolka, who received the patent for these materials in 1973...

 --- polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate --- polysorbates --- propylene glycols --- alpha-chlorohydrin --- chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial that became available in 1949. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines, and as it is both cheap and easy to manufacture it is frequently found as a drug of choice in the third world.Chloramphenicol is...

 --- thiamphenicol

Thiamphenicol

Thiamphenicol is an antibiotic. It is the methyl-sulfonyl analogue of chloramphenicol and has a similar spectrum of activity, but is 2.5 to 5 times as potent. Like chloramphenicol, it is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in lipids...

 --- chlorphenesin

Chlorphenesin

Chlorphenesin is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle pain and spasms.It also has antifungal and some antibacterial properties and is thus classified as an antifungal for topical use by the WHO.-Safety:...

 --- mephenesin

Mephenesin

Mephenesin is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. It can be used as an antidote for strychnine poisoning....

 --- pentaerythritol tetranitrate --- propylene glycol

Propylene glycol

Propylene glycol, also called 1,2-propanediol or propane-1,2-diol, is an organic compound with formula C3H8O2 or HO-CH2-CHOH-CH3...

 --- tromethamine --- sphingosine

Sphingosine

Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.-Functions:...

--- hexanols

--- cyclohexanols --- menthol

Menthol

Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in color, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. The main form of menthol occurring in nature is -menthol, which is assigned...

 --- tramadol

Tramadol

Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic used in treating moderate pain. The drug has a wide range of applications, including treatment for restless legs syndrome and fibromyalgia...

--- propanols

--- 1-propanol --- 2-propanol --- propanolamines --- acebutolol

Acebutolol

Acebutolol is a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias.-Pharmacology:Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta blocker with ISA...

 --- alprenolol

Alprenolol

Alprenolol, or alfeprol, alpheprol, and alprenololum , is a non-selective beta blocker as well as 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of angina pectoris...

 --- dihydroalprenolol

Dihydroalprenolol

Dihydroalprenolol is a hydrogenated alprenolol derivative. It is a radiolabeled form of alprenolol. Being a beta-adrenergic blocker, it is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation....

 --- atenolol --- betaxolol

Betaxolol

Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm as timolol may...

 --- bisoprolol

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers, a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker. The FDA approved Duramed Pharmaceutical's application for Zebeta Oral Tablets as a new molecular...

 --- bupranolol

Bupranolol

Bupranolol is a non-selective beta blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity , but with strong membrane stabilizing activity. Its potency is similar to propranolol.- Uses and dosage:...

 --- carteolol

Carteolol

Carteolol is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma....

 --- celiprolol

Celiprolol

Celiprolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure....

 --- ephedrine

Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia....

 --- histidinol --- isoxsuprine

Isoxsuprine

Isoxsuprine, or Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, is a drug used as a vasodilator in humans and equines.-Reasons for use and controversy:Isoxsuprine is most commonly used to treat hoof-related problems in the horse, most commonly for laminitis and navicular disease, as its effects as a vasodilator are...

 --- levobunolol

Levobunolol

Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically to manage glaucoma....

 --- methoxamine

Methoxamine

Methoxamine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, similar in structure to phenylephrine and 2,5-DMA. It was Developed by Burroughs-Wellcome in the 1940s. The drug induces vasoconstriction of skin and splanchnic blood vessels, thereby increasing peripheral vascular resistance and raising mean...

 --- metipranolol

Metipranolol

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in eye drops to treat glaucoma. It is rapidly metabolized into desacetylmetipranolol....

 --- metoprolol

Metoprolol

Metoprolol is a selective β1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially hypertension. The active substance metoprolol is employed either as metoprolol succinate or metoprolol tartrate...

 --- nadolol

Nadolol

Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure, migraine headaches, and chest pain.-Pharmacology:...

 --- nylidrin --- oxprenolol

Oxprenolol

Oxprenolol is a non-selective beta blocker with some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity...

 --- oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine is a vasodilator.Synergestic effects with antibiotics have been suggested....

 --- penbutolol

Penbutolol

Penbutolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.-External links:*...

 --- phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine , also known as the stereoisomers norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which is used as a stimulant, decongestant, and anorectic agent. It is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough...

 --- p-hydroxynorephedrine --- metaraminol

Metaraminol

Metaraminol is a potent sympathomimetic amine used in the prevention and treatment of hypotension, particularly as a complication of anesthesia.It is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist with some β effect....

 --- pindolol

Pindolol

Pindolol is a beta blocker....

 --- iodocyanopindolol

Iodocyanopindolol

Iodocyanopindolol is a drug related to pindolol which acts as both a β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist and a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist. Its 125I radiolabelled derivative has been widely used in mapping the distribution of beta adrenoreceptors in the body....

 --- practolol

Practolol

Practolol is a selective beta blocker that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propanolol...

 --- prenalterol

Prenalterol

Prenalterol is a cardiac stimulant which acts as a β1-adrenergic agonist.- References :...

 --- propranolol --- ritodrine

Ritodrine

Ritodrine is a tocolytic drug, was used to stop premature labor. It is available in oral tablets or as an injection, and is typically used as the hydrochloride salt, ritodrine hydrochloride...

 --- suloctidil --- timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

 --- xamoterol

Xamoterol

Xamoterol is a cardiac stimulant. It works by binding to the β1 adrenergic receptor. it is a 3rd generation andrenergics beta receptor partial agonist. it provides cardiac stimulation when patient is at rest but it acts as a blocker during exercise....

--- sugar alcohols

--- dithioerythritol

Dithioerythritol

Dithioerythritol is a sulfur containing sugar derived from the corresponding 4-carbon monosaccharide erythrose. It is an epimer of dithiothreitol...

 --- dithiothreitol

Dithiothreitol

Dithiothreitol is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent known as Cleland's reagent. DTT's formula is C4H10O2S2 and the molecular structure of its reduced form is shown at the right; its oxidized form is a disulfide-bonded 6-membered ring . Its name derives from the four-carbon...

 --- erythritol

Erythritol

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that has been approved for use as a food additive in the United States and throughout much of the world. It was discovered in 1848 by British chemist John Stenhouse. It occurs naturally in some fruits and fermented foods...

 --- erythrityl tetranitrate --- galactitol --- dianhydrogalactitol --- mitolactol --- glycerol

Glycerol

Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids...

 --- glyceryl ethers --- phospholipid ethers --- nitroglycerin --- inositol

Inositol

Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound with formula 6126 or 6, a sixfold alcohol of cyclohexane. It exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which the most prominent form, widely occurring in nature, is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol...

 --- inositol phosphates --- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate --- phytic acid

Phytic acid

Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. Phytate is not digestible to humans or nonruminant animals, however, so it is not a source of either inositol or phosphate if eaten directly...

 --- mannitol

Mannitol

Mannitol is a white, crystalline organic compound with the formula . This polyol is used as an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator...

 --- mannitol phosphates --- mitobronitol

Mitobronitol

Mitobronitol is a brominated analog of mannitol. It is an anticancer drug that is classified as an alkylating agent....

 --- ribitol

Ribitol

Ribitol or adonitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in the plant Adonis vernalis, as well as in the cell walls of Gram positive bacteria . It also contributes to the chemical structure of riboflavin.-External links:**...

 --- sorbitol

Sorbitol

Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, Sorbogem® and Sorbo®, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, changing the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is found in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes...

 --- isosorbide

Isosorbide

Isosorbide is a heterocyclic compound derived from glucose and is thus a biofeedstock. Glucose can be hydrogenated to sorbitol, which upon double dehydration gives isosorbide....

 --- isosorbide dinitrate

Isosorbide dinitrate

Isosorbide dinitrate is a nitrate used pharmacologically as a vasodilator, e.g. in angina pectoris but also for anal fissure, a condition which is known to involve decreased blood supply leading to poor healing...

 --- meglumine

Meglumine

Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from sorbitol. It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine and iodipamide meglumine....

 --- diatrizoate meglumine --- iothalamate meglumine --- xylitol

Xylitol

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol sweetener used as a naturally occurring sugar substitute. It is found in the fibers of many fruits and vegetables, and can be extracted from various berries, oats, and mushrooms, as well as fibrous material such as corn husks and sugar cane bagasse, and birch...

--- glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colorless, crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism...

--- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a chemical compound that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms...

--- glyoxal

Glyoxal

Glyoxal is an organic compound with the formula OCHCHO. This yellow colored liquid is the smallest dialdehyde . Its tautomer acetylenediol is unstable.-Production:...

--- phenylglyoxal

Phenylglyoxal

Phenylglyoxal is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CCH. It contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group. It is yellow liquid when anhydrous but readily forms a colorless crystalline hydrate...

 --- pyruvaldehyde

--- malondialdehyde

Malondialdehyde

Malondialdehyde is the organic compound with the formula CH22. The structure of this species is more complex than this formula suggests. This reactive species occurs naturally and is a marker for oxidative stress.- Structure and synthesis :...

--- thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

--- acetamides

--- 2-acetylaminofluorene

2-Acetylaminofluorene

2-Acetylaminofluorene is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene. It is used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis. It induces tumors in a number of species in the liver, bladder and kidney.The metabolism of this compound in the body by means of biotransformation...

 --- acetoxyacetylaminofluorene

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene is a derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis. It forms adducts with DNA by reacting with guanine at its C-8 position.; This results in breaks in one strand of the DNA....

 --- hydroxyacetylaminofluorene

Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene

Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene is a derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis....

 --- allylisopropylacetamide --- benzeneacetamides --- bufexamac

Bufexamac

Bufexamac is a drug used as an anti-inflammatory agent on the skin, as well as rectally. Common brand names include Paraderm and Parfenac.-Indications:...

 --- iodoacetamide

Iodoacetamide

2-Iodoacetamide is an alkylating agent used for peptide mapping purposes. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate. It is commonly used to bind covalently with the thiol group of cysteine so the protein cannot form disulfide bonds. Also used in ubiquitin studies as an inhibitor of...

 --- piracetam

Piracetam

Piracetam is a nootropic drug. Piracetam's chemical name is 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide; it shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with 2-oxo-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid . Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA. It is one of the group of racetams...

 --- thioacetamide

Thioacetamide

Thioacetamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5NS. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and serves as a source of sulfide ions in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds. It is a prototypical thioamide....

--- anilides

--- acetanilides --- acetaminophen --- diamfenetide --- etidocaine

Etidocaine

Etidocaine, marketed under the trade name Duranest, is a local anesthetic given by injection during surgical procedures and labor and delivery. Etidocaine has a long duration of activity, and the main disadvantage of using during dentistry is increased bleeding during surgery....

 --- inosine pranobex

Inosine pranobex

Inosine pranobex is a combinatinon of inosine, acetamidobenzoic acid, and dimethylaminoisopropanol used as an antiviral drug.Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral cells itself. It acts as a powerful immunostimulant...

 --- lidocaine

Lidocaine

Lidocaine , Xylocaine, or lignocaine is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. Lidocaine is used topically to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations, injected as a dental anesthetic or as a local anesthetic for minor surgery.- History :Lidocaine, the first amino...

 --- phenacetin

Phenacetin

Phenacetin is an analgesic, once widely used; its use has declined because of its adverse effects.-History:Phenacetin was introduced in 1887, and was used principally as an analgesic, and was one of the first synthetic fever reducers to go on the market...

 --- practolol

Practolol

Practolol is a selective beta blocker that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propanolol...

 --- trimecaine

Trimecaine

Trimecaine is an organic compound used as a local anesthetic and cardial antiarrhythmic. It is white crystalline powder readily soluble in water and ethanol...

 --- benzoylarginine nitroanilide --- bupivacaine

Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. AstraZeneca commonly markets it under various trade names, including Marcain, Marcaine, Sensorcaine and Vivacaine.-Indications:...

 --- carbanilides --- imidocarb

Imidocarb

Imidocarb is a urea derivative used in veterinary medicine as an antiprotozoal agent for the treatment of infection with Babesia and other parasites....

 --- nicarbazin

Nicarbazin

Nicarbazin is a coccidiostat....

 --- carboxin --- encainide

Encainide

Encainide is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent. It is no longer used because its frequent proarrhythmic side effects....

 --- flutamide

Flutamide

Flutamide is an oral nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug primarily used to treat prostate cancer. It competes with testosterone and its powerful metabolite, dihydrotestosterone for binding to androgen receptors in the prostate gland. By doing so, it prevents them from stimulating the prostate cancer...

 --- prilocaine

Prilocaine

Prilocaine is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type first prepared by Claes Tegner and Nils Lofgren. In its injectable form , it is often used in dentistry. It is also often combined with lidocaine as a preparation for dermal anesthesia , for treatment of conditions like paresthesia...

 --- propanil

Propanil

Propanil is a widely used contact herbicide. With an estimated use of about 8 million pounds in 2001, it is one of the more widely used herbicides in the United States....

 --- salicylanilides --- niclosamide

Niclosamide

Niclosamide is a teniacide in the anthelmintic family especially effective against cestodes that infect humans...

 --- oxyclozanide

Oxyclozanide

Oxyclozanide is a salicylanilide anthelmintic. It is used in the treatment and control of Fascioliasis in ruminants mainly domestic animals like Cattle, Sheep and Goats. It mainly acts by uncoupling of Oxidative phosphorylation in flukes....

 --- rafoxanide

Rafoxanide

Rafoxanide is a salicylanilide used as an antiparasitic agent....

 --- tocainide

Tocainide

Tocainide is a class Ib antiarrhythmic agent. It is no longer sold in the United States.Quick look at the PharmacokineticsTocainide is a lidocaine analog, that does not have significant 1st pass metabolism. It is found in two enantiomers. The R isomer is 4x as potent as the S. Oral...

--- benzamides

--- cisapride

Cisapride

Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent, a drug which increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It acts directly as a serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist and indirectly as a parasympathomimetic. Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous...

 --- deet

DEET

N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is a slightly yellow oil. It is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents...

 --- dinitolmide --- hippurates --- aminohippuric acids --- p-aminohippuric acid --- iodohippuric acid --- indoramin

Indoramin

Indoramin is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.It is an alpha-1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist. with direct myocardial depression action,therefore,it results in no reflex tachycardiaIt is commonly synthesized from tryptophol...

 --- metoclopramide

Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide is an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent. It is commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting, to facilitate gastric emptying in people with gastroparesis, and as a treatment for the gastric stasis often associated with migraine headaches.-Medical uses:Metoclopramide is commonly...

 --- moclobemide

Moclobemide

Moclobemide is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug primarily used to treat depression and social anxiety. Although clinical trials with the medicine began in 1977, it is not approved for use in the United States...

 --- procainamide

Procainamide

Procainamide INN is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, classified by the Vaughan Williams classification system as class Ia.-History:...

 --- procarbazine

Procarbazine

Procarbazine Procarbazine Procarbazine (Matulane (US), Natulan (Canada), Indicarb (India) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and certain brain cancers (such as Glioblastoma multiforme). It is a member of a group of medicines called alkylating agents. It...

 --- raclopride

Raclopride

Raclopride is a synthetic compound that acts as an antagonist on D2 dopamine receptors.It can be radiolabelled with the carbon-11 radioisotope and used in positron emission tomography scanning to assess the degree of dopamine binding to the D2 Dopamine receptor.For example, one study found...

 --- remoxipride

Remoxipride

Remoxipride is an atypical antipsychotic which was previously used in Europe for the treatment of schizophrenia but was withdrawn due to toxicity concerns . It was initially launched by AstraZeneca in 1990 and suspension of its use began in 1993...

 --- sulpiride

Sulpiride

Sulpiride is an...

 --- tiapride

Tiapride

Tiapride is a benzamide derivative with dopamine antagonist actions similar to sulpiride. It has been used as an antipsychotic and in the treatment of various movement disorders and alcoholism....

--- benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide

--- lactams

--- beta-lactams --- carbapenems --- thienamycins --- imipenem

Imipenem

Imipenem is an intravenous β-lactam antibiotic developed in 1980. It has an extremely broad spectrum of activity.Imipenem belongs to the subgroup of carbapenems. It is derived from a compound called thienamycin, which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya...

 --- cephalosporins --- cefamandole

Cefamandole

Cefamandole is a second-generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is the formate ester cefamandole nafate, a prodrug which is administered parenterally....

 --- cefoperazone

Cefoperazone

Cefoperazone is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, marketed by Pfizer under the name Cefobid, and also marked by pharco B international under the name of Cefazoneand also marketed by "sigmatec " under the name " cefoperazone"...

 --- cefazolin

Cefazolin

Cefazolin , also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.The drug is usually administrated by either intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion .-Indications:Cefazolin is mainly used to treat bacterial infections of the skin...

 --- cefonicid

Cefonicid

Cefonicide is a cephalosporin antibiotic.It has a density of 1.92g/cm3....

 --- cefsulodin

Cefsulodin

Cefsulodin is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has very specific activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has no significant activity against other Gram-negative bacteria and very limited activity against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. Cefsulodin was first...

 --- cephacetrile --- cefotaxime

Cefotaxime

Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria...

 --- cefixime

Cefixime

Cefixime is an oral third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefixime is a cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia; bronchitis; gonorrhea; and ear, lung, throat, and urinary tract infections...

 --- cefmenoxime

Cefmenoxime

Cefmenoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic....

 --- cefotiam

Cefotiam

Cefotiam is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic....

 --- ceftizoxime

Ceftizoxime

Ceftizoxime is a parenteral third-generation cephalosporin.Unlike other 3rd generation cephalosporins , in ceftizoxime the whole C-3 side chain has been removed to prevent deactivation by hydrolytic enzymes ....

 --- ceftriaxone

Ceftriaxone

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In most cases, it is considered to be equivalent to cefotaxime in terms of safety and efficacy...

 --- cefuroxime

Cefuroxime

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has been widely available in the USA as Ceftin since 1977. GlaxoSmithKline sells the antibiotic in the United Kingdom under the name Zinnat.-Indications:As for the other cephalosporins, although as a...

 --- cephalothin --- cephapirin --- cephalexin --- cefaclor

Cefaclor

Cefaclor, also known as cefachlor or cefaclorum , is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia and ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract infections.- Indications:Cefaclor belongs to the family of antibiotics known as the...

 --- cefadroxil

Cefadroxil

Cefadroxil is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the cephalosporin type, effective in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. It is a bactericidal antibiotic.- General use :...

 --- cefatrizine

Cefatrizine

Cefatrizine is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic....

 --- cephaloglycin

Cephaloglycin

Cefaloglycin INN is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic....

 --- cephradine --- cephaloridine --- ceftazidime

Ceftazidime

Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity...

 --- cephamycins --- cefmetazole

Cefmetazole

Cefmetazole is a cephalosporin antibiotic, usually grouped with the second-generation cephalosporins.-Adverse effects:The chemical structure of cefmetazole, like that of several other cephalosporins, contains an N-methylthiotetrazole side chain...

 --- cefotetan

Cefotetan

Cefotetan is an injectable antibiotic of the cephamycin type for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections. It is often grouped together with second-generation cephalosporins and has a similar antibacterial spectrum, but with additional anti-anaerobe coverage.Cefotetan was developed by...

 --- cefoxitin

Cefoxitin

Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic developed by Merck & Co., Inc., often grouped with the second−generation cephalosporins. It is sold under the brand name Mefoxin.- Microbiology :...

 --- clavulanic acids --- clavulanic acid

Clavulanic acid

Clavulanic acid is a competitive β-lactamase inhibitor combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete β-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins...

 --- amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination --- monobactams

Monobactams

Monobactams are β-lactam compounds wherein the β-lactam ring is alone and not fused to another ring...

 --- aztreonam

Aztreonam

Aztreonam is a synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic , with the nucleus based on a simpler monobactam isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1986...

 --- moxalactam --- penicillins --- amdinocillin --- amdinocillin pivoxil --- cyclacillin --- methicillin

Methicillin

Meticillin or methicillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It should not be confused with the antibiotic metacycline.-History:Methicillin was developed by Beecham in 1959...

 --- nafcillin --- oxacillin

Oxacillin

Oxacillin sodium is a narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.It was developed by Beecham.-Uses:...

 --- cloxacillin

Cloxacillin

Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham. It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin....

 --- dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. It is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most...

 --- floxacillin --- penicillanic acid --- penicillin g --- ampicillin

Ampicillin

Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci...

 --- amoxicillin

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin , formerly amoxycillin , and abbreviated amox, is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral...

 --- amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination --- azlocillin

Azlocillin

Azlocillin is an acylampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater in vitro potency than the carboxy penicillins.Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin...

 --- mezlocillin

Mezlocillin

Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. It is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other extended spectrum penicillins, it is excreted by the liver, therefore it is useful for biliary tract infections, such as ascending colangitis.-Mechanism...

 --- piperacillin

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is an extended spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class.It is normally used together with a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as tazobactam. The combination drug piperacillin/tazobactam is commercially available as e.g. Tazocin, Zosyn, Brodactam, Piptaz and as Trezora...

 --- pivampicillin

Pivampicillin

Pivampicillin is a pivaloyloxymethylester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug, which is thought to enhance the oral bioavailability of ampicillin because of its greater lipophilicity compared to that of ampicillin.-Adverse effects:...

 --- talampicillin

Talampicillin

Talampicillin is a beta lactam antibiotic from the penicillin family.prodgug,oral use,ampicilin + 3-oksoftalidstable in acidic...

 --- carbenicillin

Carbenicillin

Carbenicillin is a bacteriolytic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It was discovered by scientists at Beecham and marketed as Pyopen. It has Gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited Gram-positive coverage...

 --- carfecillin

Carfecillin

Carfecillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is a phenyl derivative of carbenicillin, acting as a prodrug....

 --- penicillin g, benzathine --- penicillin g, procaine --- sulbenicillin

Sulbenicillin

Sulbenicillin is a penicillin antibiotic.It has been used in combination with dibekacin....

 --- penicillin v --- sulbactam

Sulbactam

Sulbactam is a molecule that is given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to inhibit beta-lactamase, an enzyme produced by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics...

 --- ticarcillin

Ticarcillin

Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It is almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of...

 --- caprolactam

Caprolactam

Caprolactam is an organic compound with the formula 5CNH. This colourless solid is a lactam or a cyclic amide of caproic acid. Approximately 2 billion kilograms are produced annually...

 --- lactams, macrocyclic

--- salicylamides

--- salicylanilides --- niclosamide

Niclosamide

Niclosamide is a teniacide in the anthelmintic family especially effective against cestodes that infect humans...

 --- oxyclozanide

Oxyclozanide

Oxyclozanide is a salicylanilide anthelmintic. It is used in the treatment and control of Fascioliasis in ruminants mainly domestic animals like Cattle, Sheep and Goats. It mainly acts by uncoupling of Oxidative phosphorylation in flukes....

 --- rafoxanide

Rafoxanide

Rafoxanide is a salicylanilide used as an antiparasitic agent....

--- sulfonamides

--- benzolamide --- bumetanide

Bumetanide

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in people in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective. It is marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche. The main difference between the two substances is in bioavailability and pharmacodynamic potency...

 --- chloramines --- chlorthalidone --- clopamide

Clopamide

Clopamide is a piperidine diuretic.Mechanism of Action of Clopamide: Clopamide is categorised as a thiazide like drug and works in similar way as the thiazide diuretics do. It acts at the Proximal Convoluted tubule site of the nephron where it inhibits the sodium-chloride cotransporter...

 --- dichlorphenamide --- ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic...

 --- indapamide

Indapamide

Indapamide is a thiazide diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure. The US trade name for indapamide is Lozol. Indapamide is marketed as Natrilix outside of the US, as Insig in Australia...

 --- mafenide

Mafenide

Mafenide is a sulfonamide.-Uses:It is used to treat severe burns.Mafenide can interfere with the kidney's role in hydrogen ion excretion, resulting in metabolic acidosis....

 --- mefruside

Mefruside

Mefruside is a diuretic indicated for the treatment of edema and hypertension.It was developed by Bayer A.G. and is sold under the tradename Baycaron....

 --- metolazone

Metolazone

Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox. It is primarily used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. Metolazone indirectly decreases the amount of water reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the kidney,...

 --- probenecid

Probenecid

Probenecid is a uricosuric drug that increases uric acid excretion in the urine. It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia.Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide...

 --- sulfanilamides

Sulfanilamides

Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Chemically, it is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline....

 --- furosemide

Furosemide

Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Lasix...

 --- sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-Uses:Sulfacetamide 10% topical lotion, sold under the brand name Klaron or Ovace, is approved for the treatment of acne and seborrheic dermatitis. When combined with sulfur, it is sold under the brand names Plexion, Clenia, Prascion, and Avar, which...

 --- sulfachlorpyridazine --- sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-Uses:It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folic acid inside the bacterial cell, and is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections ....

 --- silver sulfadiazine --- sulfadimethoxine

Sulfadimethoxine

Sulfadimethoxine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. Albon is produced by Pfizer Animal Health and is available as a oral suspension, tablet or bolus. It is used to treat many infections including treatment of respiratory, urinary tract, enteric, and soft tissue infections. It is most frequently used in...

 --- sulfadoxine

Sulfadoxine

Sulfadoxine is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide often used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat or prevent malaria....

 --- sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine is a sulfonamide....

 --- sulfalene

Sulfalene

Sulfalene is a sulfonamide antibacterial used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, urinary tract infections and malaria....

 --- sulfamerazine

Sulfamerazine

Sulfamerazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial....

 --- sulfameter --- sulfamethazine --- sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide bacteriostatic antibiotic.It is most often used as part of a synergistic combination with trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio in co-trimoxazole , also known under trade names such as Bactrim, Septrin, or Septra; in Eastern Europe it is marketed as Biseptol...

 --- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination --- sulfamethoxypyridazine

Sulfamethoxypyridazine

Sulfamethoxypyridazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial.It is prescribed for vaginal irritation, and severe acute thrush....

 --- sulfamonomethoxine --- sulfamoxole

Sulfamoxole

Sulfamoxole is a sulfonamide antibacterial....

 --- sulfaphenazole

Sulfaphenazole

Sulfaphenazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial....

 --- sulfapyridine

Sulfapyridine

Sulfapyridine, original UK spelling Sulphapyridine, is a sulfonamide antibacterial. At one time it was commonly referred to as M&B....

 --- sulfaquinoxaline

Sulfaquinoxaline

Sulfaquinoxaline is a veterinary medicine which can be given to cattle and sheep to treat coccidiosis....

 --- sulfathiazoles --- sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-External links:...

 --- sulfisomidine

Sulfisomidine

Sulfisomidine , also known as sulphasomidine , sulfamethin and sulfaisodimidine, is a sulfonamide antibacterial. It is closely related to sulfadimidine....

 --- sulfisoxazole --- sulfasalazine --- sumatriptan

Sumatriptan

Sumatriptan is a triptan sulfa drug containing a sulfonamide group. It is used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Sumatriptan is produced and marketed by various drug manufacturers with many different trade names such as Sumatriptan, Imitrex, Imigran, Imigran recovery.-Approval and...

 --- xipamide

Xipamide

Xipamide is a sulfonamide diuretic drug marketed by Eli Lilly under the trade names Aquaphor and Aquaphoril . It is used for the treatment of oedema and hypertension.- Mechanism of action :...

--- benzamidines

--- diminazene

Diminazene

Diminazen is a di-amidine also known as 4,4'-bis. It binds DNA and RNA and is the acting component of diminazene aceturat drugs directed, e.g., against trypanosomiasis....

 --- pentamidine

Pentamidine

Pentamidine is an antimicrobial medication given for prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii , a severe interstitial type of pneumonia often seen in patients with HIV infection...

--- guanidines

--- agmatine

Agmatine

Agmatine is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is discussed as a putative neurotransmitter. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and...

 --- bethanidine --- biguanides --- buformin

Buformin

Buformin is an oral anti-diabetic drug of the biguanide class, chemically related to metformin and phenformin. Buformin was marketed by German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal as Silubin.-Chemistry and Animal Toxicology:...

 --- chlorhexidine --- chloroguanide --- metformin

Metformin

Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug in the biguanide class. It is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, in particular, in overweight and obese people and those with normal kidney function. Its use in gestational diabetes has been limited by safety concerns...

 --- phenformin

Phenformin

Phenformin is an anti-diabetic drug from the biguanide class. It was marketed as DBI by Ciba-Geigy but was withdrawn from most markets in the late 1970s due to a high risk of lactic acidosis, which was fatal in 50% of cases....

 --- cimetidine

Cimetidine

Cimetidine INN is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in the stomach. It is largely used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Tagamet...

 --- creatine

Creatine

Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to all cells in the body, primarily muscle. This is achieved by increasing the formation of Adenosine triphosphate...

 --- gabexate

Gabexate

Gabexate is a serine protease inhibitor which is used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and as a regional anticoagulant for haemodialysis....

 --- guanabenz

Guanabenz

Guanabenz is an alpha agonist of the alpha-2 type that is used as an antihypertensive drug. It is used to treat high blood pressure ....

 --- guanethidine

Guanethidine

Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself , and uptake is essential for the drug's action...

 --- guanfacine

Guanfacine

Guanfacine is a sympatholytic. It is an agonist of the α2A subtype of norepinephrine receptors. These receptors are concentrated heavily in the prefrontal cortex and the locus coeruleus, with the potential to improve attention abilities via modulating post-synaptic α2A receptors in the prefrontal...

 --- guanidine

Guanidine

Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. The molecule was first synthesized in 1861 by the oxidative degradation of an...

 --- impromidine

Impromidine

Impromidine is a highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist.It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.See Histamine agonists....

 --- 3-iodobenzylguanidine --- methylguanidine --- mitoguazone

Mitoguazone

Mitoguazone is a drug used in chemotherapy....

 --- nitrosoguanidines --- methylnitronitrosoguanidine

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine is a biochemical tool used experimentally as a carcinogen and mutagen. It acts by adding alkyl groups to the O6 of guanine and O4 of thymine...

 --- pinacidil

Pinacidil

Pinacidil is a cyanoguanidine drug that opens ATP-sensitive potassium channels producing peripheral vasodilatation of arterioles. It reduces blood pressure and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention....

 --- robenidine

Robenidine

Robenidine is a coccidiostat....

 --- sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine is a sulfonamide....

--- amino alcohols

--- ethanolamines --- albuterol

Salbutamol

Salbutamol or albuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is marketed as Ventolin among other brand names....

 --- choline

Choline

Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation....

 --- platelet activating factor --- clenbuterol

Clenbuterol

Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier...

 --- deanol --- epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...

 --- ethanolamine

Ethanolamine

Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine , is an organic chemical compound that is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol . Like other amines, monoethanolamine acts as a weak base...

 --- 2-hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine is an amine. It is similar in structure to ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine.- References :...

 --- isoproterenol

Isoproterenol

Isoprenaline or isoproterenol is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia , heart block, and rarely for asthma...

 --- labetalol

Labetalol

Labetalol is a mixed alpha/beta adrenergic antagonist, which is used to treat high blood pressure.-Indications:...

 --- midodrine

Midodrine

Midodrine is a vasopressor/antihypotensive agent. Midodrine was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension...

 --- octopamine

Octopamine

Octopamine is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems. It is also found naturally in numerous plants, including bitter orange. Biosynthesis of the D--enantiomer of octopamine is by β-hydroxylation of...

 --- orciprenaline

Orciprenaline

Orciprenaline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma. Orciprenaline is a moderately selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on...

 --- fenoterol

Fenoterol

Fenoterol is an asthma medication designed to open up the airways to the lungs. It is classed as sympathomimetic beta2 agonist.Fenoterol is produced and sold by Boehringer Ingelheim as Berotec N and in combination with ipratropium as Berodual N....

 --- phenylephrine

Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil, and to increase blood pressure...

 --- etilefrine

Etilefrine

Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive. It is a sympathomimetic amine of the 3-hydroxy-phenylethanolamine series used in treating orthostatic hypotension of neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine or metabolic origin...

 --- procaterol

Procaterol

Procaterol, applied as procaterol hydrochloride , is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma. It has never been filed for FDA evaluation in the United States, where it is not marketed. The drug is readily oxidated in the presence of moisture and air, making it...

 --- sotalol

Sotalol

Sotalol is a drug used in individuals with rhythm disturbances of the heart, and to treat hypertension in some individuals. It is a non-selective competitive β-adrenergic receptor blocker that also exhibits Class III antiarrhythmic properties by its inhibition of potassium channels...

 --- synephrine

Synephrine

Synephrine is a drug commonly used for weight loss. While its effectiveness is widely debated, synephrine has gained significant popularity as an alternative to ephedrine, a related substance which has been made illegal or restricted in many countries due to health risks and its use as a precursor...

 --- terbutaline

Terbutaline

Terbutaline is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist.Terbutaline is currently on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited drugs for Olympic athletes, except when administered by inhalation and a Therapeutic Use Exemption has been obtained in advance.Terbutaline is currently used to delay...

 --- heptaminol

Heptaminol

Heptaminol is an amino alcohol which is classified as a vasoconstrictor . It is sometimes used in the treatment of low blood pressure, particularly orthostatic hypotension....

 --- isoetharine --- norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is the US name for noradrenaline , a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter...

 --- normetanephrine

Normetanephrine

Normetanephrine is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for catecholamine-secreting tumors such as pheochromocytoma....

 --- propanolamines --- ephedrine

Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia....

 --- histidinol --- methoxamine

Methoxamine

Methoxamine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, similar in structure to phenylephrine and 2,5-DMA. It was Developed by Burroughs-Wellcome in the 1940s. The drug induces vasoconstriction of skin and splanchnic blood vessels, thereby increasing peripheral vascular resistance and raising mean...

 --- phenoxypropanolamines --- acebutolol

Acebutolol

Acebutolol is a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias.-Pharmacology:Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta blocker with ISA...

 --- alprenolol

Alprenolol

Alprenolol, or alfeprol, alpheprol, and alprenololum , is a non-selective beta blocker as well as 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of angina pectoris...

 --- dihydroalprenolol

Dihydroalprenolol

Dihydroalprenolol is a hydrogenated alprenolol derivative. It is a radiolabeled form of alprenolol. Being a beta-adrenergic blocker, it is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation....

 --- atenolol --- betaxolol

Betaxolol

Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm as timolol may...

 --- bisoprolol

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers, a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker. The FDA approved Duramed Pharmaceutical's application for Zebeta Oral Tablets as a new molecular...

 --- bupranolol

Bupranolol

Bupranolol is a non-selective beta blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity , but with strong membrane stabilizing activity. Its potency is similar to propranolol.- Uses and dosage:...

 --- carteolol

Carteolol

Carteolol is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma....

 --- celiprolol

Celiprolol

Celiprolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure....

 --- levobunolol

Levobunolol

Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically to manage glaucoma....

 --- metipranolol

Metipranolol

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in eye drops to treat glaucoma. It is rapidly metabolized into desacetylmetipranolol....

 --- metoprolol

Metoprolol

Metoprolol is a selective β1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially hypertension. The active substance metoprolol is employed either as metoprolol succinate or metoprolol tartrate...

 --- nadolol

Nadolol

Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure, migraine headaches, and chest pain.-Pharmacology:...

 --- oxprenolol

Oxprenolol

Oxprenolol is a non-selective beta blocker with some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity...

 --- penbutolol

Penbutolol

Penbutolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.-External links:*...

 --- pindolol

Pindolol

Pindolol is a beta blocker....

 --- iodocyanopindolol

Iodocyanopindolol

Iodocyanopindolol is a drug related to pindolol which acts as both a β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist and a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist. Its 125I radiolabelled derivative has been widely used in mapping the distribution of beta adrenoreceptors in the body....

 --- practolol

Practolol

Practolol is a selective beta blocker that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propanolol...

 --- prenalterol

Prenalterol

Prenalterol is a cardiac stimulant which acts as a β1-adrenergic agonist.- References :...

 --- propranolol --- xamoterol

Xamoterol

Xamoterol is a cardiac stimulant. It works by binding to the β1 adrenergic receptor. it is a 3rd generation andrenergics beta receptor partial agonist. it provides cardiac stimulation when patient is at rest but it acts as a blocker during exercise....

 --- phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine , also known as the stereoisomers norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which is used as a stimulant, decongestant, and anorectic agent. It is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough...

 --- p-hydroxynorephedrine --- metaraminol

Metaraminol

Metaraminol is a potent sympathomimetic amine used in the prevention and treatment of hypotension, particularly as a complication of anesthesia.It is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist with some β effect....

 --- nylidrin --- oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine is a vasodilator.Synergestic effects with antibiotics have been suggested....

 --- ritodrine

Ritodrine

Ritodrine is a tocolytic drug, was used to stop premature labor. It is available in oral tablets or as an injection, and is typically used as the hydrochloride salt, ritodrine hydrochloride...

 --- suloctidil --- timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

 --- sphingosine

Sphingosine

Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.-Functions:...

 --- psychosine

--- aminopyridines

--- 4-aminopyridine

4-Aminopyridine

4-Aminopyridine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C5H4N–NH2. The molecule is one of the three isomeric amines of pyridine...

 --- amrinone

Amrinone

Amrinone or inamrinone , trade name Inocor, is a pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor. It is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. Amrinone has been shown to increase the contractions initiated in the heart by high gain calcium induced calcium release...

 --- milrinone

Milrinone

Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor. It potentiates the effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate .Milrinone also enhances contraction of the left ventricle by increasing Ca2+-ATPase activity on the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum...

--- aniline compounds

--- aminophenols --- phenetidine --- anilino naphthalenesulfonates --- benzophenoneidum --- bromhexine

Bromhexine

Bromhexine is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. In addition, bromhexine has antioxidant properties.-Function:...

 --- ambroxol

Ambroxol

Ambroxol is a secretolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It is the active ingredient of Mucosolvan, Mucobrox, Lasolvan, Mucoangin, Surbronc and Lysopain...

 --- benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide --- p-dimethylaminoazobenzene --- methyldimethylaminoazobenzene --- diphenylamine

Diphenylamine

Diphenylamine is the organic compound with the formula 2NH. It is a colourless solid, but samples are often yellow due to oxidized impurities.-Preparation and reactivity:...

 --- gentian violet --- methyl green --- methylenebis(chloroaniline) --- phenylenediamines --- tetramethylphenylenediamine --- rosaniline dyes --- toluidines --- trifluralin

Trifluralin

Trifluralin is a commonly used pre-emergence herbicide. With about 14 million pounds used in the United States in 2001, it is one of the most widely used herbicides. Trifluralin is generally applied to the soil to provide control of a variety of annual grass and broadleaf weed species...

--- biogenic amines

--- acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including humans...

 --- biogenic monoamines --- catecholamines --- dopamine

Dopamine

Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this substituted phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five known types of dopamine receptors—D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5—and their...

 --- epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...

 --- metanephrine

Metanephrine

Metanephrine is a metabolite of epinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on epinephrine. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, indicated that the measurement of plasma free metanephrines is the best tool in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, an...

 --- norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is the US name for noradrenaline , a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter...

 --- droxidopa

Droxidopa

L-DOPS is a psychoactive drug and synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine...

 --- normetanephrine

Normetanephrine

Normetanephrine is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for catecholamine-secreting tumors such as pheochromocytoma....

 --- orciprenaline

Orciprenaline

Orciprenaline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma. Orciprenaline is a moderately selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on...

 --- fenoterol

Fenoterol

Fenoterol is an asthma medication designed to open up the airways to the lungs. It is classed as sympathomimetic beta2 agonist.Fenoterol is produced and sold by Boehringer Ingelheim as Berotec N and in combination with ipratropium as Berodual N....

 --- histamine

Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by...

 --- methylhistamines --- 2-hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine is an amine. It is similar in structure to ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine.- References :...

 --- tryptamines --- n,n-dimethyltryptamine --- methoxydimethyltryptamines --- serotonin

Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...

 --- 5-methoxytryptamine

5-Methoxytryptamine

5-Methoxytryptamine , also known as mexamine, is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin. 5-MT has been shown to occur naturally in the body in low levels. It is biosynthesized via the deacetylation of melatonin in the pineal gland.5-MT acts as a...

 --- tyramine

Tyramine

Tyramine is a naturally occurring monoamine compound and trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent...

 --- octopamine

Octopamine

Octopamine is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems. It is also found naturally in numerous plants, including bitter orange. Biosynthesis of the D--enantiomer of octopamine is by β-hydroxylation of...

 --- synephrine

Synephrine

Synephrine is a drug commonly used for weight loss. While its effectiveness is widely debated, synephrine has gained significant popularity as an alternative to ephedrine, a related substance which has been made illegal or restricted in many countries due to health risks and its use as a precursor...

 --- biogenic polyamines --- cadaverine

Cadaverine

Cadaverine is a foul-smelling compound produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH25NH2, which is similar to putrescine...

 --- putrescine

Putrescine

Putrescine is a foul-smelling organic chemical compound NH24NH2 that is related to cadaverine; both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses...

 --- spermidine

Spermidine

Spermidine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism. Its known actions include:#Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS#Assisting the in vitro process of transcribing RNA via stimulation of T4 polynucleotide kinase and T7 RNA polymerase activity; it binds to and precipitates DNA...

 --- spermine

Spermine

Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism found in all eukaryotic cells. Formed from spermidine, it is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH...

--- catecholamines

--- dihydroxyphenylalanine

Dihydroxyphenylalanine

Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two chemical compounds:* D-DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine* L-DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a precursor of a neurotransmitter...

 --- cysteinyldopa

Cysteinyldopa

Cysteinyldopa is a catecholamine. Excessive cysteinyldopa in plasma and urine has been linked to malignant melanoma. Cysteinyldopa is found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of...

 --- levodopa

Levodopa

L-DOPA is a chemical that is made and used as part of the normal biology of some animals and plants. Some animals including humans make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine , and epinephrine collectively...

 --- methyldopa

Methyldopa

Methyldopa is an alpha-adrenergic agonist psychoactive drug used as a sympatholytic or antihypertensive. Its use is now mostly deprecated following the introduction of alternative safer classes of agents...

 --- carbidopa

Carbidopa

Carbidopa is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa.- Pharmacology :...

 --- dobutamine

Dobutamine

Dobutamine is a sympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Its primary mechanism is direct stimulation of β1 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Dobutamine was developed by a laboratory led by Drs...

 --- dopamine

Dopamine

Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this substituted phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five known types of dopamine receptors—D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5—and their...

 --- deoxyepinephrine

Deoxyepinephrine

Deoxyepinephrine is a dopamine and epinephrine derivative. It is present as a minor alkaloid of peyote, and a breakdown product of ibopamine. It has also been used to treat congestive heart failure....

 --- hydroxydopamines --- oxidopamine

Oxidopamine

Oxidopamine, also known as 6-hydroxydopamine or 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine, is a neurotoxin used by scientists to selectively kill dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons. 6-OHDA enters the neurons via the dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake transporters...

 --- epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...

 --- deoxyepinephrine

Deoxyepinephrine

Deoxyepinephrine is a dopamine and epinephrine derivative. It is present as a minor alkaloid of peyote, and a breakdown product of ibopamine. It has also been used to treat congestive heart failure....

 --- metanephrine

Metanephrine

Metanephrine is a metabolite of epinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on epinephrine. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, indicated that the measurement of plasma free metanephrines is the best tool in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, an...

 --- norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is the US name for noradrenaline , a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter...

 --- droxidopa

Droxidopa

L-DOPS is a psychoactive drug and synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine...

 --- nordefrin --- normetanephrine

Normetanephrine

Normetanephrine is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for catecholamine-secreting tumors such as pheochromocytoma....

 --- isoproterenol

Isoproterenol

Isoprenaline or isoproterenol is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia , heart block, and rarely for asthma...

 --- orciprenaline

Orciprenaline

Orciprenaline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma. Orciprenaline is a moderately selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on...

 --- fenoterol

Fenoterol

Fenoterol is an asthma medication designed to open up the airways to the lungs. It is classed as sympathomimetic beta2 agonist.Fenoterol is produced and sold by Boehringer Ingelheim as Berotec N and in combination with ipratropium as Berodual N....

--- cyclohexylamines

--- bromhexine

Bromhexine

Bromhexine is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. In addition, bromhexine has antioxidant properties.-Function:...

 --- ambroxol

Ambroxol

Ambroxol is a secretolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It is the active ingredient of Mucosolvan, Mucobrox, Lasolvan, Mucoangin, Surbronc and Lysopain...

--- ethylamines

--- cystamine

Cystamine

Cystamine is an organic disulfide. It is formed when cystine is heated, the result of decarboxylation. Cystamine is an unstable liquid and is generally handled as the dihydrochloride salt, C4H12N2S2·2HCl, which is stable to 203-214 °C at which point it decomposes. Cystamine is toxic if swallowed...

 --- dibenzylchlorethamine --- diethylamines --- diethylpropion --- diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a first-generation antihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties which is mainly used to treat allergies. Like most other first-generation antihistamines, the drug also has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason...

 --- dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate is an over-the-counter drug used to prevent nausea and motion sickness...

 --- histamine

Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by...

 --- methylhistamines --- mercaptoethylamines --- cysteamine

Cysteamine

Cysteamine is the chemical compound with the formula HSCH2CH2NH2. It is the simplest stable aminothiol and a degradation product of the amino acid cysteine. It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, HSCH2CH2NH3Cl....

 --- orphenadrine

Orphenadrine

Orphenadrine is an anticholinergic drug of the ethanolamine antihistamine class with prominent CNS and peripheral actions used to treat painful muscle spasms, other similar conditions, as well as the treatment...

 --- phenethylamines --- albuterol

Salbutamol

Salbutamol or albuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is marketed as Ventolin among other brand names....

 --- amphetamines --- amphetamine

Amphetamine

Amphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...

 --- dextroamphetamine

Dextroamphetamine

Dextroamphetamine is a psychostimulant drug which is known to produce increased wakefulness and focus as well as decreased fatigue and decreased appetite....

 --- p-chloroamphetamine --- 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine...

 --- p-hydroxyamphetamine --- iofetamine

Iofetamine

Iofetamine is a lipid soluble, radioactive brain imaging agent. The isotope used for the imaging is Iodine-123....

 --- methamphetamine

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...

 --- benzphetamine

Benzphetamine

Benzphetamine is an anorectic drug marketed under this brand in the USA by Pharmacia. Benzphetamine is used as a short term adjunct in management of exogenous obesity. It is closely related to amphetamine.- Pharmacology :...

 --- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine , also known as tenamfetamine , is a psychedelic and entactogenic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes...

 --- n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine --- phentermine

Phentermine

Phentermine, a contraction of "phenyl-tertiary-butylamine", is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class, chemically related to amphetamine. It is used medically as an appetite suppressant....

 --- chlorphentermine

Chlorphentermine

Chlorphentermine is an appetite suppressant of the phenethylamine class. Developed in 1962, it is the 4-chloro derivative of the better known appetite suppressant phentermine, which is still in current use.Chlorphentermine itself is a relatively weak stimulant with little abuse potential, but is...

 --- mephentermine

Mephentermine

Mephentermine is a cardiac stimulant. It was formerly used in Wyamine nasal decongestant inhalers and before that as a stimulant in psychiatry.It has been used as a treatment for hypotension.-References:...

 --- butoxamine --- dexfenfluramine

Dexfenfluramine

Dexfenfluramine, marketed as dexfenfluramine hydrochloride under the name Redux, is a serotoninergic anorectic drug: it reduces appetite by increasing the amount of extracellular serotonin in the brain...

 --- dimethoxyphenylethylamine --- dobutamine

Dobutamine

Dobutamine is a sympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Its primary mechanism is direct stimulation of β1 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Dobutamine was developed by a laboratory led by Drs...

 --- fendiline

Fendiline

Fendiline is a calcium channel blocker.It is nonselective....

 --- fenfluramine

Fenfluramine

Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication . Fenfluramine was introduced on the U.S. market in 1973. It is the racemic mixture of two enantiomers, dextrofenfluramine and levofenfluramine...

 --- norfenfluramine

Norfenfluramine

Norfenfluramine is a psychoactive drug which functions as a serotonin releasing agent and potent 5HT2B receptor agonist. The action of norfenfluramine on 5HT2B receptors on heart valves leads to a characteristic pattern of heart failure following proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts on the...

 --- hexoprenaline

Hexoprenaline

Hexoprenaline is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma.Hexoprenaline is also used as a tocolytic agent . Contraindications to its use as a tocolytic agent are cardiovascular disease, surgical shock, tachycardia, diabetes mellitus....

 --- 2-hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine is an amine. It is similar in structure to ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine.- References :...

 --- isoxsuprine

Isoxsuprine

Isoxsuprine, or Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, is a drug used as a vasodilator in humans and equines.-Reasons for use and controversy:Isoxsuprine is most commonly used to treat hoof-related problems in the horse, most commonly for laminitis and navicular disease, as its effects as a vasodilator are...

 --- mescaline

Mescaline

Mescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class used mainly as an entheogen....

 --- methoxamine

Methoxamine

Methoxamine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, similar in structure to phenylephrine and 2,5-DMA. It was Developed by Burroughs-Wellcome in the 1940s. The drug induces vasoconstriction of skin and splanchnic blood vessels, thereby increasing peripheral vascular resistance and raising mean...

 --- p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine --- nylidrin --- octopamine

Octopamine

Octopamine is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems. It is also found naturally in numerous plants, including bitter orange. Biosynthesis of the D--enantiomer of octopamine is by β-hydroxylation of...

 --- oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine is a vasodilator.Synergestic effects with antibiotics have been suggested....

 --- prenylamine

Prenylamine

Prenylamine is a calcium channel blocker of the amphetamine chemical class which is used as a vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris. It has been shown to partially metabolize to amphetamine and can cause false positives for it in drug tests...

 --- ritodrine

Ritodrine

Ritodrine is a tocolytic drug, was used to stop premature labor. It is available in oral tablets or as an injection, and is typically used as the hydrochloride salt, ritodrine hydrochloride...

 --- selegiline

Selegiline

Selegiline is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease, depression and senile dementia. In normal clinical doses it is a selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitor, however in larger doses it loses its specificity and also inhibits MAO-A...

 --- suloctidil --- verapamil

Verapamil

Verapamil is an L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class. It has been used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, and most recently, cluster headaches. It is also an effective preventive medication for migraine...

 --- gallopamil

Gallopamil

Gallopamil is a L-type calcium channel blocker, that is an analog of verapamil. It is used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias....

 --- phenoxybenzamine

Phenoxybenzamine

Phenoxybenzamine is a non-selective, irreversible alpha antagonist.-Uses:It is used in the treatment of hypertension, and specifically that caused by pheochromocytoma...

--- hydroxylamines

--- aminooxyacetic acid

Aminooxyacetic acid

Aminooxyacetic acid, often abbreviated AOA or AOAA, is a compound that inhibits 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vitro and in vivo, leading to less gamma-aminobutyric acid being broken down. Subsequently, the level of GABA is increased in tissues...

 --- hydroxamic acids --- bufexamac

Bufexamac

Bufexamac is a drug used as an anti-inflammatory agent on the skin, as well as rectally. Common brand names include Paraderm and Parfenac.-Indications:...

 --- deferoxamine

Deferoxamine

Deferoxamine is a bacterial siderophore produced by the actinobacteria Streptomyces pilosus. It has medical applications as a chelating agent used to remove excess iron from the body...

 --- ferrichrome

Ferrichrome

Ferrichrome is a cyclic hexa-peptide that forms a complex with iron atoms.Ferrichrome was first isolated in 1952, has been found to be produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Ustilago, and Penicillium....

 --- 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide --- oximes --- fluvoxamine

Fluvoxamine

Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor . Fluvoxamine was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1993 for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder . Fluvoxamine CR is approved to treat social anxiety disorder...

 --- obidoxime chloride --- pralidoxime compounds --- technetium tc 99m exametazime --- trimedoxime

--- methylamines

--- dimethylamines --- moxisylyte

Moxisylyte

Moxisylyte, also known as thymoxamine, is a drug used in urology used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It is an α1-adrenergic antagonist.- References :...

--- polyamines

--- colestipol

Colestipol

Colestipol is a bile acid sequestrant.It works in the gut trapping bile salts, and preventing them from being reabsorbed.This leads todecreased enterohepatic recirculation of bile salts,increased synthesis of new bile salts by the liver,...

 --- diamines --- cadaverine

Cadaverine

Cadaverine is a foul-smelling compound produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH25NH2, which is similar to putrescine...

 --- ethylenediamines --- aminophylline

Aminophylline

Aminophylline is a bronchodilator. It is a compound of the bronchodilator theophylline with ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as a dihydrate-Properties:...

 --- edetic acid --- egtazic acid --- ethambutol

Ethambutol

Ethambutol is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide....

 --- methapyrilene

Methapyrilene

Methapyrilene is a antihistamine and anticholinergic of the pyridine chemical class which was developed in the early 1950s. It was sold under the trade names Co-Pyronil and Histadyl EC. It has relatively strong sedative effects, to the extent that its primary use was as a medication for insomnia...

 --- triethylenetetramine --- tripelennamine

Tripelennamine

Tripelennamine is psychoactive drug and member of the pyridine and ethylenediamine classes that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine...

 --- phenylenediamines --- tetramethylphenylenediamine --- putrescine

Putrescine

Putrescine is a foul-smelling organic chemical compound NH24NH2 that is related to cadaverine; both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses...

 --- hexadimethrine --- methenamine --- pentetic acid --- gadolinium dtpa --- technetium tc 99m pentetate --- spermidine

Spermidine

Spermidine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism. Its known actions include:#Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS#Assisting the in vitro process of transcribing RNA via stimulation of T4 polynucleotide kinase and T7 RNA polymerase activity; it binds to and precipitates DNA...

 --- spermine

Spermine

Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism found in all eukaryotic cells. Formed from spermidine, it is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH...

--- propylamines

--- citalopram

Citalopram

Citalopram brand names: Celexa, Cipramil) is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It has U.S...

 --- clorgyline

Clorgyline

Clorgyline is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A that is used in scientific research. It is structurally related to pargyline.- References :...

 --- fluoxetine

Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company...

 --- mexiletine

Mexiletine

Mexiletine belongs to the Class IB anti-arrhythmic group of medicines. It is used to treat arrhythmias within the heart, or seriously irregular heartbeats. It slows conduction in the heart and makes the heart tissue less sensitive. Dizziness, heartburn, nausea, nervousness, trembling, unsteadiness...

 --- promethazine

Promethazine

Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenothiazine family. The drug has anti-motion sickness, antiemetic, and anticholinergic effects, as well as a strong sedative effect and in some countries is prescribed for insomnia when benzodiazepines are contraindicated...

 --- tranylcypromine

Tranylcypromine

Tranylcypromine is a drug of the substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine classes which acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor —it is a non-selective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase...

--- quaternary ammonium compounds

--- benzylammonium compounds --- ambenonium chloride

Ambenonium chloride

Ambenonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the management of myasthenia gravis.It is classified as reversible.-Mechanism of Action:...

 --- benzalkonium compounds --- benzethonium --- bephenium compounds --- bretylium compounds --- bretylium tosylate --- betalains --- betacyanins --- betaxanthins --- bis-trimethylammonium compounds --- decamethonium compounds --- hexamethonium compounds --- hexamethonium

Hexamethonium

Hexamethonium is a ganglionic blocker, a nicotinic nACh receptor antagonist that acts in autonomic ganglia by binding mostly in or on the NN receptor, and not the acetylcholine binding site itself...

 --- emepronium

Emepronium

Emepronium is an anticholinergic drug used in urology as an antispasmodic.It causes ulceration of esophagus, so it should be taken in orthostatic position with sufficient amounts of liquids....

 --- gallamine triethiodide --- glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate is a medication of the muscarinic anticholinergic group. It does not cross the blood brain barrier and consequently has no to few central effects. It is a synthetic quaternary amine...

 --- hemicholinium 3 --- lissamine green dyes --- oxyphenonium --- phenylammonium compounds --- (4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride --- edrophonium

Edrophonium

Edrophonium is a readily reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It prevents breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, mainly at the neuromuscular junction...

 --- neostigmine

Neostigmine

Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic that acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.- Synthesis :Neostigmine was first synthesized by Aeschlimann and Reinert in 1931....

 --- propantheline --- tetraethylammonium compounds --- tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium is a quaternary ammonium cation consisting of four ethyl groups attached to a central nitrogen atom. Like other members of its class, it can be used to alter a compound's solubility by displacing hard acids with this comparatively softer acid...

 --- toxiferine

Toxiferine

Toxiferine is a curare toxin. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist....

 --- alcuronium

Alcuronium

Alcuronium is a peripherally acting muscle relaxant in the curare alkaloid family. It is a semi-synthetic substance derived from toxiferine.- Effects :...

 --- trimethyl ammonium compounds

Trimethyl ammonium compounds

Trimethyl ammonium compounds are a type of quaternary ammonium compound with three methyl groups at the nitrogen, with a more complicated carbon chain derivative at the fourth position.Examples include:* Betaine* Bethanechol...

 --- betaine --- bethanechol compounds --- bethanechol

Bethanechol

Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action. Bethanechol does not involve...

 --- carnitine

Carnitine

Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. In living cells, it is required for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids for the generation of metabolic energy. It is widely...

 --- acetylcarnitine

Acetylcarnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine or ALCAR, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. It is a dietary supplement and naturally occurs in plants and animals.- Biochemical Production and Action :ALCAR is an acetylated derivative of L-carnitine...

 --- palmitoylcarnitine

Palmitoylcarnitine

Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase breaks it down into palmitoyl CoA....

 --- cetrimonium compounds --- chlorisondamine

Chlorisondamine

Chlorisondamine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that produces both neuronal and ganglionic blockade.Chlorisondamine has been shown to form noncovalent complexes with various biomolecules including sphingomyelin and other associated glycolipids....

 --- chlormequat --- choline

Choline

Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation....

 --- benzoylcholine --- carbachol

Carbachol

Carbachol , also known as carbamylcholine, is a drug that binds and activates the acetylcholine receptor. Thus it is classified as a cholinergic agonist. It is primarily used for various ophthalmic purposes, such as for treating glaucoma, or for use during ophthalmic surgery...

 --- cytidine diphosphate choline --- phosphorylcholine

Phosphorylcholine

Phosphorylcholine is a zwitterionic phospholipid found on the outer surface of red blood cell membranes. It is created by CD5+/B-1 B cells and is referred to as a non-pathogenic autoantibody.-Thrombus Resistant Stents:...

 --- platelet activating factor --- propylbenzilylcholine mustard --- succinylcholine --- thiocholine --- acetylthiocholine --- butyrylthiocholine --- methacholine compounds --- methacholine chloride --- muscarine

Muscarine

Muscarine, L--muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata. Mushrooms in the genera Entoloma and Mycena have also been found to contain levels of muscarine which can be dangerous if ingested...

 --- tubocurarine

Tubocurarine

Tubocurarine is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation...

--- azoxymethane

Azoxymethane

Azoxymethane is a carcinogenic and neurotoxic chemical compound used in biological research. It is the oxide of azomethane. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas....

--- cycasin --- methylazoxymethanol acetate

--- diazonium compounds

--- diazomethane

Diazomethane

Diazomethane is the chemical compound CH2N2. It is the simplest of diazo compounds. In the pure form at room temperature, it is a extremely sensitive explosive yellow gas, thus it is almost universally used as a solution in diethyl ether...

--- boranes

--- borohydrides

Borohydrides

A borohydride is a compound containing the tetrahydridoborate ion, BH4−. Borohydride is a term also used for compounds containing BH3CN- and BH3- . Such compounds are mainly used as reducing agents in organic synthesis...

 --- tetraphenylborate

Tetraphenylborate

Tetraphenylborate is an organoboron anion consisting of a central boron atom with four phenyl groups. Tetraphenylborate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation....

--- acetic acids

--- acetamides --- 2-acetylaminofluorene

2-Acetylaminofluorene

2-Acetylaminofluorene is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene. It is used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis. It induces tumors in a number of species in the liver, bladder and kidney.The metabolism of this compound in the body by means of biotransformation...

 --- acetoxyacetylaminofluorene

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene is a derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis. It forms adducts with DNA by reacting with guanine at its C-8 position.; This results in breaks in one strand of the DNA....

 --- hydroxyacetylaminofluorene

Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene

Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene is a derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis....

 --- allylisopropylacetamide --- iodoacetamide

Iodoacetamide

2-Iodoacetamide is an alkylating agent used for peptide mapping purposes. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate. It is commonly used to bind covalently with the thiol group of cysteine so the protein cannot form disulfide bonds. Also used in ubiquitin studies as an inhibitor of...

 --- piracetam

Piracetam

Piracetam is a nootropic drug. Piracetam's chemical name is 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide; it shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with 2-oxo-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid . Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA. It is one of the group of racetams...

 --- thioacetamide

Thioacetamide

Thioacetamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5NS. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and serves as a source of sulfide ions in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds. It is a prototypical thioamide....

 --- acetic acid

Acetic acid

Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CO2H . It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar , and has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell...

 --- acetates --- dichloroacetate --- fluoroacetates --- iodoacetates --- potassium acetate

Potassium acetate

Potassium acetate is the potassium salt of acetic acid.-Preparation:It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with acetic acid:...

 --- sodium acetate

Sodium acetate

Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, also sodium ethanoate, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This colourless salt has a wide range of uses.-Industrial:...

 --- thioglycolates --- zinc acetate

Zinc acetate

Zinc acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Zn2, which commonly occurs as a dihydrate Zn22. Both the hydrate and the anhydrous forms are colorless solids that are commonly used in chemical synthesis and as dietary supplements. Zinc acetates are prepared by the action of acetic acid on...

 --- acetic anhydrides --- aminooxyacetic acid

Aminooxyacetic acid

Aminooxyacetic acid, often abbreviated AOA or AOAA, is a compound that inhibits 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vitro and in vivo, leading to less gamma-aminobutyric acid being broken down. Subsequently, the level of GABA is increased in tissues...

 --- edetic acid --- egtazic acid --- iodoacetic acid --- iodoacetamide

Iodoacetamide

2-Iodoacetamide is an alkylating agent used for peptide mapping purposes. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate. It is commonly used to bind covalently with the thiol group of cysteine so the protein cannot form disulfide bonds. Also used in ubiquitin studies as an inhibitor of...

 --- iodoacetates --- nitrilotriacetic acid

Nitrilotriacetic acid

Nitrilotriacetic acid , C6H9NO6, is a polyamino carboxylic acid and is used as a chelating agent which forms coordination compounds with metal ions such as Ca2+, Cu2+ or Fe3+.The uses of NTA are similar to that of EDTA...

 --- pentetic acid --- gadolinium dtpa --- technetium tc 99m pentetate --- peracetic acid --- phosphonoacetic acid --- foscarnet

Foscarnet

Foscarnet is the conjugate base of the chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2.-Uses:This phosphonic acid derivative is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses, including drug resistant cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2...

 --- trichloroacetic acid

Trichloroacetic acid

Trichloroacetic acid is an analogue of acetic acid in which the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have all been replaced by chlorine atoms....

 --- trifluoroacetic acid

Trifluoroacetic acid

Trifluoroacetic acid is the simplest stable perfluorinated carboxylic acid chemical compound, with the formula CF3CO2H. It is a strong carboxylic acid due to the influence of the electronegative trifluoromethyl group. TFA is almost 100,000-fold more acidic than acetic acid...

--- acrylates

--- acrylamides --- acrylamide

Acrylamide

Acrylamide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H5NO. Its IUPAC name is prop-2-enamide. It is a white odourless crystalline solid, soluble in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform. Acrylamide is incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, iron, and iron salts...

 --- cyanoacrylates --- bucrylate --- enbucrilate --- methacrylates --- bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate --- polymethacrylic acids --- methylmethacrylates --- methylmethacrylate --- polymethyl methacrylate --- polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate --- urocanic acid

Urocanic acid

Urocanic acid is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine.-Metabolism:It is formed from L-histidine through the action of histidine ammonialyase by elimination of ammonium....

--- butyric acids

--- aminobutyric acids --- aminoisobutyric acids --- gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

γ-Aminobutyric acid is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system...

 --- baclofen

Baclofen

Baclofen is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid . It is primarily used to treat spasticity and is under investigation for the treatment of alcoholism....

 --- vigabatrin

Vigabatrin

Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid by irreversibly inhibiting GABA transaminase. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist...

 --- butyric acid

Butyric acid

Butyric acid , also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates...

 --- butyrates --- bezafibrate

Bezafibrate

Bezafibrate is a fibrate drug used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. It helps to lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood, and increase HDL.-Mode of action:...

 --- clofenapate --- clofibrate

Clofibrate

Clofibrate is a fibrate. It is a lipid lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride level in the blood. It increases lipoprotein lipase activity to promote the conversion of VLDL to LDL, and hence reduce the level of VLDL...

 --- clofibric acid

Clofibric acid

Clofibric acid is a herbicide with the IUPAC name 2--2-methylpropanoic acid and molecular formula C10H11ClO3. It functions as a plant growth regulator against the plant hormone auxin....

 --- bezafibrate

Bezafibrate

Bezafibrate is a fibrate drug used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. It helps to lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood, and increase HDL.-Mode of action:...

 --- clofenapate --- clofibrate

Clofibrate

Clofibrate is a fibrate. It is a lipid lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride level in the blood. It increases lipoprotein lipase activity to promote the conversion of VLDL to LDL, and hence reduce the level of VLDL...

 --- gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil is the generic name for an oral drug used to lower lipid levels. It belongs to a group of drugs known as fibrates. It is most commonly sold as the brand name, Lopid...

 --- procetofen --- crotonic acids --- crotonates --- 3-hydroxybutyric acid --- hydroxybutyrates --- sodium oxybate

--- caproates

--- aminocaproic acids --- 6-aminocaproic acid --- hexanoic acids --- penicillic acid

Penicillic acid

Penicillic acid is a mycotoxin....

 --- mycophenolic acid

Mycophenolic acid

Mycophenolic acid INN or mycophenolate is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. It inhibits an enzyme needed for the growth of T cells and B cells. It was initially marketed as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil to improve oral bioavailability. More...

--- carbamates

--- albendazole

Albendazole

Albendazole, marketed as Albenza, Eskazole, Zentel and Andazol, is a member of the benzimidazole compounds used as a drug indicated for the treatment of a variety of worm infestations. Although this use is widespread in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved...

 --- aldicarb

Aldicarb

Aldicarb is a carbamate insecticide which is the active substance in the pesticide Temik. It is effective against thrips, aphids, spider mites, lygus, fleahoppers, and leafminers, but is primarily used as a nematicide. Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor which prevents the breakdown of...

 --- benomyl

Benomyl

Benomyl is a fungicide which was introduced in 1968 by DuPont. It is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide that is selectively toxic to microorganisms and to invertebrates, especially earthworms. Benomyl binds to microtubules, interfering with cell functions such as meiosis and intracellular...

 --- carbadox

Carbadox

Carbadox is a drug that combats bacterial infection in swine, particularly swine dysentary. In early 2004 it was banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive and for human consumption. The European Union also forbids the use of Carbadox at any level...

 --- carbamyl phosphate --- carbaryl

Carbaryl

Carbaryl is a chemical in the carbamate family used chiefly as an insecticide. It is a white crystalline solid commonly sold under the brand name Sevin, a trademark of the Bayer Company. Union Carbide discovered carbaryl and introduced it commercially in 1958...

 --- carisoprodol

Carisoprodol

Carisoprodol is a centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Carisoprodol is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform and acetone. The drug's solubility is practically independent of pH. Carisoprodol is manufactured and marketed in the United States by Meda Pharmaceuticals...

 --- diethylcarbamazine

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethylcarbamazine is an anthelmintic drug that does not resemble other antiparasitic compounds. It is a synthetic organic compound which is highly specific for several parasites and does not contain any toxic metallic elements.-Uses:...

 --- fenbendazole

Fenbendazole

Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal parasites including roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, the taenia species of tapeworms, pinworms, aelurostrongylus, paragonimiasis, strongyles and strongyloides and can be administered to sheep, cattle,...

 --- mebendazole

Mebendazole

Mebendazole or MBZ is a benzimidazole drug developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica and marketed as Vermox, Ovex, Antiox, and Pripsen...

 --- meprobamate

Meprobamate

Meprobamate is a carbamate derivative which is used as an anxiolytic drug...

 --- methocarbamol

Methocarbamol

Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant used to treat skeletal muscle spasms...

 --- methomyl

Methomyl

Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide. It was introduced in 1966, but its use is restricted because of its high toxicity to humans. Its current primary use is on alfalfa for forage....

 --- phenylcarbamates --- carbofuran

Carbofuran

Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. It is marketed under the trade names Furadan, by FMC Corporation and Curater, among several others. It is used to control insects in a wide variety of field crops, including potatoes, corn and soybeans...

 --- chlorpropham

Chlorpropham

Chlorpropham is a plant growth regulator and herbicide used as a sprout suppressant for grass weeds, alfalfa, lima and snap beans, blueberries, cane berries, carrots, cranberries, ladino clover, garlic, seed grass, onions, spinach, sugar beets, tomatoes, safflower, soybeans, gladioli and woody...

 --- methiocarb

Methiocarb

Methiocarb is a chemical mainly used as a bird repellent, as a insecticide and as molluscicide. It is toxic to humans, not listed as a carcinogen, is toxic to reproductive organs, and a potent neurotoxin. Methiocarb can also cause acute toxicity in humans if anyone is exposed to it for long periods...

 --- methocarbamol

Methocarbamol

Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant used to treat skeletal muscle spasms...

 --- physostigmine

Physostigmine

Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean....

 --- propoxur

Propoxur

Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide and was introduced in 1959. Propoxur is a non-systemic insecticide with a fast knockdown and long residual effect used against turf, forestry, and household pests and fleas. It is also used in pest control for other domestic animals, Anopheles mosquitoes, ants,...

 --- pyridinolcarbamate --- thiocarbamates --- dimethyldithiocarbamate --- thiram

Thiram

Thiram is an ectoparasiticide. It is used to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of...

 --- ziram --- ditiocarb --- disulfiram

Disulfiram

Disulfiram is a drug discovered in the 1920s and used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals...

 --- ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates) --- maneb

Maneb

Maneb is a foliate fungicide and is a polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis anionic ligand. It was included in a biocide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency and approved by the European Parliament on January 13, 2009....

 --- zineb

Zineb

Zineb is a foliate fungicide and is a polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis anionic ligand.Its uses include control of downy mildews, rusts and redfire disease. It is produced by reacting ethylene bis sodium salt, nabam, with zinc sulfate. This can be carried out by mixing nabam and zinc...

 --- tolnaftate

Tolnaftate

Tolnaftate is a synthetic over-the-counter anti-fungal agent. It may come as a cream, powder, spray, or liquid aerosol, and is used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm. It is sold under several brand names, most notably Tinactin and Odor Eaters . Other brands are Absorbine, Aftate,...

 --- triallate --- thiophanate --- urethane

Ethyl carbamate

Ethyl carbamate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H7NO2 first prepared in the nineteenth century. Structurally, it is an ester of carbamic acid...

 --- nitrosomethylurethane --- polyurethanes

--- dicarboxylic acids

--- adipic acids --- 2-aminoadipic acid --- dimethyl adipimidate --- bongkrekic acid --- fumarates --- glutarates --- formiminoglutamic acid

Formiminoglutamic acid

Formiminoglutamic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of histidine.The "FIGLU" test is used to identify deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency or liver disease.-See also:* Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid...

 --- ketoglutaric acids --- meglutol

Meglutol

Meglutol is a hypolipidemic agent....

 --- malates --- thiomalates --- gold sodium thiomalate --- maleates --- maleimides --- ethylmaleimide --- malonates --- methylmalonic acid

Methylmalonic acid

Methylmalonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is a C-methylated derivative of malonate.The coenzyme A linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor...

 --- phenylethylmalonamide

Phenylethylmalonamide

Phenylethylmalonamide is a metabolite of primidone....

 --- oxalic acids --- oxalic acid

Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid is an organic compound with the formula H2C2O4. This colourless solid is a dicarboxylic acid. In terms of acid strength, it is about 3,000 times stronger than acetic acid. Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate , is a chelating agent for metal cations...

 --- oxalates --- calcium oxalate

Calcium oxalate

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals, known in plants as raphides. A major constituent of human kidney stones, the chemical is also found in beerstone, a scale that forms on containers used in breweries...

 --- oxaloacetic acids --- oxaloacetates --- oxaloacetate --- pimelic acids --- diaminopimelic acid

Diaminopimelic acid

Diaminopimelic acid is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine.DAP is a characteristic of certain cell walls of some bacteria. When provided, they exhibit normal growth. When in deficiency, they still grow but with the inability to make new cell wall proteoglycan.This...

 --- succinic acids --- argininosuccinic acid

Argininosuccinic acid

Argininosuccinic acid is a chemical compound that is a basic amino acid.-Reactions:Some cells synthesize argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid and use it as a precursor for arginine in the urea cycle or citrulline-NO cycle...

 --- dioctyl sulfosuccinic acid --- succimer --- technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid --- succinic acid

Succinic acid

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. Succinate plays a biochemical role in the citric acid cycle. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber, from which the acid may be obtained....

 --- succinates --- succinic anhydrides --- succinylcholine --- tartrates --- tartronates

--- formic acids

--- formamides --- dimethylformamide

Dimethylformamide

Dimethylformamide is an organic compound with the formula 2NCH. Commonly abbreviated as DMF , this colourless liquid is miscible with water and the majority of organic liquids. DMF is a common solvent for chemical reactions...

 --- formates --- formic acid esters --- diethyl pyrocarbonate

--- imino acids

--- azetidinecarboxylic acid --- technetium tc 99m diethyl-iminodiacetic acid --- technetium tc 99m disofenin --- technetium tc 99m lidofenin

--- propionates

--- procetofen --- propionic acids --- flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen is a member of the phenylalkanoic acid derivative family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat the inflammation and pain of arthritis...

 --- 3-mercaptopropionic acid --- nafenopin

Nafenopin

Nafenopin is a hypolipidemic agent....

 --- propoxyphene

--- sugar acids

Sugar acids

Sugar acids are monosaccharides with a carboxyl group.Main classes of sugar acids include:* Aldonic acids, in which the aldehyde functional group of an aldose is oxidized...

--- ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...

 --- dehydroascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is actively imported into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells via glucose transporters. It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbate by glutathione and other thiols. Therefore, L-dehydroascorbic acid is a vitamin C compound much...

 --- 2,3-diketogulonic acid --- glucaric acid --- gluconates --- antimony sodium gluconate --- calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement.-Hypocalcemia:10% calcium gluconate solution is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. This form of calcium is superior to calcium lactate, but it only contains 0.93% calcium ion. Calcium gluconate is a salt of calcium and...

 --- glyceric acids --- diphosphoglyceric acids --- 2,3-diphosphoglycerate --- muramic acids --- neuraminic acids --- sialic acids --- cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid --- n-acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells.This negatively charged residue is found in complex glycans on mucins and glycoproteins found at the cell membrane...

 --- tartrates --- tartronates --- uronic acids --- glucuronic acids --- glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to that of glucose. However, glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid...

 --- glucuronates --- glucuronides --- hexuronic acids --- iduronic acid

Iduronic acid

L-Iduronic acid is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid....

--- tricarboxylic acids

--- aconitic acid

Aconitic acid

Aconitic acid is an organic acid. The two isomers are cis-aconitic acid and trans-aconitic acid. The conjugate base of cis-aconitic acid, cis-aconitate is an intermediate in the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle...

 --- 1-carboxyglutamic acid --- citrates --- calcium citrate

Calcium citrate

Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive , usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also used as a water softener because the citrate ions can chelate unwanted metal...

 --- citric acid

Citric acid

Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks...

 --- isocitrates --- potassium citrate

Potassium citrate

Potassium citrate is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula C6H5K3O7. It is a white, slightly hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste....

--- valerates

--- pentanoic acids --- gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil is the generic name for an oral drug used to lower lipid levels. It belongs to a group of drugs known as fibrates. It is most commonly sold as the brand name, Lopid...

 --- valproic acid

Valproic acid

Valproic acid is a chemical compound that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia...

 --- proadifen

Proadifen

Proadifen is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, preventing some types of drug metabolism....

--- acids, aldehydic

--- glyoxylates --- oxamic acid --- uronic acids --- glucuronic acids --- glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to that of glucose. However, glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid...

 --- glucuronates --- glucuronides --- hexuronic acids --- iduronic acid

Iduronic acid

L-Iduronic acid is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid....

--- benzoic acids

--- aminobenzoic acids --- 4-aminobenzoic acid

4-Aminobenzoic acid

4-Aminobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4CO2H. PABA is a white grey crystalline substance that is only slightly soluble in water...

 --- acecainide --- benzocaine

Benzocaine

Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever, or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments...

 --- procainamide

Procainamide

Procainamide INN is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, classified by the Vaughan Williams classification system as class Ia.-History:...

 --- procaine

Procaine

Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin, and it was also used in dentistry. Owing to the ubiquity of the trade name Novocain, in some regions procaine is referred to generically as novocaine...

 --- penicillin g, procaine --- propoxycaine

Propoxycaine

Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic....

 --- tetracaine

Tetracaine

Tetracaine is a potent local anesthetic of the ester group...

 --- anthranilic acids --- flufenamic acid

Flufenamic acid

Flufenamic acid, also known as Fluffy or Fluf, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is pale yellow crystalline powder....

 --- glafenine --- 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid

3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid

3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan....

 --- meclofenamic acid

Meclofenamic acid

Meclofenamic acid is a drug used for joint and muscular pain.It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins.No other complications-References:...

 --- mefenamic acid

Mefenamic acid

Mefenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain, including menstrual pain. It is typically prescribed for oral administration. Mefenamic acid is marketed in the USA as Ponstel....

 --- ethopabate

Ethopabate

Ethopabate is a coccidiostat used in poultry....

 --- benzamides --- aminohippuric acids --- p-aminohippuric acid --- cisapride

Cisapride

Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent, a drug which increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It acts directly as a serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist and indirectly as a parasympathomimetic. Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous...

 --- deet

DEET

N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is a slightly yellow oil. It is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents...

 --- dinitolmide --- hippurates --- indoramin

Indoramin

Indoramin is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.It is an alpha-1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist. with direct myocardial depression action,therefore,it results in no reflex tachycardiaIt is commonly synthesized from tryptophol...

 --- iodohippuric acid --- metoclopramide

Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide is an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent. It is commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting, to facilitate gastric emptying in people with gastroparesis, and as a treatment for the gastric stasis often associated with migraine headaches.-Medical uses:Metoclopramide is commonly...

 --- moclobemide

Moclobemide

Moclobemide is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug primarily used to treat depression and social anxiety. Although clinical trials with the medicine began in 1977, it is not approved for use in the United States...

 --- procainamide

Procainamide

Procainamide INN is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, classified by the Vaughan Williams classification system as class Ia.-History:...

 --- procarbazine

Procarbazine

Procarbazine Procarbazine Procarbazine (Matulane (US), Natulan (Canada), Indicarb (India) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and certain brain cancers (such as Glioblastoma multiforme). It is a member of a group of medicines called alkylating agents. It...

 --- raclopride

Raclopride

Raclopride is a synthetic compound that acts as an antagonist on D2 dopamine receptors.It can be radiolabelled with the carbon-11 radioisotope and used in positron emission tomography scanning to assess the degree of dopamine binding to the D2 Dopamine receptor.For example, one study found...

 --- remoxipride

Remoxipride

Remoxipride is an atypical antipsychotic which was previously used in Europe for the treatment of schizophrenia but was withdrawn due to toxicity concerns . It was initially launched by AstraZeneca in 1990 and suspension of its use began in 1993...

 --- sulpiride

Sulpiride

Sulpiride is an...

 --- tiapride

Tiapride

Tiapride is a benzamide derivative with dopamine antagonist actions similar to sulpiride. It has been used as an antipsychotic and in the treatment of various movement disorders and alcoholism....

 --- benzoic acid

Benzoic acid

Benzoic acid , C7H6O2 , is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid. Its salts are used as a food preservative and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis...

 --- benzoates

Benzoates

Benzoates can refer to:* Potassium benzoate* Sodium benzoate...

 --- bromobenzoates --- chlorobenzoates --- iodobenzoates --- triiodobenzoic acids --- acetrizoic acid

Acetrizoic acid

Acetrizoic acid is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- diatrizoate --- diatrizoate meglumine --- iodamide

Iodamide

Iodamide is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- iodipamide --- ioglycamic acid

Ioglycamic acid

Ioglycamic acid is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- iohexol

Iohexol

Iohexol is a contrast agent, sold under the trade name Omnipaque. It is available in various concentrations, from 140 to 350 milligrams of iodine per milliliter...

 --- iopamidol

Iopamidol

Iopamidol is a nonionic, low-osmolar iodinated contrast agent, developed by Bracco.It is available in various concentrations, from 200 to 370 mgI/mL.-Clinical uses:...

 --- iothalamate meglumine --- iothalamic acid --- ioxaglic acid

Ioxaglic acid

Ioxaglic acid is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- metrizoate --- metrizamide

Metrizamide

Metrizamide is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- mercuribenzoates --- chloromercuribenzoates --- p-chloromercuribenzoic acid --- hydroxymercuribenzoates --- nitrobenzoates --- dithionitrobenzoic acid --- sodium benzoate

Sodium benzoate

Sodium benzoate has the chemical formula NaC6H5CO2; it is a widely used food preservative, with E number E211. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid.-Uses:Sodium benzoate is a...

 --- benzoyl peroxide

Benzoyl peroxide

Benzoyl peroxide is an organic compound in the peroxide family. It consists of two benzoyl groups bridged by a peroxide link. Its structural formula is [C6H5C]2O2. It is one of the most important organic peroxides in terms of applications and the scale of its production...

 --- benzoylcholine --- bumetanide

Bumetanide

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in people in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective. It is marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche. The main difference between the two substances is in bioavailability and pharmacodynamic potency...

 --- dicamba

Dicamba

Dicamba is an herbicide. Brand names for formulations of this herbicide include Banvel, Oracle and Vanquish...

 --- hexobendine

Hexobendine

Hexobendine is a vasodilator that acts as an adenosine reuptake inhibitor....

 --- hydroxybenzoic acids --- gallic acid

Gallic acid

Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, a type of organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. The chemical formula is C6H23COOH. Gallic acid is found both free and as part of...

 --- hydrolyzable tannins --- propyl gallate

Propyl gallate

Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.-Description:Propyl...

 --- hydroxymercuribenzoates --- pactamycin --- parabens

Parabens

Parabens are a class of chemicals widely used as preservatives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas. These compounds, and their salts, are used primarily for their bactericidal and fungicidal properties...

 --- salicylic acids --- aminosalicylic acids --- p-aminosalicylic acid --- mesalamine --- anacardic acids

Anacardic acid

Anacardic acids are chemical compounds found in the shell of the cashew nut . As they are closely related to urushiol, they also cause an allergic skin rash on contact, known as urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. Anacardic acid is a yellow liquid. It is miscible partially in alcohol and ether,...

 --- aspirin

Aspirin

Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid , is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. It was discovered by Arthur Eichengrun, a chemist with the German company Bayer...

 --- diflunisal

Diflunisal

Diflunisal is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug . It was developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme in 1971 after showing promise in a research project studying more potent chemical analogs of aspirin. It was first sold under the brand name Dolobid, marketed by Merck & Co., but generic versions are now...

 --- salicylic acid

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin...

 --- salicylates --- gentisates --- sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate is a sodium salt of salicylic acid. It can be prepared from sodium phenolate and carbon dioxide under higher temperature and pressure...

 --- vanillic acid

Vanillic acid

Vanillic acid is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is an oxidized form of vanillin...

 --- trimebutine

Trimebutine

Trimebutine is a drug with antimuscarinic and weak mu opioid agonist effects. The maleic acid salt of trimebutine is marketed under the trademark of Debridat, Recutin, Polybutin, or Modulon for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders...

--- cinnamates

--- caffeic acids --- eugenol

Eugenol

Eugenol is a phenylpropene, an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil and bay leaf. It is slightly...

 --- chlorogenic acid

Chlorogenic acid

Chlorogenic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, a member of a family of naturally occurring organic compounds. These are esters of polyphenolic caffeic acid and cyclitol -quinic acid. It is an important biosynthetic intermediate. It also is one of the phenols found in coffee, bamboo Phyllostachys...

 --- cinanserin

Cinanserin

Cinanserin is a 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist which was discovered in the 1960s.The preparation is effective against an atypical pneumonia ....

 --- coumaric acids --- puromycin

Puromycin

Puromycin is an antibiotic that is a protein synthesis inhibitor by inhibiting translation.-Inhibition of translation:Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the...

 --- puromycin aminonucleoside

--- cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are cyclohexanes with a carboxylic acid group affixed.Examples include:* abscisic acid* chlorogenic acid* chorismic acid* dicyclomine* quinic acid* shikimic acid* tranexamic acid...

--- abscisic acid

Abscisic acid

Abscisic acid , also known as abscisin II and dormin, is a plant hormone. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including bud dormancy. It is degraded by the enzyme -abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase.-Function:...

 --- aurintricarboxylic acid

Aurintricarboxylic acid

Aurintricarboxylic acid is a chemical compound that readily polymerizes in aqueous solution, forming a stable free radical that inhibits protein-nucleic acid interactions. It is a potent inhibitor of ribonuclease and topoisomerase II by preventing the binding of the nucleic acid to the enzyme...

 --- chlorogenic acid

Chlorogenic acid

Chlorogenic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, a member of a family of naturally occurring organic compounds. These are esters of polyphenolic caffeic acid and cyclitol -quinic acid. It is an important biosynthetic intermediate. It also is one of the phenols found in coffee, bamboo Phyllostachys...

 --- chorismic acid

Chorismic acid

Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms...

 --- dicyclomine

Dicyclomine

Dicyclomine, also known as dicycloverine, is an anticholinergic that blocks muscarinic receptors. Dicycloverine was first synthesized in the United States circa 1947.- Clinical uses :...

 --- quinic acid

Quinic acid

Quinic acid is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol. It is a crystalline acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee beans, and other plant products and made synthetically by hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid. Quinic acid is also implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee...

 --- shikimic acid

Shikimic acid

Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi , from which it was first isolated....

 --- tilidine

Tilidine

Tilidine , or tilidate is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used mainly in Germany, Switzerland and Belgium for treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic.-Pharmacology:...

 --- tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid is a drug used to treat or prevent excessive blood loss during surgery and in certain other conditions...

--- mandelic acids

--- cyclandelate

Cyclandelate

Cyclandelate is a vasodilator used in the treatment of claudication, arteriosclerosis and Raynaud's disease. It is also used to treat nighttime leg cramps, and has been investigated for its effect against migraine. It is orally administered....

 --- vanilmandelic acid

--- phenylacetates

--- cyclopentolate

Cyclopentolate

Cyclopentolate is a mydriatic and cycloplegic agent commonly used during pediatric eye examinations. Cyclopentolate is also administered as an atropine substitute to reverse muscarinic and CNS effects of indirect cholinomimetic administration....

 --- diclofenac

Diclofenac

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug taken to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions....

 --- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid --- diphenylacetic acids --- benzilates --- benactyzine

Benactyzine

Benactyzine is an anticholinergic drug used as an antidepressant in the treatment of depression and associated anxiety...

 --- quinuclidinyl benzilate --- guanfacine

Guanfacine

Guanfacine is a sympatholytic. It is an agonist of the α2A subtype of norepinephrine receptors. These receptors are concentrated heavily in the prefrontal cortex and the locus coeruleus, with the potential to improve attention abilities via modulating post-synaptic α2A receptors in the prefrontal...

 --- homogentisic acid --- homovanillic acid

Homovanillic acid

Homovanillic acid is a major catecholamine metabolite...

 --- methylphenidate

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...

 --- propanidid

Propanidid

Propanidid is an ultra short-acting phenylacetate general anesthetic. It was originally introduced by Bayer in 1963 but anaphylactic reactions caused it to be withdrawn shortly afterwards....

--- phenylpropionates

--- fenoprofen

Fenoprofen

Fenoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Fenoprofen calcium is used for symptomatic relief for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and mild to moderate pain...

 --- ibuprofen

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic , especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea....

 --- indoprofen

Indoprofen

Indoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It was withdrawn worldwide in the 1980s after postmarketing reports of severe gastrointestinal bleeding....

 --- ketoprofen

Ketoprofen

Ketoprofen, 2--propionic acid is one of the propionic acid class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and antipyretic effects...

 --- suprofen

Suprofen

Suprofen is an NSAID marketed in a 1% solution under the trade name Profenal.-Uses:Suprofen was originally used as a tablet but has since been discontinued in that form. It is now used exclusively as a topical ophthalmic solution, typically to prevent miosis during and after ophthalmic surgery....

--- phthalic acids

--- dibutyl phthalate

Dibutyl phthalate

Dibutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer. It is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks. It is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene...

 --- diethylhexyl phthalate --- o-phthalaldehyde --- phthalic anhydrides --- phthalimides --- thalidomide

Thalidomide

Thalidomide was introduced as a sedative drug in the late 1950s that was typically used to cure morning sickness. In 1961, it was withdrawn due to teratogenicity and neuropathy. There is now a growing clinical interest in thalidomide, and it is introduced as an immunomodulatory agent used...

--- hydroxy acids

--- benzilates --- benactyzine

Benactyzine

Benactyzine is an anticholinergic drug used as an antidepressant in the treatment of depression and associated anxiety...

 --- quinuclidinyl benzilate --- glycolates --- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a common systemic pesticide/herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America...

 --- halofenate --- meclofenoxate --- 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid --- phenoxyacetates --- ethacrynic acid

Ethacrynic acid

Etacrynic acid or ethacrynic acid , trade name Edecrin, is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and the swelling caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure....

 --- ticrynafen

Ticrynafen

Tienilic acid or ticrynafen is a diuretic drug with uric acid-lowering action, formerly marketed for the treatment of hypertension...

 --- 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid , a synthetic auxin, is a chlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide used to defoliate broad-leafed plants. It was developed in the late 1940s and was widely used in the agricultural industry until being phased out, starting in the late 1970s due to toxicity concerns....

 --- hydroxamic acids --- bufexamac

Bufexamac

Bufexamac is a drug used as an anti-inflammatory agent on the skin, as well as rectally. Common brand names include Paraderm and Parfenac.-Indications:...

 --- deferoxamine

Deferoxamine

Deferoxamine is a bacterial siderophore produced by the actinobacteria Streptomyces pilosus. It has medical applications as a chelating agent used to remove excess iron from the body...

 --- ferrichrome

Ferrichrome

Ferrichrome is a cyclic hexa-peptide that forms a complex with iron atoms.Ferrichrome was first isolated in 1952, has been found to be produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Ustilago, and Penicillium....

 --- 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid

3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid

3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan....

 --- hydroxybenzoic acids --- gallic acid

Gallic acid

Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, a type of organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. The chemical formula is C6H23COOH. Gallic acid is found both free and as part of...

 --- hydrolyzable tannins --- propyl gallate

Propyl gallate

Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.-Description:Propyl...

 --- hydroxymercuribenzoates --- pactamycin --- parabens

Parabens

Parabens are a class of chemicals widely used as preservatives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas. These compounds, and their salts, are used primarily for their bactericidal and fungicidal properties...

 --- salicylic acids --- aminosalicylic acids --- p-aminosalicylic acid --- mesalamine --- anacardic acids

Anacardic acid

Anacardic acids are chemical compounds found in the shell of the cashew nut . As they are closely related to urushiol, they also cause an allergic skin rash on contact, known as urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. Anacardic acid is a yellow liquid. It is miscible partially in alcohol and ether,...

 --- aspirin

Aspirin

Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid , is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. It was discovered by Arthur Eichengrun, a chemist with the German company Bayer...

 --- diflunisal

Diflunisal

Diflunisal is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug . It was developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme in 1971 after showing promise in a research project studying more potent chemical analogs of aspirin. It was first sold under the brand name Dolobid, marketed by Merck & Co., but generic versions are now...

 --- salicylic acid

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin...

 --- salicylates --- gentisates --- sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate is a sodium salt of salicylic acid. It can be prepared from sodium phenolate and carbon dioxide under higher temperature and pressure...

 --- vanillic acid

Vanillic acid

Vanillic acid is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is an oxidized form of vanillin...

 --- 3-hydroxybutyric acid --- hydroxybutyrates --- sodium oxybate --- lactates --- lactic acid

Lactic acid

Lactic acid, also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and was first isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Lactic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H6O3...

 --- sodium lactate

Sodium lactate

Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as corn or beets, and then neutralizing the resulting lactic acid to create a compound having the formula NaC3H5O3. As a food additive, sodium lactate has the E number E325 and naturally is a liquid...

 --- malates --- mandelic acids --- cyclandelate

Cyclandelate

Cyclandelate is a vasodilator used in the treatment of claudication, arteriosclerosis and Raynaud's disease. It is also used to treat nighttime leg cramps, and has been investigated for its effect against migraine. It is orally administered....

 --- vanilmandelic acid --- mevalonic acid

Mevalonic acid

Mevalonic acid is a key organic compound in biochemistry. The anion of mevalonic acid, the predominant form in biological media, is known as mevalonate. This compound is of major pharmaceutical importance...

 --- mycolic acids --- phosphoenolpyruvate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid , or phosphoenolpyruvate as the anion, is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has the high-energy phosphate bond found in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis...

 --- quinic acid

Quinic acid

Quinic acid is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol. It is a crystalline acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee beans, and other plant products and made synthetically by hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid. Quinic acid is also implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee...

 --- shikimic acid

Shikimic acid

Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi , from which it was first isolated....

 --- sugar acids

Sugar acids

Sugar acids are monosaccharides with a carboxyl group.Main classes of sugar acids include:* Aldonic acids, in which the aldehyde functional group of an aldose is oxidized...

 --- ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...

 --- dehydroascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is actively imported into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells via glucose transporters. It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbate by glutathione and other thiols. Therefore, L-dehydroascorbic acid is a vitamin C compound much...

 --- 2,3-diketogulonic acid --- glucaric acid --- gluconates --- antimony sodium gluconate --- calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement.-Hypocalcemia:10% calcium gluconate solution is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. This form of calcium is superior to calcium lactate, but it only contains 0.93% calcium ion. Calcium gluconate is a salt of calcium and...

 --- glyceric acids --- diphosphoglyceric acids --- 2,3-diphosphoglycerate --- muramic acids --- neuraminic acids --- sialic acids --- cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid --- n-acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells.This negatively charged residue is found in complex glycans on mucins and glycoproteins found at the cell membrane...

 --- tartrates --- tartronates --- uronic acids --- glucuronic acids --- glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to that of glucose. However, glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid...

 --- glucuronates --- glucuronides --- hexuronic acids --- iduronic acid

Iduronic acid

L-Iduronic acid is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid....

--- keto acids

--- acetoacetates --- hippurates --- aminohippuric acids --- p-aminohippuric acid --- iodohippuric acid --- ketoglutaric acids --- levulinic acids --- aminolevulinic acid --- oxaloacetic acids --- oxaloacetates --- oxaloacetate --- pyruvates --- phenylpyruvic acids --- pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid is an organic acid, a ketone, as well as the simplest of the alpha-keto acids. The carboxylate ion of pyruvic acid, CH3COCOO−, is known as pyruvate, and is a key intersection in several metabolic pathways....

--- ethers, cyclic

--- ciguatoxins --- crown ethers --- epoxy compounds --- epichlorohydrin

Epichlorohydrin

Epichlorohydrin is an organochlorine compound and an epoxide. This is a colorless liquid with a pungent, garlic-like odor, moderately soluble in water, but miscible with most polar organic solvents. Epichlorohydrin is a highly reactive compound and is used in the production of glycerol, plastics,...

 --- ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide, also called oxirane, is the organic compound with the formula . It is a cyclic ether. This means that it is composed of two alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom in a cyclic shape . This colorless flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor is the simplest epoxide, a three-membered...

 --- trichloroepoxypropane --- okadaic acid

Okadaic acid

Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrheal shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13.-History:...

 --- oxepins --- doxepin

Doxepin

Doxepin is a psychotropic agent with tricyclic antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, known under many brand-names such as Aponal, the original preparation by Boehringer-Mannheim, now part of the Roche group; Adapine, Doxal , Deptran, Sinquan and Sinequan...

 --- oxocins

--- ethyl ethers

--- ether, ethyl --- flurothyl

Flurothyl

Flurothyl is a volatile liquid drug from the halogenated ether family, related to inhaled anaesthetic agents such as diethyl ether, but having the opposite effects, acting as a stimulant and convulsant...

 --- methoxyflurane

Methoxyflurane

Methoxyflurane is a halogenated ether that was in clinical use as an volatile inhalational anesthetic from its introduction by Joseph F. Artusio et al in 1960 until around 1974. It was first synthesized in the late 1940s by William T...

 --- phenetidine

--- glyceryl ethers

--- phospholipid ethers

--- methyl ethers

--- anisoles --- anethole trithione

Anethole trithione

Anethole trithione, anetholtrithione, or anetholtrithion is a drug used in the treatment of dry mouth. It is listed in the U.S...

 --- butylated hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320...

 --- bis(chloromethyl) ether

Bis(chloromethyl) ether

Bis ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula 2O. It is one of the chloroalkyl ethers. This colorless liquid is used for chloromethylation of aromatic substrates. It is produced industrially from paraformaldehyde and a mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid.-Safety:Bis...

 --- enflurane

Enflurane

Enflurane is a halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Developed by Ross Terrell in 1963, it was first used clinically in 1966....

 --- guaiacol

Guaiacol

Guaiacol is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula C6H4. Although it is biosynthesized by a variety of organisms, this colorless aromatic oil is usually derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. Samples darken upon exposure to air and light. Guaiacol is present in wood smoke,...

 --- guaifenesin

Guaifenesin

Guaifenesin INN or guaiphenesin , also glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.-History:Similar medicines derived from the guaiac tree were in use as a...

 --- methocarbamol

Methocarbamol

Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant used to treat skeletal muscle spasms...

 --- isoflurane

Isoflurane

Isoflurane is a halogenated ether used for inhalational anesthesia. Together with enflurane and halothane, it replaced the flammable ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery. Its name comes from being a structural isomer of enflurane, hence they have the same empirical formula...

 --- methoxyflurane

Methoxyflurane

Methoxyflurane is a halogenated ether that was in clinical use as an volatile inhalational anesthetic from its introduction by Joseph F. Artusio et al in 1960 until around 1974. It was first synthesized in the late 1940s by William T...

--- phenyl ethers

--- anisoles --- anethole trithione

Anethole trithione

Anethole trithione, anetholtrithione, or anetholtrithion is a drug used in the treatment of dry mouth. It is listed in the U.S...

 --- butylated hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320...

 --- guaiacol

Guaiacol

Guaiacol is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula C6H4. Although it is biosynthesized by a variety of organisms, this colorless aromatic oil is usually derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. Samples darken upon exposure to air and light. Guaiacol is present in wood smoke,...

 --- guaifenesin

Guaifenesin

Guaifenesin INN or guaiphenesin , also glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.-History:Similar medicines derived from the guaiac tree were in use as a...

 --- phenetidine --- triclosan

Triclosan

Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent. It is a polychloro phenoxy phenol. Despite being used in many consumer products, beyond its use in toothpaste to prevent gingivitis, there is no evidence according to the American Food and Drug Administration that triclosan provides an extra...

--- peroxides

--- artemisinins --- lipid peroxides --- tert-butylhydroperoxide --- tetraoxanes

--- glycosylation end products, advanced

--- hydrazones

--- carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone , is a chemical inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. It is a nitrile, hydrazone and ionophore. In general, CCCP causes the gradual destruction of living cells and death of the organism. The CCCP affects the protein synthesis reactions in seedling...

 --- carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. It referred to as an uncoupling agent because it disrupts ATP synthesis by transporting hydrogen ions through a cell membrane before they can be used to provide the energy for oxidative...

--- methylhydrazines

Methylhydrazines

Methylhydrazines are hydrazines that have additional methyl groups.They are usually divided into two groups:* Monomethylhydrazine* Dimethylhydrazines...

--- dimethylhydrazines --- 1,2-dimethylhydrazine

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, or symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, is one of the two isomers of dimethylhydrazine. It is a potent carcinogen that acts as a DNA alkylating agent. It is used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals....

 --- monomethylhydrazine

Monomethylhydrazine

Monomethylhydrazine is a volatile hydrazine chemical with the chemical formula CH3 NH2. It is used as a rocket propellant in bipropellant rocket engines because it is hypergolic with various oxidizers such as nitrogen tetroxide and nitric acid...

--- hydrocarbons, acyclic

--- alkanes --- alkanesulfonic acids --- alkanesulfonates --- mesna

Mesna

Mesna is an organosulfur compound. It is used in cancer chemotherapy involving cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide as an adjuvant. It is marketed by Baxter as Uromitexan and Mesnex...

 --- mesylates --- busulfan

Busulfan

Busulfan is a cancer drug, in use since 1959.Busulfan is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates...

 --- ethyl methanesulfonate --- methyl methanesulfonate

Methyl methanesulfonate

Methyl methanesulfonate is an alkylating agent and a carcinogen. It is also a suspected reproductive toxicant, and may also be a skin/sense organ toxicant. It is used in cancer treatment.-Chemical reactions with DNA:...

 --- hepes

HEPES

HEPES is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of the twelve Good's buffers...

 --- isethionic acid

Isethionic acid

Isethionic acid is a short chain alkane sulfonic acid containing hydroxy group, is a water soluble solid used in the manufacture of mild, biodegradable and high foaming anionic surfactants for skin cleansing....

 --- taurine --- taurocholic acid

Taurocholic acid

Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a deliquescent yellowish crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with taurine...

 --- taurodeoxycholic acid

Taurodeoxycholic acid

Taurodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid....

 --- taurochenodeoxycholic acid

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic....

 --- taurolithocholic acid

Taurolithocholic acid

Taurolithocholic acid is a bile acid....

 --- butanes --- ethane

Ethane

Ethane is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6. It is the only two-carbon alkane that is an aliphatic hydrocarbon. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas....

 --- ethylene dichlorides --- fumonisins

Fumonisins

A fumonisin is a mycotoxin derived from Fusarium.More specifically, it can refer to:* Fumonisin B1* Fumonisin B2...

 --- heptanes --- diarylheptanoids --- curcumin

Curcumin

Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family . The other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are natural phenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric...

 --- hexanes --- methane

Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest alkane, the principal component of natural gas, and probably the most abundant organic compound on earth. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel...

 --- tetranitromethane

Tetranitromethane

Tetranitromethane or TNM is an organic oxidizer with chemical formula C4. Its chemical structure consists of four nitro groups attached to one carbon atom...

 --- nitroparaffins --- tetranitromethane

Tetranitromethane

Tetranitromethane or TNM is an organic oxidizer with chemical formula C4. Its chemical structure consists of four nitro groups attached to one carbon atom...

 --- octanes --- pentanes --- propane

Propane

Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula , normally a gas, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy-gas torches, barbecues, portable stoves, and residential central...

 --- alkenes --- allyl compounds --- allylamine

Allylamine

Allylamine is an organic compound with the formula C3H5NH2. This colorless liquid is the simplest stable unsaturated amine.-Production:All three allylamines, mono-, di-, and triallylamine, are produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia followed by distillation. Pure samples can be...

 --- allylglycine

Allylglycine

Allylglycine is a glycine derivative. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. Inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase blocks GABA biosynthesis, leading to lower levels of the neurotransmitter. It is used to induce convulsions in animals in scientific studies....

 --- allylisopropylacetamide --- ethylenes --- dichloroethylenes --- polyenes --- alkadienes --- butadienes --- chloroprene

Chloroprene

Chloroprene is the common name for the organic compound 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene, which has the formula CH2=CCl-CH=CH2. This colorless liquid is the monomer for the production of the polymer polychloroprene, a type of synthetic rubber...

 --- aurodox --- diphenylhexatriene

Diphenylhexatriene

Diphenylhexatriene is a fluorescent hydrocarbon used in the study of cell membranes. It is almost non-fluorescent in water, but it exhibits strong fluorescence when it is intercalated into lipid membranes.-External links:* , Oregon Medical Laser Center...

 --- filipin

Filipin

Filipin is a chemical compound. It was isolated by chemists at the Upjohn company in 1955 from the mycelium and culture filtrates of a previously unknown actinomycete, Streptomyces filipinensis, that was discovered in a soil sample collected in the Philippine Islands. Thus the name Filipin. The...

 --- mepartricin

Mepartricin

Mepartricin is a stomatological and urological preparation.It has been studied for use in treating CPPS.-References:...

 --- neoprene

Neoprene

Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene. Neoprene in general has good chemical stability, and maintains flexibility over a wide temperature range...

 --- polyethylenes --- polyethylene

Polyethylene

Polyethylene or polythene is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric tons...

 --- polyethyleneimine --- polypropylenes --- polyvinyl

Polyvinyl

Polyvinyl is a group of polymers derived from vinyl monomers.Polyvinyl may also refer to:* Polyvinyl chloride* Polyvinyl acetate* Polyvinyl alcohol* Polyvinyl Record Co., an independent record label...

s --- squalene

Squalene

Squalene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though plant sources are used as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All plants and animals produce squalene, including humans...

 --- vinyl compounds --- polyvinyl

Polyvinyl

Polyvinyl is a group of polymers derived from vinyl monomers.Polyvinyl may also refer to:* Polyvinyl chloride* Polyvinyl acetate* Polyvinyl alcohol* Polyvinyl Record Co., an independent record label...

s --- polyvinyl alcohol

Polyvinyl alcohol

Polyvinyl alcohol is a water-soluble synthetic polymer .-Properties:...

 --- polyvinyl chloride

Polyvinyl chloride

Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating vinyl groups having one hydrogen replaced by chloride. Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is widely used in...

 --- polyvinylpyridine n-oxide --- povidone --- povidone-iodine --- vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride is the organochloride with the formula H2C:CHCl. It is also called vinyl chloride monomer, VCM or chloroethene. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride . At ambient pressure and temperature, vinyl chloride...

 --- alkynes --- acetylene

Acetylene

Acetylene is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution.As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because...

 --- carbocyanines --- (4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride

--- hydrocarbons, cyclic

--- bridged compounds

Bridged compounds

Bridged compounds are compounds which contain interlocking rings.Examples include:* Adamantane* Amantadine* Biperiden* Memantine* Methenamine* Rimantadine* Norbornane-Nomenclature:...

 --- adamantane

Adamantane

Adamantane is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound with a camphor-like odor. With a formula C10H16, it is a cycloalkane and also the simplest diamondoid. Adamantane molecules consist of three cyclohexane rings arranged in the "armchair" configuration. It is unique in that it is both rigid...

 --- amantadine

Amantadine

Amantadine is the organic compound known formally as 1-adamantylamine or 1-aminoadamantane. The molecule consists of adamantane backbone that has an amino group substituted at one of the four methyne positions. This pharmaceutical is sold under the name Symmetrel for use both as an antiviral and an...

 --- memantine --- methenamine --- rimantadine

Rimantadine

Rimantadine is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection. When taken within one to two days of developing symptoms, rimantadine can shorten the duration and moderate the severity of influenza. Both rimantadine and the similar drug...

 --- bicyclo compounds --- bicyclo compounds, heterocyclic --- biperiden

Biperiden

Biperiden is an antiparkinsonian agent of the anticholinergic type. The original brand name, which still exists and is manufactured by BASF/Knoll Pharma, is Akineton. Generics are available worldwide.- Pharmacokinetics :...

 --- hydrocarbons, alicyclic --- cycloparaffins --- adamantane

Adamantane

Adamantane is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound with a camphor-like odor. With a formula C10H16, it is a cycloalkane and also the simplest diamondoid. Adamantane molecules consist of three cyclohexane rings arranged in the "armchair" configuration. It is unique in that it is both rigid...

 --- rimantadine

Rimantadine

Rimantadine is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection. When taken within one to two days of developing symptoms, rimantadine can shorten the duration and moderate the severity of influenza. Both rimantadine and the similar drug...

 --- cyclobutanes --- cyclodecanes --- taxoids --- paclitaxel

Paclitaxel

Paclitaxel is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. It was discovered in a U.S. National Cancer Institute program at the Research Triangle Institute in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated it from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia and named it taxol...

 --- cycloheptanes --- azulenes --- bencyclane

Bencyclane

Bencyclane is a calcium channel blocker....

 --- tropolone

Tropolone

Tropolone is a derivative of tropone with a hydroxyl group in the 2-position.Two methods for the synthesis of tropolone are by bromination of 1,2-cycloheptanedione with N-bromosuccinimide followed by dehydrohalogenation at elevated temperatures and by acyloin condensation of the ethyl ester of...

 --- cyclohexanes --- cuprizone --- cyclamates --- cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are cyclohexanes with a carboxylic acid group affixed.Examples include:* abscisic acid* chlorogenic acid* chorismic acid* dicyclomine* quinic acid* shikimic acid* tranexamic acid...

 --- cyclohexanols --- cyclohexanones --- cyclohexylamines --- dicyclomine

Dicyclomine

Dicyclomine, also known as dicycloverine, is an anticholinergic that blocks muscarinic receptors. Dicycloverine was first synthesized in the United States circa 1947.- Clinical uses :...

 --- ketamine

Ketamine

Ketamine is a drug used in human and veterinary medicine. Its hydrochloride salt is sold as Ketanest, Ketaset, and Ketalar. Pharmacologically, ketamine is classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist...

 --- norisoprenoids --- tiletamine

Tiletamine

Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related chemically and pharmacologically to other anesthetics in this family such as ketamine and phencyclidine...

 --- trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride --- cyclooctanes --- iprindole

Iprindole

Iprindole , formerly known as pramindole, is a tricyclic antidepressant used in Europe for the treatment of depression. It was introduced by Wyeth and has been used clinically since 1967...

 --- cyclopentanes --- cycloleucine

Cycloleucine

Cycloleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen atoms less. Leading structure is a cyclopentane-ring...

 --- cyclopropanes --- cilastatin

Cilastatin

Cilastatin is a chemical compound which inhibits the human enzyme dehydropeptidase.Dehydropeptidase is found in the kidney and is responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin is therefore combined intravenously with imipenem in order to protect it from dehydropeptidase and prolong...

 --- hypoglycins --- hydrocarbons, aromatic --- benzene

Benzene

Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6....

 --- benzene derivatives --- benzeneacetamides --- bufexamac

Bufexamac

Bufexamac is a drug used as an anti-inflammatory agent on the skin, as well as rectally. Common brand names include Paraderm and Parfenac.-Indications:...

 --- benzenesulfonates --- calcium dobesilate

Calcium dobesilate

Calcium dobesilate is a vasoprotective....

 --- 4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate --- ethamsylate

Ethamsylate

Ethamsylate is a haemostatic drug.It is believed to work by increasing capillary endothelial resistance and promoting platelet adhesion....

 --- ferrozine --- polyanetholesulfonate --- tiron --- benzhydryl compounds

Benzhydryl compounds

Benzhydryl compounds are compounds that are "diphenylmethane" containing, i.e. two benzene rings adjoined by a single carbon. This simple definition does not include heteroaromatic ring moieties, which would grossify the situation even further...

 --- diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a first-generation antihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties which is mainly used to treat allergies. Like most other first-generation antihistamines, the drug also has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason...

 --- dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate is an over-the-counter drug used to prevent nausea and motion sickness...

 --- meclizine --- methylenebis(chloroaniline) --- orphenadrine

Orphenadrine

Orphenadrine is an anticholinergic drug of the ethanolamine antihistamine class with prominent CNS and peripheral actions used to treat painful muscle spasms, other similar conditions, as well as the treatment...

 --- terfenadine

Terfenadine

Terfenadine is an antihistamine formerly used for the treatment of allergic conditions. It was brought to market by Hoechst Marion Roussel and marketed under various brand names including Seldane in the United States, Triludan in the United Kingdom, and Teldane in Australia...

 --- benzyl compounds --- benzyl alcohols --- benzyl alcohol

Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl alcohol is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn", thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor...

 --- benzylamines --- pargyline

Pargyline

Pargyline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. It has antihypertensive effects.- Pharmacology :It functions by inhibiting the metabolism of catecholamines and tyramine within presynaptic nerve terminals...

 --- bibenzyls --- 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide --- lignans --- flavonolignans --- nordihydroguaiaretic acid --- podophyllotoxin

Podophyllotoxin

Podophyllotoxin , otherwise known as podofilox, is a non-alkaloid toxin lignan extracted from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species. Under the trade name Condylox, a topical gel, it is used on the skin to treat external genital warts, caused by some types of the human papillomavirus...

 --- benzylidene compounds

Benzylidene compounds

Benzylidene compounds are alkene derivatives of benzene.They are primarily divided into two groups:* Styrenes * Stilbenes...

 --- stilbenes --- 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid --- bibenzyls --- chlorotrianisene

Chlorotrianisene

Chlorotrianisene is a non-steroidal synthetic estrogen....

 --- clomiphene --- diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. Human exposure to DES occurred through diverse sources, such as dietary ingestion from supplemented cattle feed and medical treatment for certain conditions, including breast and prostate cancers...

 --- hexestrol --- 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid --- stilbamidines --- tamoxifen

Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, hence tamoxifen may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist...

 --- raloxifene

Raloxifene

Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator that has estrogenic actions on bone and anti-estrogenic actions on the uterus and breast...

 --- toremifene

Toremifene

Toremifene citrate is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which helps oppose the actions of estrogen in the body. Licensed in the United States under the brand name Fareston, toremifene citrate is FDA-approved for use in advanced breast cancer...

 --- styrenes --- styrene --- polystyrenes --- tyrphostins

Tyrphostins

A tyrosine-kinase inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits tyrosine kinases, enzymes responsible for the activation of signal transduction cascades...

 --- biphenyl compounds --- aminobiphenyl compounds --- benzidines --- 3,3'-diaminobenzidine

3,3'-Diaminobenzidine

3,3'-Diaminobenzidine is an organic compound. This derivative of benzidine is a precursor to polybenzimidazole fiber. As its water-soluble tetrahydrochloride, it has been used in immunohistochemical staining of nucleic acids and proteins.-Preparation:...

 --- dianisidine --- 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is used in the production of azo dyes and is considered a carcinogen. It contains two benzene rings. This compound has been shown to increase the incidence of tumors in animals. Because it is structurally similar to benzidine, a known carcinogen, it is believed that it may...

 --- losartan

Losartan

Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug used mainly to treat high blood pressure . Losartan was the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist to be marketed. Losartan potassium is marketed by Merck & Co. Inc. under the trade name Cozaar...

 --- niclofolan --- polybrominated biphenyls --- polychlorinated biphenyls --- bromobenzenes --- chlorobenzenes --- chlorophenols --- hexachlorophene

Hexachlorophene

Hexachlorophene, also known as Nabac, is a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white to light-tan crystalline powder, which either is odorless or produces a slightly phenolic odor. In medicine, hexachlorophene is very useful as a topical anti-infective, anti-bacterial agent, often used in soaps...

 --- dicofol

Dicofol

Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT. Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against red spider mite....

 --- dinitrochlorobenzene

Dinitrochlorobenzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is a benzene derivative. It is an electrophilic, cytotoxic compound that is used in biochemical research involving glutathione-S-transferases .-Uses:...

 --- hexachlorobenzene

Hexachlorobenzene

Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula C6Cl6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt...

 --- iodobenzenes --- 3-iodobenzylguanidine --- iopanoic acid

Iopanoic acid

Iopanoic acid is an iodine-containing radiocontrast medium used in cholecystography. Both iopanoic acid and ipodate sodium are potent inhibitors of thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland, as well as of peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine...

 --- iophendylate --- ipodate --- tyropanoate --- nitrobenzenes --- chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial that became available in 1949. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines, and as it is both cheap and easy to manufacture it is frequently found as a drug of choice in the third world.Chloramphenicol is...

 --- thiamphenicol

Thiamphenicol

Thiamphenicol is an antibiotic. It is the methyl-sulfonyl analogue of chloramphenicol and has a similar spectrum of activity, but is 2.5 to 5 times as potent. Like chloramphenicol, it is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in lipids...

 --- dinitrobenzenes --- dinitrochlorobenzene

Dinitrochlorobenzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is a benzene derivative. It is an electrophilic, cytotoxic compound that is used in biochemical research involving glutathione-S-transferases .-Uses:...

 --- dinitrofluorobenzene --- trinitrobenzenes --- trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid --- sulfanilic acids --- terphenyl compounds --- polychloroterphenyl compounds --- toluene

Toluene

Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3.It is an aromatic...

 --- bromcresol green --- bromcresol purple --- bromphenol blue --- bromthymol blue --- toluene 2,4-diisocyanate --- toluidines --- tosyl compounds --- tosylarginine methyl ester --- tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone --- tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone --- trifluralin

Trifluralin

Trifluralin is a commonly used pre-emergence herbicide. With about 14 million pounds used in the United States in 2001, it is one of the most widely used herbicides. Trifluralin is generally applied to the soil to provide control of a variety of annual grass and broadleaf weed species...

 --- trinitrotoluene --- triparanol --- trityl compounds --- xylenes --- diarylheptanoids --- curcumin

Curcumin

Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family . The other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are natural phenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric...

--- hydrocarbons, halogenated

--- halothane

Halothane

Halothane is an inhalational general anesthetic. Its IUPAC name is 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. It is the only inhalational anesthetic agent containing a bromine atom; there are several other halogenated anesthesia agents which lack the bromine atom and do contain the fluorine and...

 --- hydrocarbons, brominated --- bromobenzenes --- bromotrichloromethane --- ethylene dibromide --- polybrominated biphenyls --- hydrocarbons, chlorinated --- aldrin

Aldrin

Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used until the 1970s, when it was banned in most countries. It is a colourless solid. Before the ban, it was heavily used as a pesticide to treat seed and soil...

 --- carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent...

 --- chlordan --- chlordecone --- chlorobenzenes --- dicofol

Dicofol

Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT. Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against red spider mite....

 --- dinitrochlorobenzene

Dinitrochlorobenzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is a benzene derivative. It is an electrophilic, cytotoxic compound that is used in biochemical research involving glutathione-S-transferases .-Uses:...

 --- hexachlorobenzene

Hexachlorobenzene

Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula C6Cl6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt...

 --- chlorofluorocarbons --- chlorofluorocarbons, methane --- chloroform

Chloroform

Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous...

 --- bromotrichloromethane --- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane is an organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. DDD is a metabolite of DDT. DDD is colorless and crystalline; it is closely related chemically and is similar in properties to DDT, but it is considered to be less toxic to animals than is DDT...

 --- dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene --- ddt

DDT

DDT is one of the most well-known synthetic insecticides. It is a chemical with a long, unique, and controversial history....

 --- dichloroethylenes --- dieldrin

Dieldrin

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by J. Hyman & Co, Denver, as an insecticide. Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin, which reacts further to form dieldrin. Aldrin is not toxic to insects; it is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin which is the active compound...

 --- endrin

Endrin

Endrin is an organochloride that was primarily used as an insecticide. It is a colourless odorless solid, although commercial samples are often off-white. It is also a rodenticide. This compound became infamous as persistent organic pollutant and for this reason is banned in many...

 --- ethyl chloride --- ethylene dichlorides --- heptachlor

Heptachlor

Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide. Usually sold as a white or tan powder, heptachlor is one of the cyclodiene insecticides. In 1962, Rachel Carson's Silent Spring questioned the safety of heptachlor and other chlorinated insecticides. Due to its highly...

 --- heptachlor epoxide --- lindane

Lindane

Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, , gammaxene, Gammallin and erroneously known as benzene hexachloride , is an organochlorine chemical variant of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and...

 --- methoxychlor

Methoxychlor

Methoxychlor is a synthetic organochlorine used as an insecticide.-Usage:Methoxychlor is used to protect crops, ornamentals, livestock, and pets against fleas, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and other insects...

 --- methyl chloride --- methylene chloride --- mirex

Mirex

Mirex is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that was commercialized as an insecticide and later banned because of its impact on the environment. This white crystalline odorless solid is a derivative of cyclopentadiene. It was popularized to control fire ants but by virtue of its chemical robustness and...

 --- mitotane

Mitotane

Mitotane, or o,p'-DDD, is an antineoplastic medication used in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. It is an isomer of DDD and is a derivative of DDT...

 --- picryl chloride

Picryl Chloride

Picryl chloride is an explosive also known as 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene . Its empirical formula is C6H2ClN3O6. Its detonation velocity is 7,200 m/s....

 --- polychlorinated biphenyls --- aroclors --- aroclor 1254 --- polychloroterphenyl compounds --- aroclors --- aroclor 1254 --- tetrachloroethylene

Tetrachloroethylene

Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colourless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid." It has a sweet odor detectable by...

 --- toxaphene

Toxaphene

Toxaphene is an insecticide. It is a mixture of closely related substances whose use is now banned in most of the world due to concerns of toxicity.-Composition:...

 --- trichloroepoxypropane --- trichloroethanes --- trichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene

The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. It is a clear non-flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It should not be confused with the similar 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which is commonly known as chlorothene.The IUPAC name is...

 --- vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride is the organochloride with the formula H2C:CHCl. It is also called vinyl chloride monomer, VCM or chloroethene. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride . At ambient pressure and temperature, vinyl chloride...

 --- hydrocarbons, fluorinated --- chlorofluorocarbons --- chlorofluorocarbons, methane --- fluorobenzenes --- fluorocarbons --- hydrocarbons, iodinated --- iodobenzenes --- 3-iodobenzylguanidine --- iopanoic acid

Iopanoic acid

Iopanoic acid is an iodine-containing radiocontrast medium used in cholecystography. Both iopanoic acid and ipodate sodium are potent inhibitors of thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland, as well as of peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine...

 --- iophendylate --- ipodate --- tyropanoate --- mustard compounds --- mustard gas --- nitrogen mustard compounds --- aniline mustard --- chlorambucil

Chlorambucil

Chlorambucil is a chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia...

 --- prednimustine

Prednimustine

Prednimustine is a drug used in chemotherapy. It is the ester formed from two other drugs, prednisolone and chlorambucil.It can be associated with myoclonus....

 --- estramustine

Estramustine

Estramustine is a chemotherapy agent used to treat prostate cancer. It is a derivative of estrogen with a nitrogen mustard-carbamate ester moiety that makes it a alkylating antineoplastic agent similar to mechlorethamine, with estrogen-induced specificity.Estramustine is marketed in the United...

 --- mannomustine --- mechlorethamine --- melphalan

Melphalan

Melphalan hydrochloride is a chemotherapy drug belonging to the class of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents.An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group to DNA...

 --- peptichemio --- phosphoramide mustards --- cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide , also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group....

 --- ifosfamide

Ifosfamide

Ifosfamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer.It is sometimes abbreviated "IFO".-Uses:It is given as a treatment for a variety of cancers, including:...

 --- propylbenzilylcholine mustard --- quinacrine mustard --- uracil mustard

Uracil mustard

Uramustine or uracil mustard is a chemotherapy drug which belongs to the class of alkylating agents. It is used in lymphatic malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by damaging DNA, primarily in cancer cells that preferentially take up the uracil due to their need to make nucleic...

 --- trihalomethanes --- chloroform

Chloroform

Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous...

--- terpenes

--- cannabinoids

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are a class of chemical compounds that include the phytocannabinoids , and chemical compounds that mimic the actions of phytocannabinoids or have a similar structure...

 --- cannabidiol

Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis. It is a major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in its extracts.It has displayed sedative effects in animal tests...

 --- cannabinol

Cannabinol

Cannabinol is a psychoactive substance cannabinoid found in Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica/afghanica. It is also a metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol . CBN acts as a weak agonist of the CB1 and CB2 receptors, with lower affinity in comparison to THC.- External links :* Compounds found in...

 --- tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol , also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol , Δ1-THC , or dronabinol, is the main chemical psychoactive substance found in the cannabis plant. It was first isolated in 1964. In pure form, it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed...

 --- carotenoids --- beta carotene --- norisoprenoids --- retinoids --- acitretin

Acitretin

Acitretin is a second generation retinoid. It is taken orally, and is typically used for psoriasis....

 --- etretinate

Etretinate

Etretinate is a medication developed by Hoffmann–La Roche that was approved by the FDA in 1986 to treat severe psoriasis...

 --- fenretinide

Fenretinide

Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid deriverative. Retinoids are substances related to vitamin A. It has been investigated for potential use in the treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acne, psoriasis, and has been found to also slow the...

 --- isotretinoin

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin, INN, is a medication used mostly for cystic acne. It was first developed for brain, pancreatic and other cancers. It is used to treat harlequin-type ichthyosis, a usually lethal skin disease, and lamellar ichthyosis. Its effects are systemic and nonselective...

 --- retinaldehyde --- vitamin a

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is necessary for both low-light and color vision...

 --- tretinoin

Tretinoin

Tretinoin is the acid form of vitamin A and is also known as all-trans retinoic acid or ATRA. It is a drug commonly used to treat acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. It is available as a cream or gel...

 --- xanthophylls --- canthaxanthin

Canthaxanthin

Canthaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C40H52O2. It has E number E161g and is approved for use in the EU and USA however it is not approved for usage in...

 --- lutein

Lutein

Lutein is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale...

 --- zeta carotene --- diterpenes --- aconitine

Aconitine

Aconitine is a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from various aconite species.-Uses:...

 --- aphidicolin

Aphidicolin

Aphidicolin is defined as a tetracyclic diterpene antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. It blocks the cell cycle at early S phase...

 --- atractyloside --- diterpenes, abietane

Abietane

Abietane is a diterpene that forms the structural basis for a variety of natural chemical compounds such as abietic acid, carnosic acid, and ferruginol which are collectively known as abietanes or abietane diterpenes....

 --- diterpenes, clerodane --- diterpenes, kaurane --- gibberellins --- forskolin

Forskolin

Forskolin is a labdane diterpene that is produced by the Indian Coleus plant . Forskolin is commonly used to raise levels of cyclic AMP in the study and research of cell physiology. Forskolin resensitizes cell receptors by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and increasing the intracellular...

 --- ginkgolides --- bilobalides --- phorbols --- phorbol esters --- phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate is a phorbol ester which is one of the constituents of croton oil. As an activator of protein kinase C, it is a weak tumor promoter compared to 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate....

 --- tetradecanoylphorbol acetate --- phytanic acid

Phytanic acid

Phytanic acid is a branched chain fatty acid that humans can obtain through the consumption of dairy products, ruminant animal fats, and certain fish. Western diets are estimated to provide 50-100 mg of phytanic acid per day...

 --- phytol

Phytol

Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol that can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. In ruminants, the gut fermentation of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, which is then converted to phytanic acid and...

 --- vitamin k

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue. They are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives...

 --- vitamin k 1 --- vitamin k 2 --- vitamin k 3 --- taxoids --- paclitaxel

Paclitaxel

Paclitaxel is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. It was discovered in a U.S. National Cancer Institute program at the Research Triangle Institute in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated it from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia and named it taxol...

 --- dolichol

Dolichol

Dolichol refers to any of a group of long-chain mostly unsaturated organic compounds that are made up of varying numbers of isoprene units terminating in an α-saturated isoprenoid group, containing an alcohol functional group.-Functions:...

 --- dolichol phosphates --- gefarnate

Gefarnate

Gefarnate is a drug used for the treatment of gastric ulcers.It also has been proposed for use in the treatment of dry eye syndrome....

 --- hemiterpenes --- monoterpenes --- iridoids --- menthol

Menthol

Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in color, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. The main form of menthol occurring in nature is -menthol, which is assigned...

 --- norbornanes --- bornanes --- camphor

Camphor

Camphor is a waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O. It is found in wood of the camphor laurel , a large evergreen tree found in Asia and also of Dryobalanops aromatica, a giant of the Bornean forests...

 --- mecamylamine

Mecamylamine

Mecamylamine is a nonselective and noncompetitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that was introduced in the 1950s as an antihypertensive agent.- Uses :...

 --- toxaphene

Toxaphene

Toxaphene is an insecticide. It is a mixture of closely related substances whose use is now banned in most of the world due to concerns of toxicity.-Composition:...

 --- pyrethrins --- allethrin

Allethrin

The allethrins are a pair of related synthetic compounds used in insecticides. They are synthetic pyrethroids, a synthetic form of a chemical found naturally in the chrysanthemum flower. They were first synthesized in the United States by Milton S. Schechter in 1949...

 --- permethrin

Permethrin

Permethrin is a common synthetic chemical, widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, and insect repellent. It belongs to the family of synthetic chemicals called pyrethroids and functions as a neurotoxin, affecting neuron membranes by prolonging sodium channel activation. It is not known to...

 --- thymol

Thymol

Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, C10H14O, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted from Thymus vulgaris and various other kinds of plants as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties...

 --- bromthymol blue --- polyisoprenyl phosphates --- dolichol phosphates --- polyisoprenyl phosphate sugars --- polyisoprenyl phosphate monosaccharides --- dolichol monophosphate mannose

Dolichol monophosphate mannose

Dolichol monophosphate mannose is a molecule involved in glycosylation....

 --- polyisoprenyl phosphate oligosaccharides --- sesquiterpenes --- abscisic acid

Abscisic acid

Abscisic acid , also known as abscisin II and dormin, is a plant hormone. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including bud dormancy. It is degraded by the enzyme -abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase.-Function:...

 --- artemisinins --- farnesol

Farnesol

Farnesol is a natural organic compound which is an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol found as a colorless liquid. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with oils...

 --- gossypol

Gossypol

Gossypol is a natural phenol derived from the cotton plant . Gossypol is a phenolic aldehyde that permeates cells and acts as an inhibitor for several dehydrogenase enzymes. It is a yellow pigment....

 --- santonin

Santonin

Santonin is a drug which was widely used in the past as an anthelminthic, a drug that expels parasitic worms from the body, by either killing or stunning them. Santonin was formerly listed in U.S...

 --- sesquiterpenes, eudesmane --- sesquiterpenes, germacrane --- sesquiterpenes, guaiane --- thapsigargin

Thapsigargin

Thapsigargin is non-competitive inhibitor of a class of enzymes known by the acronym SERCA, which stands for sarco / endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase. Structurally, thapsigargin is classified as a sesquiterpene lactone, and is extracted from a plant, Thapsia garganica. It is a tumor promoter in...

 --- trichothecenes --- t-2 toxin --- trichodermin

Trichodermin

Trichodermin is a trichothecene....

 --- triterpenes --- ginsenosides --- glycyrrhetinic acid

Glycyrrhetinic acid

Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavoring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment...

 --- carbenoxolone

Carbenoxolone

Carbenoxolone, a synthetic derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, is a licensed drug for oesophageal ulceration and inflammation. Other uses include treatment of oral and perioral lesions....

 --- glycyrrhizic acid --- limonins --- quassins --- glaucarubin --- sapogenins --- oleanolic acid

Oleanolic acid

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid, widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, related to betulinic acid. It can be found in Phytolacca americana , and Syzygium spp, garlic, etc...

 --- squalene

Squalene

Squalene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though plant sources are used as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All plants and animals produce squalene, including humans...

--- imidoesters

--- dimethyl adipimidate --- dimethyl suberimidate

--- succinimides

--- bromosuccinimide --- ethosuximide

Ethosuximide

Ethosuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant, used mainly in absence seizures.-Approved:It is approved for absence seizures. Ethosuximide is considered the first choice drug for treating absence seizures in part because it lacks the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of the alternative anti-absence...

--- carbodiimides

--- cme-carbodiimide --- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

N,N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is an organic compound with chemical formula C13H22N2 whose primary use is to couple amino acids during artificial peptide synthesis. Under standard conditions, it exists in the form of white crystals with a heavy, sweet odor. The low melting point of this material...

 --- ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide

--- imino acids

--- azetidinecarboxylic acid --- technetium tc 99m diethyl-iminodiacetic acid --- technetium tc 99m disofenin --- technetium tc 99m lidofenin

--- imino sugars

--- imino furanoses --- imino pyranoses

--- isothiocyanates

--- 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid --- 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid --- fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate --- 1-naphthylisothiocyanate

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate is a chemical compound which is an isothiocyanate derivative of naphthalene....

--- acetophenones

--- benzoin

Benzoin

Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCHCPh. It is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups. It appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor. Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation...

 --- omega-chloroacetophenone

--- butanones

--- acetoin --- diacetyl

Diacetyl

Diacetyl is a natural byproduct of fermentation. It is a vicinal diketone with the molecular formula C4H6O2...

 --- thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, C8H5F3O2S, is a chemical compound used pharmacologically as a chelating agent. It is an inhibitor of cellular respiration by blocking the respiratory chain at complex II....

--- butyrophenones

--- azaperone

Azaperone

Azaperone is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine. It is used mainly in pigs and elephants. More rarely it may be used in humans as an antipsychotic drug, but this is uncommon...

 --- benperidol

Benperidol

Benperidol is a drug which is a highly potent butyrophenone derivative. It is in fact the most potent neuroleptic on the European market, with chlorpromazine equivalency as high as 75 to 100 ....

 --- droperidol

Droperidol

Droperidol is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic and antipsychotic...

 --- haloperidol

Haloperidol

Haloperidol is a typical antipsychotic. It is in the butyrophenone class of antipsychotic medications and has pharmacological effects similar to the phenothiazines....

 --- spiperone

Spiperone

Spiperone is a psychoactive drug and research chemical belonging to the butyrophenone chemical class. It functions as a 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT7, and D2 receptor antagonist, and has been used to identify these receptors when labeled with tritium. It has negligible affinity for the 5-HT2C receptor...

 --- trifluperidol

Trifluperidol

Trifluperidol is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone chemical class. It has general properties similar to those of haloperidol, but is considerably more potent by weight, and causes relatively more severe side effects, especially tardive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal effects. It is...

--- ketone bodies

Ketone bodies

Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. They are used as a source of energy in the heart and brain. In the brain, they are a vital source of energy during fasting...

--- acetoacetates --- acetone

Acetone

Acetone is the organic compound with the formula 2CO, a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid, the simplest example of the ketones.Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory...

--- propiophenones

--- bupropion

Bupropion

Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. The drug is a non-tricyclic antidepressant and differs from most commonly prescribed antidepressants such as SSRIs, as its primary pharmacological action is thought to be norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibition...

 --- chalcones --- chalcone

Chalcone

Chalcone is an aromatic ketone and an enone that forms the central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are known collectively as chalcones or chalconoids.-Chemical synthesis:...

 --- hydroxypropiophenone --- phloretin

Phloretin

Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols. It is the phloroglucin ester of paraoxyhydratropic acid. It can be found in apple tree leaves.-Metabolism:Phloretin hydrolase uses phloretin and water to produce phloretate and phloroglucinol....

 --- polyphloretin phosphate --- kynuramine --- oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine

Oxyfedrine is a vasodilator.Synergestic effects with antibiotics have been suggested....

 --- propafenone

Propafenone

Propafenone is a class Ic anti-arrhythmic medication, which treats illnesses associated with rapid heart beats such as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.-Mechanism of action:...

 --- tolperisone

Tolperisone

Tolperisone, a piperidine derivative, is a centrally-acting muscle relaxant. Trade names include Biocalm,Muscodol, Mydeton, Mydocalm, Myolax, Myoxan and Viveo.- Clinical use :...

--- macrolides

--- amphotericin b

Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections...

 --- antimycin a

Antimycin A

Antimycins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces bacteria.-Uses:It is the active ingredient in Fintrol, a chemical piscicide used in fisheries management and in the catfish industry.-Mechanism of action:...

 --- brefeldin a

Brefeldin A

Brefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic produced by fungal organisms such as Eupenicillium brefeldianum. Brefeldin A inhibits transport of proteins from ER to Golgi and induces retrograde protein transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. This leads to proteins accumulating inside...

 --- candicidin

Candicidin

Candicidin is an antibiotic....

 --- epothilones --- erythromycin

Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and...

 --- azithromycin

Azithromycin

Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics...

 --- clarithromycin

Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia , skin and skin structure infections...

 --- erythromycin estolate --- erythromycin ethylsuccinate --- ketolides

Ketolides

Ketolides are antibiotics belonging to the macrolide group. Ketolides are derived from erythromycin by substituting the cladinose sugar with a keto-group and attaching a cyclic carbamate group in the lactone ring. These modifications give ketolides much broader spectrum than other macrolides...

 --- roxithromycin

Roxithromycin

Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin is derived from erythromycin, containing the same 14-membered lactone ring. However, an N-oxime side chain is attached to the lactone ring...

 --- ivermectin --- josamycin

Josamycin

Josamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is synthesized from strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus var. novaCurrently sold in various countries.Brand examples are:...

 --- leucomycins --- kitasamycin

Kitasamycin

Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is produced by streptomyces kitasatoensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens....

 --- spiramycin

Spiramycin

Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is used to treat toxoplasmosis. Although used in Europe, Canada and Mexico, spiramycin is still considered an experimental drug in the United States, but can sometimes be obtained by special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of...

 --- lucensomycin --- maytansine

Maytansine

Maytansine is a cytotoxic agent. It inhibits the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site.It is a macrolide of the ansamycin type and can be isolated from plants of the genus Maytenus....

 --- mepartricin

Mepartricin

Mepartricin is a stomatological and urological preparation.It has been studied for use in treating CPPS.-References:...

 --- miocamycin

Miocamycin

Miocamycin is a macrolide antibiotic....

 --- natamycin

Natamycin

Natamycin , also known as pimaricin, is a naturally occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly found in soil. Natamycin has a very low solubility in water, however, natamycin is effective at very low levels. Most molds have an MIC of...

 --- nystatin

Nystatin

Nystatin is a polyene antifungal medication to which many molds and yeast infections are sensitive, including Candida. Due to its toxicity profile, there are currently no injectable formulations of this drug on the US market...

 --- oleandomycin

Oleandomycin

Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is synthesized from strains of Streptomyces antibioticus. It is weaker than erythromycin.It used to be sold under the brand name Sigmamycine, combined with Tetracycline, and made by the company Rosa-Phytopharma in France....

 --- troleandomycin

Troleandomycin

Troleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is currently sold in Italy and Turkey.Side effects: It is a CYP3A4 inhibitor....

 --- oligomycins --- rutamycin --- sirolimus

Sirolimus

Sirolimus , also known as rapamycin, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it is especially useful in kidney transplants. A macrolide, sirolimus was first discovered as a product of the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus in a soil sample from Easter...

 --- tacrolimus

Tacrolimus

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is mainly used after allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so lower the risk of organ rejection...

 --- tylosin

Tylosin

Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms...

--- carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone , is a chemical inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. It is a nitrile, hydrazone and ionophore. In general, CCCP causes the gradual destruction of living cells and death of the organism. The CCCP affects the protein synthesis reactions in seedling...

--- carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. It referred to as an uncoupling agent because it disrupts ATP synthesis by transporting hydrogen ions through a cell membrane before they can be used to provide the energy for oxidative...

--- o-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile

--- nitrobenzenes

--- chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial that became available in 1949. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines, and as it is both cheap and easy to manufacture it is frequently found as a drug of choice in the third world.Chloramphenicol is...

 --- thiamphenicol

Thiamphenicol

Thiamphenicol is an antibiotic. It is the methyl-sulfonyl analogue of chloramphenicol and has a similar spectrum of activity, but is 2.5 to 5 times as potent. Like chloramphenicol, it is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in lipids...

 --- dinitrobenzenes --- dinitrochlorobenzene

Dinitrochlorobenzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is a benzene derivative. It is an electrophilic, cytotoxic compound that is used in biochemical research involving glutathione-S-transferases .-Uses:...

 --- dinitrofluorobenzene --- trinitrobenzenes --- picryl chloride

Picryl Chloride

Picryl chloride is an explosive also known as 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene . Its empirical formula is C6H2ClN3O6. Its detonation velocity is 7,200 m/s....

 --- trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

--- nitrofurans

--- 5-amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole --- fanft --- furagin --- furazolidone

Furazolidone

Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial. It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M.-Uses:It is used to treat diarrhoea and enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections....

 --- furylfuramide

Furylfuramide

Furylfuramide is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative which was widely used as a food preservative in Japan since at least 1965, but withdrawn from the market in 1974 when it was observed to be mutagenic to bacteria in vitro and thus suspected of carcinogenicity...

 --- nifuratel

Nifuratel

Nifuratel is a drug used in gynecology. It is a local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.Nifuratel appears to have a broad antibacterial spectrum of action and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp. as well as fungal infections from Candida...

 --- nifurtimox

Nifurtimox

Nifurtimox is a 5-nitrofuran and is used to treat diseases caused by trypanosomes including Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. It is given by mouth and not by injection.-Indications:...

 --- nitrofurantoin

Nitrofurantoin

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic which is marketed under the following brand names; Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitrofur Mac, Nitro Macro, Nifty-SR, Martifur-MR, Martifur-100 , Urantoin, and Uvamin . It is usually used in treating urinary tract infection...

 --- nitrofurazone

Nitrofurazone

Nitrofurazone, 2-hydrazinecarboxamide, chemical formula C6H6N4O4, is a pale yellow crystalline compound.This bactericidal compound is used as an antibiotic most commonly in the form of ointments...

 --- nitrovin

--- nitroimidazoles

--- dimetridazole

Dimetridazole

Dimetridazole is a drug that combats protozoan infections. It is a nitroimidazole class drug. It has been banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive.-External links:*...

 --- etanidazole

Etanidazole

Etanidazole is a nitroimidazole drug used for its radiosensitizing properties. Administration of etanidazole results in a decrease of glutathione concentration and inhibits glutathione S-transferase. The result is that tissues become more sensitive to the ionizing radiation used in cancer treatment....

 --- ipronidazole --- metronidazole

Metronidazole

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal....

 --- misonidazole

Misonidazole

Misonidazole is a radiosensitizer used in radiation therapy to cause normally resistant hypoxic tumor cells to become sensitive to the treatment....

 --- nimorazole

Nimorazole

Nimorazole is a nitroimidazole anti-infective....

 --- ornidazole

Ornidazole

Ornidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. It is used by the poultry industry.It has been investigated for use in Crohn's disease after bowel resection.-References:...

 --- ronidazole

Ronidazole

Ronidazole is an antiprotozoal agent used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery. It may also have use for the treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats....

 --- tinidazole

Tinidazole

Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections. It is widely known throughout Europe and the developing world as treatment for a variety of amoebic and parasitic infections...

--- nitrophenols

Nitrophenols

Nitrophenols are a family of nitrated phenols with the formula HOC6H4NO2. Three isomeric nitrophenols exist:* o-Nitrophenol , a yellow crystalline solid ....

--- dinitrophenols --- 2,4-dinitrophenol

2,4-Dinitrophenol

2,4-Dinitrophenol , C6H4N2O5, is a cellular metabolic poison. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by carrying protons across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a rapid consumption of energy without generation of ATP....

 --- 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide --- niclofolan --- nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate --- nitroxinil --- picrates

--- nitroquinolines

--- 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide

--- nitrosamines

--- butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine --- diethylnitrosamine --- dimethylnitrosamine --- n-nitrosopyrrolidine

--- nitrosoguanidines

--- methylnitronitrosoguanidine

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine is a biochemical tool used experimentally as a carcinogen and mutagen. It acts by adding alkyl groups to the O6 of guanine and O4 of thymine...

--- nitrosourea compounds

Nitrosourea compounds

Nitrosourea is both the name of a molecule, and a class of compounds that include a nitroso group and a urea.-Examples:Examples include:* Carmustine* Lomustine* Semustine* Ethylnitrosourea * Streptozotocin...

--- carmustine

Carmustine

Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related β-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy...

 --- ethylnitrosourea --- lomustine

Lomustine

Lomustine is an alkylating nitrosourea compound used in chemotherapy. It is in the same family as streptozotocin. This is a highly lipid soluble drug, and thus crosses the blood brain barrier. This property makes it ideal for treating brain tumors, and is its primary use...

 --- semustine

Semustine

Semustine is a drug used in chemotherapy.Structurally similar to Lomustine....

 --- methylnitrosourea --- nimustine

Nimustine

Nimustine is a nitrosourea alkylating agent....

 --- streptozocin

--- reactive nitrogen species

Reactive nitrogen species

Reactive nitrogen species are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide and superoxide produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 and NADPH oxidase respectively...

--- s-nitrosothiols --- s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine is the chemical compound with the formula ONSC2CHCO2H. SNAP is an S-nitrosothiol and is used as a model for the general class of S-nitrosothiols which have received much attention in biochemistry because nitric oxide and some organic nitroso derivatives serve as...

 --- s-nitrosoglutathione

S-Nitrosoglutathione

S-Nitrosoglutathione is an endogenous S-nitrosothiol that plays a critical role in nitric oxide signaling and is a source of bioavailable NO. NO coexists in cells with SNOs that serve as endogenous NO carriers and donors...

--- quaternary ammonium compounds

--- ambenonium chloride

Ambenonium chloride

Ambenonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the management of myasthenia gravis.It is classified as reversible.-Mechanism of Action:...

 --- benzalkonium compounds --- benzethonium --- bephenium compounds --- betaine --- betalains --- betacyanins --- betaxanthins --- bethanechol compounds --- bethanechol

Bethanechol

Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action. Bethanechol does not involve...

 --- bretylium compounds --- bretylium tosylate --- cetrimonium compounds --- chlorisondamine

Chlorisondamine

Chlorisondamine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that produces both neuronal and ganglionic blockade.Chlorisondamine has been shown to form noncovalent complexes with various biomolecules including sphingomyelin and other associated glycolipids....

 --- chlormequat --- (4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride --- choline

Choline

Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation....

 --- benzoylcholine --- carbachol

Carbachol

Carbachol , also known as carbamylcholine, is a drug that binds and activates the acetylcholine receptor. Thus it is classified as a cholinergic agonist. It is primarily used for various ophthalmic purposes, such as for treating glaucoma, or for use during ophthalmic surgery...

 --- cytidine diphosphate choline --- phosphorylcholine

Phosphorylcholine

Phosphorylcholine is a zwitterionic phospholipid found on the outer surface of red blood cell membranes. It is created by CD5+/B-1 B cells and is referred to as a non-pathogenic autoantibody.-Thrombus Resistant Stents:...

 --- platelet activating factor --- propylbenzilylcholine mustard --- succinylcholine --- thiocholine --- acetylthiocholine --- butyrylthiocholine --- edrophonium

Edrophonium

Edrophonium is a readily reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It prevents breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, mainly at the neuromuscular junction...

 --- emepronium

Emepronium

Emepronium is an anticholinergic drug used in urology as an antispasmodic.It causes ulceration of esophagus, so it should be taken in orthostatic position with sufficient amounts of liquids....

 --- gallamine triethiodide --- glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate is a medication of the muscarinic anticholinergic group. It does not cross the blood brain barrier and consequently has no to few central effects. It is a synthetic quaternary amine...

 --- hemicholinium 3 --- lissamine green dyes --- methacholine compounds --- methacholine chloride --- bis-trimethylammonium compounds --- decamethonium compounds --- hexamethonium compounds --- hexamethonium

Hexamethonium

Hexamethonium is a ganglionic blocker, a nicotinic nACh receptor antagonist that acts in autonomic ganglia by binding mostly in or on the NN receptor, and not the acetylcholine binding site itself...

 --- muscarine

Muscarine

Muscarine, L--muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata. Mushrooms in the genera Entoloma and Mycena have also been found to contain levels of muscarine which can be dangerous if ingested...

 --- neostigmine

Neostigmine

Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic that acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.- Synthesis :Neostigmine was first synthesized by Aeschlimann and Reinert in 1931....

 --- oxyphenonium --- propantheline --- tetraethylammonium compounds --- tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium is a quaternary ammonium cation consisting of four ethyl groups attached to a central nitrogen atom. Like other members of its class, it can be used to alter a compound's solubility by displacing hard acids with this comparatively softer acid...

 --- toxiferine

Toxiferine

Toxiferine is a curare toxin. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist....

 --- alcuronium

Alcuronium

Alcuronium is a peripherally acting muscle relaxant in the curare alkaloid family. It is a semi-synthetic substance derived from toxiferine.- Effects :...

 --- tubocurarine

Tubocurarine

Tubocurarine is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation...

--- arsenicals

--- arsanilic acid --- arsenamide

Arsenamide

Arsenamide is an arsenical. It is a proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas....

 --- arsenates --- arsenazo iii --- arsenites --- arsphenamine

Arsphenamine

Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used beginning in the 1910s to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis...

 --- p-azobenzenearsonate

P-Azobenzenearsonate

p-Azobenzenearsonate is an arsenical. It causes antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool....

 --- cacodylic acid

Cacodylic acid

Cacodylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula 2AsO2H. Derivatives of cacodylic acid, cacodylates, were frequently used as herbicides. For example, "Agent Blue," one of the chemicals used during the Vietnam War, is a mixture of cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate...

 --- melarsoprol

Melarsoprol

Melarsoprol is a medicinal drug used in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. It is also sold under the trade names “Mel B” and “Melarsen Oxide-BAL.”...

 --- roxarsone

--- ferric compounds

--- iron-dextran complex

--- organogold compounds

--- aurothioglucose

Aurothioglucose

Aurothioglucose, also known as gold thioglucose, is a chemical compound with the formula AuSC6H11O5. This derivative of the sugar glucose is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.-History:...

 --- auranofin

Auranofin

Auranofin is a gold complex classified by the World Health Organization as an antirheumatic agent.It has the brand name Ridaura.-Use in HIV infection:...

 --- gold sodium thiomalate

--- organomercury compounds

--- alkylmercury compounds --- chlormerodrin

Chlormerodrin

Chlormerodrin is a diuretic that was once used to treat patients with heart failure, but is no longer used in the United States....

 --- ethylmercury compounds --- cialit --- ethylmercuric chloride --- thimerosal --- mersalyl --- methylmercury compounds --- merbromin

Merbromin

Merbromin is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. Merbromin is an organomercuric disodium salt compound and a fluorescein...

 --- phenylmercury compounds --- chloromercurinitrophenols --- 4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate --- mercuribenzoates --- chloromercuribenzoates --- p-chloromercuribenzoic acid --- hydroxymercuribenzoates --- phenylmercuric acetate

--- organoplatinum compounds

--- carboplatin

Carboplatin

Carboplatin, or cis-Diammineplatinum is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer...

--- organotechnetium compounds

--- technetium tc 99m aggregated albumin --- technetium tc 99m diethyl-iminodiacetic acid --- technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid --- technetium tc 99m disofenin --- technetium tc 99m exametazime --- technetium tc 99m lidofenin --- technetium tc 99m medronate --- technetium tc 99m mertiatide --- technetium tc 99m pentetate --- technetium tc 99m sestamibi

--- organotin compounds

--- trialkyltin compounds --- triethyltin compounds --- trimethyltin compounds

--- diphosphoglyceric acids

--- 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

--- diphosphonates

--- alendronate

Alendronate

Alendronic acid or alendronate sodium — sold as Fosamax by Merck — is a bisphosphonate drug used for osteoporosis and several other bone diseases. It is marketed alone as well as in combination with vitamin D . Merck's U.S...

 --- clodronic acid

Clodronic acid

Clodronic acid or clodronate disodium is a bisphosphonate. It is used in experimental medicine to selectively deplete for macrophages. It is also approved for human use in Canada and Australia, the United Kingdom and Italy, where it is marketed as Bonefos, Loron and Clodron and prescribed as a...

 --- etidronic acid

Etidronic acid

Etidronic acid or 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid is a bisphosphonate used in detergents, water treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutical treatment....

 --- technetium tc 99m medronate

--- organothiophosphorus compounds

--- amifostine

Amifostine

Amifostine is a cytoprotective adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents. It is marketed by MedImmune under the trade name Ethyol.-Indications:...

 --- azinphosmethyl --- chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos is a crystalline organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to control insect pests. It is known by many trade names...

 --- coumaphos

Coumaphos

Coumaphos is a non-volatile, fat-soluble phosphorothioate with ectoparasiticide properties: it kills insects and mites. It is well known under manufacturer brand-names as a dip or wash, used on farm and domestic animals to control ticks, mites, flies and fleas...

 --- cystaphos --- diazinon

Diazinon

Diazinon , a colorless to dark brown liquid, is a thiophosphoric acid ester developed in 1952 by Ciba-Geigy, a Swiss chemical company...

 --- dimethoate

Dimethoate

Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide used to kill insects on contact. It was patented and introduced in the 1950s by American Cyanamid. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate is an anticholinesterase which disables cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for central nervous system...

 --- disulfoton

Disulfoton

Disulfoton is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide.- Toxicology and safety :The use of the substance has been restricted by the US government. Bayer, the manufacturer, is exiting the US market December 31, 2009....

 --- echothiophate iodide --- fenitrothion

Fenitrothion

Fenitrothion is a phosphorothioate insecticide....

 --- fenthion

Fenthion

Fenthion is an organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide. Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. Due to its relatively low toxicity towards humans and mammals, fenthion is listed as moderately toxic compound in U.S. Environmental...

 --- fonofos --- leptophos --- malathion

Malathion

Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Malathion is an insecticide of relatively low human toxicity, however one recent study has shown that children with higher levels of organophosphate pesticide metabolites in their urine are more likely...

 --- parathion

Parathion

Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion, is an organophosphate compound. It is a potent insecticide and acaricide. It was originally developed by IG Farben in the 1940s. It is highly toxic to non-target organisms, including humans. Its use is banned or restricted in many...

 --- methyl parathion --- phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester --- phorate

Phorate

Phorate is an organophosphate used as an insecticide and acaricide. At normal conditions, it is a pale yellow mobile liquid poorly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents. It is relatively stable and hydrolyses only at very acidic or basic conditions. It is very toxic both for...

 --- phosmet

Phosmet

Phosmet is a phthalimide-derived, non-systemic, organophosphate insecticide used on plants and animals. It is mainly used on apple trees for control of coddling moth, though it is also used on a wide range of fruit crops, ornamentals, and vines for the control of aphids, suckers, mites, and fruit...

 --- temefos --- thiophosphoric acid esters --- thiotepa

ThioTEPA

N,N'N'-triethylenethiophosphoramide is an alkylating agent used to treat cancer.ThioTEPA is an organophosphorus compound with the formula SP3. It is an analogue of N,N',N- triethylenephosphoramide . This molecule features tetrahedral phosphorus and is structurally akin to phosphate...

--- phosphonic acids

--- fosfomycin

Fosfomycin

Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species.-Uses:...

 --- phosphonoacetic acid --- foscarnet

Foscarnet

Foscarnet is the conjugate base of the chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2.-Uses:This phosphonic acid derivative is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses, including drug resistant cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2...

 --- trichlorfon

--- phosphoramide mustards

--- cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide , also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group....

 --- ifosfamide

Ifosfamide

Ifosfamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer.It is sometimes abbreviated "IFO".-Uses:It is given as a treatment for a variety of cancers, including:...

--- polyisoprenyl phosphates

--- dolichol phosphates

--- tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide

--- siloxanes

--- silicones --- dimethylpolysiloxanes --- simethicone

Simethicone

Simethicone is an oral anti-foaming agent used to reduce bloating, discomfort and pain caused by excess gas in the stomach or intestinal tract. It is a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and silica gel.-Chemical action and pharmaceutical effects:...

 --- silicone gels --- silicone oils

--- anisoles

--- anethole trithione

Anethole trithione

Anethole trithione, anetholtrithione, or anetholtrithion is a drug used in the treatment of dry mouth. It is listed in the U.S...

 --- butylated hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320...

 --- guaiacol

Guaiacol

Guaiacol is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula C6H4. Although it is biosynthesized by a variety of organisms, this colorless aromatic oil is usually derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. Samples darken upon exposure to air and light. Guaiacol is present in wood smoke,...

 --- guaifenesin

Guaifenesin

Guaifenesin INN or guaiphenesin , also glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.-History:Similar medicines derived from the guaiac tree were in use as a...

 --- methocarbamol

Methocarbamol

Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant used to treat skeletal muscle spasms...

--- bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate

--- catechols

--- curcumin

Curcumin

Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family . The other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are natural phenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric...

 --- estrogens, catechol --- hydroxyestrones --- guaiacol

Guaiacol

Guaiacol is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula C6H4. Although it is biosynthesized by a variety of organisms, this colorless aromatic oil is usually derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. Samples darken upon exposure to air and light. Guaiacol is present in wood smoke,...

 --- guaifenesin

Guaifenesin

Guaifenesin INN or guaiphenesin , also glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.-History:Similar medicines derived from the guaiac tree were in use as a...

 --- 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol --- nordihydroguaiaretic acid --- tiron

--- chlorophenols

--- dichlorophen

Dichlorophen

Dichlorophen is an anticestodal agent....

 --- hexachlorophene

Hexachlorophene

Hexachlorophene, also known as Nabac, is a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white to light-tan crystalline powder, which either is odorless or produces a slightly phenolic odor. In medicine, hexachlorophene is very useful as a topical anti-infective, anti-bacterial agent, often used in soaps...

 --- pentachlorophenol

Pentachlorophenol

Pentachlorophenol is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant. First produced in the 1930s, it is marketed under many trade names...

--- cresols

--- bisacodyl

Bisacodyl

Bisacodyl is a stimulant laxative drug that works directly on the large colon to produce a bowel movement. It is typically prescribed for relief of constipation and for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction as well as part of bowel preparation before medical examinations, such as for a...

 --- brocresine --- bromcresol green --- bromcresol purple --- butylated hydroxytoluene

Butylated hydroxytoluene

Butylated hydroxytoluene , also known as butylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound that is primarily used as an antioxidant food additive as well as an antioxidant additive in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, jet fuels, rubber, petroleum products, electrical transformer oil, and embalming...

 --- creosote

Creosote

Creosote is the portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties...

 --- cyclofenil

Cyclofenil

Cyclofenil is a selective estrogen receptor modulator.It was investigated as a possible treatment for scleroderma in the 1980s, but was found to be ineffective. Later study of its efficacy in treating Raynaud's phenomenon in people with scleroderma also found no statistically significant benefit....

 --- dinitrocresols --- formocresols --- tritolyl phosphates

--- hydroxybenzoic acids

--- gallic acid

Gallic acid

Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, a type of organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. The chemical formula is C6H23COOH. Gallic acid is found both free and as part of...

 --- hydrolyzable tannins --- propyl gallate

Propyl gallate

Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.-Description:Propyl...

 --- hydroxymercuribenzoates --- pactamycin --- parabens

Parabens

Parabens are a class of chemicals widely used as preservatives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas. These compounds, and their salts, are used primarily for their bactericidal and fungicidal properties...

 --- salicylic acids --- aminosalicylic acids --- p-aminosalicylic acid --- mesalamine --- anacardic acids

Anacardic acid

Anacardic acids are chemical compounds found in the shell of the cashew nut . As they are closely related to urushiol, they also cause an allergic skin rash on contact, known as urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. Anacardic acid is a yellow liquid. It is miscible partially in alcohol and ether,...

 --- aspirin

Aspirin

Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid , is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. It was discovered by Arthur Eichengrun, a chemist with the German company Bayer...

 --- diflunisal

Diflunisal

Diflunisal is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug . It was developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme in 1971 after showing promise in a research project studying more potent chemical analogs of aspirin. It was first sold under the brand name Dolobid, marketed by Merck & Co., but generic versions are now...

 --- salicylic acid

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin...

 --- salicylates --- gentisates --- sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate is a sodium salt of salicylic acid. It can be prepared from sodium phenolate and carbon dioxide under higher temperature and pressure...

 --- vanillic acid

Vanillic acid

Vanillic acid is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is an oxidized form of vanillin...

--- nitrophenols

Nitrophenols

Nitrophenols are a family of nitrated phenols with the formula HOC6H4NO2. Three isomeric nitrophenols exist:* o-Nitrophenol , a yellow crystalline solid ....

--- dinitrophenols --- 2,4-dinitrophenol

2,4-Dinitrophenol

2,4-Dinitrophenol , C6H4N2O5, is a cellular metabolic poison. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by carrying protons across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a rapid consumption of energy without generation of ATP....

 --- 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide --- niclofolan --- nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate --- nitroxinil --- picrates

--- phenolphthaleins

--- phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation. Often used in titrations, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions...

 --- phenolsulfonphthalein --- sulfobromophthalein --- thymolphthalein

Thymolphthalein

Thymolphthalein is an acid-base indicator. Its transition range is at approximately pH 9.3-10.5. Below this pH, it is colorless; above this pH, it is blue. The molar extinction coefficient for the blue thymolphthalein dianion is 38000 M-1cm-1 at 595 nm....

--- phloroglucinol

Phloroglucinol

Phloroglucinol is a benzenetriol. It is an organic compound that is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and explosives. This molecule exists in two forms, or tautomers, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, which has phenol-like, and 1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione , which has ketone-like character. These two...

--- phloretin

Phloretin

Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols. It is the phloroglucin ester of paraoxyhydratropic acid. It can be found in apple tree leaves.-Metabolism:Phloretin hydrolase uses phloretin and water to produce phloretate and phloroglucinol....

 --- polyphloretin phosphate

--- resorcinols

--- hexylresorcinol

Hexylresorcinol

Hexylresorcinol is a chemical compound with anaesthetic, antiseptic and antihelmintic properties.It can be used topically on small skin infections, or as an ingredient in throat lozenges....

 --- zearalenone

Zearalenone

Zearalenone , also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Gibberella species.Several Fusarium species produce toxic substances of considerable concern to livestock and poultry producers: namely, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol ...

 --- zeranol

Zeranol

Zeranol is a non-steroidal estrogen agonist. It is a mycotoxin, derived from fungi in the Fusarium family, and may be found as a contaminant in fungus-infected crops. It is 3-4x more potent as an estrogen agonist than the related compound zearalenone.Zeranol is approved for use as a growth...

--- anthraquinones

--- carmine

Carmine

Carmine , also called Crimson Lake, Cochineal, Natural Red #4, C.I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminum salt of carminic acid, which is produced by some scale insects, such as the cochineal beetle and the Polish cochineal, and is used as a general term for...

 --- cascara

Cascara

Cascara may refer to:*Rhamnus purshiana, a plant known for its laxative properties*Cascara, a fictional Caribbean island in the film Water*Cáscara, a rhythm found in some Cuban music*Coffee cherry tea, from Spanish cáscara, meaning "shell, husk"....

 --- emodin

Emodin

Emodin is a purgative resin, 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, from rhubarb, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed...

 --- mitoxantrone

Mitoxantrone

Mitoxantrone is an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent.-Uses:It is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, mostly metastatic breast cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma...

--- benzoquinones

Benzoquinones

Benzoquinone is a quinone with a single benzene ring, of which there are only two:* 1,4-Benzoquinone, most commonly...

--- carbazilquinone --- chloranil

Chloranil

Chloranil is a quinone with the molecular formula C6Cl4O2....

 --- dibromothymoquinone --- plastoquinone

Plastoquinone

Plastoquinone is a quinone molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Plastoquinone is reduced , forming plastoquinol...

 --- ubiquinone

--- indolequinones

Indolequinones

Indolequinones are molecules which are based upon an indole but have two additional ketone groups attached to the ring structure.This simple indolequinone indole-5,6-quinone is produced during the ripening of some fruit....

--- mitomycins --- mitomycin

Mitomycin

The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. One of these compounds, mitomycin C, finds use as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour antibiotic activity. It is given intravenously to treat...

 --- porfiromycin --- pyrroloiminoquinones

--- naphthoquinones

--- vitamin k 1 --- vitamin k 2 --- vitamin k 3

--- semicarbazones

--- thiosemicarbazones --- methisazone

Methisazone

Methisazone is an antiviral drug that works by inhibiting mRNA and protein synthesis, especially in pox viruses. It has been used in the past to treat smallpox.Methisazone has been described as being used in prophylaxis since at least 1965....

 --- thioacetazone

Thioacetazone

Thioacetazone is also called thiocetazone, thiacetazone, thiosemicarbazone, benzothiozane or amithiozone; abbreviated T....

--- amino acids, sulfur

--- cystathionine

Cystathionine

Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine.It is generated from homocysteine and serine by cystathionine beta synthase.It is cleaved into cysteine and α-ketobutyrate by cystathionine gamma-lyase....

 --- cysteic acid

Cysteic acid

Cysteic acid is an intermediate in cysteine metabolism....

 --- cysteine

Cysteine

Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...

 --- acetylcysteine --- carbocysteine --- cysteinyldopa

Cysteinyldopa

Cysteinyldopa is a catecholamine. Excessive cysteinyldopa in plasma and urine has been linked to malignant melanoma. Cysteinyldopa is found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of...

 --- cystine

Cystine

Cystine is a dimeric amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that covalently link to make a disulfide bond. This organosulfur compound has the formula 2. It is a white solid, and melts at 247-249 °C...

 --- selenocysteine

Selenocysteine

Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes .-Nomenclature:...

 --- ethionine --- homocysteine

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CHCO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group...

 --- s-adenosylhomocysteine --- homocystine --- methionine

Methionine

Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein...

 --- s-adenosylmethionine --- n-formylmethionine

N-Formylmethionine

N-Formylmethionine is a proteinogenic amino acid found in Bacteria and related Prokaryotic organelles. It is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group...

 --- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine

N-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine

N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is a formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become "metabolically activated" N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is...

 --- methionine sulfoximine --- buthionine sulfoximine

Buthionine sulfoximine

Buthionine sulfoximine is a sulfoximine used in chemotherapy which reduces levels of glutathione. The compound inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme required in the first step of glutathione synthesis. Buthionine sulfoximine may also be used to increase the sensitivity of...

 --- selenomethionine

Selenomethionine

Selenomethionine is an amino acid containing selenium. The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine, known as Se-met and Sem, is a common natural food source of selenium. In vivo, selenomethionine is randomly incorporated instead of methionine and is readily oxidized. Its antioxidant activity arises from...

 --- vitamin u --- penicillamine

Penicillamine

Penicillamine is a pharmaceutical of the chelator class. It is sold under the trade names of Cuprimine and Depen. The pharmaceutical form is D-penicillamine, as L-penicillamine is toxic...

 --- s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine is the chemical compound with the formula ONSC2CHCO2H. SNAP is an S-nitrosothiol and is used as a model for the general class of S-nitrosothiols which have received much attention in biochemistry because nitric oxide and some organic nitroso derivatives serve as...

 --- thiopronine --- thiorphan

Thiorphan

Thiorphan is the active metabolite of the antidiarrheal racecadotril . It prevents the degradation of endogenous enkephalins by acting as an enkephalinase inhibitor....

--- isothiocyanates

--- 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid --- 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid --- fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate --- 1-naphthylisothiocyanate

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate is a chemical compound which is an isothiocyanate derivative of naphthalene....

--- organothiophosphorus compounds

--- amifostine

Amifostine

Amifostine is a cytoprotective adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents. It is marketed by MedImmune under the trade name Ethyol.-Indications:...

 --- azinphosmethyl --- chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos is a crystalline organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to control insect pests. It is known by many trade names...

 --- coumaphos

Coumaphos

Coumaphos is a non-volatile, fat-soluble phosphorothioate with ectoparasiticide properties: it kills insects and mites. It is well known under manufacturer brand-names as a dip or wash, used on farm and domestic animals to control ticks, mites, flies and fleas...

 --- cystaphos --- diazinon

Diazinon

Diazinon , a colorless to dark brown liquid, is a thiophosphoric acid ester developed in 1952 by Ciba-Geigy, a Swiss chemical company...

 --- dimethoate

Dimethoate

Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide used to kill insects on contact. It was patented and introduced in the 1950s by American Cyanamid. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate is an anticholinesterase which disables cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for central nervous system...

 --- disulfoton

Disulfoton

Disulfoton is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide.- Toxicology and safety :The use of the substance has been restricted by the US government. Bayer, the manufacturer, is exiting the US market December 31, 2009....

 --- echothiophate iodide --- fenitrothion

Fenitrothion

Fenitrothion is a phosphorothioate insecticide....

 --- fenthion

Fenthion

Fenthion is an organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide. Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. Due to its relatively low toxicity towards humans and mammals, fenthion is listed as moderately toxic compound in U.S. Environmental...

 --- fonofos --- leptophos --- malathion

Malathion

Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Malathion is an insecticide of relatively low human toxicity, however one recent study has shown that children with higher levels of organophosphate pesticide metabolites in their urine are more likely...

 --- parathion

Parathion

Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion, is an organophosphate compound. It is a potent insecticide and acaricide. It was originally developed by IG Farben in the 1940s. It is highly toxic to non-target organisms, including humans. Its use is banned or restricted in many...

 --- methyl parathion --- phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester --- phorate

Phorate

Phorate is an organophosphate used as an insecticide and acaricide. At normal conditions, it is a pale yellow mobile liquid poorly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents. It is relatively stable and hydrolyses only at very acidic or basic conditions. It is very toxic both for...

 --- phosmet

Phosmet

Phosmet is a phthalimide-derived, non-systemic, organophosphate insecticide used on plants and animals. It is mainly used on apple trees for control of coddling moth, though it is also used on a wide range of fruit crops, ornamentals, and vines for the control of aphids, suckers, mites, and fruit...

 --- temefos --- thiophosphoric acid esters --- thiotepa

ThioTEPA

N,N'N'-triethylenethiophosphoramide is an alkylating agent used to treat cancer.ThioTEPA is an organophosphorus compound with the formula SP3. It is an analogue of N,N',N- triethylenephosphoramide . This molecule features tetrahedral phosphorus and is structurally akin to phosphate...

--- phenothiazines

--- acepromazine

Acepromazine

Acepromazine or acetylpromazine is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug. It was first used in humans in the 1950s, but is now little used in humans...

 --- azure stains --- chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic...

 --- fluphenazine

Fluphenazine

Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of psychoses such as schizophrenia and acute manic phases of bipolar disorder. It belongs to the piperazine class of phenothiazines....

 --- mesoridazine

Mesoridazine

Mesoridazine is a piperidine neuroleptic drug belonging to the class of drugs called phenothiazines, used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is a metabolite of thioridazine...

 --- methotrimeprazine --- methylene blue

Methylene blue

Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with the molecular formula C16H18N3SCl. It has many uses in a range of different fields, such as biology and chemistry. At room temperature it appears as a solid, odorless, dark green powder, that yields a blue solution when dissolved in...

 --- moricizine

Moricizine

Moricizine is a phenothiazine derivative with Vaughan Williams class Ic antiarrhythmic properties. It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, has a bioavailability of 34-38 percent, and is 95 percent bound to plasma proteins. Moricizine is extensively metabolized and may have pharmacologically...

 --- nonachlazine --- perazine

Perazine

Perazine is a moderate-potency typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. It is quite similar to chlorpromazine, and acts as a dopamine antagonist.- External links :...

 --- perphenazine

Perphenazine

Perphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug. Chemically, it is classified as a piperazinyl phenothiazine. It has been in clinical use for decades....

 --- prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine is a dopamine receptor antagonist that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotic agents that are used for the antiemetic treatment of nausea and vertigo. It is also a highly-potent typical antipsychotic, 10-20x more potent than chlorpromazine...

 --- promazine

Promazine

Promazine is a medication that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics. An older medication used to treat schizophrenia, it is still prescribed, alongside newer agents such as olanzapine and quetiapine...

 --- promethazine

Promethazine

Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenothiazine family. The drug has anti-motion sickness, antiemetic, and anticholinergic effects, as well as a strong sedative effect and in some countries is prescribed for insomnia when benzodiazepines are contraindicated...

 --- thiethylperazine

Thiethylperazine

Thiethylperazine is an antiemetic of the phenothiazine class. Though it was never licensed or used as an antipsychotic, it may have such effects....

 --- thioridazine

Thioridazine

Thioridazine is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug group and was previously widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis...

 --- tolonium chloride

Tolonium chloride

Tolonium chloride is a blue cationic dye used in histology.- Test for lignin :Toluidine blue solution is used in testing for lignin, a complex organic molecule that bonds to cellulose fibres and strengthens and hardens the cell walls in plants. A positive toluidine blue test causes the solution...

 --- trifluoperazine

Trifluoperazine

Trifluoperazine is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine chemical class.- Uses :...

 --- triflupromazine

Triflupromazine

Triflupromazine is an antipsychotic medication of the phenothiazine class. Among different effects of triflupromazine indication for use of this drug is severe emesis...

 --- trimeprazine

--- sulfhydryl compounds

--- cysteine

Cysteine

Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...

 --- dimercaprol

Dimercaprol

Dimercaprol or British anti-Lewisite , is a compound developed by British biochemists at Oxford University during World War II. It was developed secretly as an antidote for lewisite, the now-obsolete arsenic-based chemical warfare agent. Today, it is used medically in treatment of arsenic,...

 --- unithiol --- ergothioneine

Ergothioneine

Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom in the imidazole ring. This compound is made in rather few organisms, notably Actinobacteria and filamentous fungi. Ergothioneine was discovered in 1909 and named after the ergot...

 --- mercaptoethanol --- mercaptoethylamines --- cysteamine

Cysteamine

Cysteamine is the chemical compound with the formula HSCH2CH2NH2. It is the simplest stable aminothiol and a degradation product of the amino acid cysteine. It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, HSCH2CH2NH3Cl....

 --- 3-mercaptopropionic acid --- 6-mercaptopurine --- mesna

Mesna

Mesna is an organosulfur compound. It is used in cancer chemotherapy involving cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide as an adjuvant. It is marketed by Baxter as Uromitexan and Mesnex...

 --- methimazole

Methimazole

Methimazole is an antithyroid drug, and part of the thioamide group.-Indications:...

 --- pantetheine

Pantetheine

Pantetheine is the cysteamine amide analogue of pantothenic acid . The dimer of this compound, pantethine is more commonly known, and is considered to be a more potent form of vitamin B5 than pantothenic acid. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of coenzyme A by the body....

 --- s-nitrosothiols --- s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine is the chemical compound with the formula ONSC2CHCO2H. SNAP is an S-nitrosothiol and is used as a model for the general class of S-nitrosothiols which have received much attention in biochemistry because nitric oxide and some organic nitroso derivatives serve as...

 --- s-nitrosoglutathione

S-Nitrosoglutathione

S-Nitrosoglutathione is an endogenous S-nitrosothiol that plays a critical role in nitric oxide signaling and is a source of bioavailable NO. NO coexists in cells with SNOs that serve as endogenous NO carriers and donors...

 --- succimer --- technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid --- thioglycolates --- thiomalates --- gold sodium thiomalate

--- sulfides

--- disulfides --- cystine

Cystine

Cystine is a dimeric amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that covalently link to make a disulfide bond. This organosulfur compound has the formula 2. It is a white solid, and melts at 247-249 °C...

 --- disulfiram

Disulfiram

Disulfiram is a drug discovered in the 1920s and used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals...

--- sulfones

--- dansyl compounds --- dapsone

Dapsone

Dapsone is a medication most commonly used in combination with rifampicin and clofazimine as multidrug therapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium leprae infections . It is also second-line treatment for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci Dapsone...

 --- acedapsone

Acedapsone

Acedapsone is an antimicrobial drug, which also has antimalarial activity.Acedapsone, or 1399 F, is a diacetyl compound, derived from dapsone...

 --- phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride --- sulfonamides --- benzolamide --- benzothiadiazines --- bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide , formerly bendrofluazide , is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension.It is also a fairly cheap drug, made cheap through mass production...

 --- chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide sodium is a diuretic used within the hospital setting or for personal use to manage excess fluid associated with congestive heart failure. It is also used as an antihypertensive....

 --- hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide, abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT, is a first-line diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is...

 --- trichlormethiazide

Trichlormethiazide

Trichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema and hypertension...

 --- cyclopenthiazide

Cyclopenthiazide

Cyclopenthiazide is a diuretic....

 --- diazoxide

Diazoxide

Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions...

 --- hydroflumethiazide

Hydroflumethiazide

Hydroflumethiazide is a diuretic....

 --- methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide is a diuretic....

 --- polythiazide

Polythiazide

Polythiazide is a thiazide diuretic....

 --- bumetanide

Bumetanide

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in people in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective. It is marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche. The main difference between the two substances is in bioavailability and pharmacodynamic potency...

 --- chloramines --- chlorthalidone --- clopamide

Clopamide

Clopamide is a piperidine diuretic.Mechanism of Action of Clopamide: Clopamide is categorised as a thiazide like drug and works in similar way as the thiazide diuretics do. It acts at the Proximal Convoluted tubule site of the nephron where it inhibits the sodium-chloride cotransporter...

 --- dichlorphenamide --- ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic...

 --- indapamide

Indapamide

Indapamide is a thiazide diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure. The US trade name for indapamide is Lozol. Indapamide is marketed as Natrilix outside of the US, as Insig in Australia...

 --- 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine --- mafenide

Mafenide

Mafenide is a sulfonamide.-Uses:It is used to treat severe burns.Mafenide can interfere with the kidney's role in hydrogen ion excretion, resulting in metabolic acidosis....

 --- mefruside

Mefruside

Mefruside is a diuretic indicated for the treatment of edema and hypertension.It was developed by Bayer A.G. and is sold under the tradename Baycaron....

 --- metolazone

Metolazone

Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox. It is primarily used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. Metolazone indirectly decreases the amount of water reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the kidney,...

 --- probenecid

Probenecid

Probenecid is a uricosuric drug that increases uric acid excretion in the urine. It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia.Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide...

 --- sulfanilamides

Sulfanilamides

Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Chemically, it is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline....

 --- furosemide

Furosemide

Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Lasix...

 --- sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-Uses:Sulfacetamide 10% topical lotion, sold under the brand name Klaron or Ovace, is approved for the treatment of acne and seborrheic dermatitis. When combined with sulfur, it is sold under the brand names Plexion, Clenia, Prascion, and Avar, which...

 --- sulfachlorpyridazine --- sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-Uses:It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folic acid inside the bacterial cell, and is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections ....

 --- silver sulfadiazine --- sulfadimethoxine

Sulfadimethoxine

Sulfadimethoxine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. Albon is produced by Pfizer Animal Health and is available as a oral suspension, tablet or bolus. It is used to treat many infections including treatment of respiratory, urinary tract, enteric, and soft tissue infections. It is most frequently used in...

 --- sulfadoxine

Sulfadoxine

Sulfadoxine is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide often used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat or prevent malaria....

 --- sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine is a sulfonamide....

 --- sulfalene

Sulfalene

Sulfalene is a sulfonamide antibacterial used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, urinary tract infections and malaria....

 --- sulfamerazine

Sulfamerazine

Sulfamerazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial....

 --- sulfameter --- sulfamethazine --- sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide bacteriostatic antibiotic.It is most often used as part of a synergistic combination with trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio in co-trimoxazole , also known under trade names such as Bactrim, Septrin, or Septra; in Eastern Europe it is marketed as Biseptol...

 --- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination --- sulfamethoxypyridazine

Sulfamethoxypyridazine

Sulfamethoxypyridazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial.It is prescribed for vaginal irritation, and severe acute thrush....

 --- sulfamonomethoxine --- sulfamoxole

Sulfamoxole

Sulfamoxole is a sulfonamide antibacterial....

 --- sulfaphenazole

Sulfaphenazole

Sulfaphenazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial....

 --- sulfapyridine

Sulfapyridine

Sulfapyridine, original UK spelling Sulphapyridine, is a sulfonamide antibacterial. At one time it was commonly referred to as M&B....

 --- sulfaquinoxaline

Sulfaquinoxaline

Sulfaquinoxaline is a veterinary medicine which can be given to cattle and sheep to treat coccidiosis....

 --- sulfathiazoles --- sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole is a sulfonamide antibiotic.-External links:...

 --- sulfisomidine

Sulfisomidine

Sulfisomidine , also known as sulphasomidine , sulfamethin and sulfaisodimidine, is a sulfonamide antibacterial. It is closely related to sulfadimidine....

 --- sulfisoxazole --- sulfasalazine --- sumatriptan

Sumatriptan

Sumatriptan is a triptan sulfa drug containing a sulfonamide group. It is used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Sumatriptan is produced and marketed by various drug manufacturers with many different trade names such as Sumatriptan, Imitrex, Imigran, Imigran recovery.-Approval and...

 --- xipamide

Xipamide

Xipamide is a sulfonamide diuretic drug marketed by Eli Lilly under the trade names Aquaphor and Aquaphoril . It is used for the treatment of oedema and hypertension.- Mechanism of action :...

 --- sulfonylurea compounds --- acetohexamide

Acetohexamide

Acetohexamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea medication used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2, particularly in people whose diabetes cannot be controlled by diet alone.-Mechanism of action:...

 --- carbutamide

Carbutamide

Carbutamide is an anti-diabetic drug of the sulfonylurea class, developed by Servier.It is classified as first-generation....

 --- chlorpropamide

Chlorpropamide

Chlorpropamide is a drug in the sulphonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is a long-acting sulphonylurea. It has more side effects than other sulphonylureas and its use is no longer recommended.-Mechanism of action:...

 --- gliclazide

Gliclazide

Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic and is classified as a sulfonylurea. It is marketed as Glizid, Glyloc and Reclide in India and Diamicron in Canada. In the Philippines, Servier markets it as Diamicron MR, like in most countries across the world. Many generic equivalents are also available e.g....

 --- glipizide

Glipizide

Glipizide is an oral medium-to-long acting anti-diabetic drug from the sulfonylurea class. It is classified as a second generation sulfonylurea, which means that it undergoes enterohepatic circulation. The structure on the R2 group is a much larger cyclo or aromatic group compared to the 1st...

 --- glyburide --- tolazamide

Tolazamide

Tolazamide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug used for people with Type 2 diabetes. It is part of the sulfonylurea family .-Synthesis:para-Toluenesulfonamide is converted to its carbamate with ethyl chloroformate in the presence of a base...

 --- tolbutamide

Tolbutamide

Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker, sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drug sold under the brand name Orinase. This drug may be used in the management of type II diabetes if diet alone is not effective. Tolbutamide stimulates the secretion of insulin by the pancreas...

 --- tosyl compounds --- bromcresol green --- bromcresol purple --- bromphenol blue --- bromthymol blue --- tosylarginine methyl ester --- tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone --- tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone

--- sulfoxides

--- dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide is an organosulfur compound with the formula 2SO. This colorless liquid is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water...

 --- omeprazole

Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease , laryngopharyngeal reflux and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome...

--- sulfur acids

Sulfur acids

The sulfur oxoacids are chemical compounds that contain sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen. The best known and most important industrially is sulfuric acid. Sulfur has a number of oxoacids; however, some of these are known only from their salts...

--- sulfenic acids --- sulfinic acids

Sulfinic acids

Sulfinic acids are oxoacids of sulfur with the structure RSO. In these organosulfur compounds, sulfur is pyramidal, thus the acids are chiral....

 --- sulfonic acids --- alkanesulfonic acids --- alkanesulfonates --- mesna

Mesna

Mesna is an organosulfur compound. It is used in cancer chemotherapy involving cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide as an adjuvant. It is marketed by Baxter as Uromitexan and Mesnex...

 --- mesylates --- busulfan

Busulfan

Busulfan is a cancer drug, in use since 1959.Busulfan is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates...

 --- ethyl methanesulfonate --- methyl methanesulfonate

Methyl methanesulfonate

Methyl methanesulfonate is an alkylating agent and a carcinogen. It is also a suspected reproductive toxicant, and may also be a skin/sense organ toxicant. It is used in cancer treatment.-Chemical reactions with DNA:...

 --- sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate , sodium laurilsulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate is an organic compound with the formula CH311OSO3Na). It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products...

 --- sodium tetradecyl sulfate

Sodium tetradecyl sulfate

Sodium tetradecyl sulfate is a sclerosant drug. It is commonly used in the treatment of varicose and spider veins of the leg, during the procedure of sclerotherapy. Being a detergent-based chemical, its action is on the lipid molecules in the cells of the vein wall, causing destruction of the...

 --- hepes

HEPES

HEPES is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of the twelve Good's buffers...

 --- isethionic acid

Isethionic acid

Isethionic acid is a short chain alkane sulfonic acid containing hydroxy group, is a water soluble solid used in the manufacture of mild, biodegradable and high foaming anionic surfactants for skin cleansing....

 --- taurine --- taurocholic acid

Taurocholic acid

Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a deliquescent yellowish crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with taurine...

 --- taurodeoxycholic acid

Taurodeoxycholic acid

Taurodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid....

 --- taurochenodeoxycholic acid

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic....

 --- taurolithocholic acid

Taurolithocholic acid

Taurolithocholic acid is a bile acid....

 --- arylsulfonic acids --- arylsulfonates --- benzenesulfonates --- calcium dobesilate

Calcium dobesilate

Calcium dobesilate is a vasoprotective....

 --- 4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate --- ethamsylate

Ethamsylate

Ethamsylate is a haemostatic drug.It is believed to work by increasing capillary endothelial resistance and promoting platelet adhesion....

 --- ferrozine --- polyanetholesulfonate --- tiron --- lissamine green dyes --- naphthalenesulfonates

Naphthalenesulfonates

Naphthalenesulfonates are a derivative of sulfonic acid which contain a naphthalene functional unit.Examples include:* amaranth dye* amido black* armstrong's acid* congo red* evans blue* suramin* trypan blue...

 --- amaranth dye --- amido black

Amido black

Amido black 10B is an amino acid staining diazo dye used in biochemical research to stain for total protein on transferred membrane blots. It is also used in criminal investigations to detect blood present with latent fingerprints. It stains the proteins in blood a blue-black color. Amido Black...

 --- anilino naphthalenesulfonates --- congo red

Congo red

Congo red is the sodium salt of 3,3'-bis. It is a secondary diazo dye...

 --- evans blue

Evans blue

T-1824 or Evans Blue, often incorrectly rendered as Evan's Blue, is an azo dye which has a very high affinity for serum albumin. Because of this, it can be useful in physiology in estimating the proportion of body water contained in blood plasma....

 --- suramin

Suramin

Suramin is a drug developed by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe of Bayer, Germany in 1916, and is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin.According to the National Cancer Institute there are no active clinical trials...

 --- trypan blue

Trypan blue

Trypan blue is a vital stain used to selectively colour dead tissues or cells blue. It is a diazo dye.Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed;...

 --- sulfanilic acids --- trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid --- thiosulfonic acids --- sulfuric acids --- pentosan sulfuric polyester --- sulfuric acid esters

--- thiazides

--- benzothiadiazines --- bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide , formerly bendrofluazide , is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension.It is also a fairly cheap drug, made cheap through mass production...

 --- chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide sodium is a diuretic used within the hospital setting or for personal use to manage excess fluid associated with congestive heart failure. It is also used as an antihypertensive....

 --- hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide, abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT, is a first-line diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is...

 --- trichlormethiazide

Trichlormethiazide

Trichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema and hypertension...

 --- cyclopenthiazide

Cyclopenthiazide

Cyclopenthiazide is a diuretic....

 --- diazoxide

Diazoxide

Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions...

 --- hydroflumethiazide

Hydroflumethiazide

Hydroflumethiazide is a diuretic....

 --- methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide is a diuretic....

 --- polythiazide

Polythiazide

Polythiazide is a thiazide diuretic....

--- thiazines

--- chlormezanone

Chlormezanone

Chlormezanone is a drug used as an anxiolytic and a muscle relaxant.Its use was discontinued in many countries in 1996, due to rare but serious cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis.- Chemistry :...

 --- nifurtimox

Nifurtimox

Nifurtimox is a 5-nitrofuran and is used to treat diseases caused by trypanosomes including Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. It is given by mouth and not by injection.-Indications:...

 --- piroxicam

Piroxicam

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class used to relieve the symptoms of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, postoperative pain; and act as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component...

 --- thiadiazines --- xylazine

Xylazine

Xylazine is a drug that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non-human mammals. An analogue of clonidine, it is an agonist at the α2 class of adrenergic receptor....

--- thiazoles

--- chlormethiazole --- dithiazanine --- ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic...

 --- famotidine

Famotidine

Famotidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and it is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease . It is commonly marketed by Johnson & Johnson/Merck under the trade names Pepcidine and Pepcid and by...

 --- fanft --- firefly luciferin

Firefly luciferin

Firefly luciferin is the luciferin, or light-emitting compound, found in many firefly species. It is the substrate of luciferase , which is responsible for the characteristic yellow light emission from many firefly species...

 --- levamisole

Levamisole

Levamisole is an anthelminthic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966...

 --- niridazole

Niridazole

Niridazole is a schistosomicide. It is used to treat schistosomiasis, the helmintic disease caused by certain flatworms from the genus Schistosoma . It is also known by its trade name Ambilgar. It is usually is given as tablets. Niridazole has central nervous system toxicity and can cause...

 --- nizatidine

Nizatidine

Nizatidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease...

 --- oxythiamine --- rhodanine

Rhodanine

Rhodanine is an organic compound derived from thiazolidine. Rhodanine can be prepared by the reaction of carbon disulfide, ammonia, and chloroacetic acid....

 --- riluzole

Riluzole

Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in selected patients and may increase survival by approximately 3–5 months....

 --- ritonavir

Ritonavir

Ritonavir, with trade name Norvir , is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS....

 --- saccharin

Saccharin

Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations...

 --- sulfathiazoles --- tetramisole --- thiabendazole

Thiabendazole

Tiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide.-Fungicide:...

 --- thiadiazoles --- acetazolamide

Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia...

 --- benzolamide --- methazolamide

Methazolamide

Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor....

 --- timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

 --- thiamine

Thiamine

Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 , named as the "thio-vitamine" is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are...

 --- fursultiamin --- thiamine monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate is a thiamine derivative....

 --- thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate , or thiamine diphosphate , is a thiamine derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphatase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme that is present in all living systems, in which it catalyzes several biochemical reactions...

 --- thiamine triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate is found in most organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.-Function:It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism...

 --- thiazolidinediones

--- thiepins

--- dibenzothiepins --- dothiepin --- methiothepin --- thiazepines

Thiazepines

1,4-Thiazepine is a thiazepine.Diltiazem is based upon this structure....

 --- dibenzothiazepines

--- thiocarbamates

--- dimethyldithiocarbamate --- thiram

Thiram

Thiram is an ectoparasiticide. It is used to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of...

 --- ziram --- ditiocarb --- disulfiram

Disulfiram

Disulfiram is a drug discovered in the 1920s and used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals...

 --- ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates) --- maneb

Maneb

Maneb is a foliate fungicide and is a polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis anionic ligand. It was included in a biocide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency and approved by the European Parliament on January 13, 2009....

 --- zineb

Zineb

Zineb is a foliate fungicide and is a polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis anionic ligand.Its uses include control of downy mildews, rusts and redfire disease. It is produced by reacting ethylene bis sodium salt, nabam, with zinc sulfate. This can be carried out by mixing nabam and zinc...

 --- methomyl

Methomyl

Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide. It was introduced in 1966, but its use is restricted because of its high toxicity to humans. Its current primary use is on alfalfa for forage....

 --- tolnaftate

Tolnaftate

Tolnaftate is a synthetic over-the-counter anti-fungal agent. It may come as a cream, powder, spray, or liquid aerosol, and is used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm. It is sold under several brand names, most notably Tinactin and Odor Eaters . Other brands are Absorbine, Aftate,...

 --- triallate

--- thioglycosides

--- dithioerythritol

Dithioerythritol

Dithioerythritol is a sulfur containing sugar derived from the corresponding 4-carbon monosaccharide erythrose. It is an epimer of dithiothreitol...

 --- dithiothreitol

Dithiothreitol

Dithiothreitol is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent known as Cleland's reagent. DTT's formula is C4H10O2S2 and the molecular structure of its reduced form is shown at the right; its oxidized form is a disulfide-bonded 6-membered ring . Its name derives from the four-carbon...

 --- sucralfate

Sucralfate

Sucralfate is a cytoprotective agent, an oral gastrointestinal medication primarily indicated for the treatment of active duodenal ulcers. Brand names include Sucramal in Italy; Carafate in U.S.A.; Pepsigard, Sucral, Sucrafil, Hapifate in India; Sutra or Musin in parts of South-East Asia; Sulcrate...

 --- thiogalactosides --- isopropyl thiogalactoside --- thioglucosides --- glucosinolates

--- thionucleosides

--- thioinosine --- methylthioinosine --- thiouridine

--- thionucleotides

--- guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)

--- thiophenes

--- carticaine --- ketotifen

Ketotifen

Ketotifen is a second-generation H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold in as a salt of Fumaric Acid, Ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis, or the itchy red eyes caused by allergies. In...

 --- morantel --- pizotyline --- pyrantel

Pyrantel

Pyrantel is an antinematodal thiophene. It is often prescribed by veterinarians to treat and prevent the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small animal pets.-Mechanism of Action:Pyrantel is a nicotinic receptor agonist...

 --- pyrantel pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate or Pyrantel Embonate , is used as a deworming agent in the treatment of hookworms and roundworms in domesticated animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and many other species. It is a combination of pyrantel and pamoic acid...

 --- pyrantel tartrate --- thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, C8H5F3O2S, is a chemical compound used pharmacologically as a chelating agent. It is an inhibitor of cellular respiration by blocking the respiratory chain at complex II....

 --- thioctic acid --- ticlopidine

Ticlopidine

Ticlopidine is an antiplatelet drug in the thienopyridine family. Like clopidogrel, it is an adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor. It is used in patients in whom aspirin is not tolerated, or in whom dual antiplatelet therapy is desirable...

 --- ticrynafen

Ticrynafen

Tienilic acid or ticrynafen is a diuretic drug with uric acid-lowering action, formerly marketed for the treatment of hypertension...

 --- tiletamine

Tiletamine

Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related chemically and pharmacologically to other anesthetics in this family such as ketamine and phencyclidine...

--- thiosemicarbazones

--- methisazone

Methisazone

Methisazone is an antiviral drug that works by inhibiting mRNA and protein synthesis, especially in pox viruses. It has been used in the past to treat smallpox.Methisazone has been described as being used in prophylaxis since at least 1965....

 --- thioacetazone

Thioacetazone

Thioacetazone is also called thiocetazone, thiacetazone, thiosemicarbazone, benzothiozane or amithiozone; abbreviated T....

--- thiourea

Thiourea

Thiourea is an organosulfur compound of with the formula SC2 . It is structurally similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom, but the properties of urea and thiourea differ significantly. Thiourea is a reagent in organic synthesis. "Thioureas" refers to a broad...

--- beta-aminoethyl isothiourea --- burimamide

Burimamide

Burimamide is an antagonist at the H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It is largely inactive as an H2 antagonist at physiological pH, but its H3 affinity is 100x higher. It is a thiourea derivative....

 --- dimaprit

Dimaprit

Dimaprit is a histamine analog working as a H2 receptor agonist.-References:* Katzung, Bertram G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10th edition. New York: McGraw, Hill Medical, 2007, pp. 333-346...

 --- guanylthiourea --- isothiuronium --- methallibure --- metiamide

Metiamide

Metiamide is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide. It was an intermediate compound in the development of the successful anti-ulcer drug cimetidine .-Development of metiamide from burimamide:...

 --- noxythiolin --- phenylthiourea --- phenylthiazolylthiourea --- thiophanate

--- nitrosourea compounds

Nitrosourea compounds

Nitrosourea is both the name of a molecule, and a class of compounds that include a nitroso group and a urea.-Examples:Examples include:* Carmustine* Lomustine* Semustine* Ethylnitrosourea * Streptozotocin...

--- carmustine

Carmustine

Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related β-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy...

 --- ethylnitrosourea --- lomustine

Lomustine

Lomustine is an alkylating nitrosourea compound used in chemotherapy. It is in the same family as streptozotocin. This is a highly lipid soluble drug, and thus crosses the blood brain barrier. This property makes it ideal for treating brain tumors, and is its primary use...

 --- semustine

Semustine

Semustine is a drug used in chemotherapy.Structurally similar to Lomustine....

 --- methylnitrosourea --- nimustine

Nimustine

Nimustine is a nitrosourea alkylating agent....

 --- streptozocin

--- phenylurea compounds

--- carbanilides --- imidocarb

Imidocarb

Imidocarb is a urea derivative used in veterinary medicine as an antiprotozoal agent for the treatment of infection with Babesia and other parasites....

 --- nicarbazin

Nicarbazin

Nicarbazin is a coccidiostat....

 --- celiprolol

Celiprolol

Celiprolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure....

 --- diflubenzuron

Diflubenzuron

Diflubenzuron is an insecticide of the benzamide class. It is used in forest management and on field crops to selectively control insect pests, particularly forest tent caterpillar moths, boll weevils, gypsy moths, and other types of moths. The mechanism of action of diflubenzuron involves...

 --- diuron --- linuron

--- sulfonylurea compounds

--- acetohexamide

Acetohexamide

Acetohexamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea medication used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2, particularly in people whose diabetes cannot be controlled by diet alone.-Mechanism of action:...

 --- carbutamide

Carbutamide

Carbutamide is an anti-diabetic drug of the sulfonylurea class, developed by Servier.It is classified as first-generation....

 --- chlorpropamide

Chlorpropamide

Chlorpropamide is a drug in the sulphonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is a long-acting sulphonylurea. It has more side effects than other sulphonylureas and its use is no longer recommended.-Mechanism of action:...

 --- gliclazide

Gliclazide

Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic and is classified as a sulfonylurea. It is marketed as Glizid, Glyloc and Reclide in India and Diamicron in Canada. In the Philippines, Servier markets it as Diamicron MR, like in most countries across the world. Many generic equivalents are also available e.g....

 --- glyburide --- tolazamide

Tolazamide

Tolazamide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug used for people with Type 2 diabetes. It is part of the sulfonylurea family .-Synthesis:para-Toluenesulfonamide is converted to its carbamate with ethyl chloroformate in the presence of a base...

 --- tolbutamide

Tolbutamide

Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker, sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drug sold under the brand name Orinase. This drug may be used in the management of type II diabetes if diet alone is not effective. Tolbutamide stimulates the secretion of insulin by the pancreas...

--- thiourea

Thiourea

Thiourea is an organosulfur compound of with the formula SC2 . It is structurally similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom, but the properties of urea and thiourea differ significantly. Thiourea is a reagent in organic synthesis. "Thioureas" refers to a broad...

--- beta-aminoethyl isothiourea --- burimamide

Burimamide

Burimamide is an antagonist at the H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It is largely inactive as an H2 antagonist at physiological pH, but its H3 affinity is 100x higher. It is a thiourea derivative....

 --- dimaprit

Dimaprit

Dimaprit is a histamine analog working as a H2 receptor agonist.-References:* Katzung, Bertram G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10th edition. New York: McGraw, Hill Medical, 2007, pp. 333-346...

 --- ethylenethiourea --- guanylthiourea --- isothiuronium --- methallibure --- metiamide

Metiamide

Metiamide is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide. It was an intermediate compound in the development of the successful anti-ulcer drug cimetidine .-Development of metiamide from burimamide:...

 --- noxythiolin --- phenylthiourea --- phenylthiazolylthiourea --- thiophanate