This is a list of people, places, things, and concepts related to or originating from the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...

 (AD 330–1453). Feel free to add more, and create missing pages. You can track changes to the articles included in this list from here.

Note: People are listed by first name. Events, monuments and institutions like "Battle/Siege/Council/Church/Duchy/etc. of NNN" are listed by the location/name.

A

• Aachen Cathedral
  Aachen Cathedral
  Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred to as the "Imperial Cathedral" , is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, Germany. The church is the oldest cathedral in northern Europe and was known as the "Royal Church of St. Mary at Aachen" during the Middle Ages...
  
  
• Aaronios
  Aaronios
  The Aaronios or Aaron were a Byzantine noble family of Bulgarian origin, being descended from Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria ....
  
  
• Abaskiron
  Abaskiron
  Abaskiron was a Byzantine topoteretes and/or tribune, active in the Diocese of Egypt during the 6th century. He and his family rebelled against the Byzantine emperor Maurice . The main source about him is John of Nikiû.-Biography:...
  
  
• Abbasid Caliphate
• Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun
  Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun
  Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun was an Arab prince and general, the son of the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun . A distinguished military leader in the Byzantine–Arab Wars, he was passed over in the succession in favour of his uncle al-Mu'tasim...
  
  
• Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid
  Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid
  Al-‘Abbas ibn al-Walīd was an Umayyad Arab prince and general, the son of Caliph al-Walid I . A distinguished military leader in the Byzantine–Arab Wars of the early 8th century, especially in partnership with his uncle Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik, he became involved in the civil wars of the mid-740s...
  
  
• Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik
  Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik
  ‘Abdallah ibn ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was an Umayyad prince, the son of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan , a general and governor of Egypt....
  
  
• Abdallah ibn Qais
  Abdallah ibn Qais
  Abdallah ibn Qais was an Ummayad military leader active against the Byzantine Empire in the 670s. In ca. 672/673 he led a raid into Cilicia and Lycia, and wintered there before returning to Syria...
  
  
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
• Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
  Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
  Abd al-Malik ibn Salih ibn Ali was a member of the Abbasid dynasty who served as general and governor in Syria and Egypt. He distinguished himself in several raids against the Byzantine Empire, but his great influence and authority in Syria caused Caliph Harun al-Rashid to imprison him in 803...
  
  
• Ablabius (consul 331)
  Ablabius (consul 331)
  Flavius Ablabius or Ablavius was a high official of the Roman Empire.- Life :Ablabius belonged to a poor, Pagan family, and originated from Crete. He converted to Christianity. He later become vicarius of Asia province...
  
  
• Ablabius (assassin)
  Ablabius (assassin)
  Ablabius was a Byzantine would-be assassin, known for a failed attempt to kill Justinian I in 562. The main sources about him are John Malalas and Theophanes the Confessor.-Biography:...
  
  
• About the Mystery of the Letters
  About the Mystery of the Letters
  About the Mystery of the Letters is an anonymous Christian treatise containing a mystical doctrine about the names and forms of the Greek and Hebrew letters...
  
  
• Abu Hafs (pirate)
  Abu Hafs (pirate)
  Umar ibn Hafs ibn Shuayb ibn Isa al Balluti, surnamed al-Ghaliz and later al-Ikritishi , and usually known as Abu Hafs , was a Muwallad corsair who was primarily active between 816 and 827...
  
  
• Abu'l Qasim
  Abu'l Qasim
  Abu'l Qasim was the Seljuk governor of Nicaea, the Seljuk capital, from 1084 to his death in 1092. He was appointed to the post by Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, and after the latter's death in 1086, declared himself sultan...
  
  
• Acacius of Amida
  Acacius of Amida
  Saint Acacius was Bishop of Amida, Mesopotamia in AD 400–425, during the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II.-Biography:...
  
  
• Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople
  Acacius was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 471 to 489. Acacius was practically the first prelate throughout the Eastern Orthodoxy and renowned for ambitious participation in the Chalcedonian controversy....
  
  
• Acacius (Alexandria)
  Acacius (Alexandria)
  Acacius was a Byzantine military officer, active in Alexandria during the reign of Justinian I .Acacius was a native of Amida, and Zacharias Rhetor calls him "Bar Eshkhofo", which seems to mean "son of a cobbler...
  
  
• Acacius (curator)
  Acacius (curator)
  Acacius was a Byzantine imperial curator, active in the late reign of Justinian I . He is known for his role in a civil disorder incident of the 560s. The main source about him is a fragment of John Malalas. - Biography :...
  
  
• Acacius (proconsul)
  Acacius (proconsul)
  Acacius was a Byzantine proconsul of Armenia Prima , c. 536-539 in the reign of Justinian I . The main source about him is Procopius.- Biography :...
  
  
• Acacius (son of Archelaus)
  Acacius (son of Archelaus)
  Acacius, son of Archelaus was a Byzantine official, mentioned as a representative of emperor Justin II in 573. He is known for causing a military disaster in a siege of Nisibis , early in the Roman–Persian War of 572–591.-John of Epiphania:...
  
  
• Achaea (Roman province)
  Achaea (Roman province)
  Achaea, or Achaia, was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, eastern Central Greece and parts of Thessaly. It bordered on the north by the provinces of Epirus vetus and Macedonia...
  
  
• Achaea, Principality of
  Principality of Achaea
  The Principality of Achaea or of the Morea was one of the three vassal states of the Latin Empire which replaced the Byzantine Empire after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. It became a vassal of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, along with the Duchy of Athens, until Thessalonica...
  
  
• Acheiropoietos, Church of the
  Church of the Acheiropoietos
  The Church of the Acheiropoietos is a 5th-century Byzantine church in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki. It is located in the city's centre, at Agias Sofias street opposite Makedonomachon square.-History and description:...
  
  
• Achelous (917), Battle of
• Achelous (1359), Battle of
  Battle of Achelous (1359)
  The Battle of Achelous took place in 1359 near the river Achelous, in Aetolia, modern Greece fought between Albanian troops, under Peter Losha, and forces of the Despotate of Epirus, under Nikephoros II Orsini. The Albanians defeated Orsini's army, which suffered massive casualties during the battle...
  
  
• Acilisene, Peace of
  Peace of Acilisene
  The Peace of Acilisene was a treaty between the East Roman Empire and the Persian Empire in 387 which divided Armenia between these two empires.-Sources:* Lang, David Marshall. Armenia: Cradle of Civilization. Boston: George Allen & Unwin, 1970. p. 163...
  
  
• Acindynus (Carrhae)
  Acindynus (Carrhae)
  Acindynus was a Byzantine governor of Carrhae , active in the reign of Maurice . He was accused of being a pagan and executed. The main sources about him are Syriac chronicles, in particular the chronicle of Michael the Syrian and the Chronicle of 1234. The source of both accounts was the lost...
  
  
• Acropolitissa, wife of Michael of Trebizond
  Acropolitissa, wife of Michael of Trebizond
  - Family :Her father was Constantine Acropolites. According to his entry in "Porphyrogenita:Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East" Constantine was married to Maria Komnene Tornikina. Constantine was a scholar in the courts of Michael VIII Palaiologos and Andronikos...
  
  
• Actuarius
  Actuarius
  Actuarius or actarius, rendered in Greek as aktouarios , was the title applied to officials of varying functions in the late Roman and Byzantine empires....
  
  
• Adamantius (praefectus urbi)
  Adamantius (praefectus urbi)
  Adamantius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, praefectus urbi of Constantinople , patricius and honorary consul.- Biography :...
  
  
• Ad Decimum, Battle of
  Battle of Ad Decimum
  The Battle of Ad Decimum took place on September 13, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and the Eastern Roman Empire , under the command of general Belisarius. This event and events in the following year are sometimes jointly referred to as the Battle of Carthage, one...
  
  
• Adeodatus I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Adeodatus I
  Pope Saint Adeodatus I or Deodatus I was Pope from November 13, 615 to his death....
  
  
• Adeodatus II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Adeodatus II
  Pope Adeodatus II or Pope Deodatus II reigned as Pope from April 11, 672 to June 17, 676. Little is known about him. Most records which remain indicate that Adeodatus was known for his generosity, especially when it came to the poor and to pilgrims....
  
  
• Adolius
  Adolius
  Adolius was a Byzantine silentiarius and military officer, active in the reign of Justinian I . He was a son of Acacius, proconsul of Armenia Prima . He is better known for his activities in the early stages of the Lazic War. The main source about him is Procopius...
  
  
• Adrian I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Adrian I
  Pope Adrian was pope from February 1, 772 to December 25, 795. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.Shortly after Adrian's accession the territory ruled by the papacy was invaded by Desiderius, king of the Lombards, and Adrian was compelled to seek the assistance of the Frankish king...
  
  
• Adrian II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Adrian II
  Pope Adrian II , , pope from December 14, 867 to December 14, 872, was a member of a noble Roman family, and became pope in 867, at an advanced age....
  
  
• Adrianople (378), Battle of
  Battle of Adrianople
  The Battle of Adrianople , sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels led by Fritigern...
  
  
• Adrianople (813), Siege of
• Adrianople (1205), Battle of
  Battle of Adrianople (1205)
  The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I. It was won by the Bulgarians after a skillful ambush using the help of their Cuman and Greek allies. Around 300 knights were killed, including Louis of Blois, Duke...
  
  
• Adrianople (1254), Battle of
  Battle of Adrianople (1254)
  The Battle of Adrianople was fought in 1254 between the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea and the Bulgarians. Michael Asen I of Bulgaria tried to reconquer land taken by the Empire of Nicaea, but the swift advance of Theodore II Lascaris caught the Bulgarians unprepared. The Byzantines were...
  
  
• Adrianople (1365), Battle of
  Battle of Adrianople (1365)
  The Battle of Adrianople resulted in tactical victory for the Ottoman Turks. It marked the beginning of the end of Byzantine presence in the Balkans. Immediately after the battle, the Ottomans moved their capital from Bursa to Adrianople. This allowed for a central location from which to launch...
  
  
• Adrianos Komnenos
  Adrianos Komnenos
  Adrianos Komnenos , sometimes anglicized as Adrian or latinized as Adrianus Comnenus, was a Byzantine aristocrat and general, and a younger brother of the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos .- Life :...
  
  
• Aedesia
  Aedesia
  Aedesia was a female philosopher of the Neoplatonic school who lived in Alexandria in the fifth century. She was a relation of Syrianus and the wife of Hermias, and was equally celebrated for her beauty and her virtues. After the death of her husband, she devoted herself to relieving the wants...
  
  
• Aegean Sea
  Aegean Sea
  The Aegean Sea[p] is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus...
  
  
• Aegean Sea (theme)
  Aegean Sea (theme)
  The Theme of the Aegean Sea was a Byzantine province in the northern Aegean Sea, established in the mid-9th century. As one of the Byzantine Empire's three dedicated naval themes , it served chiefly to provide ships and troops for the Byzantine navy, but also served as a civil administrative...
  
  
• Aelia Eudocia
  Aelia Eudocia
  Aelia Eudocia Augusta was the wife of Theodosius II, and a prominent historical figure in understanding the rise of Christianity during the beginning of the Byzantine Empire. Eudocia lived in a world where Greek paganism and Christianity were still coming together...
  
  
• Aelia Eudoxia
  Aelia Eudoxia
  Aelia Eudoxia was the Empress consort of the Byzantine Emperor Arcadius.-Family:She was a daughter of Flavius Bauto, a Romanised Frank who served as magister militum in the Western Roman army during the 380s. The identity of her father is mentioned by Philostorgius...
  
  
• Aelia Flaccilla
  Aelia Flaccilla
  Aelia Flavia Flaccilla , first wife of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I. She was of Hispanian Roman descent. During her marriage to Theodosius, she gave birth to two sons — future Emperors Arcadius and Honorius — and a daughter, Aelia Pulcheria...
  
  
• Aetios (eunuch)
  Aetios (eunuch)
  Aetios or Aetius was a Byzantine eunuch official, one of the most trusted advisers of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens . After Irene's rise to sole rule, Aetios developed an intense rivalry with her eunuch chief minister Staurakios. After Staurakios's death, Aetios became the leading man in the...
  
  
• Aetius (praetorian prefect)
  Aetius (praetorian prefect)
  Aetius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, praefectus urbi of Constantinople and praetorian prefect of the East.- Life :Aetius was praefectus urbi of Constantinople...
  
  
• Aëtius Amidenus
  Aëtius Amidenus
  Aëtius of Amida was a Byzantine physician and medical writer, particularly distinguished by the extent of his erudition. Historians are not agreed about his exact date...
  
  
• Africa, Praetorian prefecture of
  Praetorian prefecture of Africa
  The praetorian prefecture of Africa was a major administrative division of the Eastern Roman Empire, established after the reconquest of northwestern Africa from the Vandals in 533-534 by emperor Justinian I...
  
  
• Agapetus (deacon)
  Agapetus (deacon)
  Agapetus was a deacon of the church of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople , reputed tutor of Justinian, and author of a series of exhortations in seventy-two short chapters addressed to that emperor...
  
  
• Agapius (physician)
  Agapius (physician)
  Agapius was an ancient physician of Alexandria, who taught and practiced medicine at Byzantium with great success and reputation, and acquired immense riches. Of his date it can only be determined, that he must have lived before the end of the fifth century, as Damascius Agapius (Gr. ') was an...
  
  
• Agathias
  Agathias
  Agathias or Agathias Scholasticus , of Myrina , an Aeolian city in western Asia Minor , was a Greek poet and the principal historian of part of the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I between 552 and 558....
  
  
• Agatho, Pope of Rome
  Pope Agatho
  -Background and early life:Little is known of Agatho before his papacy. A letter written by St. Gregory the Great to the abbot of St. Hermes in Palermo mentions an Agatho, a Greek born in Sicily to wealthy parents. He wished to give away his inheritance and join a monastery, and in this letter...
  
  
• Agnellus, Bishop of Ravenna
  Agnellus, Bishop of Ravenna
  Agnellus was a bishop of Ravenna in the Praetorian prefecture of Italy from 557 to his death. The main source about him is by Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis by Andreas Agnellus. - Biography :...
  
  
• Agnes of France (Byzantine empress)
  Agnes of France (Byzantine empress)
  Agnes of France was a daughter of Louis VII of France by his third wife Adèle of Champagne.She was a younger half-sister of Marie de Champagne, Alix of France, Marguerite of France and Alys, Countess of the Vexin...
  
  
• Agnes of Montferrat
  Agnes of Montferrat
  Agnes of Montferrat was the first Empress consort of Henry of Flanders, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.- Family :She was a daughter of Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat, founder of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, and his first wife Helena del Bosco...
  
  
• Agnes of Durazzo
  Agnes of Durazzo
  Agnes of Durazzo was the Empress consort of James of Baux, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople. She was the last consort of the Latin Empire.-Family:She was the second daughter of Charles, Duke of Durazzo and Maria of Calabria...
  
  
• AIMA prophecy
  AIMA prophecy
  The AIMA prophecy was a prophecy current during the reign of the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Comnenus. It claimed to foretell that the initial letters of the names of the emperors of the Comnenus dynasty would spell aima , the Greek word for blood...
  
  
• Ajnadayn, Battle of
  Battle of Ajnadayn
  The Battle of Ajnadayn, fought on July 30, 634, south of Beit Shemesh in present day Israel, was the first major pitched battle between the Eastern Roman Empire and the army of the Arabic Rashidun Caliphate. The result of the battle was a decisive Muslim victory...
  
  
• Akakia
  Akakia
  The akakia was a cylindrical purple silk roll containing dust, held by the Byzantine emperors during ceremonies, and symbolizing the mortal nature of all men. It possibly developed from the mappa, the cloth used by the Roman consuls to start the races at the hippodrome....
  
  
• Akameros
  Akameros
  Akameros was the archon of the sklavinia of Belzetia, an autonomous South Slavic community in eastern Thessaly under Byzantine sovereignty, in the late 8th century....
  
  
• Akolouthos
  Akolouthos
  Akolouthos , anglicized as Acolyte, was a Byzantine office with varying functions over time. Originally a subaltern officer of the imperial tagma of the Vigla, it was associated with the command over the famed Varangian Guard in the 11th-12th centuries.The title is first attested in the 9th...
  
  
• Akritai
• Akroinon, Battle of
  Battle of Akroinon
  The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or Akroinos in Phrygia, on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau, in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces. The Arabs had been conducting regular raids into Anatolia for the past century, and the 740 expedition was the largest...
  
  
• Alahan Monastery
  Alahan Monastery
  The Alahan Monastery is a one hour walking distance from the village of Alahan, located in the province of Mersin, Turkey. The site is being considered to be put on the World Heritage list of sites who have "outstanding universal value" to the world....
  
  
• Alan Cameron (classical scholar)
  Alan Cameron (classical scholar)
  Alan Cameron is a British classicist, Charles Anthon Professor of the Latin Language and Literature at Columbia University.Cameron gained a BA from Oxford University, and his MA in 1964. He has taught at Columbia University since about 1977...
  
  
• Alans
  Alans
  The Alans, or the Alani, occasionally termed Alauni or Halani, were a group of Sarmatian tribes, nomadic pastoralists of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian.-Name:The various forms of Alan —...
  
  
• Albania in the Middle Ages
  Albania in the Middle Ages
  The Middle Ages in Albania is that period that starts after the region that is now Albania in the Byzantine Empire, until their incorporation in the Ottoman Empire....
  
  
• Albania under the Byzantine Empire
  Albania under the Byzantine Empire
  In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided and the area that now constitutes modern Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire.-Antiquity:After the region fell to the Romans in 168 BC it became part of Epirus nova that was in turn part of the Roman province of Macedonia.Later it was part of provinces...
  
  
• Albanian history to 1993, Timeline of
  Timeline of Albanian history to 1993
  -2nd century AD 1 to 11th century:*150 AD, Ptolemy's map shows the city of Albanopolis . Ptolemy also mentions the Illyrian tribe named Albanoi, who lived around this city. The area was part of Roman Macedon, specifically the Epirus Nova subdivision...
  
  
• Albia Dominica
• Albsuinda
  Albsuinda
  Albsuinda was the only child of Alboin, King of the Lombards in Pannonia , and his first wife Chlothsind, daughter of the Merovingian king of the Franks Chlothar...
  
  
• Alda of Alania
  Alda of Alania
  Alda or Alde was an 11th-century Alan princess and the second wife of King George I of Georgia . The couple had a son, Demetre, who played a notable role in the civil unrest of Georgia during the reign of his half-brother Bagrat IV....
  
  
• Alexander (comes)
  Alexander (comes)
  Alexander , known by the title comes , was a Byzantine diplomat. He was active in the reign of Justinian I . The main sources about him are Procopius, John Malalas and Theophanes the Confessor.Martindale, Jones & Morris , p. 41-42...
  
  
• Alexander (discussor)
  Alexander (discussor)
  Alexander was a senior financial official of the Byzantine Empire, active in the reign of Justinian I . His title is reported as "discussor" in Latin and logothetēs in Greek. He was reportedly nicknamed "Scissors" or "Snips" , for trimming down the size of gold coins...
  
  
• Alexander (taxiarch)
  Alexander (taxiarch)
  Alexander was a Byzantine military officer, active in the reign of Maurice. He is styled a taxiarch in the accounts of Theophylact Simocatta. He is known for his part in campaigns against the South Slavs.- Biography :...
  
  
• Alexander (supporter of Phocas)
  Alexander (supporter of Phocas)
  Alexander , was a Byzantine rebel against emperor Maurice and leading supporter of emperor Phocas . He is better known for executing the co-emperor Theodosius. The main source about his is Theophylact Simocatta. Martindale, Jones & Morris , p. 46-47- Biography :Alexander is first mentioned in a...
  
  
• Alexander (Byzantine emperor)
• Alexander Kazhdan
  Alexander Kazhdan
  - Soviet :Born in Moscow, Kazhdan was educated at the Pedagogical Institute of Ufa and the University of Moscow, where he studied with the historian of medieval England, Evgenii Kosminskii...
  
  
• Alexander of Constantinople
  Alexander of Constantinople
  Saint Alexander of Constantinople was bishop of Byzantium and the bishop of Constantinople . Information from the Synaxarion mention that Alexander was originally from Calabria in Italy and his parents were George and Vryaine...
  
  
• Alexander of Cyprus
  Alexander of Cyprus
  Alexander of Cyprus or Alexander Cyprius, perhaps also known as Alexander the Monk or Alexander Monachus, was apparently a 6th-century Cypriot monk active in the cloister near the sanctuary of St. Barnabas in Salaminia or Constantina. He also had as one of his aims the authentication of the...
  
  
• Alexander of Tralles
  Alexander of Tralles
  Alexander of Tralles in Lydia was one of the most eminent of the ancient physicians. His date may safely be put in the 6th century, for he mentions Aëtius Amidenus, who probably did not write until the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century, and he is himself quoted by Paul of...
  
  
• Alexander van Millingen
  Alexander van Millingen
  Alexander van Millingen was a scholar in the field of Byzantine architecture, and a professor of history at Robert College, Istanbul between 1879 and 1915. His works are now public domain in many jurisdictions.-External links:...
  
  
• Alexander Vasiliev (historian)
• Alexiad
  Alexiad
  The Alexiad is a medieval biographical text written around the year 1148 by the Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, daughter of Emperor Alexius I....
  
  
• Alexios I Komnenos
  Alexios I Komnenos
  Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus , was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and although he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power. The title 'Nobilissimus' was given to senior army commanders,...
  
  
• Alexios I of Trebizond
  Alexios I of Trebizond
  Alexios I Megas Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus was Emperor of Trebizond from 1204 to 1222. He was the eldest son of Manuel Komnenos and of Rusudan, daughter of George III of Georgia. He was thus a grandson of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I. Andronikos was dethroned and killed in 1185...
  
  
• Alexios Studites, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Alexios II Komnenos
  Alexios II Komnenos
  Alexios II Komnenos or Alexius II Comnenus , Byzantine emperor , was the son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch...
  
  
• Alexios II of Trebizond
  Alexios II of Trebizond
  Alexios II Megas Komnenos or Alexius II , was Emperor of Trebizond from 1297 to 1330. He was the elder son of John II and Eudokia Palaiologina, and also used the name Palaiologos.- Life :...
  
  
• Alexios III Angelos
  Alexios III Angelos
  Alexios III Angelos was Byzantine Emperor from 1195 to 1203.- Early life:Alexios III Angelos was the second son of Andronikos Angelos and Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa. Andronicus was himself a son of Theodora Komnene, the youngest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. Thus...
  
  
• Alexios III of Trebizond
  Alexios III of Trebizond
  Alexios III Megas Komnenos or Alexius III , Emperor of Trebizond from December 1349 until his death. He was the son of Emperor Basil of Trebizond and his second wife, Irene of Trebizond...
  
  
• Alexander III, Pope of Rome
  Pope Alexander III
  Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
  
  
• Alexios IV Angelos
  Alexios IV Angelos
  Alexios IV Angelos was Byzantine Emperor from August 1203 to January 1204. He was the son of emperor Isaac II Angelus and his first wife Irene. His paternal uncle was Emperor Alexius III Angelus....
  
  
• Alexios IV of Trebizond
  Alexios IV of Trebizond
  Alexios IV Megas Komnenos or Alexius IV , , Emperor of Trebizond from March 5, 1417 to October 1429. He was the son of Emperor Manuel III and Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia.- Reign :...
  
  
• Alexios V Doukas
• Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
  Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
  Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos was a Byzantine Greek nobleman who ruled Thessaly from 1373 until ca. 1390 with the title of Caesar....
  
  
• Alexios Apokaukos
  Alexios Apokaukos
  Alexios Apokaukos was a leading Byzantine statesman and high-ranking military officer during the reigns of emperors Andronikos III Palaiologos and John V Palaiologos...
  
  
• Alexios Axouch
  Alexios Axouch
  Alexios Axouch or Axouchos, sometimes found as Axuch , was a 12th-century Byzantine nobleman and military leader of Turkish ancestry....
  
  
• Alexios Branas
  Alexios Branas
  Alexios Branas or Vranas was a Byzantine nobleman and military leader of the late 12th century.Alexios Branas was doubly linked to the imperial Komnenos family. He was the son of Michael Branas and of Maria Komnene, who was the great-niece of Alexios I Komnenos...
  
  
• Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos
  Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos
  Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos was a Byzantine nobleman and distinguished admiral, with the rank of protostrator and later megas doux, during the reign of Michael VIII Palaiologos .- Life :...
  
  
• Alexios Kaballarios
  Alexios Kaballarios
  Alexios Kaballarios or Kaballares was a Byzantine aristocrat, cousin of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos .He participated in the Byzantine campaigns in the Morea in the early 1260s, and was taken prisoner by William II of Villehardouin after the Battle of Makryplagi . Apparently released at some...
  
  
• Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)
• Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)
  Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)
  Alexios Komnenos was a natural son of Andronikos I Komnenos, the Byzantine Emperor by his relative and mistress Theodora Komnene, Queen Dowager of Jerusalem....
  
  
• Alexios Mosele (admiral)
  Alexios Mosele (admiral)
  Alexios Mosele , or Musele/Mousele , was a Byzantine admiral in the early reign of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos . He was killed in 922, leading a detachment of imperial marines along with the imperial tagmata under the domestikos ton scholon, Pothos Argyros, against the forces of the Bulgarian...
  
  
• Alexios Mosele (Caesar)
  Alexios Mosele (Caesar)
  Alexios Mosele or Musele/Mousele was a Byzantine aristocrat and general, chosen by Emperor Theophilos for a time as his heir, betrothed to his daughter Maria and raised to the supreme dignity of Caesar. He campaigned in the Balkans, recovering territory from the Slavs, and fought with some...
  
  
• Alexios Mosele (general)
  Alexios Mosele (general)
  Alexios Mosele or Mousoulem/Mousele was a late 8th-century Byzantine general of Armenian origin.Alexios is the first known member of the Mosele/Mousele family of Armenian origin. In 790, he was the droungarios of the Vigla guard regiment...
  
  
• Alexios Palaiologos (despot)
  Alexios Palaiologos (despot)
  Alexios Palaiologos was a Byzantine nobleman, son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos and his heir-apparent from 1199 to his death. Throughout this time, he was actively involved in the suppression of several revolts and riots against the emperor...
  
  
• Alexios Philanthropenos
  Alexios Philanthropenos
  Alexios Philanthropenos was a Byzantine nobleman and notable general of the early Byzantine-Ottoman wars, scoring some of the last Byzantine successes against the Turkic emirates in Asia Minor.- Early life and family :...
  
  
• Alexios Philes
  Alexios Philes
  Alexios Philes was a Byzantine nobleman and general of the 13th century.He was the son of Theodore Philes, governor of Thessalonica and the first prominent member of the Philes family. Alexios married Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, the second daughter of John Kantakouzenos and Irene-Eulogia, the...
  
  
• Alexios Raoul (protovestiarios)
  Alexios Raoul (protovestiarios)
  The protovestiarios Alexios Raoul was a Byzantine aristocrat and general of the Empire of Nicaea.- Life :Alexios was the scion of a wealthy aristocratic family with large landholdings around Smyrna, and possibly the son of the sebastos Constantine Raoul, who had played a role in the usurpation of...
  
  
• Alexios Strategopoulos
  Alexios Strategopoulos
  Alexios Strategopoulos was a Byzantine general during the reign of Michael VIII Palaiologos, rising to the rank of megas domestikos and Caesar. He is most notable for leading the reconquest of Constantinople from the Latins in 1261.- Early life :...
  
  
• Alexios Tzamplakon
  Alexios Tzamplakon
  - Life :The Tzamplakones were an important and wealthy aristocratic family attested since the mid-13th century, when one of its members achieved the high military rank of Domestic of the Schools. Alexios was his son....
  
  
• Alexios Xiphias
• Al-Halawiyah Madrasa
  Al-Halawiyah Madrasa
  Al-Halawiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex located in Aleppo, Syria. The building back dates to the 5th century and was originally Aleppo's great Byzantine cathedral. It was subsequently converted to a mosque in 1123 during the reign of Balak Ibn Bahram Ibn Ourtoq. The building encompasses a small...
  
  
• Alexius of Rome
  Alexius of Rome
  Saint Alexius or Alexis of Rome or Alexis von Edessa was an Eastern saint whose veneration was later transplanted to Rome, a process facilitated by the fact that, according to the earlier Syriac legend that a "Man of God" of Edessa, Mesopotamia who during the episcopate of Bishop Rabbula lived by...
  
  
• Alexius Slav
• Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani
• Aligern
  Aligern
  Aligern or Aligernus was an Ostrogoth military leader, active in Gothic War . By the end of the war, Aligern had joined the Byzantine army. The main sources about him are Procopius and Agathias. -Biography:...
  
  
• Allagion
  Allagion
  The allagion was a Byzantine military term designating a military unit. It first appeared in the mid-to-late 10th century, and by the 13th century had become the most frequent term used for the Byzantine army's standing regiments, persisting until the late 14th century.-Origin of the term:The term...
  
  
• Alp Arslan
  Alp Arslan
  Alp Arslan was the third sultan of the Seljuq dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty...
  
  
• Alusian of Bulgaria
  Alusian of Bulgaria
  Alusian was a Bulgarian and Byzantine noble who ruled as emperor of Bulgaria for a short time in 1041.-Life:Alusian was the second son of Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria by his wife Maria...
  
  
• Alypius of Constantinople
  Alypius of Constantinople
  Alypius was a priest of the great church at Constantinople, who flourished around the year 430. There is extant an epistle from him to Cyril of Alexandria , exhorting him to a vigorous resistance against the heresy of Nestorius....
  
  
• Amalafrid
  Amalafrid
  Amalafrid was the son of the last Thuringian king Hermanafrid and his wife Amalaberga, daughter of Amalafrida and niece of the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great....
  
  
• Amalasuntha
  Amalasuntha
  Amalasuntha was a queen of the Ostrogoths from 526 to 534....
  
  
• Amalric I of Jerusalem
  Amalric I of Jerusalem
  Amalric I of Jerusalem was King of Jerusalem 1163–1174, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. Amalric was the second son of Melisende of Jerusalem and Fulk of Jerusalem...
  
  
• Amioun, Battle of
  Battle of Amioun
  The Battle of Amioun was a battle which took place in Amioun El-Koura, in 694 between Byzantine troops and Monothelite Christians. The battle of Amioun devotes the independence of the first Lebanese state Maronite, with for Baskinta capital....
  
  
• Ammianus Marcellinus
  Ammianus Marcellinus
  Ammianus Marcellinus was a fourth-century Roman historian. He wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity...
  
  
• Ammonius Hermiae
  Ammonius Hermiae
  Ammonius Hermiae was a Greek philosopher, and the son of the Neoplatonist philosophers Hermias and Aedesia. He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers....
  
  
• Amorium
  Amorium
  Amorium was a city in Phrygia, Asia Minor which was founded in the Hellenistic period, flourished under the Byzantine Empire, and declined after the Arab sack of 838. Its ruins are located near the village of Hisarköy, Turkey....
  
  
• Amorium, Sack of
  Sack of Amorium
  The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Byzantine–Arab Wars. The Abbasid campaign was led personally by the Caliph al-Mu'tasim , in retaliation to a virtually unopposed expedition launched by the Byzantine emperor...
  
  
• Amphilochius of Iconium
  Amphilochius of Iconium
  Amphilochius of Iconium was a Christian bishop of the fourth century, son of a Cappadocian family of distinction, b. perhaps at Caesarea, ca. 339 or 340; d. probably some time between 394 and 403...
  
  
• Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)
• Anastasia the Patrician
  Anastasia the Patrician
  Saint Anastasia the Patrician was the wife of a consul and a lady-in-waiting to the Byzantine empress Theodora. Justinian I, Theodora's husband, pursued her, arousing Theodora's jealousy. Anastasia tried to avoid any trouble and left for Egypt...
  
  
• Anastasian War
  Anastasian War
  The Anastasian War was fought from 502 to 506 between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire. It was the first major conflict between the two powers since 440, and would be the prelude to a long series of destructive conflicts between the two empires over the next century.-Prelude:Several...
  
  
• Anastasius of Alexandria
  Pope Anastasius of Alexandria
  Pope Anastasius of Alexandria was the thirty-sixth Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria. During his reign, despite being personally barred from the city of Alexandria, he met with the Patriarch of Antioch as they worked to arrange the unification of their two churches.He was a priest of Alexandria when...
  
  
• Anastasius I (emperor)
  Anastasius I (emperor)
  Anastasius I was Byzantine Emperor from 491 to 518. During his reign the Roman eastern frontier underwent extensive re-fortification, including the construction of Dara, a stronghold intended to counter the Persian fortress of Nisibis....
  
  
• Anastasius II
• Anastasius (consul 517)
• Anastasius (Samaria)
  Anastasius (Samaria)
  Anastasius was a Byzantine official, active in the reign of Justin II . He was a native of Samaria. He held the positions of magister officiorum and quaestor sacri palatii. He seems to have died by the mid-570s.- Biography :...
  
  
• Anastasius Sinaita
  Anastasius Sinaita
  Saint Anastasius Sinaïta or Anastasius of Sinai, also called Anastasios of Sinai, was a prolific and important seventh century Greek ecclesiastical writer, priest, monk, and abbot of Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mt. Sinai....
  
  
• Anastasius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople
  Anastasios was the patriarch of Constantinople from 730 to 754. The patriarchate of Constantinople is a high position in the eastern branch of Christianity. He succeeded Germanos I . Anastasios was heavily involved in the controversy over icons . His opinion of icons changed twice...
  
  
• Anastasius I of Antioch
• Anastasius II of Antioch
  Anastasius II of Antioch
  Anastasius II of Antioch, also known as Anastasius the Younger, succeeded Anastasius of Antioch as Bishop of Antioch, in 599. He is known for his opposition and suppression of simony in his diocese, with the support of Pope Gregory the Great...
  
  
• Anatolia
  Anatolia
  Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...
  
  
• Anatolic Theme
  Anatolic Theme
  The Anatolic Theme , more properly known as the Theme of the Anatolics was a Byzantine theme in central Asia Minor...
  
  
• Anatolius (consul)
  Anatolius (consul)
  Anatolius was a diplomat and general of the Eastern Roman Empire and Consul in 440. Very influential during the reign of Theodosius II, he held command of the Empire's eastern armies for 13 years and led several negotiations with Attila the Hun.- Biography :In 421 Anatolius led one Roman army in...
  
  
• Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople
  Saint Anatolius was Patriarch of Constantinople . He became Patriarch through the influence of Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria with Emperor Theodosius II, after the deposition of Flavian by the Second Council of Ephesus, having previously been the apocrisiarius or representative of Dioscorus with...
  
  
• Anatolius (curator)
  Anatolius (curator)
  Anatolius was a Byzantine official, active in the reign of Justinian I . He held the titles of "curator domus diviniae" and honorary consul...
  
  
• Anatolius (Osroene)
  Anatolius (Osroene)
  Anatolius was a Byzantine official, active in the reign of Tiberius II Constantine . He was a topoteretes of the praetorian prefecture of the East and praeses of Osroene. He was accused of being a crypto-pagan and consequently executed.- Sources :Primary sources about him include Evagrius...
  
  
• Anchialus (708), Battle of
  Battle of Anchialus (708)
  The Battle of Anchialus occurred in 708 near the town of Pomorie, Bulgaria .- Origines of the conflict :In 705, the Bulgarian Khan Tervel helped the ex-emperor of Byzantium, Justinian II to regain his throne after 10 years in exile...
  
  
• Anchialus (763), Battle of
  Battle of Anchialus (763)
  The battle of Anchialus occurred in 763, near the town of Pomorie on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast . The result was a Byzantine victory.- Origins of the conflict :...
  
  
• André Grabar‎
• Andreas Palaiologos
  Andreas Palaiologos
  Andreas Palaiologos titular Byzantine emperor and Despot of Morea from 1465 until his death in 1502.-Biography:He was the nephew of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor of Constantinople...
  
  
• Andrew, Duke of Calabria
  Andrew, Duke of Calabria
  Andrew, Duke of Calabria was the second surviving son of Charles I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Poland...
  
  
• Andrew of Crete
  Andrew of Crete
  For the martyr of 766 of the same name, see Andrew of Crete .Saint Andrew of Crete For the martyr of 766 of the same name, see Andrew of Crete (martyr).Saint Andrew (Andreas) of Crete (also known as Andrew of Jerusalem) For the martyr of 766 of the same name, see Andrew of Crete (martyr).Saint...
  
  
• Andrew of Crete (martyr)
  Andrew of Crete (martyr)
  For the archbishop of the same name, see Andrew of Crete.Saint Andrew of Crete is a martyr of the Christian Church. A fervent iconophile, he was killed at the orders of Emperor Constantine V in 766 or 767, during the Byzantine Iconoclasm. His feast day is October 20...
  
  
• Andronicus, Coptic Pope of Alexandria
  Pope Andronicus of Alexandria
  Pope Andronicus of Alexandria was the Coptic Pope of Alexandria . He is commemorated in the calendars of the Coptic churches on 20 Tubah, the day of his death....
  
  
• Andronikos I Komnenos
  Andronikos I Komnenos
  Andronikos I Komnenos was Byzantine Emperor from 1183 to 1185). He was the son of Isaac Komnenos and grandson of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.-Early years:...
  
  
• Andronikos I of Trebizond
  Andronikos I of Trebizond
  Andronikos I Gidos or Andronicus I Gidus , , Emperor of Trebizond-Marriage:He married a Komnene, whose first name is unknown. He succeeded his father-in-law, Alexios I of Trebizond in 1222. His mother-in-law was Theodora Axuchina....
  
  
• Andronikos II Palaiologos
  Andronikos II Palaiologos
  Andronikos II Palaiologos , Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, was Byzantine emperor from 1282 to 1328. He was the eldest surviving son of Michael VIII Palaiologos and Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina, grandniece of John III Doukas Vatatzes...
  
  
• Andronikos II of Trebizond
  Andronikos II of Trebizond
  Andronikos II Megas Komnenos or Andronicus II , . Emperor of Trebizond from 1263 to 1266. He was the eldest son of Manuel I of Trebizond by his first wife, Anna Xylaloe, a Trapezuntine noblewoman....
  
  
• Andronikos III Palaiologos
  Andronikos III Palaiologos
  Andronikos III Palaiologos, Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus was Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341, after being rival emperor since 1321. Andronikos III was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia...
  
  
• Andronikos III of Trebizond
  Andronikos III of Trebizond
  Andronikos III Megas Komnenos or Andronicus III , Emperor of Trebizond from 1330 to 1332. He was an eldest son of Emperor Alexios II of Trebizond and his Iberian wife, Djiadjak Jaqeli of Samckhe....
  
  
• Andronikos IV Palaiologos
  Andronikos IV Palaiologos
  Andronikos IV Palaiologos was Byzantine Emperor from 1376 to 1379.-Life:...
  
  
• Andronikos V Palaiologos
  Andronikos V Palaiologos
  Andronikos V Palaiologos was co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire with his father John VII Palaiologos.-Life:...
  
  
• Andronikos Asen
  Andronikos Asen
  Andronikos Asen was the epitropos of the Byzantine province of the Morea between 1316 and 1322.-Life:Andronikos Asen was the son of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen III and Irene, who was the sister of Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. His father and mother escaped to Byzantine territory...
  
  
• Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)
  Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)
  Andronikos Doukas , Latinized as Andronicus Ducas, was the third son of Byzantine Emperor Constantine X Doukas and younger brother of Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Doukas . Unlike his other brothers, he was not named junior co-emperor by his father, and was raised to the dignity only by Romanos IV...
  
  
• Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)
  Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)
  Andronikos Doukas or Doux was a Byzantine general and rebel in the reign of Emperor Leo VI the Wise . The first member of the illustrious Doukas line to achieve prominence as a successful general, his rivalry with the powerful eunuch Samonas led to his revolt and eventual defection to the Arabs in...
  
  
• Andronikos Doukas (general under Romanos IV)
• Andronikos Komnenos (son of John II Komnenos)
  Andronikos Komnenos (son of John II Komnenos)
  Andronikos Komnenos was the third child and second son of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos and his Hungarian wife, Piroska .-Life and Death:Andronikos was made sebastokratōr at an unknown date...
  
  
• Andronikos Kontostephanos
  Andronikos Kontostephanos
  Andronikos Kontostephanos, Latinized Andronicus Contostephanus was a major figure in the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Manuel I Komnenos; he was a general, admiral, politician and a leading aristocrat...
  
  
• Andronikos Palaiologos (archon)
  Andronikos Palaiologos (archon)
  Andronikos Palaiologos , was a Byzantine lord and military governor of Velegrada for the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos , who defected to Serbia. He was the son of Demetrios Michael Doukas Komnenos Koutroules, a younger son of Michael II Komnenos Doukas, despotes of Epirus, and his...
  
  
• Andronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica
• Angeliki Laiou
  Angeliki Laiou
  - Life :Laiou was born in Athens on 6 April 1941 to a Pontic family, refugees from the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey. She studied at the Athens College and continued her studies in the Philosophy School of the University of Athens , where she studied under the Greek Byzantinist Dionysios...
  
  
• Angelos
  Angelos
  The Angelos family , feminine form Angelina , plural Angeloi , was a noble Byzantine lineage which gave rise to three Byzantine emperors from 1185 to 1204...
  
  
• Angilas
  Angilas
  Angilas was a Byzantine taxiarch, active in the Lazic War . The main source about him is Agathias. - Biography :Angilas is first mentioned in 556, as a taxiarch in Lazica. His title is only recorded in the Greek language. His Latin title may have been comes rei militaris. He is first recorded...
  
  
• Ani, Battle of
• Anicia Juliana
  Anicia Juliana
  Anicia Juliana was a Roman imperial princess, the daughter of the Western Roman Emperor Olybrius, of the Anicii, by Placidia the younger, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia....
  
  
• Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius
  Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius
  Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius was a high official of the Eastern Roman Empire and the last consul of Roman history, holding the office in 541.- Biography :...
  
  
• Anicius Probus Iunior
• Ankara
  Ankara
  Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....
  
  
• Anna, wife of Artabasdos
  Anna, wife of Artabasdos
  Anna was the wife of Artabasdos, one of two rival Byzantine Emperors in a civil war which lasted from June, 741 to November, 743. The other Emperor was her brother, Constantine V.-Family:...
  
  
• Anna Dalassene
• Anna Diogenissa
  Anna Diogenissa
  Anna Diogenissa , was a 12th-century Grand Princess consort of Serbia, a Byzantine noblewoman of the Diogenes house who married Uroš I Vukanović, the Grand Prince of Serbia Anna Diogenissa (b. before 1075), was a 12th-century Grand Princess consort of Serbia, a Byzantine noblewoman of the Diogenes...
  
  
• Anna Komnene
  Anna Komnene
  Anna Komnene, Latinized as Comnena was a Greek princess and scholar and the daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos of Byzantium and Irene Doukaina...
  
  
• Anna Komnene Angelina
• Anna Xylaloe
  Anna Xylaloe
  -Name:"Xylaloe" is a Greek language term for agarwood, the resinous heartwood from Aquilaria trees, large evergreens native to Southeast Asia. Pedanius Dioscorides mentioned it as an Aloe from the Indian subcontinent, probably a confusion resulting from the similarity in name of the two products....
  
  
• Anna of Hohenstaufen
• Anna of Savoy
  Anna of Savoy
  Anna of Savoy, born Giovanna, was a Byzantine Empress consort, as the second wife of Andronikos III Palaiologos.-Family:She was a daughter of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy and his second wife Maria of Brabant. Her maternal grandparents were John I, Duke of Brabant and Margaret of Flanders...
  
  
• Anna of Trebizond
  Anna of Trebizond
  Anna Anachoutlou Megale Komnene , , Empress of Trebizond from July 17, 1341 to September 4, 1342. Anna was the elder daughter of Emperor Alexios II of Trebizond and his Georgian wife, Djiadjak Jaqeli....
  
  
• Anna of Trebizond, Queen of Georgia
  Anna of Trebizond, Queen of Georgia
  Anna Megale Komnene , , was a Trapezuntine Queen consort of Georgia as the second wife of King Bagrat V...
  
  
• Anna of Moscow
  Anna of Moscow
  Anna Vasilievna of Moscow was the first wife of John VIII Palaiologos. She died while her husband was still the junior co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:...
  
  
• Anna Philanthropene
  Anna Philanthropene
  -Family:Her father was Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos, Caesar of the Byzantine Empire and ruler of Thessaly from c. 1390 to 1394. The provincial capital of her father was in Trikala. Thessaly was conquered by Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire in 1394....
  
  
• Anna Terter of Bulgaria
  Anna Terter of Bulgaria
  Anna Terter was a Bulgarian princess and Queen consort of Serbia . She was the third wife of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia....
  
  
• Anne of Hungary (1260–1281)
• Annianus of Alexandria
  Annianus of Alexandria
  Annianus of Alexandria or Annianos was a monk who flourished in Alexandria during the bishopric of Theophilus of Alexandria around the beginning of the fifth century...
  
  
• Anno Domini
  Anno Domini
  and Before Christ are designations used to label or number years used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars....
  
  
• Antalya, Siege of
  Siege of Antalya
  The siege of Antalya or siege of Attalia in 1207 was the successful Turkic capture of the city of Attalia , a port in southern-western Asia Minor. The capture of port gave the Turks another path into the Mediterranean although it would be another 100 years before the Turks made any serious attempts...
  
  
• Anthemius
  Anthemius
  Procopius Anthemius was Western Roman Emperor from 467 to 472. Perhaps the last capable Western Roman Emperor, Anthemius attempted to solve the two primary military challenges facing the remains of the Western Roman Empire: the resurgent Visigoths, under Euric, whose domain straddled the Pyrenees;...
  
  
• Anthemius (praetorian prefect)
  Anthemius (praetorian prefect)
  Flavius Anthemius was a high-ranking official of the late Roman Empire. He is notable as a Praetorian prefect of the East and effective regent of the Eastern Roman Empire during the later reign of Arcadius and the first years of Theodosius II, as well as for the construction of the first set of...
  
  
• Anthemius of Tralles
  Anthemius of Tralles
  Anthemius of Tralles was a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople and architect, who collaborated with Isidore of Miletus to build the church of Hagia Sophia by the order of Justinian I. Anthemius came from an educated family, one of five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician...
  
  
• Anthemius Isidorus
  Anthemius Isidorus
  Flavius Anthemius Isidorus was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, the maternal uncle of the Western emperor Anthemius.- Biography :...
  
  
• Anthimus (physician)
  Anthimus (physician)
  Anthimus was a Byzantine physician at the court of the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great and author of De observatione ciborum , which is a valuable source for Late Latin linguistics as well as Byzantine dietetics.-Editions:...
  
  
• Anthimus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Anthypatos
  Anthypatos
  Anthypatos is the translation in Greek of the Latin proconsul. In the Greek-speaking East, it was used to denote this office in Roman and early Byzantine times, surviving as an administrative office until the 9th century...
  
  
• Antioch
  Antioch
  Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the...
  
  
• Antioch earthquake, 526
  526 Antioch earthquake
  The 526 Antioch earthquake was a major earthquake that hit Syria and Antioch in the Byzantine Empire in 526. It struck during late May, probably between May 20–29, at mid-morning, killing approximately 250,000 people. The earthquake was followed by a fire that destroyed most of the buildings left...
  
  
• Antioch (613), Battle of
  Battle of Antioch (613)
  The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside of Antioch, Syria between a Byzantine army led by Heraclius and a Persian army. The victorious Persians were able to maintain a hold on their recently taken Byzantine territory.- History :...
  
  
• Antioch, Principality of
  Principality of Antioch
  The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade.-Foundation:...
  
  
• Antiochus Chuzon
  Antiochus Chuzon
  Antiochus Chuzon , called "the Elder" to distinguish him from his nephew, was a high official of the Eastern Roman Empire, praetorian prefect of the East and consul, who participated in the formulation of the Codex Theodosianus....
  
  
• Antipope Paschal
  Antipope Paschal
  Paschal was a rival with Theodore for Pope following the death of Pope Conon , and thus is considered an antipope of the Roman Catholic Church.Prior to the disputed election, Paschal was an archdeacon...
  
  
• Antipope Theodore
  Antipope Theodore
  Theodore was a rival with Paschal for Pope following the death of Pope Conon , and thus is considered an antipope of the Roman Catholic Church.Prior to the disputed election, Theodore was an archpriest...
  
  
• Antonina (wife of Belisarius)
  Antonina (wife of Belisarius)
  Antonina was a Byzantine patrikia and wife of the general Belisarius. Her influence of her husband was great. Procopius features her as dominating Belisarius.- Family :...
  
  
• Antony I Kassymatas, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Antony II Kauleas, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Antony III Studites, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Antony IV, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople
  Antony IV was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two terms, from January 1389 to July 1390, and again from early 1391 until his death.He was originally a hieromonk, possibly from the Dionysiou monastery in Mount Athos...
  
  
• Anzen, Battle of
  Battle of Anzen
  The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on July 22, 838 at Anzen or Dazimon between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate...
  
  
• Aplekton
  Aplekton
  Aplekton was a Byzantine term used in the 10th–14th centuries for a fortified army base and later in the Palaiologan period for the obligation of billeting soldiers....
  
  
• Apocrisiarius
  Apocrisiarius
  An apocrisiarius, the Latinized form of apokrisiarios , sometimes Anglicized as apocrisiary, was a high diplomatic representative during Late Antiquity and the early medieval period. The corresponding Latin term was responsalis...
  
  
• Apocrisiarius, Papal
  Papal apocrisiarius
  The apocrisiarius or apocrisiary was the legate from the Pope to the Patriarch of Constantinople, circa 452-743, equivalent to the modern nunciature.-Nomenclature:...
  
  
• Apokapes
  Apokapes
  The Apokapes or Apocapes, plural Apokapai, was an Armeno-Georgian noble family members of which are known to have held important positions in the Byzantine military administration in the 11th century. Among its more notable members was Basil Apokapes....
  
  
• Apollinarius (governor)
  Apollinarius (governor)
  Apollinarius was a Byzantine governor of the Balearic Islands, appointed in 534. The main source about him is Procopius.-Biography:Apollinarius was a native of the Italian Peninsula, but apparently settled in the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa while still underage. He grew up to serve King Hilderic...
  
  
• Apollinarius of Alexandria
  Patriarch Apollinarius of Alexandria
  -References:...
  
  
• Apollonius (praetorian prefect)
  Apollonius (praetorian prefect)
  Apollonius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire.He was comes sacrarum largitionum in 436, then Praetorian prefect of the East from August 21, 442 to May 22, 443...
  
  
• Apollonius (consul 460)
  Apollonius (consul 460)
  Flavius Apollonius was an East Roman consul in 460.He could be identified with that Apollonius who was praetorian prefect of the East in 442-443, or with that Apollonius who was magister militum in 443-451.- Bibliography :...
  
  
• Arabia (daughter of Justin II)
  Arabia (daughter of Justin II)
  Arabia was the only recorded daughter of Byzantine emperor Justin II and his empress Sophia.- Name and meaning :While mentioned in several primary sources, her name is only recorded in the Patria of Constantinople...
  
  
• Arabs
• Arabs, Byzantine wars with the
• Arabs (780–1180), Byzantine wars with the
• Araklovon Castle
  Araklovon Castle
  Araklovon or Araclovon was a medieval castle of the Byzantine era located in southwestern Peloponnese in Greece. The castle was built on the top of a steep cliff of the Minthi mountain, at an altitude of 980m. The location was strategic; it oversaw the only passage from the port city of Glarentza...
  
  
• Aratius
  Aratius
  Aratius was an Armenian military commander of the 6th-century. He served at first the Sassanid Empire, then defected to the Byzantine Empire. He is primarily known for his activities in the Iberian War, and the Gothic War. He was eventually killed in an ambush. Primary sources about him include...
  
  
• Arcadiopolis (970), Battle of
• Arcadiopolis (1194), Battle of
  Battle of Arcadiopolis (1194)
  The battle of Arcadiopolis occurred in 1194 near the modern town of Lule Burgas in Turkey between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Arcadius
  Arcadius
  Arcadius was the Byzantine Emperor from 395 to his death. He was the eldest son of Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the Western Emperor Honorius...
  
  
• Arcadius, Column of
  Column of Arcadius
  The column of Arcadius was a Roman triumphal column begun in 401 in the forum of Arcadius in Constantinople to commemorate Arcadius's triumph over the Goths under Gainas in 400...
  
  
• Arcadius, Forum of
  Forum of Arcadius
  The Forum of Arcadius , was built by the Emperor Arcadius in the city of Constantinople, now Istanbul.Built in 403, it was built in the in the Xerolophos area and was the last forum before reaching the Constantinian city walls and the Golden Gate in a line of forums, including the Forum of...
  
  
• Architecture, Byzantine
  Byzantine architecture
  Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. The empire gradually emerged as a distinct artistic and cultural entity from what is today referred to as the Roman Empire after AD 330, when the Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire east from Rome to...
  
  
• Architecture of Istanbul
  Architecture of Istanbul
  The Architecture of Istanbul describes a large mixture of structures which reflect the many influences that have made an indelible mark in all districts of the city. The city is somewhat surrounded by the Walls of Constantinople, originally constructed by the emperor Constantine I to protect the...
  
  
• Ardabur
  Ardabur
  Ardabur was the son of Flavius Ardabur Aspar, Master of Horse and Magister Militum of the Eastern Roman Empire in the fifth century. Ardabur apparently often served under his famous father during his campaigns. In 466 Ardabur was accused of a treasonous plot, probably by his father's political...
  
  
• Ardabur (consul 427)
• Ardagast
  Ardagast
  Ardagast or Radogost was a 6th-century South Slavic chieftain under King Musokios.Menander Protector writes about Ardagast in his works, and he is mentioned in the Strategicon of Maurice....
  
  
• Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus
• Argyros (Byzantine family)
  Argyros (Byzantine family)
  Argyros , latinized as Argyrus, was the name of a prominent Byzantine family. They produced one Emperor, Romanos III, as well as other notables, including Pothos Argyros, Catepan of Italy....
  
  
• Argyrus (Catepan of Italy)
• Ariadne (empress)
  Ariadne (empress)
  Aelia Ariadne was the Empress consort of Zeno and Anastasius I of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:Ariadne was a daughter of Leo I and Verina. Her mother was a sister of Basiliscus....
  
  
• Arianism
  Arianism
  Arianism is the theological teaching attributed to Arius , a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt, concerning the relationship of the entities of the Trinity and the precise nature of the Son of God as being a subordinate entity to God the Father...
  
  
• Arianites
  Arianites
  Arianites is an extinct genus of Cephalopod belonging to the Ammonite subclass....
  
  
• Aristaenetus
  Aristaenetus
  Aristaenetus was an ancient Greek epistolographer who flourished in the 5th or 6th century AD. He was formerly identified with Aristaenetus of Nicaea , who perished in an earthquake at Nicomedia, 358, but internal evidence points to a much later date...
  
  
• Aristocracy and bureaucracy, Byzantine
  Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
  The Byzantine Empire had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy, which was inherited from the Roman Empire. At the apex of the pyramid stood the Emperor, sole ruler and divinely ordained, but beneath him a multitude of officials and court functionaries operated the administrative...
  
  
• Aristomachus (Egypt)
  Aristomachus (Egypt)
  Aristomachus was a Byzantine official in Egypt. He was active in the reigns of Tiberius II Constantine and Maurice . He eventually rose to become prefect of Constantinople and "curator domus Augustae" Aristomachus was a Byzantine official in Egypt. He was active in the reigns of Tiberius II...
  
  
• Arius
  Arius
  Arius was a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt of Libyan origins. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father's divinity over the Son , and his opposition to the Athanasian or Trinitarian Christology, made him a controversial figure in the First Council of...
  
  
• Arkadios II, Archbishop of Cyprus
• Archontopouloi
  Archontopouloi
  The archontopouloi were an elite military formation of the Byzantine army during the Komnenian era, in the 11th-12th centuries. They were founded by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos The archontopouloi were an elite military formation of the Byzantine army during the Komnenian era, in the 11th-12th...
  
  
• Armatus
  Armatus
  Flavius Armatus was a Byzantine military commander, magister militum under Emperors Leo I, Basiliscus and Zeno, and consul. He was instrumental in the rebellion of Basiliscus against Zeno, and in his subsequent fall.- Origin and early career :...
  
  
• Armenia
  Armenia
  Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
  
  
• Armenia, Byzantine
  Byzantine Armenia
  Byzantine Armenia is the name given to the Armenian part of the Byzantine Empire. The size of the territory varied over time, depending on the degree of control the Byzantines had over Armenia....
  
  
• Armenia, Roman
  Roman Armenia
  From the end of the 1st century BC onwards, Armenia was, in part or whole, subject to the Roman Empire and its successor, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Armeniac Theme
  Armeniac Theme
  The Armeniac Theme , more properly the Theme of the Armeniacs was a Byzantine theme located in northeastern Asia Minor .-History:...
  
  
• Armouris, Song of
  Song of Armouris
  The Song of Armouris or Armoures is a heroic Byzantine ballad, and probably one of the oldest surviving acritic songs, dating from the 11th century...
  
  
• Army, Byzantine
  Byzantine army
  The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy. A direct descendant of the Roman army, the Byzantine army maintained a similar level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization...
  
  
• Army, Komnenian Byzantine
• Army, Palaiologan Byzantine
• Arsaber
  Arsaber
  Arsaber , was a Byzantine noble who attempted an unsuccessful usurpation of the Byzantine imperial throne in 808.Arsaber was a noble of Armenian origin, holding the rank of patrikios, and had served as quaestor. In February 808, a group of secular and ecclesiastic officials, who were dissatisfied...
  
  
• Arsaces (conspirator)
  Arsaces (conspirator)
  Arsaces was a Byzantine conspirator against Justinian I . He was the instigator of Artabanes' conspiracy. The main source about him is Procopius. - Biography :...
  
  
• Arsacius of Tarsus
  Arsacius of Tarsus
  Arsacius was the intruding archbishop of Constantinople from 404 up to 405, after the violent expulsion of John Chrysostom.-Biography:...
  
  
• Arsenios Autoreianos, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Artabanes (general)
  Artabanes (general)
  Artabanes was an East Roman general of Armenian origin who served under Justinian I . Initially a rebel against Byzantine authority, he fled to the Sassanid Persians but soon returned to Byzantine allegiance. He served in Africa, where he won great fame by killing the rebel general Guntharic and...
  
  
• Artabasdos
  Artabasdos
  Artavasdos, Latinized as Artabasdos or Artabasdus , was Byzantine Emperor of Armenian descent from June 741 or 742 until November 743...
  
  
• Arthelais
  Arthelais
  Saint Arthelais is venerated as a Christian saint. She is one of the patron saints of Benevento, with Saints Barbatus of Benevento and Bartholomew being the others. Her feast day is on March 3....
  
  
• Asad ibn al-Furat
  Asad ibn al-Furat
  Asad ibn al-Furat was a jurist and theologian in Ifriqiya, who began the Muslim conquest of Sicily.His family, originally from Harran in Mesopotamia, emigrated with him to Ifriqiya. Asad studied in Medina with Malik ibn Anas, the founder of the Malikite school, and in Kufa with a disciple of Abu...
  
  
• Asclepigenia
  Asclepigenia
  Asclepigenia was an Athenian philosopher and mystic whose life is known from an account in Marinus' Life of Proclus. Her father, Plutarch of Athens was head of the Neoplatonist school at Athens, and instructed Asclepigenia and her brother Hierius in the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle...
  
  
• Asclepiodotus (consul 423)
  Asclepiodotus (consul 423)
  Flavius Asclepiodotus or Asclepiades was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire- Biography :Asclepiodotus was the brother of the sophist Leontius, and thus of Atenaides, who married in 421 the Emperor Theodosius II taking the name of Aelia Eudocia...
  
  
• Asclepiodotus (physician)
  Asclepiodotus (physician)
  Asclepiodotus was a Greek physician, mathematician and musician of the late 5th century AD, who was best known for promoting the medicinal uses of white hellebore. He was a pupil of Jacobus Psychrestus, and is mentioned by Damascius....
  
  
• Asclepiodotus of Alexandria
  Asclepiodotus of Alexandria
  Asclepiodotus of Alexandria was a Neoplatonic philosopher who lived in the second half of the 5th century. He was a native of Alexandria who studied under Proclus in Athens. He eventually moved to Aphrodisias where he maintained a philosophy school jointly with another man also called...
  
  
• Asclepius of Tralles
  Asclepius of Tralles
  Asclepius of Tralles was a student of Ammonius Hermiae. Two works of his survive:*Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, books I-VII.*Commentary on Nicomachus' Introduction to Arithmetic...
  
  
• Ascum
  Ascum
  Ascum was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Justinian I . He was in command of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. His name is reported by John Malalas. Both Theophanes the Confessor and George Kedrenos render his name "Ακούμ" .-Biography:Ascum was reportedly a...
  
  
• Asen and Peter, Uprising of
• Ashot II of Tao
• Asia (Roman province)
• Asia, Diocese of
  Diocese of Asia
  The Diocese of Asia was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of western Asia Minor and the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea...
  
  
• Asomatianos Tzamplakon
  Asomatianos Tzamplakon
  Asomatianos Tzamplakon was a Byzantine aristocrat and admiral during the Byzantine–Genoese War of 1348–1349.The Tzamplakones were an important and wealthy aristocratic family attested since the mid-13th century, when one of its members achieved the high military rank of Domestic of the Schools....
  
  
• Aspar
  Aspar
  Flavius Ardabur Aspar was an Alan patrician and magister militum of the Eastern Roman Empire. Aspar's family exerted a great influence on the Eastern Roman Emperors for half a century, from the 420s to his death in 471, over Theodosius II, Marcian and Leo I, who, in the end, had him killed.Alans...
  
  
• Asparukh of Bulgaria
  Asparukh of Bulgaria
  Asparuh was ruler of a Bulgar tribe in the second half of the 7th century and is credited with the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 680/681...
  
  
• Asterius of Amasia
  Asterius of Amasia
  Saint Asterius of Amasea was made Bishop of Amasea between 380 and 390 AD, after having been a lawyer. He was born in Cappadocia and probably died in Amasea in modern Turkey, then in Pontus. Significant portions of his lively sermons survive, which are especially interesting from the point of...
  
  
• Athalaric
  Athalaric
  Athalaric was the King of the Ostrogoths in Italy. He was a son of Eutharic and Amalasuntha. His maternal grandfather was Theodoric the Great. He succeeded his grandfather as king in 526....
  
  
• Athanasios of Emesa
  Athanasios of Emesa
  Athanasios of Emesa was a Byzantine jurist living in the 6th century. Coming from the first generation of jurists to practice after Justinian completed the codification of Roman law, he worked as a teacher of law, rhetor and advocate.His principal work is the Syntagma , a practical lawyer's...
  
  
• Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople
  Athanasius I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two terms, from 1289 to 1293 and 1303 to 1309. He was born in Adrianople and died in Constantinople. Chosen by the emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus as patriarch, he opposed the reunion of the Greek and Roman Churches and introduced...
  
  
• Athanasius II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Athanasius (grandson of Theodora)
  Athanasius (grandson of Theodora)
  Athanasius was a Byzantine monk and a grandson of Theodora, wife of Justinian I. The main sources about him are John of Ephesus, Michael the Syrian and Bar-Hebraeus.- Biography :...
  
  
• Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque
  Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque
  - External links :*...
  
  
• Atticus, Archbishop of Constantinople
  Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople
  Atticus was the archbishop of Constantinople, succeeding Arsacius of Tarsus in March 406. He had been an opponent of John Chrysostom and helped Arsacius of Tarsus depose him, but later became a supporter of him after his death...
  
  
• Augusta (honorific)
  Augusta (honorific)
  Augusta was the imperial honorific title of empresses. It was given to the women of the Roman and Byzantine imperial families. In the third century, Augustae could also receive the titles of Mater castrorum and Mater Patriae .The title implied the greatest prestige, with the Augustae able to...
  
  
• Augustaion
  Augustaion
  The Augustaion or, in Latin, Augustaeum, was an important ceremonial square in ancient and medieval Constantinople , roughly corresponding to the modern Aya Sofya Meydanı...
  
  
• Augustine of Canterbury
  Augustine of Canterbury
  Augustine of Canterbury was a Benedictine monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597...
  
  
• Aurelianus (consul 400)
  Aurelianus (consul 400)
  Aurelianus , also known as Aurelian, was a prominent politician of the Eastern Roman Empire.- Biography :Aurelianus was the son of the Consul of 361, Taurus, and brother of Caesarius; he had a son called Taurus, Consul in 428...
  
  
• Autokrator
  Autokrator
  Autokratōr is a Greek epithet applied to an individual who exercises absolute power, unrestrained by superiors. In a historical context, it has been applied to military commanders-in-chief, and to Roman and Byzantine emperors as the translation of the Latin title imperator. Its connection with...
  
  
• Auxentius of Bithynia
  Auxentius of Bithynia
  Auxentius of Bithynia was a hermit born circa 400 AD in Syria, and died February 14, 473 on Mount Scopas.Auxentius was in the Equestrian Guard of Roman Emperor Theodosius II, but left to become a solitary monk on Mount Oxia near Constantinople. He was accused of heresy but was exonerated at the...
  
  
• Avars
  Eurasian Avars
  The Eurasian Avars or Ancient Avars were a highly organized nomadic confederacy of mixed origins. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit entourage of nomad warriors, an organization characteristic of Turko-Mongol groups...
  
  
• Averil Cameron
  Averil Cameron
  Dame Averil Millicent Cameron, DBE, FBA is Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine History in the University of Oxford, and was formerly the Warden of Keble College, Oxford between 1994 and 2010....
  
  
• Avienus (consul 501)
  Avienus (consul 501)
  Flavius Avienus Iunior was a Roman politician during the reign of Theodoric the Great. He held the consulship with Pompeius as colleague in 501....
  
  
• Al-'Awasim
  Al-'Awasim
  The al-'awāṣim was the Arabic term used to refer to the Muslim side of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the Ummayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in Cilicia, northern Syria and northern Mesopotamia...
  
  
• Al-Aziz
  Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah
  Al-Aziz was the fifth Caliph of the Fatimids .- History :Since Abdallah, the heir to the throne, had died before his father Ma'ad al-Muizz Li-Deenillah , his brother Abu Mansur Nizar al-Azizbillah acceded to the Caliphate with the help of Jawhar as-Siqilli...
  
  

B

• Baduarius
  Baduarius
  Baduarius was an East Roman aristocrat, the son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Justin II . Theophanes the Confessor erroneously calls him a brother.- Life :...
  
  
• Baduarius (curator)
  Baduarius (curator)
  Baduarius is a figure of 6th century Constantinople, known only from a single inscription in an epitaph.The inscription is written in the Greek language, mentioning the glorious memory of Baduarius and Theodora. His title is rendered in Latin as "curator domus rerum Areobindi"...
  
  
• Baduarius (Scythia)
  Baduarius (Scythia)
  Baduarius was a Byzantine general, active early in the reign of Justinian I in Scythia Minor. Patrick Amory considers the name Baduarius to be Germanic in origin....
  
  
• Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
  Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
  Bagrationi was the first Empress consort of John IV of Trebizond. Her first name is unknown.-Family:Bagrationi was a daughter of Alexander I of Georgia and his second wife Tamar...
  
  
• Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia
  Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia
  The medieval Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Bagratid Armenia , was an independent state established by Ashot I Bagratuni in 885 following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of Greater Armenia under Arab Umayyad and Abbasid rule...
  
  
• Baldwin I of Constantinople
  Baldwin I of Constantinople
  Baldwin I , the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders and as Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople, the conquest of the greater part of the Byzantine...
  
  
• Baldwin I of Jerusalem
  Baldwin I of Jerusalem
  Baldwin I of Jerusalem, formerly Baldwin I of Edessa, born Baldwin of Boulogne , 1058? – 2 April 1118, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, who became the first Count of Edessa and then the second ruler and first titled King of Jerusalem...
  
  
• Baldwin II of Constantinople
  Baldwin II of Constantinople
  Baldwin II of Courtenay was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.He was a younger son of Yolanda of Flanders, sister of the first two emperors, Baldwin I and Henry of Flanders...
  
  
• Baldwin II of Jerusalem
  Baldwin II of Jerusalem
  Baldwin II of Jerusalem , formerly Baldwin II of Edessa, also called Baldwin of Bourcq, born Baldwin of Rethel was the second count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and the third king of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death.-Ancestry:Baldwin was the son of Hugh, count of Rethel, and his wife Melisende,...
  
  
• Baldwin III of Jerusalem
  Baldwin III of Jerusalem
  Baldwin III was king of Jerusalem from 1143 to 1163. He was the eldest son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and the grandson of Baldwin II of Jerusalem.-Succession:...
  
  
• Balearic Islands
  Balearic Islands
  The Balearic Islands are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain with Palma as the capital...
  
  
• Bandon (Byzantine Empire)
  Bandon (Byzantine Empire)
  The bandon was the basic military and territorial administrative unit of the middle Byzantine Empire. Its name derived from Latin bandum, "ensign, banner", which in turn had a Germanic origin. The term was used already in the 6th century as a term for a battle standard, and soon came to be applied...
  
  
• Bapheus, Battle of
  Battle of Bapheus
  The Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302 between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine armyunder George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Turks...
  
  
• Bar, Battle of
• Bardanes Tourkos
  Bardanes Tourkos
  Bardanes, nicknamed Tourkos, "the Turk" , was a Byzantine general of Armenian origin who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I in 803. Although a major supporter of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens , soon after her overthrow he was appointed by Nikephoros as...
  
  
• Bardas
  Bardas
  Bardas was a Byzantine noble and high-ranking minister. As the brother of Empress Theodora, he rose to high office under Theophilos . Although sidelined after Theophilos' death by Theodora and Theoktistos, in 856 he engineered Theoktistos' fall and became the regent for his nephew, Michael III...
  
  
• Bardas Phokas the Elder
  Bardas Phokas the Elder
  Bardas Phokas was a notable Byzantine general in the first half of the 10th century, and father of Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas and the kouropalates Leo Phokas the Younger....
  
  
• Bardas Phokas the Younger
• Bardas Skleros
  Bardas Skleros
  Bardas Skleros or Sclerus was a Byzantine general who led a wide-scale Asian rebellion against Emperor Basil II in 976–979.-Background:...
  
  
• Baresmanas
  Baresmanas
  Baresmanas was an eminent Sassanian Persian general. He is known only from his participation in the Battle of Dara in 530 against the Byzantines led by Belisarius. In this battle, Baresmanas was the second-in-command of the Persian army under Firouz, and was killed during the fight by Sunicas....
  
  
• Basel, Council of
• Bari
  Bari
  Bari is the capital city of the province of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, in Italy. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy after Naples, and is well known as a port and university city, as well as the city of Saint Nicholas...
  
  
• Barlaam of Seminara
• Basil I
  Basil I
  Basil I, called the Macedonian was a Byzantine emperor of probable Armenian descent who reigned from 867 to 886. Born a simple peasant in the Byzantine theme of Macedonia, he rose in the imperial court, and usurped the imperial throne from Emperor Michael III...
  
  
• Basil II
  Basil II
  Basil II , known in his time as Basil the Porphyrogenitus and Basil the Young to distinguish him from his ancestor Basil I the Macedonian, was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty who reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025.The first part of his long reign was dominated...
  
  
• Basil II, Epitaph on the tomb of
  Epitaph on the tomb of Basil II
  The long reign of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II saw continuous warfare in both East and West . A true soldier-emperor, Basil led most of these campaigns himself, something reflected in his epitaph. His complete subjugation of the Bulgarian state earned him the epithet "Bulgar-Slayer" by later...
  
  
• Basil I Skamandrenos, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Basil I of Constantinople
  Basil I, surnamed Scamandrenus, was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 970 to 974. Before his election as Patriarch, he was a monk in Olympus of Syria and continued his monastic life after his election. As a Patriarch he was accused as a conspirator against the Emperor and as a violator of...
  
  
• Basil II Kamateros, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Basil II of Constantinople
  Basil II Kamateros was the Patriarch of Constantinople from August 1183 to February 1186.Basil was a member of the Kamateros family, which provided a number of leading officials in the 12th century. He initially served under Manuel I Komnenos as a diplomat, but after a disastrous mission in...
  
  
• Basil of Ani
  Basil of Ani
  Basil of Ani or Basil Pahlavuni was Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia from 1105 to 1113.Basil was the nephew of Catholicos Gregory II the Martyrophile. He was the bishop of Seljuk-occupied Ani from 1081 to 1105. In 1090 he was appointed the bishop of Marash which enjoyed the support of Philaretos...
  
  
• Basil Apokapes
• Basil Argyros
  Basil Argyros
  Agent of Byzantium is a collection of short stories by Harry Turtledove, centred around the exploits of the eponymous Basil Argyros, a Byzantine secret agent...
  
  
• Basil Boioannes
  Basil Boioannes
  Basil III, called Boioannes in Greek and Bugiano in Italian, was the Byzantine catapan of Italy and one of the greatest Byzantine generals of his time. His accomplishments enabled the Empire to reestablish itself as a major force in southern Italy after centuries of decline...
  
  
• Basil Lekapenos
  Basil Lekapenos
  Basil Lekapenos was the chief administrator of the Byzantine Empire from 945 until 985.An illegitimate son of the emperor Romanos I Lekapenos, he was castrated when young....
  
  
• Basil Mesardonites
  Basil Mesardonites
  Basil Mesardonites was the Catapan of Italy, representing the Byzantine Emperor there, from 1010 to 1016 or 1017. He succeeded the catapan Curcuas, who died fighting the Lombards, then in rebellion under Melus, early in 1010. In March, Basil disembarked with reinforcements from Constantinople and...
  
  
• Basil of Naples
  Basil of Naples
  Basil was the first Duke of Naples from 661 to 666. Neapolitan by birth, soldier of the Byzantine Empire by trade, he was nominated by the emperor Constans II to be dux Campaniae in 661.-Sources:* by David Taylor and Jeff Matthews....
  
  
• Basil of Trebizond
  Basil of Trebizond
  Basil Megas Komnenos was Emperor of Trebizond from August 1332 to his death in 1340. Basil was a younger son of Emperor Alexios II of Trebizond and his wife Djiadjak Jaqeli...
  
  
• Basil Onomagoulos
  Basil Onomagoulos
  Basil Onomagoulos was a Byzantine official who was declared rival emperor in Sicily in 717, taking the regnal name Tiberius.Basil was from Constantinople, the son of a certain Gregory Onomagoulos...
  
  
• Basil the Confessor
  Basil the Confessor
  Basil the Confessor was an Eastern Orthodox saint who lived in the 8th century and was tortured by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III. With his pupil Prokopy, St. Basil the Confessor, who was a monk, was imprisoned for venerating icons, since at that time it was prohibited. After Leo III died in 741,...
  
  
• Basil the Copper Hand
  Basil the Copper Hand
  Basil the Copper Hand was a Byzantine rebel leader active in Bithynia in the 920s and early 930s.Basil was born in Macedonia. In the 920s, in the theme of Opsikion in Bithynia, he assumed the name of the general Constantine Doukas, who had been killed during an attempted coup in 913, and assembled...
  
  
• Basil the Physician
  Basil the Physician
  Basil the Physician was the Bogomil leader condemned as a heretic by Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople and burned at the stake by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus....
  
  
• Basil Theodorokanos
• Basileopator
  Basileopator
  Basileopatōr was one of the highest secular titles of the Byzantine Empire. It was an exceptional post , and conferred only twice in the Empire's history...
  
  
• Basileus
  Basileus
  Basileus is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs in history. It is perhaps best known in English as a title used by the Byzantine Emperors, but also has a longer history of use for persons of authority and sovereigns in ancient Greece, as well as for the kings of...
  
  
• Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
  Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
  The Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major , known also by other names, is the largest Roman Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy.There are other churches in Rome dedicated to Mary, such as Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, but the greater size of the...
  
  
• Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
  Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
  The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna . It was erected by the Ostrogoth King Theodoric as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century...
  
  
• Basilica of San Vitale
  Basilica of San Vitale
  The Church of San Vitale — styled an "ecclesiastical basilica" in the Roman Catholic Church, though it is not of architectural basilica form — is a church in Ravenna, Italy, one of the most important examples of early Christian Byzantine Art and architecture in western Europe...
  
  
• Basilides (patricius)
  Basilides (patricius)
  Basilides was a Byzantine official, who held the office of magister officiorum during the reign of Justinian I . He was a member of the commission responsible for forming the Corpus Juris Civilis. - Biography :...
  
  
• Basilika
  Basilika
  The term Basilika or 'Basilica' refers to a code of laws issued by the Eastern Roman emperor Leo VI the Wise . Written entirely in Greek, the 'Basilica', in 60 books, adapt the 6th-century Justinian code to the conditions of the 9th- and 10th-century Empire, and include laws issued by Leo VI and...
  
  
• Basilikon
  Basilikon
  The basilikon , commonly also referred to as the doukaton , was a widely circulated Byzantine silver coin of the first half of the 14th century...
  
  
• Basiliscus
  Basiliscus
  Basiliscus was Eastern Roman Emperor from 475 to 476. A member of the House of Leo, he came to power when Emperor Zeno had been forced out of Constantinople by a revolt....
  
  
• Basilissa
  Basileus
  Basileus is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs in history. It is perhaps best known in English as a title used by the Byzantine Emperors, but also has a longer history of use for persons of authority and sovereigns in ancient Greece, as well as for the kings of...
  
  
• Bathys Ryax, Battle of
  Battle of Bathys Ryax
  The Battle of Bathys Ryax was fought in 872 or 878 between the Byzantine Empire and the Paulicians. The Paulicians were a Christian sect which—persecuted by the Byzantine state—had established a separate principality at Tephrike on Byzantium's eastern border and collaborated with the Muslim...
  
  
• Bayezid I
  Bayezid I
  Bayezid I was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I and Valide Sultan Gülçiçek Hatun.-Biography:Bayezid was born in Edirne and spent his youth in Bursa, where he received a high-level education...
  
  
• Beatrice of Provence
  Beatrice of Provence
  Beatrice of Provence , was a countess regnant of Provence. She was also a Queen consort of Sicily by marriage to King Charles I of Sicily....
  
  
• Beatrice of Sicily, Latin Empress
• Béla III of Hungary
  Béla III of Hungary
  Béla III was King of Hungary and Croatia . He was educated in the court of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I who was planning to ensure his succession in the Byzantine Empire till the birth of his own son...
  
  
• Belgrade
  Belgrade
  Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe...
  
  
• Belisario
  Belisario
  Belisario is a tragedia lirica, or opera, in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian libretto after Luigi Marchionni's adaptation of Eduard von Schenk's play. The plot is loosely based on the life of the famous general Belisarius of the 6th century Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Belisarius
  Belisarius
  Flavius Belisarius was a general of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously....
  
  
• Belthandros and Chrysantza
  Belthandros and Chrysantza
  Belthandros and Chrysantza is a Byzantine romance written by an anonymous author. The work describes the love story between a young couple: Belthandros and Chrysantza. The original version of the work was probably composed in 13th or 14th century, while it bears traces of later remodeling that may...
  
  
• Benedict I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Benedict I
  Pope Benedict I was pope from June 2, 575 to July 30, 579.Benedict was the son of a man named Bonifacius, and was called Bonosus by the Greeks. The ravages of the Lombards rendered it very difficult to communicate with the Byzantine emperor at Constantinople, who claimed the privilege of confirming...
  
  
• Benjamin I, Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria
• Berat (1280–1281), Siege of
  Siege of Berat (1280–1281)
  The Siege of Berat in Albania by the forces of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily against the Byzantine garrison of the city took place in 1280–1281. Berat was a strategically important fortress, whose possession would allow the Angevins access to the heartlands of the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Berengaria of León
• Beroia, Battle of
  Battle of Beroia
  The Battle of Beroia was fought between the Pechenegs and Emperor John II Komnenos of the Byzantine Empire in the year 1122 in what is now Bulgaria, and resulted in the disappearance of the Pecheneg people as an independent force....
  
  
• Bertha of Sulzbach
  Bertha of Sulzbach
  Bertha of Sulzbach was the first wife and Empress of Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus.-Family:...
  
  
• Berzitia, Battle of
  Battle of Berzitia
  The battle of Berzitia occurred in the fall of 774 near the town of Berzitia, Macedonia. The result was a Byzantine victory.- Origins of the conflict :...
  
  
• Bibliotheca (Photius)
  Bibliotheca (Photius)
  The Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon was a 9th century work of Byzantine Patriarch Photius, dedicated to his brother and composed of 279 reviews of books which he had read. It was not meant to be used as a reference work, but was widely used as such in the 9th century, and is generally seen as the first...
  
  
• Bithynia
  Bithynia
  Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine .-Description:...
  
  
• Bitola (1015), Battle of
  Battle of Bitola (1015)
  The battle of Bitola took place near the town of Bitola, in Bulgarian territory, between a Bulgarian army under the command of the voivoda Ivats and a Byzantine army led by the strategos George Gonitsiates. It was one of the last open battles between the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine...
  
  
• Blachernae
  Blachernae
  Blachernae was a suburb in the northwestern section of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. It was the site of a spring and a number of prominent churches were built there, most notably the great Church of St. Mary of Blachernae , built by Empress Pulcheria in circa 450,...
  
  
• Blachernae, Palace of
  Palace of Blachernae
  The Palace of Blachernae was an imperial Byzantine residence in the suburb of Blachernae, located in the northwestern section of Constantinople...
  
  
• Blarathon, Battle of
  Battle of Blarathon
  The Battle of Blarathon was fought in 592 near Ganzak between a combined Eastern Roman -Persian force and a Persian army led by the usurper Bahram Chobin. The combined army was led by John Mystacon, Narses, and the Persian prince Khosrau II. The Roman-Persian force was victorious, ousting Bahram...
  
  
• Bodrum Mosque
  Bodrum Mosque
  Bodrum Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. The church was known under the Greek name of Myrelaion .-Location:...
  
  
• Boethius
• Bogomilism
  Bogomilism
  Bogomilism was a Gnostic religiopolitical sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Petar I in the 10th century...
  
  
• Bohemond I of Antioch
• Bonakis
  Bonakis
  Bonakis was a Byzantine military commander, active in Cyrenaica and Egypt. His name is occasionally rendered "Konakis". He joined the revolt of Heraclius against the emperor Phocas . He was killed in the subsequent conflict. The main source about him is John of Nikiû, the relevant text only...
  
  
• Boniface I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Boniface I
  Pope Saint Boniface I was pope from December 28, 418 to September 4, 422. He was a contemporary of Saint Augustine of Hippo, who dedicated to him some of his works....
  
  
• Boniface II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Boniface II
  Pope Boniface II was pope from 530 to 532.He was by birth an Ostrogoth, the first Germanic pope, and he owed his appointment to the influence of the Gothic king Athalaric. Boniface was chosen by his predecessor, Pope Felix IV, who had been a strong adherent of the Arian king, and was never elected...
  
  
• Boniface III, Pope of Rome
  Pope Boniface III
  Pope Boniface III was Pope from February 19 to November 12, 607. Despite his relatively short time as Pope he made a significant contribution to the organization of the Catholic Church.-Early life:...
  
  
• Boniface IV, Pope of Rome
  Pope Boniface IV
  Pope Saint Boniface IV was pope from 608 to his death.Son of Johannes, a physician, a Marsian from the province and town of Valeria; he succeeded Boniface III after a vacancy of over nine months. He was consecrated on either 25 August or September 15 in 608...
  
  
• Boniface V, Pope of Rome
  Pope Boniface V
  Pope Boniface V was pope from 619 to 625.He was consecrated as pope on December 23, 619. He did much for the Christianising of England and enacted the decree by which churches became places of refuge for criminals....
  
  
• Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat
• Bonus (patrician)
  Bonus (patrician)
  Bonus was a Byzantine statesman and general, one of the closest associates of Emperor Heraclius , who played a leading role in the successful defense of the imperial capital, Constantinople, during the Avar–Persian siege of 626.-Life:...
  
  
• Bonus (Sirmium)
  Bonus (Sirmium)
  Bonus was a Byzantine general, active in the reign of Justin II . He is known to have been situated at Sirmium, spending his career defending the Byzantine Empire against the Avars. He might have been a magister militum per Illyricum. The main source about him is Menander Protector.- Biography...
  
  
• Boraides
  Boraides
  Boraides was a cousin of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I , better known for his role in ending the Nika riots of 532. The primary source about him is Procopius.- Life :...
  
  
• Boril of Bulgaria
  Boril of Bulgaria
  Boril reigned as emperor of Bulgaria from 1207 to 1218. He was the son of an unnamed sister of his predecessor Kaloyan.-Biography:It is unclear whether Boril was party to the murder of Kaloyan in front of the walls of Thessalonica in 1207, but Kaloyan's intended heirs, his nephews Ivan Asen and...
  
  
• Boris I of Bulgaria
  Boris I of Bulgaria
  Boris I, also known as Boris-Mihail and Bogoris was the Knyaz of First Bulgarian Empire in 852–889. At the time of his baptism in 864, Boris was named Michael after his godfather, Emperor Michael III...
  
  
• Bosphorus
• Bosra, Battle of
  Battle of Bosra
  The Battle of Bosra was fought in 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate army and the Byzantine Empire for the possession of Bosra, in Syria. The city, then capital of the Ghassanid kingdom, a Byzantine vassal, was the first important one to be captured by the Islamic forces...
  
  
• Boukoleon Palace
• Boulgarophygon, Battle of
• Bouzes
  Bouzes
  Bouzes or Buzes was an East Roman general active in the reign of Justinian I in the wars against the Sassanid Persians.- Family :...
  
  
• Božidar Ferjančić
  Božidar Ferjančić
  Božidar Ferjančić was Serbian historian, specialist for history of later Bizantine empire and Serbian medieval history. He was member of Serbian academy of sciences and arts....
  
  
• Branko Mladenović
  Branko Mladenović
  Branko Mladenović was a 14th-century Serb feudal lord in the Lake Ohrid border region in 1346 between the Serb lands ruled by Stefan Dušan and Albanian lands ruled by Matarango...
  
  
• Bryennios
  Bryennios
  Bryennios or Bryennius , feminine form Bryennissa , was the name of a noble Byzantine family which rose to prominence in the 11th and 12th centuries, mostly as military commanders. The etymology of the name is uncertain. The first members of the family appear in the 9th century...
  
  
• Bucellarian Theme
  Bucellarian Theme
  The Bucellarian Theme , more properly known as the Theme of the Bucellarians was a Byzantine theme in northern Asia Minor...
  
  
• Bucellarius
• Bulgaria (theme)
  Bulgaria (theme)
  For other uses, see Bulgaria The Theme of Bulgaria was a province of the Byzantine Empire established by Emperor Basil II after the victory over Samuel of Bulgaria and the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. It was based on the wider regions of Skopje and Ohrid...
  
  
• Bulgaria
  Bulgaria
  Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
  
  
• Burdunellus
  Burdunellus
  Burdune'lus was a Roman usurper of the late fifth century, recorded only briefly in the Consularia Caesaraugustana...
  
  
• Bulgaria, Byzantine conquest of
  Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
  The Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria lasted from 968 to 1018, and was a military conflict that marked the beginning of the second apogee of the Byzantine Empire, which managed to incorporate most of the Balkan Peninsula, controlled by the First Bulgarian Empire, ridding itself of one of its most...
  
  
• Bulgaria, Byzantine wars with
• Bulgaria, Christianization of
  Christianization of Bulgaria
  The Christianization of Bulgaria was the process by which 9th-century medieval Bulgaria converted to Christianity. It was influenced by the khan's shifting political alliances with the kingdom of the East Franks and the Byzantine Empire, as well as his reception by the Pope of the Roman Catholic...
  
  
• Bulgaria, History of
  History of Bulgaria
  The history of Bulgaria spans from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin. The first traces of human presence on what is today Bulgaria date from 44,000 BC...
  
  
• Bulgarian Empire, 1st
  First Bulgarian Empire
  The First Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in the north-eastern Balkans in c. 680 by the Bulgars, uniting with seven South Slavic tribes...
  
  
• Bulgarian Empire, 2nd
  Second Bulgarian Empire
  The Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state which existed between 1185 and 1396 . A successor of the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th-early 15th century...
  
  
• Bulgars
  Bulgars
  The Bulgars were a semi-nomadic who flourished in the Pontic Steppe and the Volga basin in the 7th century.The Bulgars emerge after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the 5th century....
  
  
• Bursa, Siege of
  Siege of Bursa
  The Siege of Bursa or Siege of Prusa occurred in 1326, when the Ottomans deployed a bold plan to seize Prusa . The Ottomans had not captured a city before; the lack of expertise at this stage of the war meant that the city fell only after ten years. Some sources suggest nine years whilst others...
  
  
• Byzacena
  Byzacena
  Byzacena was a Roman province in what is now Tunisia.At the end of the third century AD, the Emperor Diocletian divided the great Roman province of Africa Proconsularis into three smaller provinces: Zeugitana in the north, still governed by a proconsul and referred to as Proconsularis, Byzacena,...
  
  
• Byzantine civilisation in the twelfth century
  Byzantine civilisation in the twelfth century
  During the 12th century, the civilization of the Byzantine Empire experienced a period of intense change and development. This has led some historians to refer to a 12th century 'Renaissance' in Byzantine cultural and intellectual achievement...
  
  
• Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
  Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
  The Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 was a series of conflicts fought in the 1320s between the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos over control of the Byzantine Empire.-Prelude to the civil war:...
  
  
• Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
  Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
  The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 was a conflict between supporters of designated regent John VI Kantakouzenos and guardians acting for John V Palaiologos, Emperor Andronikos III's nine-year-old son, in the persons of the Empress-dowager Anna of Savoy, the Patriarch of Constantinople John XIV...
  
  
• Byzantine commonwealth
  Byzantine commonwealth
  Byzantine Commonwealth is a term coined by 20th century historians to refer to the area where Byzantine liturgical tradition and general cultural influence was spread during the Middle Ages by Byzantine missionaries...
  
  
• Byzantine complexity
  Byzantine complexity
  Byzantine complexity is a phrase used to refer to anything overly and unnecessarily complex; so complex as to be completely beyond understanding. This term often also connotes that it is not worth understanding.-History:...
  
  
• Byzantine cuisine
  Byzantine cuisine
  Byzantine cuisine was marked by a merger of Greek and Roman gastronomy. The development of the Byzantine Empire and trade brought in spices, sugar and new vegetables to Greece. Cooks experimented with new combinations of food, creating two styles in the process...
  
  
• Byzantine dance
  Byzantine dance
  - History :Greek Dance in Antiquity was originally held to have some kind of educational value, as evidenced in Plato's dialogues on this point in The Laws...
  
  
• Byzantine Empire
  Byzantine Empire
  The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
  
  
• Byzantine Empire, History of the
• Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)
  Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)
  The Byzantine–Genoese War of 1348–1349 was fought over control over custom dues through the Bosphorus. The Byzantines attempted to break Byzantium's dependence for food and maritime commerce on the Genoese merchants of Galata, and also to rebuild their own naval power...
  
  
• Byzantine–Mongol alliance
• Byzantine rhetoric
  Byzantine rhetoric
  Byzantine Rhetoric followed largely the precepts of ancient Greek rhetoricians, especially those belonging to the Second Sophistic that extended from the time of Augustus through the fifth century AD....
  
  
• Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628
• Byzantine silk
  Byzantine silk
  Byzantine silk is silk woven in the Byzantine Empire from about the 4th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.The Byzantine capital of Constantinople was the first significant silk-weaving center in Europe. Silk was one of the most important commodities in the Byzantine economy, used by...
  
  
• Byzantine studies
  Byzantine studies
  Byzantine studies is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, costumes, religion, art, such as literature and music, science, economy, and politics of the Byzantine Empire. The discipline's founder in Germany is considered to be the philologist Hieronymus...
  
  
• Byzantine text-type
  Byzantine text-type
  The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
  
  
• Byzantine–Venetian War (1294–1302)
  Byzantine–Venetian War (1294–1302)
  The Byzantine–Venetian War of 1294–1302 was an off-shoot of the first Venetian–Genoese War of 1294–1299....
  
  
• Byzantinische Zeitschrift
  Byzantinische Zeitschrift
  Byzantinische Zeitschrift is a Byzantine studies journal established in 1892 by Karl Krumbacher....
  
  
• Byzantium
  Byzantium
  Byzantium was an ancient Greek city, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas . The name Byzantium is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion...
  
  
• Byzantium: The Early Centuries
  Byzantium: The Early Centuries
  Byzantium: The Early Centuries is a popular history book written by John Julius Norwich, published by Viking.- Content :In the book, Norwich covers the period 286-802 AD, from the establishment of the Tetrarchy by Diocletian and the beginning of the Dominate in the Roman Empire to the coronation...
  
  
• Byzantium (color)
  Byzantium (color)
  The color byzantium, a dark tone of purple, is displayed at right.The first recorded use of byzantium as a color name in English was in 1926.The source of this color is: .-Byzantine:...
  
  
• Byzantium after Byzantium
  Byzantium after Byzantium
  Byzantium after Byzantium is a 1935 book by the Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga, which gave its name to a national cultural movement. It refers to the Byzantine imperial influence on the political, social, cultural, and intellectual development of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia...
  
  
• Byzantium under the Angeloi
  Byzantium under the Angeloi
  The Byzantine Empire or Byzantium is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople...
  
  
• Byzantium under the Heraclians
  Byzantium under the Heraclians
  Byzantium under the Heraclians refers to the period when the East Roman or Byzantine Empire was ruled by the emperors of the Heraclian dynasty. The Heraclians presided over a period of cataclysmic events that were a watershed in the history of the Empire and the world in general.At the beginning of...
  
  
• Byzantium under the Isaurians
  Byzantium under the Isaurians
  The Eastern Roman Empire was ruled by the Isaurian or Syrian dynasty from 711 to 802. The Isaurian emperors were successful in defending and consolidating the Empire against the Caliphate after the onslaught of the early Muslim conquests, but were less successful in Europe, where they suffered...
  
  
• Byzantium under the Komnenoi
  Byzantium under the Komnenoi
  The Byzantine Empire or Byzantium is the term conventionally used by historians to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople...
  
  
• Byzantium under the Macedonians
  Byzantium under the Macedonians
  The Byzantine Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries, when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, and all of the territory of the tsar Samuel....
  
  
• Byzantium under the Palaiologoi
  Byzantium under the Palaiologoi
  The Byzantine Empire or Byzantium, the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, was ruled by the Palaiologoi dynasty in the period c...
  
  

C

• Caesar (title)
  Caesar (title)
  Caesar is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator...
  
  
• Caesarea
• Caesarea Mazaca
• Caesarius (consul 397)
  Caesarius (consul 397)
  Flavius Caesarius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, who served under Emperors Theodosius I and Arcadius. Caesarius was magister officiorum in 386-387, praetorian prefect of the East between 395 and 397, consul in in 397, then again praetorian prefect of the East in between 400 and...
  
  
• Caesaropapism
  Caesaropapism
  Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the power of secular government with, or making it superior to, the spiritual authority of the Church; especially concerning the connection of the Church with government. The term caesaropapism was coined by Max Weber, who defined it as follows: “a secular,...
  
  
• Caesaropolis
  Caesaropolis
  Caesaropolis is a Byzantine city and a Catholic titular see on the coast of eastern Macedonia.It was founded in 836 by the Caesar Alexios Mosele to consolidate Byzantine control over the Slavic tribes of the area....
  
  
• Calabria
  Calabria
  Calabria , in antiquity known as Bruttium, is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula. The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro....
  
  
• Calendar, Byzantine
  Byzantine calendar
  The Byzantine calendar, also "Creation Era of Constantinople," or "Era of the World" was the calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from c. 691 to 1728 in the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453, and in Russia from c...
  
  
• Callinicum, Battle of
  Battle of Callinicum
  The Battle of Callinicum took place Easter day, 19 April 531, between the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire under Belisarius and the Sassanid Persians under Azarethes. After a defeat at the Battle of Dara, the Sassanids moved to invade Syria in an attempt to turn the tide of the war...
  
  
• Callinicus (exarch)
  Callinicus (exarch)
  Callinicus was the exarch of Ravenna . He is called Gallicinus, or Gallicini patricii, by the Lombard historian Paul the Deacon ....
  
  
• Callinicus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Callinicus I of Constantinople
  Kallinikos I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 693 to 705.Callinicus helped to depose Emperor Justinian II and place Leontios on the Byzantine throne....
  
  
• Callistus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople
  Kallistos I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two periods from June 1350 to 1353 and from 1354 to 1363. Kallistos I was an Athonite monk and supporter of Gregory Palamas. He died in Constantinople in 1363.-Life:...
  
  
• Callistus II Xanthopoulos, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Calocaerus
  Calocaerus
  Calocaerus was a Roman usurper against Emperor Constantine I.Calocaerus was Magister pecoris camelorum in Cyprus. In 333–334 he revolted, proclaiming himself Emperor...
  
  
• Calonymus
  Calonymus
  Calonymus of Alexandria was a Byzantine naval commander, known for leading the fleet in the Vandalic War . The main source about him is Procopius. - Biography :...
  
  
• Cannae (1018), Battle of
  Battle of Cannae (1018)
  The second Battle of Cannae took place in 1018 between the Byzantines under the Catepan of Italy Basil Boioannes and the Lombards under Melus of Bari. The Lombards had also hired some Norman mercenaries under their leader Gilbert Buatère...
  
  
• Capetian House of Anjou
  Capetian House of Anjou
  The Capetian House of Anjou, also known as the House of Anjou-Sicily and House of Anjou-Naples, was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct House of Capet. Founded by Charles I of Sicily, a son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century...
  
  
• Capidava
  Capidava
  Capidava is a South American spider genus of the Salticidae family .-Species:* Capidava annulipes Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana* Capidava auriculata Simon, 1902 — Brazil* Capidava biuncata Simon, 1902 — Brazil...
  
  
• Cappadocia
  Cappadocia
  Cappadocia is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in Nevşehir Province.In the time of Herodotus, the Cappadocians were reported as occupying the whole region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine...
  
  
• Cappadocia (theme)
  Cappadocia (theme)
  The Theme of Cappadocia was a Byzantine theme encompassing the southern portion of the namesake region from the early 9th to the late 11th centuries.-Location:...
  
  
• Caria
  Caria
  Caria was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Ionian and Dorian Greeks colonized the west of it and joined the Carian population in forming Greek-dominated states there...
  
  
• Carlo I Tocco
  Carlo I Tocco
  Carlo I Tocco was the ruler of Epirus from 1411 until his death on July 4, 1429.-Life:Carlo I was the son of Count Leonardo I Tocco of Cephalonia and Leukas by Maddalena de' Buondelmonti, sister of Esau de' Buondelmonti of Epirus...
  
  
• Carlo II Tocco
  Carlo II Tocco
  Carlo II Tocco was the ruler of Epirus from 1429 until his death.-Life:Carlo II was the son of Count Leonardo II Tocco, the younger brother and co-ruler of Carlo I Tocco, count of Cephalonia and Zante, duke of Leukas, and ruler of Epirus. In 1424 Carlo II and his sisters were adopted by their...
  
  
• Carolingian dynasty
• Carolingian Empire
  Carolingian Empire
  Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany, and its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the...
  
  
• Carthage
  Carthage
  Carthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...
  
  
• Carthage (698), Battle of
  Battle of Carthage (698)
  The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 AD between a Byzantine expeditionary force and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate. Having lost Carthage to the Muslims, Emperor Leontius sent the navy under the command of John the Patrician and the droungarios Tiberius Apsimarus. They entered the harbor...
  
  
• Cassiodorus
  Cassiodorus
  Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator , commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and writer, serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Senator was part of his surname, not his rank.- Life :Cassiodorus was born at Scylletium, near Catanzaro in...
  
  
• Castle of Sant'Aniceto
  Castle of Sant'Aniceto
  The Castle of Sant'Aniceto is a Byzantine castle built in the early 11th century on a hill in Motta San Giovanni, now in the province of Reggio Calabria, southern Italy....
  
  
• Catalan Campaign in Asia Minor
• Catalan Company
  Catalan Company
  The Catalan Company of the East , officially the Magnas Societas Catalanorum, sometimes called the Grand Company and widely known as the Catalan Company, was a free company of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor in the early 14th-century...
  
  
• Cataphract
  Cataphract
  A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry utilised in ancient warfare by a number of peoples in Western Eurasia and the Eurasian Steppe....
  
  
• Catepanate of Italy
• Caterina Gattilusio
  Caterina Gattilusio
  Caterina Gattilusio was the second wife of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, while he was still Despot of the Morea....
  
  
• Catharism
• Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai
  Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai
  Saint Catherine's Monastery lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai in the city of Saint Catherine in Egypt's South Sinai Governorate. The monastery is Orthodox and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site...
  
  
• Catherine of Bulgaria
  Catherine of Bulgaria
  Catherine of Bulgaria was a daughter of Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria and his wife Maria.- Family :She was a sister of Presian II of Bulgaria and Alusian of Bulgaria. She was also a paternal aunt of Maria of Bulgaria.She married Isaac I Komnenos...
  
  
• Catherine of Courtenay
• Catherine of Valois (1303–1346)
• Cattolica di Stilo
  Cattolica di Stilo
  The Cattolica di Stilo is a Byzantine church in the comune of Stilo, Calabria, southern Italy. It is a national monument.-History:The Cattolica was built in the 9th century, when Calabria was part of the Byzantine Empire. The name derives from the Greek word katholiki, which referred to the...
  
  
• Caucasian Albania
  Caucasian Albania
  Albania is a name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus, that existed on the territory of present-day republic of...
  
  
• Celer (magister officiorum)
  Celer (magister officiorum)
  Flavius Celer was a Byzantine general and magister officiorum under Emperor Anastasius in the early 6th century.Celer was of Illyrian origin, and nothing is known of his early life. In 503, Emperor Anastasius named him general in the ongoing war against the Sassanid Persians in the East...
  
  
• Centurione II Zaccaria
  Centurione II Zaccaria
  Centurione II Zaccaria , scion of Genoese powerful merchant family established in the Morea, was installed as Prince of Achaea by Ladislaus of Naples in 1404 and was the last ruler of the Latin Empire not under Byzantine suzerainty....
  
  
• Cephallenia (theme)
  Cephallenia (theme)
  The Theme of Cephallenia or Cephalonia was a Byzantine theme located in western Greece, comprising the Ionian Islands, and extant from the 8th century until partially conquered by the Kingdom of Sicily in 1185.-History:...
  
  
• Chalcedon
  Chalcedon
  Chalcedon , sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari . It is now a district of the city of Istanbul named Kadıköy...
  
  
• Chalcedon, Council of
  Council of Chalcedon
  The Council of Chalcedon was a church council held from 8 October to 1 November, 451 AD, at Chalcedon , on the Asian side of the Bosporus. The council marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates that led to the separation of the church of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 5th...
  
  
• Chaldia
  Chaldia
  Chaldia was a historical region located in the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor . Its name was derived from a people called the Chaldoi that inhabited the region in Antiquity. Chaldia was used throughout the Byzantine period and was established as a formal theme, known as the Theme of Chaldia , in...
  
  
• Chalke
  Chalke
  The Chalke Gate , was the main ceremonial entrance to the Great Palace of Constantinople in the Byzantine period. The name, which means "the Bronze Gate", was given to it either because of the bronze portals or from the gilded bronze tiles used in its roof. The interior was lavishly decorated with...
  
  
• Chalkoprateia
• Chanaranges (Italy)
  Chanaranges (Italy)
  Chanaranges was a Byzantine military officer, active in the late reign of Justinian I . His name is occasionally rendered as Charanges . He is only known for his activities in the Gothic War, in particular the Battle of the Volturnus . The main source about him is Agathias. The name probably...
  
  
• Chariot racing
  Chariot racing
  Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine sports. Chariot racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse as they frequently suffered serious injury and even death, but generated strong spectator enthusiasm...
  
  
• Charito
  Charito
  Charito was the Empress consort of Jovian, Roman Emperor.-Name:Her name does not appear in Ammianus Marcellinus, one of the main sources for the reign of her husband. The earliest source recording her name appears to be the "Chronographikon syntomon" of Nikephoros I of Constantinople...
  
  
• Chariton, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Charlemagne
  Charlemagne
  Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800...
  
  
• Charles I of Naples
• Charles II of Naples
  Charles II of Naples
  Charles II, known as "the Lame" was King of Naples, King of Albania, Prince of Salerno, Prince of Achaea and Count of Anjou.-Biography:...
  
  
• Charles III of Naples
  Charles III of Naples
  Charles the Short or Charles of Durazzo was King of Naples and titular King of Jerusalem from 1382 to 1386 as Charles III, and King of Hungary from 1385 to 1386 as Charles II. In 1382 Charles created the order of Argonauts of Saint Nicholas...
  
  
• Charles, Count of Valois
• Charles Annibal Fabrot
  Charles Annibal Fabrot
  Charles Annibal Fabrot was a French jurisconsult.-Biography:He was born in Aix-en-Provence. At an early age he made great progress in the ancient languages and in the civil and the Canon law, and in 1602 he received the degree of doctor of law, and was made avocat to the parlement of Aix...
  
  
• Charles Diehl
  Charles Diehl
  Charles Diehl was a French historian who was a native of Strasbourg. He was a leading authority on Byzantine art and history....
  
  
• Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange
  Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange
  Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange or Ducange was a distinguished philologist and historian of the Middle Ages and Byzantium....
  
  
• Charsianon
  Charsianon
  Charsianon was the name of a Byzantine fortress and the corresponding theme in the region of Cappadocia in central Anatolia .-History:...
  
  
• Chartophylax
  Chartophylax
  A chartophylax , sometimes also referred to as a chartoularios, was an ecclesiastical officer in charge of official documents and records in the Greek Orthodox Church in Byzantine times....
  
  
• Chartoularios
  Chartoularios
  The chartoularios or chartularius , Anglicized as chartulary, was a late Roman and Byzantine administrative official, entrusted with administrative and fiscal duties, either as a subaltern official of a department or province or at the head of various independent bureaus.-History:The title derives...
  
  
• Chatalar Inscription
  Chatalar Inscription
  The Chatalar Inscription is a medieval Greek inscribed text upon a column in the village of Chatalar by the Bulgarian Khan Omurtag . It was unearthed in 1899 by the archaeologists Fyodor Uspensky, M...
  
  
• Chelandion
  Chelandion
  Chelandion was a Byzantine galley warship, a variant of the dromōn that also functioned as a cargo transport.Its name derives from the Greek word kelēs, "courser", and first appeared during the early 8th century...
  
  
• Chernomen, Treaty of
  Treaty of Chernomen
  The Treaty of Chernomen was a treaty between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire signed on 13 May 1327 by Michael Shishman and Andronikos III Palaiologos...
  
  
• Cherson
• Cherson (theme)
  Cherson (theme)
  The Theme of Cherson , originally and formally called the Klimata , was a Byzantine theme located in the southern Crimea, headquartered at Cherson....
  
  
• Chilbudius
  Chilbudius
  Chilbudius or Chilbuldius was a Byzantine general, holding the rank of magister militum per Thracias in the early 530s. He was apparently killed in battle c. 533, but an impostor claimed his identity c. 545-546. The only source for both men is Procopius.- Origin :According to some scholars...
  
  
• Childebert II
  Childebert II
  .Childebert II was the Merovingian king of Austrasia, which included Provence at the time, from 575 until his death in 595, the eldest and succeeding son of Sigebert I, and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted and succeeding son of his uncle Guntram.-Childhood:When his father...
  
  
• Chiliades
  Chiliades
  The Chiliades is a work of the 12th century by John Tzetzes, a Byzantine grammarian.The Chiliades is based upon a collection of Letters , which has been called an index to the larger work, itself described as a versified commentary on the letters...
  
  
• Choma (fortress)
  Choma (fortress)
  Choma was a Byzantine fortress in central Anatolia, which played an important role in the fight against the Seljuk Turks in the late 11th and 12th centuries....
  
  
• Chonae
  Colossae
  Colossae or Colosse , was an ancient city of Phrygia, on the Lycus, which is a tributary of the Maeander River. It was situated about 12 miles South East of Laodicea, and near the great road from Ephesus to the Euphrates...
  
  
• Chora Monastery
  Chora Church
  The Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora is considered to be one of the most beautiful examples of a Byzantine church. The church is situated in Istanbul, in the Edirnekapı neighborhood, which lies in the western part of the municipality of Fatih...
  
  
• Choricius of Gaza
  Choricius of Gaza
  Choricius, of Gaza , Greek sophist and rhetorician, flourished in the time of Anastasius I .He was the pupil of Procopius of Gaza, who must be distinguished from Procopius of Caesarea, the historian. A number of his declamations and descriptive treatises have been preserved...
  
  
• Christ
  Christ
  Christ is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew , usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach...
  
  
• Christ Chalkites
• Christ Pantokrator (Nessebar), Church of
  Church of Christ Pantocrator, Nessebar
  The Church of Christ Pantocrator is a medieval Eastern Orthodox church in the eastern Bulgarian town of Nesebar , on the Black Sea coast of Burgas Province. Part of the Ancient Nesebar UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Church of Christ Pantocrator was constructed in the 13th–14th century and is best...
  
  
• Christianity, History of
  History of Christianity
  The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, its followers and the Church with its various denominations, from the first century to the present. Christianity was founded in the 1st century by the followers of Jesus of Nazareth who they believed to be the Christ or chosen one of God...
  
  
• Christodorus
  Christodorus
  Christodorus , a Greek epic poet from Coptos in Egypt, flourished during the reign of Anastasius I .According to Suidas, he was the author of Patria , accounts of the foundation, history and antiquities of various cities; Lydiaka , the mythical history of Lydia; Isaurica Christodorus , a Greek epic...
  
  
• Christopher Lekapenos
  Christopher Lekapenos
  Christopher Lekapenos or Lecapenus was the eldest son of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos and co-emperor from 921 until his death in 931.- Life :...
  
  
• Christophoros Burgaris
  Christophoros Burgaris
  Christopher or Christophoros Burgaris was the short-tenured successor of the famous Basil Boiannes as catepan of Italy. The chronicler Lupus Protospatharius gives the date of Boiannes' departure as 1029, but modern historian Ferdinand Chalandon corrects this to 1027...
  
  
• Christoupolis
• Chronicon Paschale
  Chronicon Paschale
  Chronicon Paschale is the conventional name of a 7th-century Greek Christian chronicle of the world...
  
  
• Chrysaphius
  Chrysaphius
  Chrysaphius was a eunuch at the Eastern Roman court, who became the chief minister of Theodosius II . Effectively the ruler of the empire during his ascendancy, he pursued a policy of appeasement towards the Huns, which cost the empire far more gold than any military campaign, while amassing a...
  
  
• Chrysargyron
  Chrysargyron
  The collatio lustralis was a tax on "traders in the widest sense in the Roman Empire. It was instituted by Constantine, although there are some indications that such a tax existed during the reign of Caligula...
  
  
• Chrysobull
  Golden Bull
  A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal , attached to a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The term was originally coined for the golden seal itself but came to be applied to the entire decree...
  
  
• Chrysocheir
• Chrysotriklinos
  Chrysotriklinos
  The Chrysotriklinos , latinized as Chrysotriclinus or Chrysotriclinium, was the main reception and ceremonial hall of the Great Palace of Constantinople from its construction, in the late 6th century, until the 10th century...
  
  
• Cibyrrhaeot Theme
  Cibyrrhaeot Theme
  The Cibyrrhaeot Theme, more properly the Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots , was a Byzantine theme encompassing the southern coast of Asia Minor from the early 8th to the late 12th centuries...
  
  
• Civil war of 1321–1328
  Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
  The Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 was a series of conflicts fought in the 1320s between the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos over control of the Byzantine Empire.-Prelude to the civil war:...
  
  
• Civil war of 1341–1347
  Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
  The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 was a conflict between supporters of designated regent John VI Kantakouzenos and guardians acting for John V Palaiologos, Emperor Andronikos III's nine-year-old son, in the persons of the Empress-dowager Anna of Savoy, the Patriarch of Constantinople John XIV...
  
  
• Civil war of 1352–1354
• Civil war of 1373–1379
  Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379
  The Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos. It began when Andronikos sought to overthrow his father in 1373. Although he failed, with Genoese aid, Andronikos was...
  
  
• Cilicia
  Cilicia
  In antiquity, Cilicia was the south coastal region of Asia Minor, south of the central Anatolian plateau. It existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Byzantine empire...
  
  
• Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli
• Clarissimus
• Clearchus (consul 384)
  Clearchus (consul 384)
  Clearchus was a Roman politician who was consul of the Roman Empire in 384 AD.-Career:Born into a moderately successful family in the region of Thesprotia, as a boy Clearchus was taught by the philosopher and sophist Nicoles...
  
  
• Cleofa Malatesta
  Cleofa Malatesta
  Cleofa Malatesta da Pesaro was an Italian noblewoman and the wife of Theodore II Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. She was a daughter ofMalatesta dei Sonetti, count of Pesaro, and of Isabella Gonzaga...
  
  
• Clovis I
  Clovis I
  Clovis Leuthwig was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul . He was the son...
  
  
• Clermont, Council of
  Council of Clermont
  The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 at Clermont, France...
  
  
• Codex Hierosolymitanus
  Codex Hierosolymitanus
  Codex Hierosolymitanus is an 11th-century Greek manuscript, written by an unknown scribe named Leo, who dated it 1056...
  
  
• Codex Theodosianus
  Codex Theodosianus
  The Codex Theodosianus was a compilation of the laws of the Roman Empire under the Christian emperors since 312. A commission was established by Theodosius II in 429 and the compilation was published in the eastern half of the Roman Empire in 438...
  
  
• Codex Justinianus
• Column of Justinian
  Column of Justinian
  The Column of Justinian was a Roman triumphal column erected in Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in honour of his victories in 543...
  
  
• Column of Phocas
  Column of Phocas
  The Column of Phocas , is a Roman monumental column in the Roman Forum of Rome, Italy. Erected before the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas on August 1, 608, was the last addition made to the Forum Romanum...
  
  
• Comentiolus
  Comentiolus
  Comentiolus was a prominent Eastern Roman general at the close of the 6th century, during the reign of Emperor Maurice . He played a major role in Maurice's Balkan campaigns, and fought also in the East against the Persians.- Life :...
  
  
• Comentiolus (brother of Phocas)
  Comentiolus (brother of Phocas)
  Comentiolus or Komentiolos was the brother of the Byzantine emperor Phocas .Nothing is known of his early life except that he was the son of Domentzia, along with Phocas and the later magister officiorum Domentziolus...
  
  
• Comes rerum privatarum
• Comes sacrarum largitionum
  Comes sacrarum largitionum
  The comes sacrarum largitionum was one of the senior fiscal officials of the late Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire....
  
  
• Comito
  Comito
  Comito was the daughter of Acacius "the bear-keeper", an elder sister to Theodora and Anastasia. Through Theodora, Comito was a sister-in-law of Justinian I. The Secret History of Procopius is a main source about her...
  
  
• Comnenus
• Conon, Pope of Rome
  Pope Conon
  Pope Conon was Pope from October 21, 686 until his death in Rome. Conon was buried in the Patriarchal Basilica of St...
  
  
• Conrad III
  Conrad III of Germany
  Conrad III was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He was the son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, and Agnes, a daughter of the Salian Emperor Henry IV.-Life and reign:...
  
  
• Conrad of Montferrat
  Conrad of Montferrat
  Conrad of Montferrat was a northern Italian nobleman, one of the major participants in the Third Crusade. He was the de facto King of Jerusalem, by marriage, from 24 November 1190, but officially elected only in 1192, days before his death...
  
  
• Constans
  Constans
  Constans , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 350. He defeated his brother Constantine II in 340, but anger in the army over his personal life and preference for his barbarian bodyguards saw the general Magnentius rebel, resulting in Constans’ assassination in 350.-Career:Constans was the third and...
  
  
• Constans II
  Constans II
  Constans II , also called Constantine the Bearded , was Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668. He also was the last emperor to become consul in 642, becoming the last Roman consul in history....
  
  
• Constans (consul 414)
  Constans (consul 414)
  - Biography :Constans was magister militum per Thracias in 412. In 414 he held the consulship ; he took office in Constantinople....
  
  
• Constantina
  Constantina
  Constantina , and later known as Saint Constance, was the eldest daughter of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great and his second wife Fausta, daughter of Emperor Maximian...
  
  
• Constantina (empress)
  Constantina (empress)
  Constantina was the Empress consort of Maurice of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:Constantina was a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine and his wife Ino Anastasia. Her parentage was recorded in the chronicles of Theophylact Simocatta, Paul the Deacon and John of Biclaro.The Georgian Chronicle...
  
  
• Constantina (Osrhoene)
  Viransehir
  Viranşehir is a market town serving a cotton-growing area of Şanlıurfa Province, in southeastern Turkey, 93 km east of Şanlıurfa city and 53 km north-west of the Syrian border at Ceylanpınar...
  
  
• Constantine I the Great
• Constantine I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Constantine I of Constantinople
  Constantine I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 675 to 677..- References :...
  
  
• Constantine I, Prince of Armenia
• Constantine II
  Constantine II (emperor)
  Constantine II , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340. Co-emperor alongside his brothers, his short reign saw the beginnings of conflict emerge between the sons of Constantine the Great, and his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture ended up causing his death in a failed invasion of...
  
  
• Constantine II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Constantine II of Constantinople
  Constantine II was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 754 to 766. He was deposed and jailed after the discovery of an iconophile plot against Emperor Constantine V in June 766. In autumn 767, he was paraded through the Hippodrome of Constantinople, and finally beheaded....
  
  
• Constantine II, Prince of Armenia
• Constantine III
• Constantine III Leichoudes, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Constantine IV
  Constantine IV
  Constantine IV , , sometimes incorrectly called Pogonatos, "the Bearded", by confusion with his father; was Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685...
  
  
• Constantine V
  Constantine V
  Constantine V was Byzantine emperor from 741 to 775; ); .-Early life:...
  
  
• Constantine VI
• Constantine VII
  Constantine VII
  Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 913 to 959...
  
  
• Constantine VIII
  Constantine VIII
  Constantine VIII was reigning Byzantine emperor from December 15, 1025 until his death. He was the son of the Emperor Romanos II and Theophano, and the younger brother of the eminent Basil II, who died childless and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in his hands.-Family:As...
  
  
• Constantine IX Monomachos
  Constantine IX Monomachos
  Constantine IX Monomachos, Latinized as Constantine IX Monomachus , c. 1000 – January 11, 1055, reigned as Byzantine emperor from June 11, 1042 to January 11, 1055. He had been chosen by the Empress Zoe as a husband and co-emperor in 1042, although he had been exiled for conspiring...
  
  
• Constantine X Doukas
• Constantine XI Palaiologos
• Constantine, Pope of Rome
  Pope Constantine
  Pope Constantine was pope from 708 to 715. With the exception of Antipope Constantine, he was the only pope to take such a "quintessentially" Eastern name of an emperor...
  
  
• Constantine (consul 457)
  Constantine (consul 457)
  Flavius Constantinus was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, consul and three times praetorian prefect of the East.- Life :...
  
  
• Constantine (son of Leo V)
  Constantine (son of Leo V)
  Symbatios , variously also Sabbatios or Sambates in some sources, was the eldest son of the Byzantine emperor Leo V the Armenian . Soon after the coronation of his father, he was crowned co-emperor and renamed Constantine...
  
  
• Constantine Angelos Doukas
  Constantine Angelos Doukas
  Constantine Angelos Doukas, Latinized as Constantine Angelus Ducas , was a usurper who attempted to overthrow Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos in 1193.- Career :...
  
  
• Constantine Bodin
• Constantine Chliarenos
• Constantine Choirosphaktes
  Constantine Choirosphaktes
  Constantine Choirosphaktes was a Byzantine diplomat and official active during the reigns of Nikephoros III Botaneiates and Alexios I Komnenos ....
  
  
• Constantine Dalassenos (duke of Antioch)
  Constantine Dalassenos (duke of Antioch)
  Constantine Dalassenos was a prominent Byzantine aristocrat and general of the first half of the 11th century. An experienced as well as popular general, he twice came close to ascending the imperial throne and marriage to the porphyrogenita empress Zoe, and suffered a long period of imprisonment...
  
  
• Constantine Dalassenos (thalassokrator)
  Constantine Dalassenos (thalassokrator)
  Constantine Dalassenos was a prominent Byzantine military leader on land and sea during the early reign of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos . Information on his life is only known from the Alexiad of Anna Komnene.- Life :...
  
  
• Constantine Diogenes
  Constantine Diogenes
  Constantine Diogenes was a prominent Byzantine Greek general of the early 11th century, active in the Balkans.Constantine Diogenes is the first notable member of the noble Cappadocian Diogenes family, which played an important role in 11th-century Byzantium. Constantine began his career as a...
  
  
• Constantine Doukas
  Constantine Doukas
  Constantine Doukas or Ducas , was Byzantine co-emperor from c. 1074 to 1078 and from 1081 to 1087. He was the son of Emperor Michael VII Doukas and his Georgian wife Maria of Alania....
  
  
• Constantine Doukas (usurper)
  Constantine Doukas (usurper)
  Constantine Doukas was a prominent Byzantine general. In 904, he stopped the influential eunuch court official Samonas from defecting to the Arabs. In return, Samonas manipulated his father, Andronikos Doukas, into rebelling and fleeing to the Abbasid court in 906/907...
  
  
• Constantine Doukas of Thessaly
  Constantine Doukas of Thessaly
  Constantine Doukas was ruler of Thessaly from 1289 to his death in 1303.-Life:Constantine Doukas was the second son of John I Doukas of Thessaly by his wife, whose monastic name was Hypomone . He succeeded to his father's lands because his older brother Michael Komnenos had been abducted and...
  
  
• Constantine Dragaš
  Constantine Dragas
  Constantine Dragaš Dejanović was a Serbian magnate that ruled the area around Kyustendil from 1378, during the fall of the Serbian Empire, until his death on May 17, 1395 at the battle of Rovine...
  
  
• Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon
  Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon
  Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon was a Byzantine noble and one of the most prominent generals of the reign of Alexios I Komnenos ....
  
  
• Constantine Gabras
  Constantine Gabras
  Constantine Gabras was the governor or doux of the Byzantine province of Chaldia, around Trebizond on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, in what is today north-eastern Turkey...
  
  
• Constantine Gongyles
  Constantine Gongyles
  Constantine Gongyles was a Byzantine eunuch and court official who led a failed expedition against the Emirate of Crete in 949.Nothing is known of Constantine's early life, except that he came from Paphlagonia. The Life of St...
  
  
• Constantine Harmenopoulos
• Constantine Lardys
  Constantine Lardys
  Constantine, surnamed Lardys was one of the senior-most officials of the late reign of the Byzantine emperor Maurice .One of the leading members of the Byzantine Senate and a patrikios, he had held the powerful post of praetorian prefect of the East some time during the latter part of Maurice's...
  
  
• Constantine Laskaris
  Constantine Laskaris
  Constantine Laskaris was Byzantine emperor for a few months from 1204 to early 1205.-Early years:Constantine Laskaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine family. Virtually nothing is known of him prior to the events of the Fourth Crusade...
  
  
• Constantine Lekapenos
  Constantine Lekapenos
  Constantine Lekapenos or Lecapenus was the third son of the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos , and co-emperor from 924 to 945. Along with his elder brother Stephen he deposed Romanos I in December 944, only to be themselves overthrown and exiled by the legitimate emperor Constantine VII a...
  
  
• Constantine Lips
• Constantine Opos (catepan)
• Constantine Opos (megas doux)
  Constantine Opos (megas doux)
  Constantine Opos was a notable Byzantine general and aristocrat in the first half of the reign of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos . He participated in the wars against the Normans and the Seljuk Turks, eventually reaching the rank of megas doux .- Life :He first appears in the Alexiad in 1081, during...
  
  
• Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)
  Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)
  Constantine Palaiologos was a son of Andronikos Palaiologos, Grand Domestic of the Empire of Nicaea and an unknown second wife...
  
  
• Constantine Paparrigopoulos
• Constantine the Great and Christianity
• Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria
  Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria
  Constantine I , which includes the shortened form of the name of his father as a patronymic), ruled as emperor of Bulgaria from 1257 to 1277....
  
  
• Constantine, Forum of
  Forum of Constantine
  The Forum of Constantine was built at the foundation of Constantinople immediately outside of the old city walls of Byzantium. It was circular in shape and had two monumental gates to the east and west...
  
  
• Constantinian dynasty
  Constantinian dynasty
  The Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324...
  
  
• Constantinople
  Constantinople
  Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
  
  
• Constantinople, First Council
  First Council of Constantinople
  The First Council of Constantinople is recognized as the Second Ecumenical Council by the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox, the Eastern Orthodox, the Roman Catholics, the Old Catholics, and a number of other Western Christian groups. It was the first Ecumenical Council held in...
  
  
• Constantinople, Second Council
  Second Council of Constantinople
  The Second Council of Constantinople is recognized as the Fifth Ecumenical Council by the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, Old Catholics, and a number of other Western Christian groups. It was held from May 5 to June 2, 553, having been called by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian...
  
  
• Constantinople, Third Council
  Third Council of Constantinople
  The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and other Christian groups, met in 680/681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills...
  
  
• Constantinople, Fourth Council (Roman Catholic)
• Constantinople, Fourth Council (Eastern Orthodox)
• Constantinople, Fifth Council
  Fifth Council of Constantinople
  Fifth Council of Constantinople is a name given by some to the Quinisext Council of 692, and by others to a series of six patriarchal councils held in Constantinople between 1341 and 1351 to deal with a dispute concerning hesychasm...
  
  
• Constantinople earthquake, 557
  557 Constantinople earthquake
  The 557 Constantinople earthquake occurred at night on 14 December. This great earthquake caused much damage to Constantinople. The event is described by Agathias, John Malalas and Theophanes the Confessor. - Prior events :...
  
  
• Constantinople, Fall of
  Fall of Constantinople
  The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which occurred after a siege by the Ottoman Empire, under the command of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, against the defending army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI...
  
  
• Constantinople (626), Siege of
  Siege of Constantinople (626)
  The Siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs and the Sassanid Persians, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines...
  
  
• Constantinople (674–678), Siege of
• Constantinople (717–718), Siege of
• Constantinople (1203), Siege of
  Siege of Constantinople (1203)
  The Siege of Constantinople in 1203 was a Crusader siege of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in support of the deposed emperor Isaac II Angelos and his son Alexios IV Angelos.- The siege :...
  
  
• Constantinople (1204), Siege of
  Siege of Constantinople (1204)
  The Siege of Constantinople occurred in 1204; it destroyed parts of the capital of the Byzantine Empire as it was confiscated by Western European and Venetian Crusaders...
  
  
• Constantinople (1235), Siege of
  Siege of Constantinople (1235)
  The Siege of Constantinople was a joint Bulgarian-Nicaean siege on the capital of the Latin Empire. Latin emperor John of Brienne was besieged by the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes and Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. The siege remained unsuccessful.-Prelude:After Robert of Courtenay died...
  
  
• Constantinople (1260), Siege of
  Siege of Constantinople (1260)
  The Siege of Constantinople in 1260 was the failed attempt by the Nicaean Empire, the major remnant of the fractured Byzantine Empire, to retake Constantinople from the Latin Empire and re-establish the City as the political, cultural and spiritual capital of a revived Byzantine...
  
  
• Constantinople (1422), Siege of
  Siege of Constantinople (1422)
  The first full-scale Ottoman Siege of Constantinople took place in 1422 as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421...
  
  
• Constantius II
  Constantius II
  Constantius II , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361. The second son of Constantine I and Fausta, he ascended to the throne with his brothers Constantine II and Constans upon their father's death....
  
  
• Constantius Gallus
  Constantius Gallus
  Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus , commonly known as Constantius Gallus, was a member of the Constantinian dynasty and Caesar of the Roman Empire . Gallus was consul three years, from 352 to 354.- Family :...
  
  
• Constantiolus
  Constantiolus
  Constantiolus was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Justinian I . He succeeded Justin in command of Moesia Secunda...
  
  
• Consul
  Roman consul
  A consul served in the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic.Each year, two consuls were elected together, to serve for a one-year term. Each consul was given veto power over his colleague and the officials would alternate each month...
  
  
• Consularis
  Consularis
  Consularis is a Latin word, derived from consulo, "take counsel".-Roman history:Originally it was simple and adjective meaning "consular", but more interestingly it has also become a substantive, used in technical meanings.* Any former consul...
  
  
• Corinth
  Corinth
  Corinth is a city and former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corinth, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit...
  
  
• Corpus Juris Civilis
  Corpus Juris Civilis
  The Corpus Juris Civilis is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor...
  
  
• Cosmas Indicopleustes
  Cosmas Indicopleustes
  Cosmas Indicopleustes was an Alexandrian merchant and later hermit, probably of Nestorian tendencies. He was a 6th-century traveller, who made several voyages to India during the reign of emperor Justinian...
  
  
• Cosmas I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Cosmas I of Constantinople
  Cosmas I of Jerusalem was Patriarch of Constantinople from 2 August, 1075 to 8 May, 1081. Originally from Antioch, he was educated and resided in Jerusalem for a large part of his life, earning his geographic epithet. He may have been appointed to the patriarchate out of monastery near or in...
  
  
• Cosmas Atticus
• Cosmas of Maiuma
• Cosmas Vestitor
  Cosmas Vestitor
  Cosmas Vestitor was a Byzantine homiletic. He lived between 730 and 850 and left five sermons on the translation of the relics of St. John Chrysostom, with a brief Vita, and three encomia for Zechariah, one for St. Barbara, St. Joachim and St. Anna.- References :...
  
  
• Cotyaeum
  Kütahya
  Kütahya is a city in western Turkey with 212,444 inhabitants , lying on the Porsuk river, at 969 metres above sea level. It is the capital of Kütahya Province, inhabited by some 517 804 people...
  
  
• Cotyaeum, Battle of
  Battle of Cotyaeum
  The Battle of Cotyaeum of 492 was fought in Phrygia Epictetus between the rebel Isaurian army led by Longinus of Cardala and the Eastern Roman army of Emperor Anastasius led by John the Scythian and John the Hunchback .The rebel forces were...
  
  
• Cotyaeum, Siege of
  Siege of Cotyaeum
  The siege of Cotyaeum was the successful capture of the city by Seljuk Turk forces from the Byzantines.- Background :Following Emperor Manuel Komnenos' defeat at Myriokephalon, the Byzantines failed to reconquer any more territory...
  
  
• Count of the Stable
  Count of the Stable
  The Count of the Stable was a late Roman and Byzantine office responsible for the horses and pack animals intended for use by the army and the imperial court...
  
  
• Cours (Byzantine general)
  Cours (Byzantine general)
  Cours or Curs was an East Roman general of the 6th century.He is recorded as being a "Scythian", which in effect implies most probably a Hunnic origin...
  
  
• Courtenay, House of
  House of Courtenay
  The House of Courtenay was an important dynasty in medieval France originating from the castle of Courtenay in the Gâtinais , going back to the 10th century. The dynasty descended from Athon, the first lord of Courtenay, apparently himself a descendant of the Counts of Sens and from Pharamond,...
  
  
• Coutzes
  Coutzes
  Coutzes or Cutzes was a general of the Eastern Roman Empire.Coutzes appears in the sources in 528, as joint dux of Phoenice Libanensis together with his brother, Bouzes. The dual command had been instituted the year before by Emperor Justinian I , and Coutzes led the troops stationed at Damascus,...
  
  
• Covered Hippodrome
  Covered Hippodrome
  The Covered Hippodrome was a covered courtyard that served as an antechamber to the Great Palace of Constantinople. The French scholar Rodolphe Guilland also equated it with the emperors' private hippodrome...
  
  
• Crete
  Crete
  Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
  
  
• Crete, Byzantine
  Byzantine Crete
  The island of Crete came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire in two periods: the first extends from the late Roman period to the conquest of the island by Andalusian exiles in the late 820s, and the second from the island's reconquest in 961 to its capture by the competing forces of Genoa and...
  
  
• Crete, Emirate of
  Emirate of Crete
  The Emirate of Crete was a Muslim state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the Byzantine reconquest of the island in 961....
  
  
• Crimea
  Crimea
  Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
  
  
• Crispus
  Crispus
  Flavius Julius Crispus , also known as Flavius Claudius Crispus and Flavius Valerius Crispus, was a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was the first-born son of Constantine I and Minervina.-Birth:...
  
  
• Cross-in-square
  Cross-in-square
  The term cross-in-square or crossed-dome denotes the dominant architectural form of middle- and late-period Byzantine churches. The first cross-in-square churches were probably built in the late 8th century, and the form has remained in use throughout the Orthodox world until the present day...
  
  
• Cross of Justin II
  Cross of Justin II
  The Cross of Justin II or in the Treasury of Saint Peter's in St Peter's Basilica, is a processional cross and also a reliquary of the True Cross, one of the oldest surviving, if not the oldest...
  
  
• Crusader invasions of Egypt
  Crusader invasions of Egypt
  The Crusader invasion of Egypt was a series of campaigns undertaken by the Kingdom of Jerusalem to strengthen its position in the Levant by taking advantage of the weakness of Fatimid Egypt....
  
  
• Crusader states
  Crusader states
  The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land , and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area...
  
  
• Crusades
  Crusades
  The Crusades were a series of religious wars, blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem...
  
  
• Cubicularius
  Cubicularius
  Cubicularius, Hellenized as koubikoularios , was a title used for the eunuch chamberlains of the imperial palace in the later Roman Empire and in the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Cumans
• Currency, Byzantine
  Byzantine coinage
  Byzantine currency, money used in the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the West, consisted of mainly two types of coins: the gold solidus and a variety of clearly valued bronze coins...
  
  
• Cyprus
  Cyprus
  Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...
  
  
• Cyprus, History of
  History of Cyprus
  -Prehistory:Cyprus was settled by humans in the Paleolithic period who coexisted with various dwarf animal species, such as dwarf elephants and pygmy hippos well into the Holocene...
  
  
• Cyprus in the Middle Ages
  Cyprus in the Middle Ages
  The Medieval history of Cyprus starts with the division of the Roman Empire into an Eastern and Western half.-Byzantine period:After the division of the Roman Empire into an eastern half and a western half, Cyprus came under the rule of Byzantium...
  
  
• Cyriacus the Anchorite
• Cyriacus, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Saints Cyril and Methodius
  Saints Cyril and Methodius
  Saints Cyril and Methodius were two Byzantine Greek brothers born in Thessaloniki in the 9th century. They became missionaries of Christianity among the Slavic peoples of Bulgaria, Great Moravia and Pannonia. Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they...
  
  
• Cyril Mango
  Cyril Mango
  Cyril Alexander Mango is a British scholar in the history, art, and architecture of the Byzantine Empire. He is a former King's College London and Oxford professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature. He is the brother of Andrew Mango.One of his major works The Mosaics of St...
  
  
• Cyril of Alexandria
  Cyril of Alexandria
  Cyril of Alexandria was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He came to power when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th and 5th centuries...
  
  
• Cyril of Scythopolis
  Cyril of Scythopolis
  Cyril of Scythopolis - Christian monk, priest and Greek historian of monastic life in Scythopolis in the early years of Christianity . Described seven lives of Palestinian saint monks after his arrival to the monastery of New Laura in 555...
  
  
• Cyrrhus, Syria
  Cyrrhus, Syria
  Cyrrhus, or Kyrros was a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Other names for the city include Hagioupolis, Nebi Huri نبي حوري, Khoros . Its ruins are located in northern Syria, near the Turkish border. It lies about 70 km northwest of Aleppo...
  
  
• Cyrus, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Cyrus of Alexandria
  Cyrus of Alexandria
  Cyrus of Alexandria was a Melchite patriarch of the Egyptian see of Alexandria in the seventh century, one of the authors of Monothelism and last Byzantine prefect of Egypt; died about 641.-Biography:...
  
  
• Cyrus of Panopolis
  Cyrus of Panopolis
  Flavius Taurus Seleucus Cyrus , better known as Cyrus of Panopolis from his birthplace of Panopolis in Egypt, was a senior East Roman official, epic poet, philosopher and a lover of Greek arts...
  
  
• Cyzicus, Battle of the
  Battle of the Cyzicus
  The Battle of the Cyzicus was fought in October 1303 between the Catalan Company of the East under Roger de Flor, acting as mercenaries on behalf of the Byzantine Empire, and the Karasid Turks under Karesi Bey. The result was a crushing Catalan victory....
  
  

D

• David Arianites
  David Arianites
  David Arianites was a high-ranking Byzantine commander of the early 11th century.He hailed from the noble Arianites family of Constantinople. He initially held the title of patrikios, and became a senior general under Basil II. In 1017 Basil II invaded Bulgaria with a large army including Rus'...
  
  
• Dacia, Diocese of
  Diocese of Dacia
  The Diocese of Dacia was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern Serbia and western Bulgaria. It was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum...
  
  
• Dalassenos
  Dalassenos
  Dalassenos , feminine form Dalassene or Dalassena , was a Byzantine aristocratic family prominent in the 11th century.- Origins and rise to prominence :...
  
  
• Dalmatia
  Dalmatia
  Dalmatia is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south....
  
  
• Dalmatia (theme)
  Dalmatia (theme)
  The Theme of Dalmatia was a Byzantine theme on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in Southeastern Europe, headquartered at Zadar.- History :...
  
  
• Dalmatius
  Dalmatius
  Flavius Dalmatius , also known as Dalmatius Caesar, was a Caesar of the Roman Empire, and member of the Constantinian dynasty.Dalmatius was son of another Flavius Dalmatius, censor, and nephew of Constantine I...
  
  
• Damascius
  Damascius
  Damascius , known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the School of Athens. He was one of the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into the empire...
  
  
• Damascus
  Damascus
  Damascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major...
  
  
• Damian of Alexandria
  Pope Damian of Alexandria
  Pope Damian of Alexandria was the 35th Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria . He is regarded as a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church, with a feast day of 18 Ba'unah, that is, 25 June....
  
  
• Damian Dalassenos (duke of Antioch)
  Damian Dalassenos (duke of Antioch)
  Damian Dalassenos was a Byzantine aristocrat and general, who served as the doux of Antioch in 995/6–998.Damian is the first attested member of the distinguished Dalassenos clan. As a holder of the high title of magistros, he succeeded the disgraced Michael Bourtzes as governor of Antioch in...
  
  
• Damietta
  Damietta
  Damietta , also known as Damiata, or Domyat, is a port and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt. It is located at the intersection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile, about north of Cairo.-History:...
  
  
• Damietta (853), Sack of
  Sack of Damietta (853)
  The Sack of Damietta in 853 was a major success for the Byzantine Empire. On 22 May 853, the Byzantine navy attacked the port city of Damietta on the Nile Delta, whose garrison was absent at the time...
  
  
• Dance, Byzantine
  Byzantine dance
  - History :Greek Dance in Antiquity was originally held to have some kind of educational value, as evidenced in Plato's dialogues on this point in The Laws...
  
  
• Danielis
  Danielis
  Danielis was a widowed Byzantine noblewoman from Patras. According to the written tradition she was an extremely wealthy landowner, owning a significant part of the Peloponnese, as well as a flourishing carpet and textile industry.Danielis became acquainted with the future emperor Basil I the...
  
  
• Danishmends
  Danishmends
  The Danishmend dynasty was a Turcoman dynasty that ruled in north-central and eastern Anatolia in the 11th and 12th centuries. The centered originally around Sivas, Tokat, and Niksar in central-northeastern Anatolia, they extended as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time, and as far south as...
  
  
• Danube
  Danube
  The Danube is a river in the Central Europe and the Europe's second longest river after the Volga. It is classified as an international waterway....
  
  
• Daphne, Palace of
• Daphni Monastery
  Daphni Monastery
  Dafní or Daphní is a monastery 11 km north-west of downtown Athens in Chaidari, south of Athinon Avenue . It is situated near the forest of the same name, on the Sacred Way that led to Eleusis...
  
  
• Dara (Mesopotamia)
  Dara (Mesopotamia)
  Dara or Daras was an important East Roman fortress city in northern Mesopotamia on the border with the Sassanid Empire. Because of its great strategic importance, it featured prominently in the Roman-Persian conflicts of the 6th century, with the famous Battle of Dara taking place before its walls...
  
  
• Dara, Battle of
  Battle of Dara
  The Battle of Dara was fought between the Sassanids and the Byzantine Empire in 530. It was one of the battles of the Iberian War.- Background :...
  
  
• Dara Dam
  Dara Dam
  The Dara Dam was a Roman arch dam at Dara in Mesopotamia , a rare pre-modern example of this dam type. The modern identification of its site is uncertain, but may rather point to a common gravity dam.- Ancient account :...
  
  
• Darius (praetorian prefect)
  Darius (praetorian prefect)
  - Life :Darius was a Praetorian prefect of the East. He is attested in office between August 28, 436, when the law preserved in Codex Theodosianus XI 1.37a was addressed to him, to March 16, 437, the day in which another law, preserved in Codex Theodosianus VI 23.4a, was addressed to him.He might...
  
  
• Dark Ages (historiography)
• Dathin, Batle of
  Battle of Dathin
  Battle of Dathin was a minor battle during the Byzantine-Arab Wars between the Rashidun Caliphate army and the Christian allies of the Byzantine Empire in February of 634, but became very famous in the literature of the period. The battle was precipitated by Arab raids around Gaza...
  
  
• Daughter of Julius Constantius
  Daughter of Julius Constantius
  -Family :She is mentioned in the "Letter To The Senate And People of Athens" by Julian the Apostate to have been a sister of Constantius Gallus. When mentioning the execution of Gallus by orders of Constantius II, Julian lists the several ways the two men were related...
  
  
• David (commentator)
  David (commentator)
  David was a Greek scholar and a commentator on Aristotle and Porphyry.He may have come from Thessaly, but in later times he was confused with an Armenian of the same name . He was a pupil of Olympiodorus in Alexandria in the late 6th century...
  
  
• David of Trebizond
  David of Trebizond
  David Megas Komnenos was the last Emperor of Trebizond from 1459 to 1461. He was the third son of Emperor Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene....
  
  
• De Administrando Imperio
  De Administrando Imperio
  De Administrando Imperio is the Latin title of a Greek work written by the 10th-century Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII. The Greek title of the work is...
  
  
• Debeltum
  Burgas
  -History:During the rule of the Ancient Romans, near Burgas, Debeltum was established as a military colony for veterans by Vespasian. In the Middle Ages, a small fortress called Pyrgos was erected where Burgas is today and was most probably used as a watchtower...
  
  
• De Ceremoniis
  De Ceremoniis
  De Ceremoniis is the Latin title of a description of ceremonial protocol at the court of the Eastern Roman emperor in Constantinople. It is sometimes called De ceremoniis aulae byzantinae...
  
  
• Dead Brother's Song, The
  The Dead Brother's Song
  The Dead Brother's Song is a Greek poem, considered to be the oldest surviving dimotikó song of the Greek music.-History:The song was composed in Asia Minor in the 9th century, during the time of the Byzantine Empire....
  
  
• Decius (consul 529)
  Decius (consul 529)
  Flavius Decius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire. A member of the Decia gens, he was appointed Consul Ordinarius for 529 without colleague....
  
  
• Dejan Dragaš
  Dejan Dragaš
  Dejan Dragaš was a 14th-century Serbian nobleman and the Despot of Kumanovo holding the title of Sebastokrator given to him by his brother-in-law Emperor of Serbia Dušan the Mighty...
  
  
• Dekanos
  Decanus
  Decanus means "chief of ten" in Late Latin. The term originated in the Roman army and became used thereafter for subaltern officials in the Byzantine Empire, as well as for various positions in the Church, whence derives the English title "dean"....
  
  
• Demetrios I Kantakouzenos
• Demetrios Angelos Doukas
  Demetrios Angelos Doukas
  Demetrios Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas , was ruler of Thessalonica from 1244 until his deposition in 1246. He was born c. 1220.Demetrios was the younger son of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. In 1230 his father was captured together with his family in the Battle of...
  
  
• Demetrios Chloros
  Demetrios Chloros
  Demetrios Chloros was a 14th-century physician, astrologer, and priest who was tried for possessing magic books.Chloros was a protonotarios, or secretary of the patriarch, and former kanstresios, supervisor of offerings...
  
  
• Demetrios Laskaris Leontares
  Demetrios Laskaris Leontares
  Demetrios Laskaris Leontares or Leontarios was an important Byzantine statesman and military leader of the early 15th century, serving under the emperors Manuel II Palaiologos and John VIII Palaiologos.- Life :...
  
  
• Demetrios Palaiologos
  Demetrios Palaiologos
  Demetrios Palaiologos or Demetrius Palaeologus , Despot in the Morea de facto 1436–1438 and 1451–1460 and de jure 1438–1451, previously governor of Lemnos 1422–1440, and of Mesembria 1440–1451...
  
  
• Demetrios Tzamplakon
  Demetrios Tzamplakon
  Demetrios Tzamplakon was a Byzantine aristocrat and senior military leader.The Tzamplakones were an important and wealthy aristocratic family attested since the mid-13th century, when one of its members achieved the high military rank of Domestic of the Schools. Alexios Tzamplakon, Demetrios'...
  
  
• Demophilus of Constantinople
  Demophilus of Constantinople
  Demophilus was bishop of Berea and bishop of Constantinople from 370 until expelled in 380.-Biography:Born of good family in Thessalonica, he was elected by the Arians to the bishopric of Constantinople. The opinion of the populace, however, were much divided...
  
  
• De obsidione toleranda
• Despotate of Epirus
  Despotate of Epirus
  The Despotate or Principality of Epirus was one of the Byzantine Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire that emerged in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond...
  
  
• Despotate of the Morea
• Despotes
• De velitatione bellica
  De velitatione bellica
  De velitatione bellica is the conventional Latin title for the Byzantine military treatise on skirmishing and guerrilla-type border warfare, composed ca. 970. Its original Greek title is .- Historical context :...
  
  
• Devol (Albania)
  Devol (Albania)
  Devol , also Deabolis or Diabolis) was a medieval fortress and bishopric in western Macedonia, located south of Lake Ohrid in what is today the south-eastern corner of Albania . Its precise location is unknown today, but it is thought to have been located by the river of the same name , and on...
  
  
• Devol, Treaty of
  Treaty of Devol
  The Treaty of Devol was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of Devol in Macedonia...
  
  
• Dhuvjan Monastery
  Dhuvjan Monastery
  The Dhuvjan Monastery also known as Monastery of Saints Quiricus and Julietta , is a Byzantine monastery located in the western part of the village of Dhuvjan, District of Gjirokastër, southern Albania.-Location:...
  
  
• Diaconicon
  Diaconicon
  The Diaconicon is, in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the name given to a chamber on the south side of the central apse of the church, where the vestments, books, etc, that are used in the Divine Services of the church are kept .The Diaconicon contains the thalassidion...
  
  
• Didymoteicho
  Didymoteicho
  Didymóteicho is a town located in the eastern part of the Evros peripheral unit of Thrace, Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of the same name. The town sits on a plain and located south east of Svilengrad, south of Edirne, Turkey and Orestiada, west of Uzunköprü, about 20 km north...
  
  
• Digenes Akritas
• Dimitri Obolensky
  Dimitri Obolensky
  Sir Dimitri Obolensky was born Prince Dmitriy Dmitrievich Obolensky to Prince Dimitri Alexandrovich Obolensky and Countess Maria Shuvalov . He was descended from Rurik, Igor, Svyatoslav, St Vladimir of Kiev, St Michael of Chernigov, and Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov...
  
  
• Dimbos, Battle of
  Battle of Dimbos
  The Battle of Dinboz or Dimbos was a battle between the Ottoman emirate and the Byzantine Empire in 1303.- Background :...
  
  
• Dioceses of the Roman Empire
• Diocletian
  Diocletian
  Diocletian |latinized]] upon his accession to Diocletian . c. 22 December 244  – 3 December 311), was a Roman Emperor from 284 to 305....
  
  
• Diokleia
  Duklja
  Doclea or Duklja was a medieval state with hereditary lands roughly encompassing the territories of present-day southeastern Montenegro, from Kotor on the west to the river Bojana on the east and to the sources of Zeta and Morača rivers on the north....
  
  
• Dionysios Zakythinos
  Dionysios Zakythinos
  Dionysios A. Zakythinos or Zakythenos was a leading Greek Byzantinist.Zakythinos was born in Kefalonia in 1905. After graduating from the University of Athens in 1927, he went to the Sorbonne, which at the time was a major center of Byzantine studies with scholars like Charles Diehl and Ferdinand...
  
  
• Dionysiou monastery
  Dionysiou monastery
  Dionysiou monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece in southwest part of Athos peninsula. The monastery ranks fifth in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries...
  
  
• Dioscorus II of Alexandria
• Dioscorus of Aphrodito
  Dioscorus of Aphrodito
  Flavius Dioscorus lived during the 6th century A.D. in the village of Aphrodito, Egypt, and therefore is called by modern scholars Dioscorus of Aphrodito. Although he was an Egyptian, he composed poetry in Greek, the cultural language of the Byzantine Era. His poems are the oldest surviving poems...
  
  
• Diplomacy, Byzantine
  Byzantine diplomacy
  Byzantine diplomacy concerns the principles, methods, mechanisms, ideals, and techniques that the Byzantine Empire espoused and used in order to negotiate with other states and to promote the goals of its foreign policy...
  
  
• Diptych
  Diptych
  A diptych di "two" + ptychē "fold") is any object with two flat plates attached at a hinge. Devices of this form were quite popular in the ancient world, wax tablets being coated with wax on inner faces, for recording notes and for measuring time and direction.In Late Antiquity, ivory diptychs with...
  
  
• Djiadjak Jaqeli
  Djiadjak Jaqeli
  -Family:Jiajak was a daughter of Beka I, the Jaqeli atabeg of Samtskhe. The Jaqelis held the Georgian feudal office of Eristavi. An Eristavi could be "governor of a region" or an "army-commander", roughly equivalent to the Byzantine strategos and normally translated into English as "duke".David...
  
  
• Dmitri Obolensky
• Dobromir Chrysos
• Dobrotitsa
  Dobrotitsa
  Dobrotitsa was a Bulgarian noble, ruler of the de facto independent Principality of Karvuna and the Kaliakra fortress from 1354 to 1379–1386....
  
  
• Dobruja
  Dobruja
  Dobruja is a historical region shared by Bulgaria and Romania, located between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, including the Danube Delta, Romanian coast and the northernmost part of the Bulgarian coast...
  
  
• Dochiariou monastery
  Dochiariou monastery
  Dochiariou monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece.It was founded in the 10th century, and is dedicated to the memory of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel. It celebrates its patronal feastday on November 8th...
  
  
• Doctrina Jacobi
• Domenico Leoni
  Domenico Leoni
  Domenico Leoni was a Venetian statesman of Byzantine origin; he served as magister militum and Hypatus in 737.-Reference:* Samuele Romanin, Storia documentata di Venezia, Pietro Naratovich tipografo editore, Venezia, 1853....
  
  
• Domentzia
  Domentzia
  Domentzia was a name shared by the mother of the Byzantine emperor Phocas , and a daughter of the same emperor, likely named after her paternal grandmother.- Name :...
  
  
• Domentziolus (brother of Phocas)
  Domentziolus (brother of Phocas)
  Domentziolus or Domnitziolus was a brother of the Byzantine emperor Phocas .Phocas and his family were likely of Thraco-Roman origin. Phocas and Domentziolus' mother was named Domentzia. A third brother is known, named Comentiolus.In 603, Phocas appointed Domentziolus as his magister officiorum,...
  
  
• Domentziolus (nephew of Phocas)
  Domentziolus (nephew of Phocas)
  Domentziolus or Domnitziolus was a nephew of the Byzantine emperor Phocas , appointed curopalates and general in the East during his uncle's reign. He was one of the senior Byzantine military leaders during the opening stages of the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628...
  
  
• Domestic of the Schools
  Domestic of the Schools
  The Domestic of the Schools was a senior Byzantine military office, extant from the 8th century until at least the early 14th century. Originally simply the commander of the Scholai, the senior of the elite tagmata regiments, the Domestic quickly rose in prominence: by the mid-9th century, its...
  
  
• Domestikos
  Domestikos
  Domestikos , in English sometimes [the] Domestic, was a civil, ecclesiastic and military office in the late Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire.-Military usage:...
  
  
• Domitius Modestus
  Domitius Modestus
  - Life :Of Arab origin, Modestus was comes Orientis from 358 to 362, succeeding to Nebridius and serving under the Emperors Constantius II and Julian...
  
  
• Domnentiolus
  Domnentiolus
  Domnentiolus was a Byzantine military officer, active in the reign of Justinian I . He is better known for his service in Sicily during the Gothic War.- Name :...
  
  
• Domnicus
  Domnicus
  Flavius Domnicus was a Byzantine military officer and patrikios, active in the reign of Emperor Justinian I . He should not be confused with his contemporary Domnicus, Praetorian prefect of Illyricum .-Biography:...
  
  
• Donald Nicol
  Donald Nicol
  Donald MacGillivray Nicol FBA, MRIA was a British Byzantinist.- Life :Nicol was born to a Church of Scotland minister, and received a classical education at King Edward VII School in Sheffield and St Paul's School in London...
  
  
• Donation of Constantine
  Donation of Constantine
  The Donation of Constantine is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the pope. During the Middle Ages, the document was often cited in support of the Roman Church's claims to...
  
  
• Donatism
• Donus, Pope of Rome
  Pope Donus
  Pope Donus was Pope from November 2, 676 to April 11, 678.He was the son of a Roman named Mauricius. Not much is known of this pope.-Reign:...
  
  
• Dorostolon
  Silistra
  Silistra is a port city of northeastern Bulgaria, lying on the southern bank of the lower Danube at the country's border with Romania. Silistra is the administrative centre of Silistra Province and one of the important cities of the historical region of Southern Dobrudzha...
  
  
• Dorostolon, Siege of
• Dorylaeum
  Dorylaeum
  Dorylaeum or Dorylaion was an ancient city in Anatolia. It is now in ruins near the city of Eskişehir, Turkey.The city existed under the Phrygians but may have been much older. It was a Roman trading post. It also was probably a key city of the route the Apostle Paul took on his Second Missonary...
  
  
• Dositheus, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Doukas
  Doukas
  Doukas, latinized as Ducas , from the Latin tile dux , is the name of a Byzantine Greek noble family, whose branches provided several notable generals and rulers to the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Doukas (historian)
• Doukatopoulon
• Doxapatres Boutsaras
  Doxapatres Boutsaras
  Doxapatres Boutsaras was a Byzantine Greek independent lord in the central Peloponnese in the early 13th century. He had his headquarters in the Araklovon Castle, which is located near the Minthi village, in the Municipality of Zacharo. He withstood the attacks of the Franks of the Fourth Crusade...
  
  
• Dress, Byzantine
  Byzantine dress
  Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire, but was essentially conservative. The Byzantines liked colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially Byzantine silk, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and resist-dyed and...
  
  
• Droctulf
  Droctulf
  Droctulf was a Byzantine general of Suevic or Alemannic origin. According to Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, he was raised with among the Lombards, with whom he entered the Italian peninsula in 569...
  
  
• Dromon
  Dromon
  The dromon was a type of galley and the most important warship of the Byzantine navy from the 6th to 12th centuries AD...
  
  
• Drougoubitai
  Drougoubitai
  The Drougoubitai, also Drogobitai or Dragobitai , variously anglicized as Drugubites, Drogubites, Druguvites, Draguvites etc, were a South Slavic group who settled in the Balkans in the 7th century...
  
  
• Droungarios
• Dubrovnik
  Dubrovnik
  Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
  
  
• Duchy of Athens
  Duchy of Athens
  The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade, encompassing the regions of Attica and Boeotia, and surviving until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century....
  
  
• Duchy of the Archipelago
  Duchy of the Archipelago
  The Duchy of the Archipelago or also Duchy of Naxos or Duchy of the Aegean was a maritime state created by Venetian interests in the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, centered on the islands of Naxos and Paros.-Background and establishment of the...
  
  
• Dumbarton Oaks Papers
  Dumbarton Oaks Papers
  Dumbarton Oaks Papers is an academic journal founded in 1941 for the publication of articles relating to civilizations of the late antique, early medieval, and Byzantine periods....
  
  
• Dux
  Dux
  Dux is Latin for leader and later for Duke and its variant forms ....
  
  
• Dynatoi
• Dyrrhachium
  Durrës
  Durrës is the second largest city of Albania located on the central Albanian coast, about west of the capital Tirana. It is one of the most ancient and economically important cities of Albania. Durres is situated at one of the narrower points of the Adriatic Sea, opposite the Italian ports of Bari...
  
  
• Dyrrhachium (theme)
  Dyrrhachium (theme)
  The Theme of Dyrrhachium was a Byzantine military-civilian province located in modern Albania, covering the Adriatic coast of the country...
  
  

E

• East, Diocese of the
  Diocese of the East
  The Diocese of the East was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the western Middle East, between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia...
  
  
• East–West Schism
  East–West Schism
  The East–West Schism of 1054, sometimes known as the Great Schism, formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively...
  
  
• Eastern Orthodox Church
  Eastern Orthodox Church
  The Orthodox Church, officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church and commonly referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church, is the second largest Christian denomination in the world, with an estimated 300 million adherents mainly in the countries of Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece,...
  
  
• Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
  Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
  The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Associated with each date are passages of Holy Scripture, Saints and events for commemoration, and many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of...
  
  
• Echinades (1427), Battle of the
  Battle of the Echinades (1427)
  The Battle of the Echinades was fought in 1427 among the Echinades islands off western Greece between the fleets of Carlo I Tocco and the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Economy, Byzantine
  Byzantine economy
  The Byzantine economy was among the most advanced in Europe and the Mediterranean for many centuries. Constantinople was a prime hub in a trading network that at various times extended across nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa. Some scholars argue that, up until the arrival of the Arabs in the...
  
  
• Edessa, Mesopotamia
  Edessa, Mesopotamia
  Edessa is the Greek name of an Aramaic town in northern Mesopotamia, as refounded by Seleucus I Nicator. For the modern history of the city, see Şanlıurfa.-Names:...
  
  
• Edessa, County of
  County of Edessa
  The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around Edessa, a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity....
  
  
• Edward Gibbon
  Edward Gibbon
  Edward Gibbon was an English historian and Member of Parliament...
  
  
• Egypt (Roman province)
• Egypt (Late Antiquity), Diocese of
• Egypt, History of Muslim
• Egypt, Muslim conquest of
  Muslim conquest of Egypt
  At the commencement of the Muslims conquest of Egypt, Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. However, it had been occupied just a decade before by the Persian Empire under Khosrau II...
  
  
• Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
• Eleutherios, Harbour of
• Eleutherius (exarch)
  Eleutherius (exarch)
  Eleutherius was Exarch of Ravenna . A eunuch, he succeeded John I Lemigius as exarch.Early in his reign, nearly the entire exarchate was unstable. In Ravenna, there was obvious discontent with the Byzantines; in Naples, a certain John of Conza, separated the city from the exarch's control...
  
  
• Elias (commentator)
  Elias (commentator)
  Elias was a Greek scholar and a commentator on Aristotle and Porphyry.He was a pupil of Olympiodorus in Alexandria in the late-6th century. His name suggests that he was a Christian. A commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge written in Greek has survived...
  
  
• Elizabeth Jeffreys
  Elizabeth Jeffreys
  Elizabeth Jeffreys is the former Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature at the University of Oxford. She was a Professorial Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford from 1996 to 2006, and a Professor Emerita from 2006 to present....
  
  
• Elizabeth of Slavonia
• Emirate of Sicily
  Emirate of Sicily
  The Emirate of Sicily was an Islamic state on the island of Sicily , which existed from 965 to 1072.-First Arab invasions of Sicily:...
  
  
• Enrico Dandolo
  Enrico Dandolo
  Enrico Dandolo — anglicised as Henry Dandolo and Latinized as Henricus Dandulus — was the 41st Doge of Venice from 1195 until his death...
  
  
• Entichius
  Entichius
  Entichius was the exarch of Ravenna from 711 to 713 AD.He was appointed in order to put down a revolt that had spread to Forlì, Forlimpopoli, Cervia, and elsewhere under the leadership of one George. After a few years of fighting, Entichius re-established Byzantine authority....
  
  
• Eparchy
  Eparchy
  Eparchy is an anglicized Greek word , authentically Latinized as eparchia and loosely translating as 'rule over something,' like province, prefecture, or territory, to have the jurisdiction over, it has specific meanings both in politics, history and in the hierarchy of the Eastern Christian...
  
  
• Ephesus
  Ephesus
  Ephesus was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era...
  
  
• Ephesus, First Council
• Ephesus, Second Council
  Second Council of Ephesus
  The Second Council of Ephesus was a church synod in 449 AD. It was convoked by Emperor Theodosius II as an ecumenical council but because of the controversial proceedings it was not accepted as ecumenical, labelled a Robber Synod and later repudiated at the Council of Chalcedon.-The first...
  
  
• Epi tes trapezes
  Epi tes trapezes
  The epi tēs trapezēs was a Byzantine court post, responsible for the imperial banquets.-History:The office, more fully known as the domestikos tēs basilikēs trapezēs , epi tēs basilikēs trapezēs or epi tēs trapezēs tou despotou , is first mentioned as extant...
  
  
• Epi ton deeseon
  Epi ton deeseon
  The epi tōn deēseōn was a Byzantine office, whose holder was responsible for receiving and answering petitions to the Byzantine emperor. Subordinate officials with the same title also existed in the provinces, and the Patriarch of Constantinople also had an epi ton deeseon.The office is usually...
  
  
• Epibatai
  Selimpaşa
  Selimpaşa, known in Byzantine times as Epibates is a small town in the European part of Turkey, near Silivri in Istanbul Province.The city is located on the northwestern coast of the Marmara Sea, west of Istanbul and east from Silivri on the highway . The town is a native place of the Orthodox...
  
  
• Epiphanius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople
  Epiphanius was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from February 25, 520 to June 5, 535, succeeding John II Cappadocia.-Biography:...
  
  
• Epirus
  Epirus
  The name Epirus, from the Greek "Ήπειρος" meaning continent may refer to:-Geographical:* Epirus - a historical and geographical region of the southwestern Balkans, straddling modern Greece and Albania...
  
  
• Epirus, Despotate of
  Despotate of Epirus
  The Despotate or Principality of Epirus was one of the Byzantine Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire that emerged in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond...
  
  
• Eraric
  Eraric
  Eraric was briefly King of the Ostrogoths. He was killed by a member of his royal guard. He had nine wives....
  
  
• Ernest Mamboury
  Ernest Mamboury
  Ernest Mamboury was a Swiss scholar renowned for his works on the historic structures in Turkish cities, particularly on Byzantine art and architecture in Istanbul.Mamboury was born 1878 in Signy-Avenex, Switzerland...
  
  
• Ernst Kitzinger
  Ernst Kitzinger
  Ernst Kitzinger was a German-American historian of late antique, early medieval, and Byzantine art.-Biography:...
  
  
• Esau de' Buondelmonti
  Esau de' Buondelmonti
  Esau de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus in Ioannina from 1385 to his death in 1411.Esau was the son of the Florentine nobleman Manente Buondelmonti and Lapa Acciaiuoli, sister of Niccolò Acciaiuoli of Corinth and the grandson of the great Χρηστόφορxοςστασία XXIV...
  
  
• Escorial Taktikon
  Escorial Taktikon
  The Escorial Taktikon , also known as the Taktikon Oikonomides after Nicolas Oikonomides who first edited it, is a list of Byzantine offices, dignities, and titles composed in Constantinople during the 970s...
  
  
• Eski Imaret Mosque
  Eski Imaret Mosque
  Eski Imaret Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. The church has traditionally been identified with that belonging to the Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes , meaning "Christ the all-seeing". It is the only documented 11th-century church in Istanbul which...
  
  
• Esphigmenou Monastery
  Esphigmenou Monastery
  Esphigmenou monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece, dedicated to the Ascension of Christ. It is built next to the sea at the northern part of the Athonite peninsula. Located near the Hilandar monastery, it is the northernmost of all Athonite...
  
  
• Essence–Energies distinction
  Essence–Energies distinction
  This is an article for the general view of the theological teaching. For the teaching specific to the Eastern Orthodox church please refer to the Essence–Energies distinction article. A real distinction between the essence and the energies of God is a central principle of Eastern Orthodox theology...
  
  
• Eternal Peace (532)
  Eternal Peace (532)
  The Eternal Peace , signed in 532 between the East Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia, was a peace treaty of indefinite duration, which concluded the Iberian War between the two powers...
  
  
• Etymologicum Magnum
  Etymologicum Magnum
  Etymologicum Magnum is the traditional title of a Greek lexical encyclopedia compiled at Constantinople by an unknown lexicographer around 1150 AD. It is the largest Byzantine lexicon and draws on many earlier grammatical, lexical and rhetorical works...
  
  
• Eudocia
  Aelia Eudocia
  Aelia Eudocia Augusta was the wife of Theodosius II, and a prominent historical figure in understanding the rise of Christianity during the beginning of the Byzantine Empire. Eudocia lived in a world where Greek paganism and Christianity were still coming together...
  
  
• Eudokia (wife of Heraclius)
• Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)
• Eudokia, wife of Constantine V
  Eudokia, wife of Constantine V
  -Family:According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Eudokia was a sister-in-law of Michael Melissenos, strategos of the Anatolikon Theme. Her sister and brother-in-law were parents to Patriarch Theodotos I of Constantinople.-Empress:...
  
  
• Eudokia Angelina
  Eudokia Angelina
  Eudokia Angelina was the queen consort of Stephen II Nemanjić of Serbia from 1196 to 1198. She later became the mistress of Alexios V Doukas, the future Emperor...
  
  
• Eudokia Baïana
  Eudokia Baïana
  Eudokia Baïana was the third wife of Leo VI the Wise.The work Theophanes Continuatus was a continuation of the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor by other writers, active during the reign of Constantine VII. The work records the few details known about her.According to Theophanes, Eudokia came...
  
  
• Eudokia Dekapolitissa
  Eudokia Dekapolitissa
  Eudokia Dekapolitissa was the empress consort of Michael III , the last member of the Phrygian Dynasty to rule the Byzantine Empire.-Marriage:...
  
  
• Eudokia Ingerina
  Eudokia Ingerina
  Eudokia Ingerina was the wife of the Byzantine emperor Basil I, the mistress of his predecessor Michael III, and the mother to both the Emperors Leo VI and Alexander and Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople.-Family:...
  
  
• Eudokia Komnene
  Eudokia Komnene
  Eudokia Komnene was a niece of Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, and wife of William VIII of Montpellier....
  
  
• Eudokia Makrembolitissa
  Eudokia Makrembolitissa
  Eudokia Makrembolitissa was the second wife of the Byzantine emperor Constantine X Doukas. After his death she acted as regent and became the wife of Romanos IV Diogenes...
  
  
• Eudokia of Trebizond
  Eudokia of Trebizond
  Eudokia Megale Komnene , was a Trapezuntine noblewoman, and a member of the powerful Byzantine Komnenos dynasty as a daughter of Emperor Alexios III of Trebizond....
  
  
• Eudokia Palaiologina
  Eudokia Palaiologina
  Eudokia Palaiologina or was the third daughter of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and his wife, Theodora Doukaina Vatatzaina, a grandniece of Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea....
  
  
• Eudoxia
  Aelia Eudoxia
  Aelia Eudoxia was the Empress consort of the Byzantine Emperor Arcadius.-Family:She was a daughter of Flavius Bauto, a Romanised Frank who served as magister militum in the Western Roman army during the 380s. The identity of her father is mentioned by Philostorgius...
  
  
• Eudoxia Epiphania
  Eudoxia Epiphania
  Eudoxia Epiphania was the only daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudokia. She was born at Constantinople on the July 7, 611 CE, baptized on August 15, and crowned Eudoxia Epiphania (also known as Epiphania, Eudocia or Eudokia) was the only daughter of the Byzantine...
  
  
• Eudoxius of Antioch
  Eudoxius of Antioch
  Eudoxius was the eighth bishop of Constantinople from January 27, 360 to 370, previously bishop of Germanicia and of Antioch, and was one of the most influential Arians.-Biography:...
  
  
• Eugene I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Eugene I
  Pope Saint Eugene I or Eugenius I, was pope from 10 August 654, to 1 June 657.He was a native of Rome, born to one Rufinianus. He was elected pope on 10 August 654, ascended in 655, and died on 1 June 657, of natural causes.-Early life:...
  
  
• Eulamius
  Eulamius
  Eulamius , born in Phrygia, was, along with Damascius, one of Athenian philosophers who sought asylum at the court of Khosrau I of Persia in 532, when Justinian I closed down the last pagan philosophical schools in Athens....
  
  
• Eulogius of Alexandria
• Eumathios Philokales
  Eumathios Philokales
  Eumathios Philokales was a high-ranking Byzantine military leader and administrator during the reign of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos , most notably as governor of Cyprus for twenty years, from 1093 to ca. 1112...
  
  
• Euphemia (empress)
  Euphemia (empress)
  Empress Euphemia , whose original name was Lupicina, was the consort of Justin I of the Byzantine Empire and founder of the Justinian Dynasty that lasted from 518 to 602....
  
  
• Euphemius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Euphemius of Constantinople
  Euphemius of Constantinople was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . Theophanes calls him Euthymius. Prior to his appointment, Euphemius was a presbyter of Constantinople, administrator of a hospital for the poor at Neapolis, unsuspected of any Eutychian leanings, and is described as learned...
  
  
• Euphemius (Sicily)
• Euphrosyne (9th century)
  Euphrosyne (9th century)
  Euphrosyne , a daughter of Byzantine emperor Constantine VI, the last representative of the Isaurian dynasty, and Maria of Amnia.- Life :...
  
  
• Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
  Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
  Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina or better Kamatera was the wife of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos.Euphrosyne was the daughter of Andronikos Doukas Kamateros, a high-ranking official who held the titles of megas droungarios and pansebastos . She was related to the Emperor Constantine X...
  
  
• Eusebia (empress)
  Eusebia (empress)
  Eusebia was the second wife of Emperor Constantius II. Main sources for the knowledge about her life are Julian's panegyric "Speech of Thanks to the Empress Eusebia" in which he thanks her for her assistance, as well as several remarks by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus.-Family:The primary...
  
  
• Eusebius of Caesarea
  Eusebius of Caesarea
  Eusebius of Caesarea also called Eusebius Pamphili, was a Roman historian, exegete and Christian polemicist. He became the Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine about the year 314. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the Biblical canon...
  
  
• Eusebius of Nicomedia
  Eusebius of Nicomedia
  Eusebius of Nicomedia was the man who baptised Constantine. He was a bishop of Berytus in Phoenicia, then of Nicomedia where the imperial court resided in Bithynia, and finally of Constantinople from 338 up to his death....
  
  
• Eustathios Palatinos
  Eustathios Palatinos
  Eustathios Palatinos was the catepan of Italy from the autumn of 1045 to September 1046. The primary source for his term of office is the chronicle of Lupus, a fellow protospatharius....
  
  
• Eustathius (consul)
  Eustathius (consul)
  - Biography :In 415-416 he was quaestor sacri palatii; in this capacity he received a copy of a law he had promoted....
  
  
• Eustathius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Eustathius of Constantinople
  Eustathius was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1019 to 1025.Eustathius was the protopresbyter of the imperial palace when he was raised to the Patriarchal throne by the Emperor Basil II...
  
  
• Eustathius of Epiphania
  Eustathius of Epiphania
  Eustathius of Epiphania was a sixth-century Byzantine historian.Eustathius was born in Epiphania . He probably was a Christian and wrote in the time of the emperor Anastasius I a history from the fall of Troy to the 12th year of Anastasius in two parts...
  
  
• Eustathius of Thessalonica
  Eustathius of Thessalonica
  Archbishop Eustathius of Thessalonica was a Greek bishop and scholar. He is most noted for his contemporary account of the sack of Thessalonike by the Normans in 1185, for his orations and for his commentaries on Homer, which incorporate many remarks by much earlier researchers.- Life :After being...
  
  
• Eustratios of Constantinople
  Eustratios of Constantinople
  Eustratios, Presbyter of Constantinople was a pupil of Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople and writer.He is remembered as the author of a tract against belief in soul sleep entitled A Refutation of Those Who Say That the Souls of the Dead Are Not Active and Receive No Benefit from the Prayers...
  
  
• Eustratius Garidas, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Eustratius Garidas
  Eustratius Garidas , was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople between 1081 and 1084. A monk, he was elevated to the patriarchal throne through the influnce of mother of the emeperor Alexios I, Anna Dalassene, to whom he had become an intimate advisor. He was a eunuch.Anna Comnena and other...
  
  
• Eutolmius Tatianus
  Eutolmius Tatianus
  Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus was a politician of the Late Roman Empire.- Initial career :The family of Eutolmii originated in Syria; Tatian was born in Sidyma, son of Antonius Tatianus, praeses of Caria from 360 to 364 circa. He had a son, Proculus, who followed his footsteps choosing a political...
  
  
• Eutropia
  Eutropia
  Eutropia a woman of Syrian origin, who was the wife of Emperor Maximian.- Marriage to Maximian and their children :In the late 3rd century, she married Maximian, though the exact date of this marriage is uncertain. By Maximian, she had two children, a boy, Maxentius , who was Western Roman...
  
  
• Eutropius (consul)
• Euthymius I Syncellus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Euthymius I of Constantinople
  Euthymius I Synkellos was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 907 to 912. He came to the office after Emperor Leo VI forced Nicholas I Mystikos to resign over Nicholas' refusal to sanction the Emperor's fourth marriage.The Vita Euthymii, or The Life of Euthymius, along with the...
  
  
• Euthymius II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Eutyches
  Eutyches
  Eutyches was a presbyter and archimandrite at Constantinople. He first came to notice in 431 at the First Council of Ephesus, for his vehement opposition to the teachings of Nestorius; his condemnation of Nestorianism as heresy precipitated his being denounced as a heretic...
  
  
• Eutychianus (consul 398)
  Eutychianus (consul 398)
  - Biography :Eutychian was the son of the Consul of 361, Taurus; it is known that he had a wife. He should be identified with the character of Typhoon in the allegorical work Aegyptus sive de providentia, by Synesius, where he represents the party of pro-Goths; Synesius said that he had a wild and...
  
  
• Eutychius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople
  Eutychius , considered a saint in the Catholic and Orthodox Christian traditions, was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 552 to 565, and from 577 to 582. His feast is kept by the Byzantine Church on 6 April, and he is mentioned in the Catholic Church's "Corpus Iuris"...
  
  
• Eutychius
  Eutychius
  Eutychius was the last Exarch of Ravenna .The exarchate had risen in revolt in 727 at the imposition of iconoclasm; the Exarch Paul lost his life attempting to quash the revolt. In response, Emperor Leo III sent the patrician Eutychius to take control of the situation. Eutychius landed in Naples,...
  
  
• Evagrius of Antioch
  Evagrius of Antioch
  Evagrius of Antioch was a claimant to the See of Antioch from 388 to 392. He succeeded Paulinus and had the support of the Eustathian party, and was a rival to Flavian during the so-called Meletian schism.- History :...
  
  
• Evagrius of Constantinople
  Evagrius of Constantinople
  Evagrius was bishop of Constantinople for brief periods in 370, and possibly 380.Little is known about Evagrius. In 370, the Arians elected Demophilus to fill the bishopric vacancy after the death of Eudoxius...
  
  
• Evagrius Scholasticus
  Evagrius Scholasticus
  Evagrius Scholasticus was a Syrian scholar and intellectual living in the 6th century AD, and an aide to the patriarch Gregory of Antioch. His surviving work, Ecclesiastical History, comprises a six-volume collection concerning the Church's history from the First Council of Ephesus to Maurice’s...
  
  
• Exarch
  Exarch
  In the Byzantine Empire, an exarch was governor with extended authority of a province at some remove from the capital Constantinople. The prevailing situation frequently involved him in military operations....
  
  
• Exocatacoeli
  Exocatacoeli
  Exocatacœli was a name given to some important offices in the church of Constantinople, who were of great authority and, in public assemblies, took precedence of the bishops and corresponded to modern Cardinals. Balsamon tell us that they were five and a sixth was added under George II Xiphilinus,...
  
  
• Ezeritai
  Ezeritai
  The Ezeritai were a Slavic tribe settled in the Peloponnese in southern Greece during the Middle Ages.Southern Slavs settled throughout the Balkans following the collapse of the East Roman defenses of the Danube frontier in the early 7th century, with some groups reaching as far south as the...
  
  

F

• Fahl, Battle of
  Battle of Fahl
  The Battle of Fahl or Battle of Pella was a Byzantine-Arab battle fought between the Rashidun army under Khalid ibn al-Walid Saifullah and the Roman Empire under Theodore the Sacellarius , in Fahl in January 635 AD...
  
  
• Fatih Mosque, Trabzon
  Fatih Mosque, Trabzon
  The Fatih Mosque is a mosque in the Ortahisar district in Trabzon, Turkey. It was originally built in Byzantine times as the Panagia Chrysokephalos Church. It also displays the most beautiful samples of the Ottoman writing arts. It was probably first built as a basilica and as the catholicon of a...
  
  
• Fatimid Caliphate
• Fausta
  Fausta
  Fausta Flavia Maxima was a Roman Empress, daughter of the Roman Emperor Maximianus. To seal the alliance between them for control of the Tetrarchy, in 307 Maximianus married her to Constantine I, who set aside his wife Minervina in her favour. Constantine and Fausta had been betrothed since...
  
  
• Fausta (wife of Constans II)
• Faustina (empress)
  Faustina (empress)
  Faustina was an Empress of the Roman Empire and third wife of Emperor Constantius II. The main source for her biography is the account of historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Her origins and other names are unknown.-Marriage:...
  
  
• Faventia, Battle of
• Felice Cornicola
  Felice Cornicola
  Felice Cornicola was the ruler of Venice, Hypatus of 738 and magister militum....
  
  
• Felix of Ravenna
  Felix of Ravenna
  Felix was an archbishop of Ravenna of the eighth century, in office 709 to his death.He was consecrated by Pope Constantine, but soon afterwards asserted his independence from Rome. When Ravenna was captured by the forces of Justinian II, Felix was taken to Constantinople, tried and blinded, and...
  
  
• Fenari Isa Mosque
  Fenari Isa Mosque
  Fenâri Îsâ Mosque , in Byzantine times known as the Lips Monastery , is a mosque in Istanbul, made of two former Eastern Orthodox churches.-Location:...
  
  
• Ferdinand Chalandon
  Ferdinand Chalandon
  Ferdinand Chalandon was a French medievalist and Byzantinist.Chalandon’s work remains the most substantial study of the Normans in Italy and though the details of what he wrote a hundred years ago have in places been modified, it remains the single most important work available to historians.Being...
  
  
• Ferrara-Florence, Council of
  Council of Florence
  The Council of Florence was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It began in 1431 in Basel, Switzerland, and became known as the Council of Ferrara after its transfer to Ferrara was decreed by Pope Eugene IV, to convene in 1438...
  
  
• Fibula
• Fifth Ecumenical Council
  Second Council of Constantinople
  The Second Council of Constantinople is recognized as the Fifth Ecumenical Council by the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, Old Catholics, and a number of other Western Christian groups. It was held from May 5 to June 2, 553, having been called by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian...
  
  
• Filioque
• Firaz, Battle of
  Battle of Firaz
  The Battle of Firaz was the last battle of the Muslim Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid in Mesopotamia against the combined forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and Christian Arabs...
  
  
• First Crusade
  First Crusade
  The First Crusade was a military expedition by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem...
  
  
• First Ecumenical Council
  First Council of Nicaea
  The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea in Bithynia by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325...
  
  
• Flavia Maximiana Theodora
  Flavia Maximiana Theodora
  Flavia Maximiana Theodora was the stepdaughter of Maximian. Her parents were Flavius Afranius Hannibalianus and wife, divorced before 283, Eutropia, later wife of Maximian. Theodora's father was consul in 292, and praetorian prefect under Diocletian...
  
  
• Flavia Julia Constantia
  Flavia Julia Constantia
  Flavia Julia Constantia was the daughter of the Roman Emperor Constantius Chlorus and his second wife, Flavia Maximiana Theodora....
  
  
• Flavian, Archbishop of Constantinople
  Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
  Flavian was Archbishop of Constantinople from 446 to 449. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church....
  
  
• Flavius Cresconius Corippus
  Flavius Cresconius Corippus
  Flavius Cresconius Corippus was a late Roman epic poet of the 6th century, who flourished under East Roman Emperors Justinian I and Justin II. His major works are the epic poem Johannis and the panegyric In laudem Justini minoris...
  
  
• Florence, Council of
  Council of Florence
  The Council of Florence was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It began in 1431 in Basel, Switzerland, and became known as the Council of Ferrara after its transfer to Ferrara was decreed by Pope Eugene IV, to convene in 1438...
  
  
• Florent of Hainaut
  Florent of Hainaut
  Florent of Hainaut was Prince of Achaea from 1289 to his death, in right of his wife, Isabella of Villehardouin. He was the son of John I of Avesnes and Adelaide of Holland...
  
  
• Florentius (consul 429)
  Florentius (consul 429)
  Flavius Florentius was a prominent high official of the Eastern Roman Empire, who influenced imperial policy during the second quarter of the fifth century.- Biography :...
  
  
• Foederati
  Foederati
  Foederatus is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the end of the Western Roman Empire...
  
  
• Follis
  Follis
  The follis was a type of coin in the Roman and Byzantine traditions.-Roman coin:The Roman follis was a large bronze coin introduced in about 294...
  
  
• Forum Amastrianum
• Forum Tauri
• Fourth Crusade
  Fourth Crusade
  The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire...
  
  
• Fourth Ecumenical Council
  Council of Chalcedon
  The Council of Chalcedon was a church council held from 8 October to 1 November, 451 AD, at Chalcedon , on the Asian side of the Bosporus. The council marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates that led to the separation of the church of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 5th...
  
  
• Francis Dvornik
  Francis Dvornik
  Francis Dvornik , in Czech František Dvorník, was a priest and academic, and one of the leading twentieth-century experts on Slavic and Byzantine history, and on relations between the churches of Rome and Constantinople.-Career:Dvornik taught at Charles University in Prague, the Collège de France,...
  
  
• Franks
  Franks
  The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a...
  
  
• Frankokratia
• Franz Dölger
  Franz Dölger
  Franz Dölger was a German Byzantinist. He is most notable for his crucial contributions to Byzantine diplomatics, and as the chief editor of the journal Byzantinische Zeitschrift from 1931 to 1963...
  
  
• Fravitta, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Fravitta of Constantinople
  Fravitta was the patriarch of Constantinople . He is regarded as a saint, and has a feast day of February 18.-Biography:...
  
  
• Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
  Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
  Frederick I Barbarossa was a German Holy Roman Emperor. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1155, and finally crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV, on 18 June 1155, and two years later in 1157 the term...
  
  
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
  Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
  Frederick II , was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages and head of the House of Hohenstaufen. His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous...
  
  
• Frigidus, Battle of the
  Battle of the Frigidus
  The Battle of the Frigidus, also called the Battle of the Frigid River, was fought between September 5–6 394, between the army of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I and the army of Western Roman ruler Eugenius....
  
  
• Fulk, King of Jerusalem
• Fyodor Uspensky
  Fyodor Uspensky
  Fyodor Ivanovich Uspensky or Uspenskij was the preeminent Russian Byzantinist in the first third of the 20th century. His works are considered to be among the finest illustrations of the flowering of Byzantine studies in Tsarist Russia....
  
  

G

• Gabras
  Gabras
  Gabras , feminine form Gabraina , is the surname of an important Byzantine aristocratic family, which became especially prominent in the late 11th and early 12th centuries as the semi-independent and quasi-hereditary rulers of Chaldia....
  
  
• Gabriel of Melitene
  Gabriel of Melitene
  Gabriel of Melitene was the ruler of Melitene . Along with Thoros of Edessa, Gabriel was a former officer of Philaretos Brachamios. Philaretos had installed Gabriel as the ruler of Melitene. Following the death of Philaretos in 1086 Melitene became completely independent of Byzantine control with...
  
  
• Gaeta, Duchy of
  Duchy of Gaeta
  The Duchy of Gaeta was an early medieval state centred on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula thanks to Lombard and Saracen incursions.Our...
  
  
• Gainas
  Gainas
  Gainas was an ambitious Gothic leader who served the Eastern Roman Empire as Magister Militum during the reigns of Theodosius I and Arcadius....
  
  
• Galata
  Galata
  Galata or Galatae is a neighbourhood in the Beyoğlu district on the European side of Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. Galata is located at the northern shore of the Golden Horn, the inlet which separates it from the historic peninsula of old Constantinople. The Golden Horn is crossed by...
  
  
• Galatia (Roman province)
  Galatia (Roman province)
  Galatia was the name of a province of the Roman Empire in Anatolia . It was established by the first emperor, Augustus , in 25 BC, covering most of formerly independent Celtic Galatia, with its capital at Ancyra....
  
  
• Galla (wife of Theodosius I)
• Galla Placidia
  Galla Placidia
  Aelia Galla Placidia , daughter of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, was the Regent for Emperor Valentinian III from 423 until his majority in 437, and a major force in Roman politics for most of her life...
  
  
• Galeria Valeria
  Galeria Valeria
  Galeria Valeria was the daughter of Roman Emperor Diocletian and wife of his co-emperor Galerius.Born as Valeria to Diocletian and Prisca, she married Galerius in 293, when her father elevated him to the position of Caesar...
  
  
• Gavinus
• Gelimer
  Gelimer
  Gelimer , King of the Vandals and Alans , was the last ruler of the North African Kingdom of the Vandals...
  
  
• Gemistus Pletho
  Gemistus Pletho
  Georgius Gemistus — later called Plethon or Pletho — was a Greek scholar of Neoplatonic philosophy. He was one of the chief pioneers of the revival of Greek learning in Western Europe...
  
  
• Gennadius I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Gennadius II Scholarius, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Gennadius (6th century)
  Gennadius (6th century)
  Gennadius was an East Roman general and the first exarch of Africa.He was appointed as magister militum Africae in ca. 578, and quickly defeated the Romano-Moorish kingdom of Garmul in Mauretania. He held this post until named exarch by Emperor Maurice sometime between 585 and 591...
  
  
• Gennadius (7th century)
  Gennadius (7th century)
  Gennadius was an Byzantine general who exercised the role of Exarch of Africa from 648 to 665, when he was finally expelled.Gennadius was a Byzantine general who served under the Byzantine Emperor Constans II. He assumed the position of exarch of Africa after the death of Gregory the Patrician at...
  
  
• Genseric
  Genseric
  Genseric , also spelled as Geiseric or Gaiseric, was King of the Vandals and Alans and was one of the key players in the troubles of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century...
  
  
• Geoffrey of Villehardouin
  Geoffrey of Villehardouin
  Geoffrey of Villehardouin was a knight and historian who participated in and chronicled the Fourth Crusade...
  
  
• Geoffrey I of Villehardouin
  Geoffrey I of Villehardouin
  Geoffrey I of Villehardouin was a French knight from the County of Champagne who joined the Fourth Crusade. He participated in the conquest of the Peloponnese and became the second prince of Achaea ....
  
  
• Geoffrey II of Villehardouin
  Geoffrey II of Villehardouin
  Geoffrey II of Villehardouin was the third prince of Achaea . From his accession to the princely throne, he was a powerful and respected person, and even from France knights came to the principality to enter his service...
  
  
• St. George (Skyros), Monastery of
  Monastery of Saint George, Skyros
  The Monastery of Saint George of Skyros is a Byzantine monastery on the Greek island of Skyros.The monastery was founded in AD 962....
  
  
• George, Emperor of Trebizond
  George, Emperor of Trebizond
  George Megas Komnenos , , Emperor of Trebizond from 1266 to 1280. He was the elder son of Emperor Manuel I and his third wife, Irene Syrikaina, a Trapezuntine noblewoman....
  
  
• George I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch George I of Constantinople
  George I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 679 to 686..- References :...
  
  
• George II Xiphilinus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch George II of Constantinople
  George II Xiphilinos or Xiphilinus, was the Patriarch of Constantinople between 1191 and 1198 AD. According to Balsamon, George, during the reign of Alexios I Komnenos, added one member to the Exocatacoeli , making it six.- References :...
  
  
• George Akropolites
• George Kedrenos
• George Maniakes
• George Mouzalon
  George Mouzalon
  George Mouzalon was a high official of the Empire of Nicaea under Theodore II Laskaris . Of humble origin, he became Theodore's companion in childhood and was raised to high state office upon the latter's assumption of power. This caused great resentment from the aristocracy, which had monopolized...
  
  
• George of Cyprus
• George of Trebizond
  George of Trebizond
  George of Trebizond was a Greek philosopher and scholar, one of the pioneers of the Renaissance.-Life:He was born on the island of Crete, and derived his surname Trapezuntius from the fact that his ancestors were from Trebizond.At what period he came to Italy is not certain; according to some...
  
  
• George Ostrogorsky
  George Ostrogorsky
  George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky was a Russian-born Yugoslavian historian and Byzantinist who acquired worldwide reputations in Byzantine studies.-Biography:...
  
  
• George Palaiologos
• George Pisida
  George Pisida
  George Pisida was a Byzantine poet, born in Pisidia, flourished during the 7th century AD....
  
  
• George Syncellus
  George Syncellus
  George Syncellus was a Byzantine chronicler and ecclesiastic. He had lived many years in Palestine as a monk, before coming to Constantinople, where he was appointed syncellus to Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople...
  
  
• George Pachymeres
  George Pachymeres
  Georgius Pachymeres , a Byzantine Greek historian and miscellaneous writer, was born at Nicaea, in Bithynia, where his father had taken refuge after the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204...
  
  
• Georgi Voiteh
  Georgi Voiteh
  Georgi Voiteh was a 11th century Bulgarian aristocrat from Skopje and the organizer of a major uprising against the Byzantine rule. He was from a Kavkhan family....
  
  
• Georgi Voiteh, Uprising of
  Uprising of Georgi Voiteh
  The Uprising of Georgi Voiteh was a Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine Empire in 1072. It was the second major attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire after the Uprising of Peter Delyan in 1040-1041....
  
  
• Georgia (country)
  Georgia (country)
  Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
  
  
• Georgia (country), History of
  History of Georgia (country)
  The nation of Georgia was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty in the 9th to 10th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of ancient Colchis and Iberia...
  
  
• Georgia, Byzantine wars with
• Gerasimus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Germanus II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Germanus II of Constantinople
  Germanus II was Patriarch of Constantinople from 1223 until his death in June 1240.He was born at Anaplous in the second half of the 12th century...
  
  
• Germanus III, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Germanus (Caesar)
  Germanus (Caesar)
  Germanus was a Caesar of the Byzantine Empire. He married Charito, a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine and Ino Anastasia.According to The Emperor Maurice and His Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare by Michael Whitby, Germanus was a patrician and governor of the...
  
  
• Germanus (cousin of Justinian I)
• Germanus (general under Phocas)
  Germanus (general under Phocas)
  Germanus was a Byzantine general who served under Emperor Phocas in the early stages of the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628....
  
  
• Germanus (patricius)
  Germanus (patricius)
  Germanus, called "patricius" , was a leading member of the Byzantine Senate during the reign of Maurice.-Family:Other that a wife called Leontia by Theophanes the Confessor, there is no named relative of Germanus. His name has led to a possible identification with a similarly named son of Germanus...
  
  
• Giorgio de' Buondelmonti
  Giorgio de' Buondelmonti
  Giorgio de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus in Ioannina in 1411.Giorgio was the young son of Esau de' Buondelmonti by his third wife Eudokia Balšić. When his father died on February 6, 1411, his mother attempted to maintain control of Ioannina in the name of her infant son. Eudokia was not popular...
  
  
• Giovanni Giustiniani
  Giovanni Giustiniani
  Giovanni Giustiniani Longo was a young Genoese captain, a member of one of the greatest families of the Republic, a kinsman to the powerful house of Doria in Southern Italy., and protostrator of the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Giudicati
  Giudicati
  The giudicati were the indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia from about 900 until 1410, when the last fell to the Aragonese. The rulers of the giudicati were giudici , from the Latin iudice , often translates as "judge". The Latin for giudicato was iudicatus The giudicati (singular giudicato) were the...
  
  
• Glycerius
  Glycerius
  Glycerius was a Western Roman Emperor from 473 to 474. Elevated by his Magister militum, Gundobad, Glycerius’ elevation was rejected by the court at Constantinople, and he was ousted by Julius Nepos. He later served as the bishop of Salona in the early Catholic Church.-Rise to power:Sources on...
  
  
• Godfrey of Bouillon
  Godfrey of Bouillon
  Godfrey of Bouillon was a medieval Frankish knight who was one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until his death. He was the Lord of Bouillon, from which he took his byname, from 1076 and the Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1087...
  
  
• Godilas
  Godilas
  Godilas was a Byzantine general, active in the reigns of Emperor Justin I and Emperor Justinian I .-Biography:Godilas is first mentioned in 518 as one of the officers involved in the proclamation of Justin I as Byzantine emperor. The ceremony is recorded in the De Ceremoniis, compiled by Emperor...
  
  
• Golden Horn
  Golden Horn
  The Golden Horn is a historic inlet of the Bosphorus dividing the city of Istanbul and forming the natural harbor that has sheltered Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and other ships for thousands of...
  
  
• Gordoservon
  Gordoservon
  In records from Bithynia in the year 680, the city of Gordoservon or Gordoserbon was a Byzantine city inhabited by Serbs. The name is derived from the Serbs that resettled in Asia Minor by Byzantine Emperor Constans II , who came from the areas "around the river Vardar"...
  
  
• Gothic War (535–554)
• Graitzas Palaiologos
  Graitzas Palaiologos
  Konstantinos Graitzas Palaiologos was the commander of the Byzantine garrison at Salmeniko Castle near Patras during the invasion of the Despotate of Morea by the forces of Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire in 1460....
  
  
• Gratian
  Gratian
  Gratian was Roman Emperor from 375 to 383.The eldest son of Valentinian I, during his youth Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian's brother Valentinian II was declared emperor by his father's soldiers...
  
  
• Great Lavra (Athos)
• Great Moravia
  Great Moravia
  Great Moravia was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe and lasted for nearly seventy years in the 9th century whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. It was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it. There is some controversy as...
  
  
• Great Palace of Constantinople
  Great Palace of Constantinople
  The Great Palace of Constantinople — also known as the Sacred Palace — was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as "Old Istanbul", modern Turkey...
  
  
• Greece
  Greece
  Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
  
  
• Greece, Byzantine
• Greek fire
  Greek fire
  Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect as it could continue burning while floating on water....
  
  
• Greek language
  Greek language
  Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
  
  
• Greeks, Byzantine
  Byzantine Greeks
  Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines is a conventional term used by modern historians to refer to the medieval Greek or Hellenised citizens of the Byzantine Empire, centered mainly in Constantinople, the southern Balkans, the Greek islands, Asia Minor , Cyprus and the large urban centres of the Near East...
  
  
• Gregoria
  Gregoria
  Gregoria was the Empress consort of Constantine III of the Byzantine Empire.- Family :Gregoria was a daughter of Niketas, a first cousin of Heraclius. Her father had played a part in the revolt which elevated Heraclius to the throne. Niketas led an overland invasion of Roman Egypt in 608...
  
  
• Gregory, Patriarch of Antioch
  Gregory of Antioch
  Gregory of Antioch was the Greek Patriarch of Antioch from 571 to 593.Gregory of Antioch began as a monk in the monastery of the Byzantines in Jerusalem, or so we learn from Evagrius Scholasticus. He was transferred by the emperor Justin II to Sinai. He was abbot there when the monastery was...
  
  
• Gregory I the Great, Pope of Rome
  Pope Gregory I
  Pope Gregory I , better known in English as Gregory the Great, was pope from 3 September 590 until his death...
  
  
• Gregory I of Nazianzus, Archbishop of Constantinople
  Gregory of Nazianzus
  Gregory of Nazianzus was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople. He is widely considered the most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic age...
  
  
• Gregory II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Gregory II
  Pope Saint Gregory II was pope from May 19, 715 to his death on February 11, 731, succeeding Pope Constantine. Having, it is said, bought off the Lombards for thirty pounds of gold, Charles Martel having refused his call for aid, he used the tranquillity thus obtained for vigorous missionary...
  
  
• Gregory II of Cyprus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Gregory II of Constantinople
  Gregory II of Cyprus was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople between 1283-1289.His name was originally George. His parents were middle class but of noble origin. He moved to Nicosia as a teenager seeking further education...
  
  
• Gregory III, Pope of Rome
  Pope Gregory III
  Pope Saint Gregory III was pope from 731 to 741. A Syrian by birth, he succeeded Gregory II in March 731. His pontificate, like that of his predecessor, was disturbed by the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire, in which he vainly invoked the intervention of Charles Martel.Elected by...
  
  
• Gregory III Mammas, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople
  Patriarch Gregory III, surnamed Mammis or Μammas, was Ecumenical Patriarch during the period 1443-1450. Few things are known about his life and his patriarchate. Not even his surname is certain, with the names Mammis or Mammas being probably mocking appellations...
  
  
• Gregory VII, Pope of Rome
  Pope Gregory VII
  Pope St. Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Sovana , was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal...
  
  
• Gregory Akindynos
• Gregory Gabras
  Gregory Gabras
  Gregory Gabras was the son of the Byzantine governor of Trebizond, Theodore Gabras who was involved in a minor unsuccessful rebellion against the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos around the year 1091.- Life at Constantinople :...
  
  
• Gregory Pakourianos
  Gregory Pakourianos
  Gregory Pakourianos was a politician and military commander in the Byzantine service. He was the founder of the Monastery of the Mother of God Petritzonitissa in Bachkovo and author of its typikon...
  
  
• Gregory Palamas
  Gregory Palamas
  Gregory Palamas was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later the Archbishop of Thessaloniki known as a preeminent theologian of Hesychasm. The teachings embodied in his writings defending Hesychasm against the attack of Barlaam are sometimes referred to as Palamism, his followers as Palamites...
  
  
• Gregory the Patrician
  Gregory the Patrician
  Gregory the Patrician was a Byzantine governor, and self-proclaimed Emperor of the province of Africa.-Career:Gregory the Patrician was related by blood to the Imperial House of Heraclius, through the Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II's cousin Nicetas. Gregory was appointed Exarch of Africa by the...
  
  
• Gubazes I of Lazica
  Gubazes I of Lazica
  Gubazes I was a king of Lazica who flourished in the 450s and 460s. His relations with the Roman Empire are recorded by Priscus.Around 456 Gubazes tried to negotiate an alliance with Sassanid Iran in order to break free of the Roman hegemony...
  
  
• Gubazes II of Lazica
  Gubazes II of Lazica
  Gubazes II was king of Lazica from ca. 541 until his assassination in 555. He was one of the central personalities of the Lazic War, first as a Sassanid Persian vassal and after 548 as an ally of the Eastern Roman Empire....
  
  
• Guglielmo Cavallo
  Guglielmo Cavallo
  Guglielmo Cavallo is an Italian Greek palaeographer and professor from the Sapienza University of Rome.- Life :Cavallo graduated from the University of Bari in 1961...
  
  
• Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia
  Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia
  Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia was the first Empress consort of Manuel III of Trebizond. Her original name was Gulkhan Khatun. Eudokia was her Christian baptismal name.-Family:...
  
  
• Gül Mosque
  Gül Mosque
  Gül Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church in Istanbul, Turkey converted into a mosque by the Ottomans.- Location :The building is located in Istanbul, in the district of Fatih, in the neighborhood of Ayakapı , along Vakif Mektebi Sokak...
  
  
• Gunthamund
  Gunthamund
  Gunthamund , King of the Vandals and Alans was the third king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals. He succeeded his unpopular uncle Huneric, and for that reason alone, enjoyed a rather successful reign....
  
  
• Gunthertuch
  Gunthertuch
  The so-called Gunthertuch is a Byzantine silk tapestry which represents the triumphal return of a Byzantine Emperor from a victorious campaign. The piece was purchased, or possibly received as a gift, by Gunther von Bamberg, Bishop of Bamberg, during his pilgrimage 1064/65 to the Holy Land. Gunther...
  
  
• Gustave Schlumberger
  Gustave Schlumberger
  Léon Gustave Schlumberger was a French historian and numismatist who specialised in the era of the crusades and the Byzantine Empire. His is still considered the principal work on the coinage of the crusades....
  
  
• Guy II de la Roche
  Guy II de la Roche
  Guy II de la Roche was the Duke of Athens from 1287, the last duke of his family. He succeeded as a minor on the death of his father, William I, at a time when the duchy of Athens had exceeded the Principality of Achaea in wealth, power, and importance.Guy was originally under the tutorship and...
  
  

H

• Al-Hadi
  Al-Hadi
  Abu Abdullah Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi was the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father Al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH until his death in 170 AH ....
  
  
• Hagia Irene
  Hagia Irene
  Hagia Irene or Hagia Eirene , often erroneously rendered in English as St Irene, is a former Eastern Orthodox church located in the outer courtyard of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. It is open as a museum every day except Monday but requires special permission for admission.-Church:The...
  
  
• Hagia Sophia
  Hagia Sophia
  Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey...
  
  
• Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)
  Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)
  The Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Greece, is one of the oldest churches in that city still standing today. It is one of several monuments in Thessaloniki included as a World Heritage Site on the UNESCO list.-History:...
  
  
• Hagia Sophia Church (Sofia)
• Hagia Sophia, Trabzon
  Hagia Sophia, Trabzon
  The church of Hagia Sophia , now the Hagia Sophia Museum, is a former Chalcedonian church located in the city of Trabzon in the north-eastern part of Turkey. It dates back to the 13th century when Trabzon was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond. It is located near the seashore and 2 miles west...
  
  
• Hagios Demetrios
• Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
  Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
  Abu ‘Ali Mansur Tāriqu l-Ḥākim, called Al-Hakim bi Amr al-Lāh , was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam .- History :...
  
  
• Hamdanid dynasty
  Hamdanid dynasty
  The Hamdanid dynasty was a Shi'a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq and Syria . They claimed to have been descended from the ancient Banu Taghlib Christian tribe of Mesopotamia....
  
  
• Hannibalianus
  Hannibalianus
  Flavius Hannibalianus was a member of the Constantinian dynasty, which ruled over the Roman Empire in the 4th century.Hannibalianus was the son of Flavius Dalmatius, and thus nephew of Constantine I...
  
  
• Harald Hardrada
• Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
  Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
  Al-Ḥārith ibn Jabalah , [Flavios] Arethas in Greek sources and Khalid ibn Jabalah in later Islamic sources, was a king of the Ghassanids, a pre-Islamic Arab people who lived on the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire. The fifth Ghassanid ruler of that name, he reigned from ca...
  
  
• Harun al-Rashid
  Harun al-Rashid
  Hārūn al-Rashīd was the fifth Arab Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rey, Iran, close to modern Tehran. His birth date remains a point of discussion, though, as various sources give the dates from 763 to 766)....
  
  
• Hebdomon
  Bakirköy
  This article is about a neighbourhood in IstanbulBakırköy is a neighborhood, municipality and district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey. The quarter is densely populated, has a residential character and is inhabited by a middle class population...
  
  
• Hegias
  Hegias
  Hegias was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries. He may have been the great-grandson or great-great-grandson of Plutarch of Athens, the founder of the Neoplatonist Academy in Athens. Hegias studied under Proclus at the school in Athens, when Proclus was an old man c. 480...
  
  
• Helena (wife of Julian)
• Helena (niece of Justin II)
  Helena (niece of Justin II)
  Helena was a niece of Byzantine Emperor Justin II . Georgios Kedrenos mentions a statue of her in the Milion, alongside statues of Sophia and Arabia, Respectively the wife and daughter of Justin II....
  
  
• Helena Lekapene
  Helena Lekapene
  Helena Lekapene was the Empress consort of Constantine VII. She was a daughter of Romanos I and his wife Theodora.-Background:...
  
  
• Helena, daughter of Alypius
  Helena, daughter of Alypius
  Helena, daughter of Alypius was the wife of Constantine VIII, Emperor of Constantinople.-Life:The Chronographia by Michael Psellos mentions her only briefly:...
  
  
• Helena Kantakouzene
  Helena Kantakouzene
  Helena Kantakouzene was the Empress consort of John V Palaiologos in the Byzantine Empire.-Family:She was a daughter of John VI Kantakouzenos and Irene Asanina.She was a sister of Matthew Kantakouzenos and Manuel Kantakouzenos...
  
  
• Helena Dragaš
  Helena Dragaš
  Helena Dragaš Helena was born to Constantine Dragaš of the noble House of Dejanović. Constantine was a Serbian provincial lord, ruling one of the principalities that emerged after the breakup of the Serbian Empire, centered at Velbăžd . Her mother was Constantine's unnamed first wife...
  
  
• Helena Kantakouzene, Empress of Trebizond
  Helena Kantakouzene, Empress of Trebizond
  -Family:The primary source about her is the account "On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors" by Theodore Spandounes. Theodore was related to the Kantakouzenoi. He was a son of Matthew Spandounes and Eudokia Kantakouzene. His father was a soldied of the Republic of Venice...
  
  
• Helena of Constantinople
• Helena Angelina Doukaina
  Helena Angelina Doukaina
  Helena Angelina Doukaina was the second wife but only Queen consort of Manfred of Sicily.-Biography:She was a daughter of Michael II Komnenos Doukas, Ruler of Epirus and his wife Theodora Petraliphaina...
  
  
• Helena Argyre
  Helena Argyre
  Helena Argyre or Argyropoulaina was a Byzantine princess of the Argyros family and Queen Consort of Georgia as the first wife of King Bagrat IV of the Bagratids. She was given off in marriage by her uncle, the Byzantine emperor Romanos III Argyros, to the boy-king Bagrat c. 1032...
  
  
• Helene Ahrweiler
  Helene Ahrweiler
  Helene Ahrweiler, née Glykatzi is an eminent Greek university professor and Byzantinologist. She is also a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Greece. In the 2008 show Great Greeks, she was named amongst the 100 greatest Greeks of all time.- Life :...
  
  
• Heliodorus (philosopher)
  Heliodorus (philosopher)
  Heliodorus is cited as the author of a work titled Commentary , which has been preserved, on the Introduction or Rudiments of Paulus Alexandrinus, the 4th century Alexandrian astrologer. The name "Heliodorus" appears only on the later of two groups of manuscripts, and so is somewhat doubtful...
  
  
• Hellas (theme)
  Hellas (theme)
  The Theme of Hellas was a Byzantine military-civilian province located in southern Greece. The theme encompassed parts of Central Greece, Thessaly and, until circa 800, the Peloponnese...
  
  
• Henotikon
  Henotikon
  The Henotikon was issued by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 482, in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of the Council of Chalcedon and the miaphysites...
  
  
• Henri Grégoire (historian)
  Henri Grégoire (historian)
  Henri Grégoire was an eminent scholar of the Byzantine Empire, virtually the founder of Byzantine studies in Belgium.Grégoire spent most of his teaching career at the Université libre de Bruxelles...
  
  
• Henry of Flanders
  Henry of Flanders
  Henry was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He was a younger son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut , and Margaret I of Flanders, sister of Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders....
  
  
• Heraclius
  Heraclius
  Heraclius was Byzantine Emperor from 610 to 641.He was responsible for introducing Greek as the empire's official language. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.Heraclius'...
  
  
• Heraclius (brother of Tiberius III)
  Heraclius (brother of Tiberius III)
  Heraclius was the brother of the Byzantine emperor Tiberius III and the Byzantine Empire's leading general during his reign. He scored a number of victories against the Umayyads, but was unable to halt the Arab conquest of Armenia, nor able to prevent the deposition of his brother by Justinian II...
  
  
• Heraclius (son of Constans II)
  Heraclius (son of Constans II)
  Heraclius was Byzantine co-emperor from 659 to 681. He was the focus of a military revolt and was eventually dethroned by his brother, the senior emperor Constantine IV.-Life:...
  
  
• Heraclius of Edessa
  Heraclius of Edessa
  Heraclius of Edessa was an Eastern Roman Empire general who took part in the failed campaign against the Vandals in 468.- Biography :...
  
  
• Heraclius the Elder
  Heraclius the Elder
  Heraclius the Elder was an East Roman general and the father of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius . Of Armenian origin, the elder Heraclius distinguished himself in the wars against the Sassanid Persians in the 580s. Ca. 600, he was appointed as the Exarch of Africa. In 608, he rebelled with his son...
  
  
• Heraklonas
  Heraklonas
  Constantinus Heraclius , known in English as Heraklonas, Heraclonas, or Heracleonas , was the son of Heraclius and his niece Martina, and was Byzantine Emperor briefly between February and September 641....
  
  
• Heraldry, Byzantine
  Byzantine heraldry
  For most of its history, the Byzantine Empire did not know or use heraldry in the West European sense. Various emblems were used in official occasions and for military purposes, such as banners or shields displaying various motifs such as the cross or the labarum...
  
  
• Herbert Hunger
  Herbert Hunger
  Herbert Hunger was an Austrian Byzantine scholar.From 1973-1982 he served two consecutive terms as president of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.- Literary works :...
  
  
• Heresy
  Heresy
  Heresy is a controversial or novel change to a system of beliefs, especially a religion, that conflicts with established dogma. It is distinct from apostasy, which is the formal denunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion...
  
  
• Hermit
  Hermit
  A hermit is a person who lives, to some degree, in seclusion from society.In Christianity, the term was originally applied to a Christian who lives the eremitic life out of a religious conviction, namely the Desert Theology of the Old Testament .In the...
  
  
• Hermogenes (magister officiorum)
  Hermogenes (magister officiorum)
  Hermogenes was an East Roman official who served as magister officiorum, military commander and diplomatic envoy during the Iberian War against Sassanid Persia in the early reign of Justinian I .- Life :...
  
  
• Hermoniakos' Iliad
  Hermoniakos' Iliad
  The Hermoniakos' Iliad is a 14th-century Byzantine paraphrase of the Iliad composed by Constantine Hermoniakos. The poem was commissioned by the Despot of Epirus, who asked Hermoniakos to write a new version of this epic in the Greek vernacular language.-Background and text:Constantine Hermoniakos...
  
  
• Hero the Younger
  Hero the younger
  Hero the younger is the name given without any sufficient reason to a Byzantine land-surveyor who wrote a treatise on land-surveying modelled on the works of Hero of Alexandria, especially the Dioptra.-Literature:...
  
  
• Hervé Frankopoulos
• Hestia Tapestry
• Hesychasm
  Hesychasm
  Hesychasm is an eremitic tradition of prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and some of the Eastern Catholic Churches, such as the Byzantine Rite, practised by the Hesychast Hesychasm is an eremitic tradition of prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and some of the Eastern Catholic Churches,...
  
  
• Hesychius of Miletus
  Hesychius of Miletus
  Hesychius of Miletus, Greek chronicler and biographer, surnamed Illustrius, son of an advocate, flourished at Constantinople in the 6th century AD during the reign of Justinian.According to Photius he was the author of three important works:...
  
  
• Hetaireia
  Hetaireia
  The Hetaireia or Hetaeria was a term used to describe a corps of bodyguards of the Byzantine Empire. Its name means "the Company", echoing the ancient Macedonian Companion cavalry. The imperial Hetaireia, composed chiefly of foreigners, formed part of the Byzantine imperial guard alongside the...
  
  
• Hexagram (currency)
  Hexagram (currency)
  The hexagram was a large silver coin of the Byzantine Empire issued primarily during the 7th century AD.With the exception of a few 6th-century ceremonial issues, silver coins were not used in late Roman/early Byzantine monetary system , chiefly because of the great fluctuation of its price...
  
  
• Hexamilion wall
  Hexamilion wall
  The Hexamilion wall is a defensive wall constructed across the Isthmus of Corinth guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from mainland Greece.- Early fortifications :...
  
  
• Hieria
  Hieria
  Hieria , modern Fenerbahçe, was a suburb of Byzantine-era Constantinople . It is prominent in the city's history as the site of an imperial palace....
  
  
• Hieria, Council of
  Council of Hieria
  The iconoclast Council of Hieria was a Christian council which viewed itself as ecumenical, but was later rejected by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. It was summoned by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V in 754 in the palace of Hieria opposite Constantinople. The council...
  
  
• Hierius (consul 427)
  Hierius (consul 427)
  - Life :Hierus was Praetorian prefect of the East a first time from 425 to 428, then a second time in 432. In 427 also held the consulate, with Ardabur as a colleague, both chosen by the Eastern court...
  
  
• Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)
  Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)
  Hierocles or Hierokles was a Byzantine geographer of the sixth century and the attributed author of the Synecdemus or Synekdemos, which contains a table of administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire and lists of the cities of each...
  
  
• Hikanatoi
  Hikanatoi
  The Hikanatoi , sometimes Latinized as Hicanati, were one of the Byzantine tagmata, the elite guard units based near the imperial capital of Constantinople...
  
  
• Hilandar
  Hilandar
  Hilandar Monastery is a Serbian Orthodox monastery on Mount Athos in Greece. It was founded in 1198 by the first Serbian Archbishop Saint Sava and his father, Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja of the medieval Serbian principality of Raška...
  
  
• Hilderic
  Hilderic
  Hilderic was the penultimate king of the Vandals and Alans in North Africa in Late Antiquity . Although dead by the time the Vandal kingdom was overthrown in 534, he nevertheless played a key role in that event....
  
  
• Himerios (admiral)
  Himerios (admiral)
  Himerios , also Himerius, was a Byzantine administrator and admiral of the early 10th century, best known as the commander of the Byzantine navy during its struggles with the resurgent Muslim navies in the period 900–912.-Life:...
  
  
• Hippiatrica
• Hippodrome of Constantinople
  Hippodrome of Constantinople
  The Hippodrome of Constantinople was a circus that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is a square named Sultanahmet Meydanı in the Turkish city of Istanbul, with only a few fragments of the original structure surviving...
  
  
• Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque
  Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque
  - External links :*...
  
  
• Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
  Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
  Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his mother named him after her father....
  
  
• Histamenon
  Histamenon
  Histamenon was the name given to the gold Byzantine solidus when the slightly lighter tetarteron was introduced in the 960s. To distinguish the two, the histamenon was changed in form from the original solidus, becoming wider and thinner, as well as concave in form. Later usually shortened to...
  
  
• Historia Augusta
  Augustan History
  The Augustan History is a late Roman collection of biographies, in Latin, of the Roman Emperors, their junior colleagues and usurpers of the period 117 to 284...
  
  
• Holy Apostles (Constantinople), Church of the
  Church of the Holy Apostles
  The Church of the Holy Apostles , also known as the Imperial Polyandreion, was a Christian church built in Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, in 550. It was second only to the Church of the Holy Wisdom among the great churches of the capital...
  
  
• Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki), Church of the
  Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)
  The Church of the Holy Apostles is a 14th-century Byzantine church in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki.-Location:The church is located at the start of Olympou Street, near the city's western medieval walls.-History and description:...
  
  
• Holy Roman Empire
  Holy Roman Empire
  The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
  
  
• Holy Sepulchre, Church of
  Church of the Holy Sepulchre
  The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, also called the Church of the Resurrection by Eastern Christians, is a church within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. It is a few steps away from the Muristan....
  
  
• Honorius (emperor)
  Honorius (emperor)
  Honorius , was Western Roman Emperor from 395 to 423. He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the eastern emperor Arcadius....
  
  
• Honorius I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Honorius I
  Pope Honorius I was pope from 625 to 638.Honorius, according to the Liber Pontificalis, came from Campania and was the son of the consul Petronius. He became pope on October 27, 625, two days after the death of his predecessor, Boniface V...
  
  
• Hormizd (Constantinople)
  Hormizd (Constantinople)
  Hormizd was a Sassanid Persian prince, the third son of King Hormizd II and brother-in-law of King Shapur II. Imprisoned by him, he was freed by his wife in 323 and escaped to Constantinople, where Emperor Constantine I helped him and gave him a palace near the shore of the Marmara Sea This...
  
  
• Hormizd IV
  Hormizd IV
  Hormizd IV, son of Khosrau I, reigned as the twenty-first King of Persia from 579 to 590.He seems to have been imperious and violent, but not without some kindness of heart. Some very characteristic stories are told of him by Tabari. His father's sympathies had been with the nobles and the priests...
  
  
• Hosios Loukas
  Hosios Loukas
  Hosios Loukas is an historic walled monastery situated near the town of Distomo, in Boeotia, Greece. It is one of the most important monuments of Middle Byzantine architecture and art, and has been listed on UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, along with the monasteries of Nea Moni and Daphnion.-...
  
  
• Hrach Bartikyan
  Hrach Bartikyan
  Hrach Mikayeli Bartikyan is an Armenian academician and specialist on Byzantine and Armenian studies. The author of over 200 books, articles and monographs, he is a full member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences and heads its Department of the Middle Ages...
  
  
• Hranislav
  Hranislav
  Hranislav was a Bulgarian military commander who was a close associate of rebel leader and later Tsar Ivaylo . After being captured by the Byzantines, Hranislav entered the service of Andronikos II Palaiologos as his megas tzaousios...
  
  
• Hugh I, Count of Vermandois
• Hugh of Champlitte
  Hugh of Champlitte
  Hugh of Champlitte was the nephew of William of Champlitte, the first Prince of Achaea.Hugh and his uncle traveled with the Fourth Crusade and were at the conquest of Constantinople in 1204. They arrived in the Peloponnesus in 1205...
  
  
• Huneric
  Huneric
  Huneric or Honeric was King of the Vandals and the oldest son of Genseric. He dropped the imperial politics of his father and concentrated mainly on internal affairs. He was married to Eudocia, daughter of western Roman Emperor Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia. She left him, probably in 472...
  
  
• Hyelion and Leimocheir, Battle of
  Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir
  The Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir saw the destruction, in an ambush at a river crossing, of a raiding Seljuq Turk army by the Byzantines.-Background:...
  
  
• Hypatia
• Hypatius
• Hypatos
• Hyperpyron
  Hyperpyron
  The hyperpyron was a Byzantine coin in use in the latter Middle Ages, replacing the solidus as the Empire's gold coinage.The gold currency of the Byzantine Empire had been the solidus or nomisma, whose gold content had remained steady at 24 carats for seven centuries and was consequently...
  
  

I

• Icon
  Icon
  An icon is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Christianity and in certain Eastern Catholic churches...
  
  
• Iconodule
• Iconolatry
  Iconolatry
  Iconolatry: from the two Greek terms eikon, denoting simply a picture or image, and latreia, to venerate. See icon.Icon in Greek simply denotes a picture but has now come to be closely associated with religious art used by the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches. Icons are used by Orthodox Churches...
  
  
• Iconoclasm, Byzantine
• Idolatry
  Idolatry
  Idolatry is a pejorative term for the worship of an idol, a physical object such as a cult image, as a god, or practices believed to verge on worship, such as giving undue honour and regard to created forms other than God. In all the Abrahamic religions idolatry is strongly forbidden, although...
  
  
• Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Ildibad
  Ildibad
  Ildibad was a king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, being chosen to replace Witiges, who had been engaged in various intregues with Belisarius, and had left Ravenna...
  
  
• Illus
  Illus
  Illus was a Byzantine general, who played an important role in the reigns of the Byzantine Emperors Zeno and Basiliscus.Illus supported the revolt of Basiliscus against Zeno, then switched sides, supporting the return of Zeno...
  
  
• Illustrius Pusaeus
  Illustrius Pusaeus
  Flavius Illustrius Pusaeus was a politician of the Roman Empire.- Biography :Pusaeus was a pupil of the Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus, at his school in Alexandria; other noteworthy figures belonged to the same Pagan circle and studied with Pusaeus, such as Pamprepius , Marcellinus Flavius...
  
  
• Illyricum, Diocese of
  Diocese of Pannonia
  The Diocese of Pannonia , from 379 known as the Diocese of Illyricum, was a diocese of the Late Roman Empire. The seat of the vicarius was Sirmium.-History:...
  
  
• Illyricum, Praetorian prefecture of
  Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
  The praetorian prefecture of Illyricum was one of four praetorian prefectures into which the Late Roman Empire was divided.The administrative centre of the prefecture was Sirmium , and, after 379, Thessalonica...
  
  
• Innocent III, Pope of Rome
  Pope Innocent III
  Pope Innocent III was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni....
  
  
• Ino Anastasia
  Ino Anastasia
  Ino , renamed Aelia Anastasia was the Empress consort of Tiberius II Constantine of the Byzantine Empire, and Augusta from 578 until her death.-Early life and marriages:...
  
  
• Iohannes (consul 467)
  Iohannes (consul 467)
  Iohannes was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire.- Biography :His family came from Lychnidus. In 467 he was consul posterior, chosen by the Eastern court, together with Illustrius Pusaeus...
  
  
• Iohannis
• Irene Asanina
  Irene Asanina
  Irene Asanina was the Empress consort of John VI Kantakouzenos of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:Asanina was a daughter of Andronikos Asen and his wife Tarchanaiotissa.Her paternal grandparents were Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria and Irene Palaiologina...
  
  
• Irene Doukaina
  Irene Doukaina
  Irene Doukaina or Ducaena was the wife of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, and the mother of the emperor John II Komnenos and of the historian Anna Komnene.-Succession of Alexios and Irene:...
  
  
• Irene Gattilusio
  Irene Gattilusio
  Irene Gattilusio, born Eugenia Gattilusio was the wife of John VII Palaiologos, a Byzantine Emperor in 1390.-Family:She was a daughter of Francesco II of Lesbos and Valentina Doria....
  
  
• Irene Kantakouzene
• Irene Komnene Doukaina
• Irene Laskarina
• Irene of Athens
• Irene of Brunswick
• Irene of Hungary
• Irene of Montferrat
• Irene of Trebizond
  Irene of Trebizond
  Irene Palaiologina , was Empress of Trebizond from April 6, 1340 to July 17, 1341...
  
  
• Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)
• Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
• Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond
• Irene Syrikaina
  Irene Syrikaina
  -Name:The male form of her family name has been suggested being either "Syrikainos" or "Syrikos". The name may be related to the island Syros or to the terms "Syrios", "Syrikos", "Syriakos", all Greek language for Syrian. The geographic term Syria also applied to Coele-Syria and...
  
  
• Iron Bridge, Battle of
  Battle of Iron bridge
  The Battle of Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD. The battle was fought near a nine-arch stone bridge spanning the River Orontes, from which the battle took its name. The campaigns in Anatolia were undertaken after the decisive Rashidun...
  
  
• Isaac I Komnenos
  Isaac I Komnenos
  Isaac I Komnenos was Byzantine Emperor from 1057 to 1059, and the first reigning member of the Komnenos dynasty...
  
  
• Isaac II Angelos
  Isaac II Angelos
  Isaac II Angelos was Byzantine emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204....
  
  
• Isaac Komnenos (brother of Alexios I)
• Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)
• Isaac Komnenos (son of John II)
• Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus
  Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus
  Isaac Komnenos or Comnenus , was the ruler of Cyprus from 1184 to 1191, before Richard I's conquest during the Third Crusade.-Family:He was a minor member of the Komnenos family. He was son of an unnamed Doukas Kamateros and Irene Komnene...
  
  
• Isaac Kontostephanos
  Isaac Kontostephanos
  Isaac Kontostephanos was a Byzantine admiral during the reign of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos , marked by his incompetence in the wars against the Normans....
  
  
• Isaac the Armenian
  Isaac the Armenian
  Isaac the Armenian was an Exarch of Ravenna hailing from the Kamsarakan clan. The chronology of the Exarchate in this period is uncertain: either he succeeded Euselnus and served c. 625 - 644; he succeeded Eleutherius, and served 620 - 637....
  
  
• Isabella of Villehardouin
  Isabella of Villehardouin
  Isabella of Villehardouin was the elder daughter of William II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, and of his second wife Anna, the third daughter of Michael II Komnenos Doukas, the despot of Epiros....
  
  
• Isaias, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Isauria
  Isauria
  Isauria , in ancient geography, is a rugged isolated district in the interior of South Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods, but generally covering what is now the district of Bozkır and its surroundings in the Konya province of Turkey, or the core of the Taurus Mountains. In...
  
  
• Isaurian War
  Isaurian War
  The Isaurian War was a conflict that lasted from 492 to 497 and that was fought between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rebels of Isauria. At the end of the war, Eastern Emperor Anastasius I regained the control of the Isauria region and the leaders of the revolt were killed.-...
  
  
• Isbul
  Isbul
  Isbul was the kavhan, or first minister, of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reigns of Omurtag, Malamir and Presian I...
  
  
• Isidore of Miletus
  Isidore of Miletus
  Isidore of Miletus was one of the two main Byzantine architects that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople from 532-537A.D.-Summary:...
  
  
• Isidore I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Isidore I of Constantinople
  Isodore I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1347 to 1350. Isidore Buchiras was a disciple of Gregory Palamas.-Early life:Little is known of his early life. Isidore was born in Thessaloniki during the latter part of the 1290s where he became a teacher and spiritual...
  
  
• Islam, History of
  Muslim history
  Muslim history is the history of Muslim people. In the history of Islam the followers of the religion of Islam have impacted political history, economic history, and military history...
  
  
• Islamic architecture
  Islamic architecture
  Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture....
  
  
• Issus (622), Battle of
  Battle of Issus (622)
  The Battle of Issus, also known as the Third Battle of Issus, was the battle fought between the Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius and the Sassanid Empire at the strategic ground near the small riverine town of Issus below the difficult inland mountains in 622, now in the Turkish Province of Hatay...
  
  
• Italy, History of
  History of Italy
  Italy, united in 1861, has significantly contributed to the political, cultural and social development of the entire Mediterranean region. Many cultures and civilizations have existed there since prehistoric times....
  
  
• Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
  Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
  Ivan Asen I ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1189–1196. The year of his birth is unknown.-Life:...
  
  
• Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
  Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
  -Early rule:He was a son of Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria and Elena . Elena, who survived until after 1235, is sometimes alleged to be a daughter of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia, but this relationship is questionable and would have caused various canonical impediments to marriages between various descendants...
  
  
• Ivanko of Bulgaria
  Ivanko of Bulgaria
  Ivanko killed Ivan Asen I, ruler of the renascent Second Bulgarian Empire, in 1196. The murder occurred when Asen angrily summoned Ivanko to discipline him for having an affair with his wife's sister....
  
  
• Iviron monastery
  Iviron monastery
  Holy Monastery of Iviron is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece...
  
  

J

• Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith
  Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith
  Jabalah IV ibn al-Ḥārith, known also by the tecnonymic Abū Shamir, in Greek sources found as Gabalas , was a ruler of the Ghassanids. At first an enemy of the East Roman Empire, he raided Palestine but was defeated, becoming a Byzantine vassal in 502 until ca...
  
  
• Jacob Baradaeus
  Jacob Baradaeus
  Jacob Baradaeus was Bishop of Edessa from 543 until his death. One of the most important figures in the history of the Syriac Orthodox Church, and the Oriental Orthodox churches generally, he was a defender of the Monophysite movement in a time when its strength was declining...
  
  
• Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
  Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
  Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer was a Tyrolean traveller, journalist, politician and historian, best known for his controversial theories concerning the racial origins of the Greeks, and for his travel writings.-Education:Fallmerayer was born, the seventh of ten children, in Weiler Pairdorf, a village...
  
  
• James IV of Majorca
  James IV of Majorca
  James IV of Majorca was King of Majorca from 1349 until his death.James was the son of James III of Majorca and Constance of Aragon...
  
  
• James of Baux
  James of Baux
  James of Baux , Duke of Andria, was the last titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1374 to 1383 and Prince of Achaea from 1382 to 1383....
  
  
• Jesus, Depiction of
• Jewish revolt against Gallus
• Joan I of Naples
  Joan I of Naples
  Joan I , born Joanna of Anjou, was Queen of Naples from 1343 until her death. She was also Countess of Provence and Forcalquier, Queen consort of Majorca and titular Queen of Jerusalem and Sicily 1343–82, and Princess of Achaea 1373/5–81....
  
  
• Joan III, Countess of Burgundy
• Joannicius the Great
  Joannicius the Great
  Venerable Saint Joannicius the Great, in original Greek Ioannikios the Great - respected Byzantine Christian saint, sage, theologian, prophet and wonderworker, the hermit of Mount Olympus , monk and abbot...
  
  
• John I Doukas of Thessaly
• John I Lemigius
  John I Lemigius
  John I Lemigius was Exarch of Ravenna .John was made Exarch of Ravenna in 611, to replace Smaragdus. He seems to have avoided war with the Lombards throughout his reign. In 615 he was killed with a number of officials...
  
  
• John I of Trebizond
  John I of Trebizond
  John I Megas Komnenos Axouchos was Emperor of Trebizond from 1235 to 1238.He was the eldest son of Alexios I of Trebizond and Theodora Axuchina, and was perhaps still a minor at the time of his father's death in 1222, as the throne passed to his brother-in-law, Andronikos I Gidos.John succeeded on...
  
  
• John I Tzimiskes
  John I Tzimiskes
  John I Tzimiskes or Tzimisces, was Byzantine Emperor from December 11, 969 to January 10, 976. A brilliant and intuitive general, John's short reign saw the expansion of the empire's borders and the strengthening of Byzantium itself.- Background :...
  
  
• John II Doukas of Thessaly
• John II Komnenos
  John II Komnenos
  John II Komnenos was Byzantine Emperor from 1118 to 1143. Also known as Kaloïōannēs , he was the eldest son of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina...
  
  
• John II of Trebizond
  John II of Trebizond
  John II Megas Komnenos was Emperor of Trebizond from 1280 to 1297. He was the youngest son of Emperor Manuel I and his third wife, Irene Syrikaina, a Trapezuntine noblewoman...
  
  
• John II Orsini
  John II Orsini
  John II Orsini, also John Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas , was count palatine of Cephalonia from 1323 to 1324 and Despot of Epirus from 1323 to 1335....
  
  
• John II Platinus
  John II Platinus
  Joannes Platinus was an Exarch of Ravenna . Sometimes his surname is spelled Platyn.John replaced Theodore II as exarch in 687. That same year, he took an active role in a disputed papal election. Bribed by the archdeacon Paschal, he demanded that the latter should be made pope...
  
  
• John I (II), Pope of Alexandria
• John II (III), Pope of Alexandria
• John II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  John of Cappadocia
  John II, surnamed Cappadox or the Cappadocian, was Patriarch of Constantinople in 518-520, during the reign of Byzantine emperor Anastasius I after an enforced condemnation of the Council of Chalcedon. His short patriarchate is memorable for the celebrated Acclamations of Constantinople, and the...
  
  
• John II, Bishop of Jerusalem
• John III Doukas Vatatzes
  John III Doukas Vatatzes
  John III Doukas Vatatzes, Latinized as Ducas Vatatzes |Nymphaion]]) was emperor of Nicaea 1221–1254.-Life:John Doukas Vatatzes was probably the son of the general Basileios Vatatzes, Duke of Thrace, who died in 1193, and his wife, an unnamed daughter of Isaakios Angelos and cousin of the Emperors...
  
  
• John III of Trebizond
  John III of Trebizond
  John III Megas Komnenos was Emperor of Trebizond from September 4, 1342 to May 3, 1344...
  
  
• John III Rizocopo
  John III Rizocopo
  John III Rizocopo was an Exarch of Ravenna .Following the restoration of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II, he sent a military force to savage Ravenna...
  
  
• John III Scholasticus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  John Scholasticus
  John Scholasticus was the 32nd patriarch of Constantinople from April 12, 565 until his death in 577. He is also regarded as a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church....
  
  
• John III, Pope of Rome
  Pope John III
  Pope John III was pope from 561 to July 13, 574. He was born in Rome, of a distinguished family. The Liber Pontificalis calls him a son of one Anastasius. His father bore the title of illustris, more than likely being a vir illustris...
  
  
• John IV of Alexandria, Patriarch
  Patriarch John IV of Alexandria
  John IV served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 569 and 579. He is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on the 16th day of Tubah.-References:...
  
  
• John IV Nesteutes, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John IV of Constantinople
  John IV , also known as John Nesteutes or John the Faster, was the 33rd bishop or Patriarch of Constantinople . He was the first to assume the title Ecumenical Patriarch...
  
  
• John IV, Pope of Rome
  Pope John IV
  Pope John IV was elected Pope of the Catholic Church, after a four-month sede vacante, December 24, 640.Pope John was a native of Dalmatia . He was the son of the scholasticus Venantius. At the time of his election he was archdeacon of the Roman Church, an important role in governing the see...
  
  
• John IV Laskaris
  John IV Laskaris
  John IV Doukas Laskaris was emperor of Nicaea from August 18, 1258 to December 25, 1261...
  
  
• John IV of Trebizond
  John IV of Trebizond
  John IV Megas Komnenos , was Emperor of Trebizond from 1429 to 1459. He was a son of Emperor Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene....
  
  
• John V, Pope of Rome
  Pope John V
  Pope John V was pope from July 685 to August 2, 686. John V was the first pope of the Byzantine Papacy allowed to be consecrated by the Byzantine emperor without prior consent, and the first in a line of ten consecutive popes of eastern origin...
  
  
• John V Palaiologos
  John V Palaiologos
  John V Palaiologos was a Byzantine emperor, who succeeded his father in 1341, at age nine.-Biography:...
  
  
• John V, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John V of Constantinople
  John V was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 669 to 675.- References :...
  
  
• John VI Kantakouzenos
  John VI Kantakouzenos
  John VI Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzenus was the Byzantine emperor from 1347 to 1354.-Early life:Born in Constantinople, John Kantakouzenos was the son of a Michael Kantakouzenos, governor of the Morea. Through his mother Theodora Palaiologina Angelina, he was a descendant of the reigning house of...
  
  
• John VI, Pope of Rome
  Pope John VI
  Pope John VI was a Greek pope from Ephesus who reigned during the Byzantine Papacy from October 30, 701 to January 11, 705. His papacy was noted for military and political breakthroughs on the Italian peninsula. He succeeded to the papal chair two months after the death of Pope Sergius I, and his...
  
  
• John VI, Patriarch of Constantinople
• John VII Grammatikos, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John VII of Constantinople
  John VII Grammatikos or Grammaticus, i.e., "the Grammarian" , Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from January 21, 837 to March 4, 843, died before 867. He is not to be confused with the much earlier philosopher John Philoponos.-Life:John was born to an aristocratic family of Armenian origin...
  
  
• John VII, Pope of Rome
  Pope John VII
  Pope John VII was pope from 705 to 707. The successor of John VI, he was of Greek ancestry. He is one of the popes of the Byzantine captivity.-Biography:...
  
  
• John VII Palaiologos
  John VII Palaiologos
  John VII Palaiologos was Byzantine Emperor for five months in 1390.-Life:...
  
  
• John VIII Palaiologos
  John VIII Palaiologos
  John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus , was the penultimate reigning Byzantine Emperor, ruling from 1425 to 1448.-Life:John VIII Palaiologos was the eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš...
  
  
• John VIII Xiphilinos, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople
  John VIII Xiphilinus , a native of Trebizond, was patriarch of Constantinople from 1064-1075. He was the uncle of John Xiphilinus the Epimator. John VIII also wrote a hagiography of Saint Eugenios of Trebizond....
  
  
• John VIII, Pope of Rome
  Pope John VIII
  Pope John VIII was pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century and the last bright spot on the papacy until Leo IX two centuries later....
  
  
• John X Kamateros, Patriarch of Constantinople
• John XI Bekkos, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John XI of Constantinople
  John XI Bekkos was Patriarch of Constantinople from June 2, 1275 to December 26, 1282, and the chief Greek advocate, in Byzantine times, of the reunion of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches...
  
  
• John XII, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John XII of Constantinople
  John XII was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1294 to 1303. John XII was born in Sozopolis on the western Black Sea coast . Prior to becoming patriarch, he was known as Kosmas....
  
  
• John XIII Glykys, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John XIII of Constantinople
  John XIII was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1315 to 1320....
  
  
• John XIII, Pope of Rome
  Pope John XIII
  Pope John XIII of Crescenzi family served as Pope from October 1, 965, until his death.Born in Rome, he spent his career in the papal court...
  
  
• John XIV Kalekas, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople
  John XIV, surnamed Kalekas was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1334 to 1347. He was an anti-hesychast and opponent of Gregory Palamas. He was an active participant in the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 as a member of the regency for John V Palaiologos, against John VI...
  
  
• John XXII, Pope of Rome
  Pope John XXII
  Pope John XXII , born Jacques Duèze , was pope from 1316 to 1334. He was the second Pope of the Avignon Papacy , elected by a conclave in Lyon assembled by Philip V of France...
  
  
• John Agapetus
• John Anagnostes
  John Anagnostes
  John, called Anagnostes was a Greek historian of the fifteenth century. He was an eyewitness to the Ottoman sack of Thessalonica on March 29, 1430; an event he described in detail in his "Account of the Last Capture of Thessalonica" , which he wrote with an accompanying monodia lamenting the...
  
  
• John Angelos (sebastokrator)
  John Angelos (sebastokrator)
  John Angelos was a Byzantine aristocrat, general and and governor. He first distinguished himself in the suppression of a revolt in Epirus in 1339–1340, where he was subsequently appointed as governor...
  
  
• John Athalarichos
  John Athalarichos
  John Athalarichos , also spelled as Atalarichos, Athalaric, and At'alarik, was an illegitimate son of the 7th century Byzantine Emperor Heraclius...
  
  
• John Axouch
• John Bagnell Bury
  J. B. Bury
  John Bagnell Bury , known as J. B. Bury, was an Irish historian, classical scholar, Byzantinist and philologist.-Biography:...
  
  
• John Chryselios
  John Chryselios
  John Chryselios was a Byzantine provincial magnate in late 10th-century Dyrrhachium, and the father-in-law of Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria.Chryselios was the "leading man" of Dyrrhachium. At some point the Bulgarian tsar Samuel married Chryselios' daughter Kosara, thereby acquiring control over the...
  
  
• John Chrysostom
  John Chrysostom
  John Chrysostom , Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic...
  
  
• John Cottistis
  John Cottistis
  John Cottistis was the leader of a short-lived rebellion in the Byzantine Empire. The primary sources about him are Procopius and the continuation of Marcellinus Comes.- Biography :...
  
  
• John Doukas
  John Doukas
  John Doukas or Ducas , was the eldest son of Constantine Angelos by Theodora Komnene, the seventh child of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina, from whose family name John Doukas took his own.-Career:Doukas is first attested in an imperial document in 1166...
  
  
• John Doukas (Caesar)
• John Doukas (general under Manuel I)
• John Doukas (megas doux)
  John Doukas (megas doux)
  John Doukas was a member of the Doukas family, a relative of the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a senior military figure of his reign. As governor of Dyrrhachium he secured the imperial possessions in the western Balkans against the Serbs...
  
  
• John, Duke of Durazzo
  John, Duke of Durazzo
  John of Gravina , Count of Gravina 1315–1336, Duke of Durazzo 1332–1336 and ruler of the Kingdom of Albania , was a younger son of Charles II of Naples and Maria of Hungary....
  
  
• John Ionopoulos
  John Ionopoulos
  John Ionopoulos, latinized as Joannes Junopulus or Janopulus was a jurist of the late Byzantine Empire.In the title to one of his pieces, given in the Jus Graeco-Romanum of Leunclavius, he is called "John the chartophylax, the son of Ionopoulos"...
  
  
• John Italus
  John Italus
  John Italus, also Johannes Italos, Ioannis Italos, Ioánnes Italós was a Neoplatonic Byzantine philosopher of the eleventh century. He was Calabrian in origin, his father being a soldier. He came to Constantinople, where he became a student of Michael Psellus in classical Greek philosophy. He...
  
  
• John Julius Norwich
  John Julius Norwich
  John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich CVO — known as John Julius Norwich — is an English historian, travel writer and television personality.-Early life:...
  
  
• John Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium)
  John Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium)
  John Komnenos was a Byzantine aristocrat, the nephew of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and long-time governor of the strategically important city and theme of Dyrrhachium.-Early life:...
  
  
• John Komnenos Doukas
  John Komnenos Doukas
  John Komnenos Doukas was ruler of Thessalonica from 1237 until his death in 1244....
  
  
• John Komnenos the Fat
  John Komnenos the Fat
  John Komnenos , nicknamed "the Fat" , was a Byzantine noble who on 31 July 1201 attempted to usurp the imperial throne from Alexios III Angelos in a short-lived coup in Constantinople...
  
  
• John Kyparissiotes
  John Kyparissiotes
  John Kyparissiotes or Cyparissiotes , called “the Wise” by his contemporaries, was a Byzantine theologian and the leading Anti-Palamite writer in the period that followed the deaths of Nikephoros Gregoras and of Palamas himself . Of all the fourteenth-century opponents of Gregory Palamas, he was...
  
  
• John Malalas
  John Malalas
  John Malalas or Ioannes Malalas was a Greek chronicler from Antioch. Malalas is probably a Syriac word for "rhetor", "orator"; it is first applied to him by John of Damascus .-Life:Malalas was educated in Antioch, and probably was a jurist there, but moved to...
  
  
• John Maron
  John Maron
  John Maron , died 707 was a Syriac monk, and the first Maronite Patriarch. He is revered as a saint by the Catholic Church, and celebrated on March 2.-Early life:...
  
  
• John Moschus
• John Mystacon
  John Mystacon
  John, surnamed Mystacon, "the mustachioed", , was a prominent East Roman general in the wars with Sassanid Persia during the reigns of Byzantine emperors Tiberius II and Maurice ....
  
  
• John of Antioch (chronicler)
  John of Antioch (chronicler)
  John of Antioch was chronicler in the 7th century. He was a monk, apparently contemporary with Emperor Heraclius . Gelzer identifies the author with the Monophysite Patriarch John of Antioch, who ruled from 630 to 648.John of Antioch's chronicle, Historia chronike, is a universal history...
  
  
• John of Brienne
  John of Brienne
  John of Brienne was a French nobleman who became King of Jerusalem by marriage, and ruled the Latin Empire of Constantinople as regent.-Life:...
  
  
• John of Cappadocia
  John of Cappadocia
  John II, surnamed Cappadox or the Cappadocian, was Patriarch of Constantinople in 518-520, during the reign of Byzantine emperor Anastasius I after an enforced condemnation of the Council of Chalcedon. His short patriarchate is memorable for the celebrated Acclamations of Constantinople, and the...
  
  
• John of Constantinople
  John of Constantinople
  John of Constantinople was abbot of Cathares Monastery, in Constantinople. He clashed with Emperor Leo the Armenian, who was instituting a policy of iconoclasm. John survived torture. He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, celebrated on April 18 or April 27...
  
  
• John of Conza
• John of Ephesus
  John of Ephesus
  John of Ephesus was a leader of the non-Chalcedonian Syriac-speaking Church in the sixth century, and one of the earliest and most important of historians who wrote in Syriac.-Life:...
  
  
• John of Epiphania
  John of Epiphania
  John of Epiphania was a late sixth century Byzantine historian.John was born in Epiphania . He was a Christian and served as a legal counselor to the Patriarch of Antioch, Gregory . John was also a cousin of the church historian Evagrius Scholasticus.John obviously received good training...
  
  
• John Palaiologos (despot)
• John Petraliphas
  John Petraliphas
  John Petraliphas was a Byzantine noble and governor of Thessaly and Macedonia in the late 12th/early 13th century with the rank of sebastokrator.- Life :John was a member of the Petraliphas family, which was originally of Italian origin...
  
  
• John Raoul Petraliphas
  John Raoul Petraliphas
  John Raoul Komnenos Doukas Angelos Petraliphas was a Byzantine noble and military commander during the reign of Michael VIII Palaiologos .- Life :...
  
  
• John Roger Dalassenos
• John Scholasticus
  John Scholasticus
  John Scholasticus was the 32nd patriarch of Constantinople from April 12, 565 until his death in 577. He is also regarded as a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church....
  
  
• John Spyridonakes
  John Spyridonakes
  John Spyridonakes was a Byzantine governor and rebel in the region of Macedonia during the reign of Emperor Alexios III Angelos ....
  
  
• John Synadenos (megas stratopedarches)
  John Synadenos (megas stratopedarches)
  John Komnenos Angelos Doukas Synadenos was a Byzantine noble and military leader with the rank of megas stratopedarches during the reigns of Michael VIII Palaiologos and Andronikos II Palaiologos John Komnenos Angelos Doukas Synadenos was a Byzantine noble and military leader with the rank of...
  
  
• John the Armenian
  John the Armenian
  John the Armenian was a Byzantine official and military leader. He was killed during the Vandalic War in 533.John the Armenian commanded the Byzantine vanguard at the Battle of Ad Decimum, and killed Ammatas the brother of the Vandal king Gelimer near Carthage. John fought in the center of the...
  
  
• John the Deacon (Byzantine writer)
  John the Deacon (Byzantine writer)
  The Byzantine John the Deacon is the author of a tract on the veneration of saints and against the doctrine of soul sleep.He was one of several Byzantine writers who wrote on this theme, from Eustratios of Constantinople and Niketas Stethatos, to Philip Monotropos and Michael Glykas.-References:...
  
  
• John the Cappadocian
  John the Cappadocian
  A different John the Cappadocian was Patriarch from 518-520. See John of Cappadocia.John the Cappadocian,also known as Iohannis Orientalis, was a praetorian prefect of the East in the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian I...
  
  
• John the Eunuch
  John the Eunuch
  John the Eunuch, also known as the Orphanotrophos , was the chief court eunuch during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus III . Being unable to father children himself, he sought to found a dynasty for his family through his brother Michael, to which end he introduced him to the reigning...
  
  
• John the Hunchback
  John the Hunchback
  John the Hunchback or John Gibbo was a general and a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire.- Biography :John was a native of Selymbria, modern Silivri in Turkey....
  
  
• John the Lydian
• John the Scythian
  John the Scythian
  John the Scythian was a general and a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire who fought against the usurper Leontius and in the Isaurian War .- Biography :John was an officer of the East Roman army...
  
  
• St. John the Theologian, Monastery of
  Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
  The Monastery of Saint John the Theologian is a Greek Orthodox monastery founded in 1088 in Chora on the island of Patmos. UNESCO has declared it a World Heritage site. It is built on a spot venerated by both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox as the cave where St...
  
  
• John Troglita
  John Troglita
  John Troglita was a 6th-century Byzantine general. His exploits against the Sassanid Persians in the East and especially against the Moorish rebels in North Africa are the subject of the last Latin epic poem of Antiquity, the Iohannis or de Bellis Libycis of Flavius Cresconius Corippus.- Origins...
  
  
• John Tzelepes Komnenos
  John Tzelepes Komnenos
  John Tzelepes Komnenos was the son of Isaac Komnenos.Starting about 1130 John and his father, who was a brother of Emperor John II Komnenos , plotted to overthrow his uncle the emperor. They made various plans and alliances with the Danishmend leader and other Turks who held parts of Asia Minor...
  
  
• John Uroš
  John Uroš
  Jovan Uroš or John Ouresis Doukas Palaiologos was the ruler of Thessaly from c. 1370 to c. 1373, died 1422/3.John Uroš was the son of Emperor Simeon Uroš Palaiologos by Thomais Orsini. His maternal grandparents were John II Orsini and Anna Palaiologina Angelina.Between 1369 and 1372 he succeeded...
  
  
• John Zonaras
• Jordanes
  Jordanes
  Jordanes, also written Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat, who turned his hand to history later in life....
  
  
• Joseph Bringas
  Joseph Bringas
  Joseph Bringas was an important Byzantine eunuch official in the reigns of Emperor Constantine VII and Emperor Romanos II , serving as chief minister and effective regent during the latter...
  
  
• Joseph Galesiotes
• Joseph II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople
  Joseph II was Patriarch of Constantinople from 1416 to 1439.Born the son of Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria in 1360, little is known of his early life before he became a monk on Mount Athos. He became Metropolitan of Ephesus in 1393, before being elected Patriarch of Constantinople on 21 May 1416...
  
  
• Joshua Roll
  Joshua Roll
  The Joshua Roll is a Byzantine illuminated manuscript of highly unusual format, probably of the 10th century Macedonian Renaissance, believed to have been created by artists of the Imperial workshops in Constantinople, and now in the Vatican Library....
  
  
• Jovan Oliver
  Jovan Oliver
  Jovan Oliver Grčinić, known as Despot Jovan Oliver was a magnate of the Serbian Emperor Dušan the Mighty , holding the titles of sebastokrator and despotes, and the great voivode-military rank, showing his prominence and status as one of the most important nobles of Dušan...
  
  
• Jovan Uglješa
  Jovan Ugljesa
  Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević was a 14th-century Serbian noble and brother of Serbian ruler Vukašin Mrnjavčević.-Life:Uglješa was the son of Mrnjava, a treasurer of Helen of Anjou, the queen consort of Stephen Uroš I of Serbia....
  
  
• Jovian (Emperor)
• Judith Herrin
  Judith Herrin
  Judith Herrin is Emeritus Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine Studies at King's College London. She studied history at the University of Cambridge and did her PhD at the University of Birmingham. She trained in Paris and Munich, worked as an archaeologist with the and on the site of...
  
  
• Julian the Apostate
  Julian the Apostate
  Julian "the Apostate" , commonly known as Julian, or also Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer....
  
  
• Julian of Halicarnassus
• Julianus ben Sabar
  Julianus ben Sabar
  Julianus ben Sabar was a messianic leader of the Samaritans, who led a failed revolt against Byzantium during the early 6th century....
  
  
• Julius Nepos
  Julius Nepos
  Julius Nepos was Western Roman Emperor de facto from 474 to 475 and de jure until 480. Some historians consider him to be the last Western Roman Emperor, while others consider the western line to have ended with Romulus Augustulus in 476...
  
  
• Julius Patricius
  Julius Patricius
  Julius Patricius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire of barbarian origin, who rose to the rank of caesar under Emperor Leo I.- Biography :...
  
  
• Junillus
  Junillus
  Junillus Africanus was Quaestor of the Sacred Palace in the court of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. He is best known for his work on biblical exegesis, Instituta regularia divinae legis. According to M.L.W...
  
  
• Jurisprudence
  Jurisprudence
  Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists , hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions...
  
  
• Justa Grata Honoria
  Justa Grata Honoria
  Justa Grata Honoria, commonly referred to during her lifetime as Honoria, was the older sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III. Coins attest that she was granted the title of Augusta not long after the ascension of her brother in 426....
  
  
• Justin I
  Justin I
  Justin I was Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527. He rose through the ranks of the army and ultimately became its Emperor, in spite of the fact he was illiterate and almost 70 years old at the time of accession...
  
  
• Justin II
  Justin II
  Justin II was Byzantine Emperor from 565 to 578. He was the husband of Sophia, nephew of Justinian I and the late Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian Dynasty. His reign is marked by war with Persia and the loss of the greater part of Italy...
  
  
• Justin (Moesia)
  Justin (Moesia)
  Justin was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Justinian I as commander of the Danubian limes in Moesia Secunda.- Biography :...
  
  
• Justin (consul 540)
  Justin (consul 540)
  Flavius Mar Petrus Theodorus Valentinus Rusticius Boraides Germanus Iustinus, commonly simply Iustinus was an East Roman aristocrat and general, who was appointed as one of the last Roman consuls in 540....
  
  
• Justinian I
  Justinian I
  Justinian I ; , ; 483– 13 or 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.One of the most important figures of...
  
  
• Justinian II
  Justinian II
  Justinian II , surnamed the Rhinotmetos or Rhinotmetus , was the last Byzantine Emperor of the Heraclian Dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711...
  
  
• Justinian (general)
  Justinian (general)
  Justinian was an East Roman aristocrat and general, and a member of the ruling Justinian dynasty. As a soldier, he had a distinguished career in the Balkans and in the East against Sassanid Persia...
  
  
• Justinian Dynasty
  Justinian Dynasty
  The Justinian Dynasty is a family who ruled over the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 602. It originated with Justin I and ended with Maurice. Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople , whose father was named Justinian, might have been a descendant of the dynasty...
  
  
• Justiniana Prima
  Justiniana Prima
  Justiniana Prima is an archaeological site near today's Lebane in southern Serbia, It was a Byzantine city that served as the seat of an Archbishopric that had jurisdiction of the Central Balkans...
  
  

K

• Kaisariani Monastery
  Kaisariani Monastery
  The Kaisariani Monastery or, more formally, the Holy Monastery of Kaisariani is an Eastern Orthodox monastery built on the north side of Mount Hymettus, in East Central Greece...
  
  
• Kalavrye/Kalavryta, Battle of
• Kalbids
  Kalbids
  The Kalbids were a Shia Muslim dynasty in Sicily, which ruled from 948 to 1053 .In 827, in the midst of internal Byzantine conflict, the Aghlabids arrived at Marsala in Sicily, with a fleet of 10,000 men under the command of Asad ibn al-Furat. Palermo was conquered in 831 and became the new capital...
  
  
• Kalenderhane Mosque
  Kalenderhane Mosque
  -External links:* * * * *...
  
  
• Kalokyros
  Kalokyros
  Kalokyros was a pretender to the Byzantine throne during the Russo-Byzantine Wars in the reigns of Nikephoros II and John I Tzimiskes....
  
  
• Kalokyros Delphinas
  Kalokyros Delphinas
  Kalokyros Delphinas was a Byzantine general and Catepan of Italy, who later rebelled against Emperor Basil II and was executed.The anthypatos and patrikios Delphinas was an adherent of the powerful Anatolian Phokas clan and of the powerful chief minister of the Byzantine Empire, the...
  
  
• Kaloyan of Bulgaria
  Kaloyan of Bulgaria
  Kaloyan the Romanslayer , Ivan II , ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1197-1207. He is the third and youngest brother of Peter IV and Ivan Asen I who managed to restore the Bulgarian Empire...
  
  
• Kanikleios
  Kanikleios
  The kanikleios , more formally chartoularios tou kanikleiou or epi tou kanikleiou was one of the most senior offices in the Byzantine imperial chancery. Its holder was the keeper of the imperial inkstand, the kanikleion, which was shaped as a little dog and contained the scarlet ink with which...
  
  
• Kantakouzenos
  Kantakouzenos
  The House of Kantakouzenos , latinized as Cantacuzenus and anglicized as Cantacuzene, was one of the most prominent noble families of the Byzantine Empire in the last centuries of its existence. The family was one of the Empire's wealthiest and provided several prominent governors and generals, as...
  
  
• Karabisianoi
  Karabisianoi
  The Karabisianoi , sometimes anglicized as the Carabisians, were the mainstay of the Byzantine navy from the mid-7th century until the early 8th century. The name derives from the Greek karabos or karabis for "ship", and literally means "people of the ships, sea-men"...
  
  
• Karakalou monastery
  Karakalou monastery
  Karakalou monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. It stands on the south-eastern side of the Athos peninsula....
  
  
• Karbeas
  Karbeas
  Karbeas was a Paulician leader, founder and ruler of the Paulician principality of Tephrike from ca. 843 until his death in 863.He was initially a protomandator at the service of Theodotos Melissenos, the Byzantine strategos of the Anatolic theme...
  
  
• Kardarigan (6th century)
  Kardarigan (6th century)
  Kardarigan was a Sassanid Persian general of the late 6th century, who fought in the Byzantine–Persian War of 572–591. Since he is recorded as being old enough to have an adult nephew in 586, it is uncertain whether he is the same as the general of the same name who fought in the later wars of the...
  
  
• Kardarigan (7th century)
  Kardarigan (7th century)
  Kardarigan was a Sassanid Persian general of the late 6th century, who fought in the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628. He is usually distinguished from another Persian general of the same name who was active during the 580s. The name is actually a honorific title and means "black hawk".When the...
  
  
• Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal
• Karl Hopf
  Karl Hopf
  Karl Hopf was historian and expert in Medieval Greece, both Byzantine and Frankish....
  
  
• Karl Krumbacher
  Karl Krumbacher
  Karl Krumbacher was a German scholar who was an expert on Byzantine culture.He was born at Kürnach im Allgäu in Bavaria, and was educated at the Universities of Munich and Leipzig, and held the professorship of the middle ages and modern Greek language and literature in the former from 1897 to his...
  
  
• Kassia
  Kassia
  Kassia was a Byzantine abbess, poet, composer, and hymnographer. She is one of the first medieval composers whose scores are both extant and able to be interpreted by modern scholars and musicians...
  
  
• Katakalon Kekaumenos
  Katakalon Kekaumenos
  - Life :Katakalon Kekaumenos was born in Koloneia, and although apparently a member of the noble Katakalon family, according to John Skylitzes he was not of aristocratic origin. He first distinguished himself in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniakes...
  
  
• Katasyrtai, Battle of
  Battle of Katasyrtai
  The battle of Katasyrtai occurred in the fall of 917, shortly after the striking Bulgarian triumph at Acheloos near the village of the same names close to the Byzantine capital Constantinople, . The result was a Bulgarian victory....
  
  
• Katepano
  Katepano
  The katepánō was a senior Byzantine military rank and office. The word was Latinized as capetanus/catepan, and its meaning seems to have merged with that of the Italian "capitaneus"...
  
  
• Kaykhusraw I
• Kefeli Mosque
  Kefeli Mosque
  The Kefeli Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church, later jointly officiated by Roman Catholics and Armenians, and finally converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. The Catholic Church was dedicated to Saint Nicholas. Its date of dedication as Eastern Orthodox church is unknown...
  
  
• Kephale (Byzantine Empire)
  Kephale (Byzantine Empire)
  In the late Byzantine Empire, the term kephalē was used to denote local and provincial governors.It entered use in the second half of the 13th century, and was derived from the colloquial language. Consequently, it never became an established title or rank of the Byzantine imperial hierarchy, but...
  
  
• Kerak
  Kerak
  Kerak Castle is a large crusader castle located in Kerak in Jordan. It is one of the largest crusader castles in the Levant.Construction of the castle began in the 1140s, under Pagan, the butler of Fulk of Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it Crac des Moabites or "Karak in Moab", as it is frequently...
  
  
• Keratsa of Bulgaria
  Keratsa of Bulgaria
  Keratsa-Maria of Bulgaria was the daughter of Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria and his second wife, a converted Jewess, Theodora.-Marriage:On 17 August 1355 Keratsa was betrothed to the future Emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos...
  
  
• Khazars
  Khazars
  The Khazars were semi-nomadic Turkic people who established one of the largest polities of medieval Eurasia, with the capital of Atil and territory comprising much of modern-day European Russia, western Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, large portions of the northern Caucasus , parts of...
  
  
• Khosrau I
  Khosrau I
  Khosrau I , also known as Anushiravan the Just or Anushirawan the Just Khosrau I (also called Chosroes I in classical sources, most commonly known in Persian as Anushirvan or Anushirwan, Persian: انوشيروان meaning the immortal soul), also known as Anushiravan the Just or Anushirawan the Just...
  
  
• Khosrau II
  Khosrau II
  250px|thumb|Khosrau II 250px|thumb|Khosrau II 250px|thumb|Khosrau II (Khosrow II, Chosroes II, or Xosrov II in classical sources, sometimes called Parvez, "the Ever Victorious" – (in Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the twenty-second Sassanid King of Persia, reigning from 590 to 628...
  
  
• Khurramites
  Khurramites
  The Khurramites were an Iranian religious and political movement with its roots in the movement founded by Mazdak. An alternative name for the movement is the Muḥammira "Red-Wearing Ones" , a reference to their symbolic red dress.-Origins and History:The sect was founded by the Persian cleric...
  
  
• Kiev
  Kiev
  Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
  
  
• Kievan Rus'
  Kievan Rus'
  Kievan Rus was a medieval polity in Eastern Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240....
  
  
• Kilij Arslan I
  Kilij Arslan I
  Kilij Arslan was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack...
  
  
• Kilij Arslan II
  Kilij Arslan II
  Kilij Arslan II was a Seljuk Sultan of Rûm from 1156 until his death in 1192.As Arnold of Lübeck reports in his Chronica Slavorum, he was present at the meeting of Henry the Lion with Kilij-Arslan during the former's pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1172...
  
  
• Kilij Arslan III
  Kilij Arslan III
  Kilij Arslan III was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm for a short period in 1204 and 1205....
  
  
• Kingdom of Cyprus
  Kingdom of Cyprus
  The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489. It was ruled by the French House of Lusignan.-History:...
  
  
• Kingdom of Sicily
  Kingdom of Sicily
  The Kingdom of Sicily was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy...
  
  
• Kingdom of Thessalonica
  Kingdom of Thessalonica
  The Kingdom of Thessalonica was a short-lived Crusader State founded after the Fourth Crusade over the conquered Byzantine lands.- Background :...
  
  
• Kleidion, Battle of
  Battle of Kleidion
  The Battle of Kleidion took place on July 29, 1014 between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Kleisoura (Byzantine district)
  Kleisoura (Byzantine district)
  In the Byzantine Empire, a kleisoura was a term traditionally applied to a fortified mountain pass and the military district protecting it. By the late 7th century, it came to be applied to more extensive frontier districts, distinct from the larger themata, chiefly along the Empire's eastern...
  
  
• Kletorologion
  Kletorologion
  The Klētorologion of Philotheos , is the longest and most important of the Byzantine lists of offices and court precedence . It was published in September of 899 during the reign of Emperor Leo VI the Wise by the otherwise unknown prōtospatharios and atriklinēs Philotheos...
  
  
• Klivanion
  Klivanion
  The klivanion or klibanion was a Byzantine heavy cuirass made of metal plates sewn on leather or cloth, with plates protecting the shoulders and the back. It is said that the name derives from the Greek klivanos , i.e. oven, because this cuirass was getting unbearably hot under strong sun-light...
  
  
• Klokotnitsa, Battle of
  Battle of Klokotnitsa
  The Battle of Klokotnitsa occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa . As a result, the Second Bulgarian Empire emerged once again as the most powerful state in Eastern Europe and the power of the Despotate of Epirus faded...
  
  
• Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque
  Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque
  Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans, located in Istanbul, Turkey. The church, as the adjoining monastery, was dedicated to Saint Andrew of Crete, and was named Saint Andrew in Krisei or by-the-Judgment...
  
  
• Koloneia on the Lykos
  Sebinkarahisar
  Şebinkarahisar is a town and a district of Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of eastern Turkey.-Name:The 6th century Byzantine historian Procopius writes that the Roman general Pompey captured the then ancient fortress and renamed it Colonia, in Greek Koloneia...
  
  
• Koloneia (theme)
  Koloneia (theme)
  The Theme of Koloneia was a small military-civilian province of the Byzantine Empire located in northern Cappadocia and the southern Pontus, in modern Turkey...
  
  
• Komnene, daughter of Alexios I of Trebizond
  Komnene, daughter of Alexios I of Trebizond
  Komnene was the wife of Andronikos I of Trebizond. Her first name is unknown. Komnene is the female form of "Komnenos", her family name.-Family:...
  
  
• Komnenian Byzantine army
• Komnenion, Monastery of
  Monastery of Komnenion
  The Monastery of Komnenion is a Byzantine period Greek Orthodox monastery located near Stomio, Larissa, Greece. According to tradition it was founded in the time of Justinian I , but was rebuilt in its present form by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos...
  
  
• Komnenos dynasty
• Konostaulos
  Konostaulos
  Konostaulos or konostablos , later corrupted to kontostaulos , was a late Byzantine title, adopted from the Normans...
  
  
• Konstantios Doukas
  Konstantios Doukas
  Konstantios Doukas , Latinized as Constantius Ducas, was the son of Byzantine Emperor Constantine X Doukas and younger brother of Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Doukas...
  
  
• Kontakion
  Kontakion
  Kontakion is a form of hymn performed in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The word derives from the Greek word kontax , meaning pole, specifically the pole around which a scroll is wound. The term describes the way in which the words on a scroll unfurl as it is read...
  
  
• Konstamonitou monastery
  Konstamonitou monastery
  The Konstamonitou monastery or Kastamonitou monastery is an Orthodox Christian monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. It stands on the southeastern side of the Athos peninsula. The monastery ranks twentieth in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries.The monastery was founded...
  
  
• Krasos, Battle of
  Battle of Krasos
  The Battle of Krasos was a battle in the Byzantine-Arab Wars which took place in 804/805.Nikephoros I, the Finance Minister of Byzantine Empress Irene of Athens, contrived to dethrone and exile her, and to be chosen emperor in her stead on October 31, 802. He crowned his son Staurakios co-emperor...
  
  
• Krum
• Kutalmish
• Kykkos Monastery
  Kykkos Monastery
  The Holy, Royal and Stavropegic Monastery of Kykkos , which lies 20 km west of Pedoulas, is one of the wealthiest and best-known monasteries in Cyprus....
  
  
• Kyros of Constantinople

L

• Lady of Neuville
  Lady of Neuville
  Lady of Neuville was the Empress consort of Robert of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Her first name is unknown, though a number of genealogies have assigned her the name Eudoxie...
  
  
• Lalakaon, Battle of
• Laskaris
  Laskaris
  The Laskaris or Lascaris family was a Byzantine Greek noble family whose members formed the ruling dynasty of the Empire of Nicaea from 1204 to 1261 and remained among the senior nobility up to the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire, whereupon many emigrated to Italy and then to Smyrna...
  
  
• Latin Empire
  Latin Empire
  The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261...
  
  
• Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
  Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
  The Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was an office established as a result of Crusader activity in the Near East. The title should not be confused with that of the Patriarch of Constantinople, an office which existed before and after....
  
  
• Law, Byzantine
  Byzantine law
  Byzantine Law was essentially a continuation of Roman Law with Christian influence, however, this is not to doubt its later influence on the western practice of jurisprudence...
  
  
• Law, Roman
  Roman law
  Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments which occurred before the 7th century AD — when the Roman–Byzantine state adopted Greek as the language of government. The development of Roman law comprises more than a thousand years of jurisprudence — from the Twelve...
  
  
• Lazar of Serbia
  Lazar of Serbia
  Lazar Hrebeljanović , was a medieval nobleman that emerged as the most powerful Serbian ruler after the death of the previous, childless, Emperor Uroš the Weak, which resulted in years of instability in the Serbian realm. As Stefan Lazar, he was Prince of Serbia from 1371 to 1389, ruling what is...
  
  
• Lazarus Zographos
  Lazarus Zographos
  Saint Lazarus Zographos was a monk and painter from Constantinople who opposed the iconoclasm during the reign of Theophilus. His feast day is 23 February.-External links:** at St. Patrick's Church...
  
  
• St. Lazarus (Larnaca), Church of
• Lazic War
  Lazic War
  The Lazic War or Colchic War, also known as the Great War of Egrisi in Georgian historiography, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia for control of the region of Lazica, in what is now western Georgia...
  
  
• Lazica
• Leo I the Thracian
• Leo, House of
  House of Leo
  The House of Leo ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 457 to 518 .The emperors of the House of Leo were:# Leo I the Thracian – soldier...
  
  
• Leo I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Leo I
  Pope Leo I was pope from September 29, 440 to his death.He was an Italian aristocrat, and is the first pope of the Catholic Church to have been called "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun in 452, persuading him to turn back from his invasion of Italy...
  
  
• Leo I, Prince of Armenia
• Leo I, King of Armenia
• Leo II (emperor)
  Leo II (emperor)
  Leo II was Byzantine Emperor for less than a year in 474. He was the son of Zeno and Ariadne, and maternal grandson of Leo I and Verina. As Leo's closest male relative, he was named successor upon his grandfather's death. After taking his father as colleague, he died of an unknown disease about 10...
  
  
• Leo II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Leo II
  -Background and early activity in the Church:He was a Sicilian by birth , and succeeded Agatho. Though elected pope a few days after the death of St. Agatho , he was not consecrated till after the lapse of a year and seven months...
  
  
• Leo III the Isaurian
  Leo III the Isaurian
  Leo III the Isaurian or the Syrian , was Byzantine emperor from 717 until his death in 741...
  
  
• Leo III, Pope of Rome
  Pope Leo III
  Pope Saint Leo III was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor....
  
  
• Leo IV the Khazar
  Leo IV the Khazar
  Leo IV the Khazar was Byzantine Emperor from 775 to 780 CE.Leo was the son of Emperor Constantine V by his first wife, Irene of Khazaria , the daughter of a Khagan of the Khazars...
  
  
• Leo V the Armenian
  Leo V the Armenian
  Leo V the Armenian was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 813 to 820. A senior general, he forced his predecessor, Michael I Rangabe, to abdicate and assumed the throne. He ended the decade-long war with the Bulgars, and initiated the second period of Byzantine Iconoclasm...
  
  
• Leo VI the Wise
  Leo VI the Wise
  Leo VI, surnamed the Wise or the Philosopher , was Byzantine emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty , he was very well-read, leading to his surname...
  
  
• Leo Choirosphaktes
  Leo Choirosphaktes
  Leo Choirosphaktes, sometimes Latinized as Choerosphactes and also known as Leo Magistros or Leo Magister, was a Byzantine official who rose to high office under Basil I the Macedonian and served as an envoy under Emperor Leo VI the Wise to Bulgaria and the Abbasid Caliphate...
  
  
• Leo Diogenes
  Leo Diogenes
  Leo Diogenes was the son of Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes and Eudokia Makrembolitissa. Crowned co-emperor during his father's reign, he later served in the armies of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.- Life :...
  
  
• Leo Gabalas
  Leo Gabalas
  Leo Gabalas was a Byzantine Greek magnate, who in 1204, with the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade seized the island of Rhodes...
  
  
• Leo of Chalcedon
  Leo of Chalcedon
  Leo of Chalcedon was an 11th-century Eastern Orthodox bishop at Chalcedon who opposed the appropriation of church treasures by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos between 1081 and 1091.Alexios I was in a desperate situation upon ascending the throne in 1081...
  
  
• Leo Phokas the Elder
• Leo Phokas the Younger
  Leo Phokas the Younger
  Leo Phokas or Phocas was a prominent Byzantine general who scored a number of successes in the eastern frontier in the mid-10th century alongside his older brother, the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas...
  
  
• Leo Rhabdouchos
  Leo Rhabdouchos
  Leo Rhabdouchos or Rhabduchus was the Byzantine governor of Dyrrhachium in 917, who was sent to the Serbian ruler Petar Gojniković to persuade him to attack Simeon I of Bulgaria. Leo was successful, but the Serbian attack failed and Petar was taken captive. Leo was apparently a relative to the...
  
  
• Leo Sgouros
  Leo Sgouros
  Leo Sgouros was a Greek independent lord in the northeastern Peloponnese in the early 13th century. The scion of the magnate Sgouros family, he succeeded his father as hereditary lord in the region of Nauplia...
  
  
• Leo the Deacon
  Leo the Deacon
  Leo the Deacon was a Byzantine Roman historian and chronicler.He was born around 950 at Kaloe in Asia Minor, and was educated in Constantinople, where he became a deacon in the imperial palace. While in Constantinople he wrote a history covering the reigns of Romanus II, Nicepheros II, John...
  
  
• Leo Tornikios
  Leo Tornikios
  Leo Tornikios was a mid-11th century Byzantine general and noble, who in 1047 rebelled against the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos ....
  
  
• Leo Styppes
• Leonardo I Tocco
  Leonardo I Tocco
  Leonardo I Tocco was the Count palatine of the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from 1357 until his death, and later lord of Ithaca, Lefkada, and the port of Vonitsa as well....
  
  
• Leonardo II Tocco
• Leonardo III Tocco
  Leonardo III Tocco
  -Life:Leonardo III Tocco was the son of Carlo II Tocco and Ramondina of Ventimiglia. On his father's death in October 1448, Leonardo succeeded as a minor to all his titles and possessions...
  
  
• Leontia (daughter of Leo I)
  Leontia (daughter of Leo I)
  Leontia was the daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I.- Biography :Leontia was the daughter of Emperor Leo I and his wife Verina; she was younger sister of Ariadne, but, unlike her, she could claim to be porphyrogenita, "born in the purple", because she was born during the first year of...
  
  
• Leontia
  Leontia
  Leontia was the Empress consort of Phocas of the Byzantine Empire.-Empress:Maurice reigned in the Byzantine Empire from 582 to 602. He led a series of Balkan campaigns and managed to successfully re-establish the Danube as a northern border for his state. By Winter 602, his strategic goals included...
  
  
• Leontios
  Leontios
  Leontios was Byzantine emperor from 695 to 698. He came to power by overthrowing the Emperor Justinian II, but was overthrown in his turn by Tiberios III. His actual and official name was Leo , but he is known by the name used for him in Byzantine chronicles.- Early life :Leontios was born in...
  
  
• Leontios of Neapolis
  Leontios of Neapolis
  Leontios was Bishop of Neapolis in Cyprus in the 7th century AD.Works: Life of St. John the Merciful, commissioned by the archbishop of Constantia Arcadius, Life of Simeon the Holy Fool, a lost "Life of Spyridon" and an apologia against Jews...
  
  
• Leontius (usurper)
  Leontius (usurper)
  Leontius was a general of the Eastern Roman Empire and claimant to the throne who led a rebellion against emperor Zeno in 484–488.- Biography :Leontius was of Syrian origin, coming from Dalisandus...
  
  
• Leontius (writer)
  Leontius (writer)
  Leontius , theological writer, born at Constantinople, flourished during the sixth century. He is variously styled Byzantinus, Hierosolymitanus Leontius (c. 485 – c. 543), theological writer, born at Constantinople, flourished during the sixth century. He is variously styled Byzantinus,...
  
  
• Leontius Theotokites
• Levant, History of the
  History of the Levant
  The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and the Zagros Mountains in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the...
  
  
• Levounion, Battle of
  Battle of Levounion
  The Battle of Levounion was the first decisive Byzantine victory of the Komnenian restoration. On April 29, 1091, an invading force of Pechenegs was heavily defeated by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies....
  
  
• Liberatus of Carthage
  Liberatus of Carthage
  Liberatus of Carthage was an archdeacon and the author of an important history of the Nestorian and Monophysite controversies in the 5th- and 6th-century Christian Church.-Life:...
  
  
• Liberius (praetorian prefect)
  Liberius (praetorian prefect)
  Petrus Marcellinus Felix Liberius was a Late Roman aristocrat and official, whose career spanned seven decades in the highest offices of both the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire...
  
  
• Licario
  Licario
  Licario, called Ikarios by the Greek chroniclers, was a Byzantine admiral of Italian origin in the 13th century. At odds with the barons of his native Euboea, he entered the service of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos , and reconquered many of the Aegean islands for him in the 1270s...
  
  
• Licinia Eudoxia
  Licinia Eudoxia
  Licinia Eudoxia was a Roman Empress, daughter of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and wife of the Western Emperors Valentinian III and Petronius Maximus.- Family :...
  
  
• Lindos
  Lindos
  Lindos is an archaeological site, a town and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies on the east coast of the island...
  
  
• Little Hagia Sophia
  Little Hagia Sophia
  Little Hagia Sophia , formerly the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus , is a former Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Saints Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople, later converted into a mosque during the Ottoman Empire....
  
  
• Liutprand, King of the Lombards
  Liutprand, King of the Lombards
  Liutprand was the King of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his Donation of Sutri, in 728, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy. He profited by Byzantine weakness to enlarge his domains in Emilia and the...
  
  
• Liutprand of Cremona
  Liutprand of Cremona
  Liutprand, also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios was a Lombard historian and author, and Bishop of Cremona....
  
  
• Liuvigild
  Liuvigild
  Liuvigild, Leuvigild, Leovigild, or Leogild was a Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania from 569 to April 21, 586. From 585 he was also king of Galicia. Known for his Codex Revisus or Code of Leovigild, a unifying law allowing equal rights between the Visigothic and Hispano-Roman population,...
  
  
• Logothete
  Logothete
  Logothete was an administrative title originating in the eastern Roman Empire. In the middle and late Byzantine Empire, it rose to become a senior administrative title, equivalent to a minister or secretary of state...
  
  
• Logothetes ton agelon
  Logothetes ton agelon
  The logothetēs tōn agelōn , in English the Logothete of the Herds, was the Byzantine official responsible for the state-run estates in western Asia Minor that reared horses and mules for the Byzantine army and the imperial Public Post....
  
  
• Logothetes ton oikeiakon
  Logothetes ton oikeiakon
  The logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn , originally the epi tōn oikeiakōn was a Byzantine official with varying duties.The oikeiakoi were a class of senior imperial household officials attested in the 9th and 10th centuries...
  
  
• Logothetes tou dromou
  Logothetes tou dromou
  The logothetēs tou dromou , in English usually rendered as Logothete of the Course/Drome/Dromos or Postal Logothete, was the head of the department of the Dromos, the Public Post , and one of the most senior ministers of the Byzantine Empire.- History and functions :The exact origin and date of...
  
  
• Logothetes tou genikou
  Logothetes tou genikou
  The logothetēs tou genikou , often called genikos logothetēs or simply ho genikos , and usually rendered in English as the General Logothete, was in charge of the "general financial ministry", the genikon [logothesion] of the middle Byzantine Empire.-History and functions:The genikon was...
  
  
• Logothetes tou praitoriou
  Logothetes tou praitoriou
  The logothetēs tou praitōriou was a senior official, one of the two principal aides of the Eparch of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Literary and sigillographic evidence attests to the existence of this office from the late 7th or early 8th century up to the 11th century...
  
  
• Logothetes tou stratiotikou
  Logothetes tou stratiotikou
  The logothetēs toū stratiōtikou , rendered in English as the Logothete of the Military or Military Logothete, was a Byzantine imperial official in charge of the pay and provisioning of the Byzantine army.-History and functions:...
  
  
• Lombards
  Lombards
  The Lombards , also referred to as Longobards, were a Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin, who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy...
  
  
• Longinus (consul 486)
  Longinus (consul 486)
  Flavius Longinus was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, brother of Emperor Zeno and twice consul .- Biography :Longinus came from the region of Isauria, in Asia Minor...
  
  
• Longinus of Cardala
  Longinus of Cardala
  Longinus of Cardala or Longinus the Bald was a high-ranking Eastern Roman Empire official and rebel leader from Isauria.- Biography :...
  
  
• Longinus of Selinus
  Longinus of Selinus
  Longinus of Selinus was one of the Isaurian leaders in the Isaurian War of 492–497.- Biography :The Isaurian War started as a revolt of the Isaurians against the Empire after the emperor of Isaurian origin Zeno had died and had been succeeded not by his brother, the Isaurian Longinus but by the...
  
  
• Longobardia
• Lordship of Negroponte
  Lordship of Negroponte
  The Lordship of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of...
  
  
• Louis I, Duke of Bourbon
  Louis I, Duke of Bourbon
  Louis I de Bourbon, le Boiteux, the Lame was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis and La Marche, and the first Duke of Bourbon.-Life:...
  
  
• Louis VII of France
  Louis VII of France
  Louis VII was King of France, the son and successor of Louis VI . He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was a member of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated by feudal struggles , and saw the beginning of the long rivalry between France and England...
  
  
• Louis Bréhier
  Louis Bréhier
  Louis René Bréhier was a French historian who specialized in Byzantine studies. He was a native of Brest, and was brother to philosopher Emile Bréhier ....
  
  
• Louis of Burgundy
  Louis of Burgundy
  Louis of Burgundy , Prince of Achaea and titular King of Thessalonica, was a younger son of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy and Agnes of France....
  
  
• Louis, Prince of Taranto
• Loukas Notaras
  Loukas Notaras
  Loukas Notaras was the last Megas Doux of the Byzantine Empire. This position had been expanded under the late Palaiologid emperors and functioned as an unofficial Prime Minister, overseeing the Imperial Bureaucracy in place of the Megas Logothetes who had previously...
  
  
• Lucius (consul 413)
  Lucius (consul 413)
  Flavius Lucius was a politician of the Roman Empire.In 408 he was comes sacrarum largitionum at the Eastern court. In 413 he was Roman consul together with Heraclianus, but his name is recorded only on Eastern inscriptions....
  
  
• Luke Chrysoberges, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Luke Chrysoberges
  Luke Chrysoberges was Patriarch of Constantinople between 1156 and 1169.During Luke's patriarchate several other major theological controversies occurred. In 1156–1157 the question was raised, whether Christ had offered himself as a sacrifice for the sins of the world to the Father and to the Holy...
  
  
• Luke of Steiris
  Luke of Steiris
  Luke of Steiris was a Byzantine saint of the tenth century AD who lived in the themes of Hellas and Peloponnese in Greece. His relics are preserved in his monastery of Hosios Loukas. The principal source for Luke's life is an anonymous Life written by a monk of Hosios Loukas who had been one of...
  
  
• Lykandos
  Lykandos
  Lykandos or Lycandus was the name of a Byzantine fortress and military-civilian province , known as the Theme of Lykandos, in the 10th–11th centuries.-History:...
  
  
• Lyon, Second Council of
  Second Council of Lyon
  The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, France, in 1274. Pope Gregory X presided over the council, called to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West...
  
  

M

• Macarius, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Macedonia (region)
  Macedonia (region)
  Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time, but nowadays the region is considered to include parts of five Balkan countries: Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, as...
  
  
• Macedonia (theme)
• Macedonia, Diocese of
  Diocese of Macedonia
  The Diocese of Macedonia was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, forming part of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. Its capital was Thessalonica....
  
  
• Macedonian art (Byzantine)
• Macedonian dynasty
  Macedonian dynasty
  The Macedonian dynasty ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest expanse since the Muslim conquests, and the Macedonian Renaissance in letters and arts began. The dynasty was named after its founder,...
  
  
• Macedonian Renaissance
  Macedonian Renaissance
  Macedonian Renaissance is a label sometimes used to describe the period of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire , especially the 10th century, which some scholars have seen as a time of increased interest in classical scholarship and the assimilation of classical motifs into Christian...
  
  
• Macedonius I, Bishop of Constantinople
  Macedonius I of Constantinople
  Macedonius was a Greek bishop of Constantinople from 342 up to 346, and from 351 until 360. He inspired the establishment of the Macedonians, a sect later declared heretical.-Biography:...
  
  
• Macedonius II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Macedonius II of Constantinople
  Macedonius II , patriarch of Constantinople . For an account of his election see Patriarch Euphemius of Constantinople-Biography:...
  
  
• Macedonius of Thessalonica
  Macedonius of Thessalonica
  Macedonius of Thessalonica or Macedonius Consul a Byzantine hypatos during the reign of Justinian, is the author of 42 epigrams in the Greek Anthology, the best of which are some delicate and fanciful amatory pieces...
  
  
• Madaba Map
  Madaba Map
  The Madaba Map is part of a floor mosaic in the early Byzantine church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan. The Madaba Map is a map of the Middle East. Part of it contains the oldest surviving original cartographic depiction of the Holy Land and especially Jerusalem...
  
  
• Magister militum
  Magister militum
  Magister militum was a top-level military command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine. Used alone, the term referred to the senior military officer of the Empire...
  
  
• Magister officiorum
  Magister officiorum
  The magister officiorum was one of the most senior administrative officials in the late Roman Empire and the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Magistros
• Al-Mahdi
  Al-Mahdi
  Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi , was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 158 AH to 169 AH . He succeeded his father, al-Mansur....
  
  
• Magnaura
  Magnaura
  The Magnaura was a large building in Constantinople. It is equated by scholars with the building that housed the Senate, and which was located east of the Augustaion, close to the Hagia Sophia and next to the Chalke gate of the Great Palace...
  
  
• Majorian
  Majorian
  Majorian , was the Western Roman Emperor from 457 to 461.A prominent general of the Late Roman army, Majorian deposed Emperor Avitus in 457 and succeeded him. Majorian was one of the last emperors to make a concerted effort to restore the Western Roman Empire...
  
  
• Makrembolites
• Makryplagi, Battle of
  Battle of Makryplagi
  The Battle of Makryplagi or Makry Plagi was fought between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Principality of Achaea. The Byzantines had been weakened and demoralized by the defection of their numerous Turkish mercenaries to the Achaeans...
  
  
• Malagina
  Malagina
  Malagina , in later times Melangeia , was a Byzantine district in the valley of the Sangarius river in northern Bithynia, which served as a major encampment and fortified staging area for the Byzantine army...
  
  
• Malamirovo Inscription
  Malamirovo Inscription
  Malamirovo or Hambarli Inscription is a Bulgarian Greek inscription of around 813 AD, commemorating Bulgarian victories of Krum over the Byzantines, now preserved in the Varna Archaeological Museum.-Text:-Translation:-References:...
  
  
• Maleinos
  Maleinos
  Maleinos was the surname of a Byzantine Greek family, first attested in the 9th century, which rose to be amongst the most important and powerful members of the Anatolian aristocracy in the 10th century, providing many senior generals to the Byzantine army. After its wealth and power became the...
  
  
• Malik-Shah I
• Al-Ma'mun
  Al-Ma'mun
  Abū Jaʿfar Abdullāh al-Māʾmūn ibn Harūn was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833...
  
  
• Manastır Mosque, Istanbul
  Manastır Mosque, Istanbul
  Manastır Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. Neither archeological excavations nor medieval sources have made it possible to find a satisfactory answer as to its original dedication as a church...
  
  
• Mandator
  Mandator
  The mandatōr , deriving from the Latin word for "messenger", was a subaltern official in the middle Byzantine Empire.The mandatores were a corps of messengers for special duties attached to the bureau of all senior civil and military officials, such as the thematic stratēgoi, the commanders of the...
  
  
• Mandylion
  Image of Edessa
  According to Christian legend, the Image of Edessa was a holy relic consisting of a square or rectangle of cloth upon which a miraculous image of the face of Jesus was imprinted — the first icon ....
  
  
• Mangana (Constantinople)
  Mangana (Constantinople)
  Mangana was one of the quarters of Byzantine-era Constantinople. It was located on the extreme east of the peninsula, directly above the imperial palace district and between the ancient acropolis of Byzantium and the Bosporus strait.-History:...
  
  
• Manglabites
  Manglabites
  The Manglabites or Manglavites were a corps of bodyguards in the Byzantine Empire.Their name derives from the term manglabion which was also used to designate the entire corps. The origin of the term itself is debated: one theory regards it as deriving from Arabic mijlab , while another from...
  
  
• Mani Peninsula
  Mani Peninsula
  The Mani Peninsula , also long known as Maina or Maïna, is a geographical and cultural region in Greece. Mani is the central peninsula of the three which extend southwards from the Peloponnese in southern Greece. To the east is the Laconian Gulf, to the west the Messenian Gulf...
  
  
• Manichaeism
  Manichaeism
  Manichaeism in Modern Persian Āyin e Māni; ) was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia.Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived...
  
  
• Manuel I Komnenos
  Manuel I Komnenos
  Manuel I Komnenos was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean....
  
  
• Manuel I of Trebizond
  Manuel I of Trebizond
  Manuel I Megas Komnenos , Emperor of Trebizond from 1238 to 1263, surnamed the "Great Captain", was the second son of Alexios I, the first emperor of Trebizond, and Theodora Axuchina. He succeeded his brother, John I Axouchos...
  
  
• Manuel II Palaiologos
  Manuel II Palaiologos
  Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Byzantine Emperor from 1391 to 1425.-Life:...
  
  
• Manuel II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Manuel II of Constantinople
  Manuel II was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1244 to 1255....
  
  
• Manuel II of Trebizond
  Manuel II of Trebizond
  Manuel II Megas Komnenos was Emperor of Trebizond for eight months in 1332...
  
  
• Manuel III of Trebizond
  Manuel III of Trebizond
  Manuel III Megas Komnenos was Emperor of Trebizond from March 20, 1390 to his death in 1417. He was the son of Emperor Alexios III of Trebizond by Theodora Kantakouzene.Manuel became the heir of his father in 1377, after the death of his elder brother Basil...
  
  
• Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos
  Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos
  Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos was a Byzantine Greek nobleman who ruled Thessaly from ca. 1390 until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1393, as a Byzantine vassal with the title of Caesar....
  
  
• Manuel Boutoumites
  Manuel Boutoumites
  Manuel Boutoumites or Butumites was a leading Byzantine general and diplomat during the reign of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos , and one of that emperor's most trusted aides...
  
  
• Manuel Charitopoulos
• Manuel Chrysaphes
  Manuel Chrysaphes
  Manuel Doukas Chrysaphes was the most prominent Byzantine musician of the 15th century. He was a singer, composer and musical theoretician.Little is known of his life, except that he held the office of lampadarios, and received commissions from the last two Byzantine emperors, John VIII...
  
  
• Manuel Chrysoloras
  Manuel Chrysoloras
  Manuel Chrysoloras was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages....
  
  
• Manuel Kalekas
  Manuel Kalekas
  Manuel Kalekas was a monk and theologian of the Byzantine Empire.Kalekas was a disciple of Demetrios Kydones. He lived in Italy, Crete and Lesbos where he translated the works of Boethius and Anselm of Canterbury into Greek....
  
  
• Manuel Kamytzes
• Manuel Kantakouzenos
  Manuel Kantakouzenos
  Manuel Kantakouzenos , . Despotēs in the Despotate of Morea or the Peloponnese from October 25, 1349 to his death and a contender to the Principality of Achaia.Kantakouzenos was the second son of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and Irene Asanina...
  
  
• Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)
• Manuel Komnenos (born 1145)
  Manuel Komnenos (born 1145)
  Manuel Komnenos was the eldest son of Andronikos Komnenos by his first wife, whose name is not recorded....
  
  
• Manuel Komnenos Doukas
  Manuel Komnenos Doukas
  Manuel Komnenos Doukas , often inaccurately called Manuel Angelos , was ruler of Thessalonica from 1230 to 1237 and of Thessaly from 1239 until his death in c. 1241.-Life:Manuel was a legitimate son of the sebastokratōr John Doukas...
  
  
• Manuel Maurozomes
  Manuel Maurozomes
  Manuel Maurozomes, a Byzantine warlord, was the son of Theodore Maurozomes and an illegitimate daughter of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos....
  
  
• Manuel Moschopoulos
• Manuel Palaiologos
  Manuel Palaiologos
  Manuel Palaiologos was the youngest child of Thomas Palaiologos and Catherine Zaccharia. He was brother of the de jure Byzantine Emperor Andrew Palaiologos, Zoe Palaiologina, Grand Duchess of Moscovy and Helena Palaiologina, wife of Despot Lazar Branković of Serbia...
  
  
• Manuel the Armenian
  Manuel the Armenian
  Manuel the Armenian was a prominent Byzantine general of Armenian origin, active from ca. 810 until his death in 838. After reaching the highest military ranks, a palace conspiracy forced him to seek refuge in the Abbasid court in 829. He returned to Byzantine service the next year, receiving the...
  
  
• Manzikert
  Malazgirt
  Malazgirt is a town in Muş Province in eastern Turkey, with a population of 23,697 .-Founding:...
  
  
• Manzikert, Battle of
  Battle of Manzikert
  The Battle of Manzikert , was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq Turks led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert...
  
  
• Manzikert (1054), Battle of
  Battle of Manzikert (1054)
  The Battle of Manzikert in 1054 was a successful defense of the city of Manzikert by Byzantine forces under Basil Apocapes against the Seljuk Turks led by Toğrül. Seventeen years later, the Turks would experience greater success against Romanus Diogenes under Alp Arslan at the same place....
  
  
• Maraj-al-Debaj, Battle of
  Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj
  Battle of Marj-ud-Deebaj was fought between the Byzantine army, survivors from the conquest of Damascus, and the Rashidun Caliphate army in September 634...
  
  
• Marcellae, Battle of
• Marcellae (756), Battle of
  Battle of Marcellae (756)
  The battle of Marcellae took place in 756 between the armies of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire at Markeli, near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria. The result was a Byzantine victory.- Origins of the conflict :...
  
  
• Marcellinus Comes
  Marcellinus Comes
  Marcellinus Comes was a Latin chronicler of the Eastern Roman Empire. An Illyrian by birth, he spent most of his life at the court of Constantinople, which is the focus of his surviving work.-Works:...
  
  
• Marcello Tegalliano
  Marcello Tegalliano
  According to tradition, Marcello Tegalliano was the second Doge of Venice . However, John Julius Norwich has argued that the first doge, Paoluccio Anafesto, was actually Paul, Exarch of Ravenna, and that Marcellus was actually his magister militum of the same first name.-Sources:*Norwich, John...
  
  
• Marcellus (general under Justinian I)
  Marcellus (general under Justinian I)
  Marcellus was an East Roman general during the early reign of Justinian I .Marcellus is first mentioned by Procopius as taking part under Belisarius in the Battle of Dara against the Sassanid Persians in 530. He was one of the commanders of the Byzantine army's right wing...
  
  
• Marcellus (comes excubitorum)
• Marcellus (brother of Justin II)
  Marcellus (brother of Justin II)
  Marcellus was a brother of Byzantine emperor Justin II and general under his uncle, Justinian I .Marcellus was the son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian, and Dulcidio , and thus the brother of Justin II and Praejecta...
  
  
• Marcia Euphemia
  Marcia Euphemia
  Aelia Marcia/Marciana Euphemia was the wife of Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor.-Family:Marcia/Marciana Euphemia was the only known daughter of Marcian, Byzantine Emperor. The identity of her mother is unknown. Her stepmother was Pulcheria, second wife of her father. Pulcheria had taken a...
  
  
• Marcian
  Marcian
  Marcian was Byzantine Emperor from 450 to 457. Marcian's rule marked a recovery of the Eastern Empire, which the Emperor protected from external menaces and reformed economically and financially...
  
  
• Marcian (usurper)
  Marcian (usurper)
  Marcian was a member of the House of Leo and an usurper against Emperor Zeno in 479.- Biography :Marcian was a member of several Roman imperial families...
  
  
• Marcianus (nephew of Justin II)
  Marcianus (nephew of Justin II)
  Marcianus was a Byzantine general, recorded to be a kinsman of Emperor Justin II.Theophanes the Confessor records him as a nephew of Justin II, commander of an army fighting the Moors in the Praetorian prefecture of Africa. Bibliotheca by Photios I of Constantinople records him as a mere cousin....
  
  
• Marcianopolis
  Marcianopolis
  Marcianopolis or Marcianople was an ancient Roman city in Thracia. It was located at the site of modern day Devnya, Bulgaria.-History:...
  
  
• Mardaites
  Mardaites
  The Mardaites inhabited the highland regions of southern Anatolia, Isauria, Syria, and Lebanon. Their origins are little known, but they may have been of Armenian origin...
  
  
• Margaret Mullett
  Margaret Mullett
  Margaret Elizabeth Mullett OBE is Professor of Byzantine Studies and has held the position of the director of the Institute of Byzantine Studies at the Queen's University of Belfast and that of the Director of the Queen's Gender Initiative...
  
  
• Margaret of Hungary
  Margaret of Hungary
  Margaret of Hungary was the Empress consort of Isaac II Angelos, Byzantine Emperor.- Family :Margaret was the eldest daughter of Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch. She was a younger sister of Emeric, King of Hungary. Her younger siblings were Andrew II of Hungary and...
  
  
• Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily
  Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily
  Margaret of Burgundy was the second wife of Charles I of Sicily, and by marriage Queen consort of Sicily.The second daughter of Odo, Count of Nevers, and Maud of Dampierre, Margaret was Countess of Tonnerre by inheritance from 1262 until her death...
  
  
• Margaret of Durazzo
• Maria (daughter of Maurice)
  Maria (daughter of Maurice)
  Maria is the name of a supposed daughter of Maurice, Byzantine Emperor and wife of Khosrau II. Her existence is recorded in the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian. "Maurice accorda sa fille Marie en mariage à Khosrov" - Historicity :...
  
  
• Maria (empress)
• Maria, wife of Leo III
  Maria, wife of Leo III
  -Empress:The throne of the Byzantine Empire was unstable in the early 710s. Justinian II had been deposed and executed in 711. His deposition was followed by the brief reigns of Philippikos , Anastasios II and Theodosios III...
  
  
• Maria, wife of Constantine V
  Maria, wife of Constantine V
  Maria was the second Empress consort of Constantine V of the Byzantine Empire.-Empress:Constantine V was Emperor since 741. His first wife Tzitzak gave birth to their only known son, Leo IV the Khazar, on 25 January 750. There is no further mention of her and by the following year, Constantine was...
  
  
• Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina
  Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina
  Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina was ruler of Epirus from 1385 to 1386. She took the title of Basilissa of Epirus or Empress/Queen of Epirus....
  
  
• Maria Argyre
  Maria Argyre
  Maria Argyra or Maria Argyropoulaina was a Byzantine princess, the granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor Romanos II and niece of the emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII....
  
  
• Maria Komnene (Porphyrogenita)
  Maria Komnene (Porphyrogenita)
  Maria Komnene was the eldest daughter of the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos by his first wife, Irene of Sulzbach. She was known as the Porphyrogenneta or Porphyrogenita because she had been "born in the Purple Chamber", i.e...
  
  
• Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary
• Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
• Maria of Alania
• Maria of Amnia
  Maria of Amnia
  Maria of Amnia was the first Empress consort of Constantine VI of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:Maria was born in Amnia, Paphlagonia. The name of her father is unknown. Her mother has been identified as Hypatia by Christian Settipani. Her maternal grandfather was Saint Philaretos, a magnate from...
  
  
• Maria of Antioch
  Maria of Antioch
  Maria of Antioch was a Byzantine empress as the wife of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. She was the daughter of Constance of Antioch and her first husband Raymond of Poitiers...
  
  
• Maria of Bulgaria
  Maria of Bulgaria
  Maria of Bulgaria , protovestiaria, was the wife of protovestiarios Andronikos Doukas and mother of Irene Doukaina.-Life:...
  
  
• Maria of Bulgaria, Latin Empress
  Maria of Bulgaria, Latin Empress
  Maria of Bulgaria was the second Empress consort of Henry of Flanders, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.-Family:She was a daughter of Kaloyan of Bulgaria. Her mother may have been his wife Anna of Cumania. She went on to marry Boril of Bulgaria, a nephew of her first husband. Her paternal uncles...
  
  
• Maria of Calabria
  Maria of Calabria
  Maria of Calabria was the first Empress consort of Philip II of Taranto, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople.-Family:...
  
  
• Maria of Gothia
  Maria of Gothia
  - Family :She was a daughter of Alexios II of Theodoro, ruler of the Principality of Theodoro in Crimea. Her native state was also known as Gothia because its territory had previously belonged to the Crimean Goths. The Goths had undergone Hellenization under the influence of the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Maria of Trebizond
  Maria of Trebizond
  Maria Megale Komnene , known as Maria of Trebizond was the third wife of John VIII Palaiologos. She was the last Empress consort of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:...
  
  
• Maria Palaiologina
• Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
  Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
  Maria Palaiologina was the Queen consort of Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia . She was the daughter of panhypersebastos John Palaiologos, and niece of Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos . Her maternal grandfather was megas logothetēs Theodore Metochites.Her father became the governor of...
  
  
• Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene
• Maria Petraliphaina
  Maria Petraliphaina
  Maria Petraliphaina was the wife of Theodore Komnenos Doukas. She is the earliest consort of the Despotate of Epiros known by name...
  
  
• Marie of Bourbon, Princess of Taranto
• Marie of Brienne
  Marie of Brienne
  Marie of Brienne was the Empress consort of Baldwin II of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.-Family:She was a daughter of John of Brienne and his third wife Berenguela of Leon. Marie was a younger, paternal half-sister of Yolande of Jerusalem...
  
  
• Marie of Champagne
  Marie of Champagne
  Marie of Champagne was the Empress consort of Baldwin I of Constantinople.-Family:She was a daughter of Henry I, Count of Champagne and Marie of France, Countess of Champagne. Her maternal grandparents were Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.Her brothers were Henry II of Champagne and...
  
  
• Marie de Courtenay
  Marie de Courtenay
  Marie de Courtenay was a daughter of Peter II of Courtenay and Yolanda of Flanders. She married Theodore I of Nicaea. Marie served as regent for her younger brother Baldwin II of Courtenay and styled herself as the Empress of Constantinople.-Family and background:Her parents were successive rulers...
  
  
• Marinus I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Marinus I
  Pope Marinus I , Pope between December 16, 882 and May 15, 884. He succeeded John VIII in about the end of December 882.-Prior history:...
  
  
• Marinus (praetorian prefect)
• Marj-al-Rahit, Battle of
  Battle of Marj-al-Rahit
  The Battle of Mari-al-Rahit was a minor conflict fought between the Ghassanid Arab allies of Byzantine Empire and Rashidun army under the command of Khalid bin Walid...
  
  
• Marmara Sea
  Sea of Marmara
  The Sea of Marmara , also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis , is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black...
  
  
• Maronite Church
  Maronite Church
  The Syriac Maronite Church of Antioch is an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See of Rome . It traces its heritage back to the community founded by Maron, a 4th-century Syriac monk venerated as a saint. The first Maronite Patriarch, John Maron, was elected in the late 7th...
  
  
• Martin I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Martin I
  Pope Martin I, born near Todi, Umbria in the place now named after him , was pope from 649 to 653, succeeding Pope Theodore I in July 5, 649. The only pope during the Byzantine Papacy whose election was not approved by a iussio from Constantinople, Martin I was abducted by Constans II and died in...
  
  
• Martin IV, Pope of Rome
  Pope Martin IV
  Pope Martin IV, born Simon de Brion held the papacy from February 21, 1281 until his death....
  
  
• Martina (empress)
• Martyropolis
  Martyropolis
  Martyropolis was the former name of a city in Turkey, now known in Turkish as Silvan, in Aramaic as Meiafarakin .It is a Catholic titular see....
  
  
• Mary of Avesnes
  Mary of Avesnes
  Marie of Hainaut was the daughter of John II, Count of Holland and Philippa of Luxembourg, her brother was William I, Count of Hainaut.- Family :...
  
  
• Mary of Egypt
  Mary of Egypt
  Mary of Egypt is revered as the patron saint of penitents, most particularly in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic churches, as well as in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.-Life:...
  
  
• Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples
• St. Mary Peribleptos, Church of
  Church of St. George of Samatya
  Saint George of Samatya or Surp Kevork is an Armenian church in Istanbul....
  
  
• St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul), Church of
  Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)
  Saint Mary of Blachernae is an Eastern Orthodox church in Istanbul...
  
  
• St. Mary of the Mongols, Church of
  Church of St. Mary of the Mongols
  Saint Mary of the Mongols Saint Mary of the Mongols Saint Mary of the Mongols (full name in Greek: Θεοτòκος Παναγιώτισσα (pr. Theotokos Panaghiótissa, lit. "All-Holy Theotokos") or Παναγία Μουχλιώτισσα (pr. Panaghia Muchliótissa); Turkish name: Kanlı Kilise (meaning:Bloody Church), is an Eastern...
  
  
• St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul), Church of
  Church of St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul)
  The Monastery of the Mother of God at the Spring or simply Zoödochos Pege , is an Eastern Orthodox sanctuary in Istanbul...
  
  
• Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
  Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
  Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik was an Umayyad prince and one of the most prominent Arab generals of the early decades of the 8th century, leading several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Khaganate...
  
  
• Al-Masudi
  Al-Masudi
  Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Mas'udi , was an Arab historian and geographer, known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs." Al-Masudi was one of the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj adh-dhahab...
  
  
• Matasuntha
• Maternus Cynegius
  Maternus Cynegius
  Maternus Cynegius was a praetorian prefect of the East and consul at the end of the 4th century, best known for destroying some of the most sacred sites of Hellenic religion.- Life :...
  
  
• Matilda of Hainaut
  Matilda of Hainaut
  Matilda of Hainaut was the Princess of Achaea from 1313 to 1318.From 1307, when Philip of Savoy relinquished his claim, to 1312, when Isabella of Villehardouin died, Achaea was disputed between two claimants: Isabella and Philip I of Taranto. In 1313, Philip granted it to Matilda, daughter of...
  
  
• Matthew I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Matthew Kantakouzenos
  Matthew Kantakouzenos
  Matthew Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzenus was Byzantine Emperor from 1353 to 1357.-Life:...
  
  
• Maurice
  Maurice (emperor)
  Maurice was Byzantine Emperor from 582 to 602.A prominent general in his youth, Maurice fought with success against the Sassanid Persians...
  
  
• Maurice's Balkan campaigns
  Maurice's Balkan campaigns
  Maurice's Illyricum campaigns were a series of military expeditions conducted by emperor of Constantinopolis Maurice in an attempt to defend the Illyrian provinces of the East Roman Empire from Avars and Slavs...
  
  
• Maurikios Chartoularios
  Maurikios Chartoularios
  Maurikios Chartoularios , Latinized as Mauricius Chartularius , was a Byzantine rebel in Italy.In 638 the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius demanded that the newly elected Pope, Severinus sign his assent to the Ecthesis, a document which defined monotheletism as the official imperial form of Christianity...
  
  
• Mauropotamos, Battle of
  Battle of Mauropotamos
  The Battle of Mauropotamos was a battle fought in 844 between the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate at Mauropotamos in the theme of Optimaton . The battle followed a period of inconclusive warfare along the Cilician marches and the loss of an entire Arab fleet off Cyprus...
  
  
• Mauros
  Mauros
  Mauros was a Bulgar leader, one of the chief subordinates and closest supporters of Kuber, a 7th-century Bulgar ruler in Macedonia. After orchestrating a foiled attempt to capture Thessaloniki for Kuber, Mauros remained in the city and joined the ranks of the Byzantine aristocracy...
  
  
• Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
  Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
  The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a Roman building in Ravenna, Italy. It was listed with seven other structures in Ravenna in the World Heritage List in 1996...
  
  
• Maximianus, Archbishop of Constantinople
  Archbishop Maximianus of Constantinople
  Maximianus was the archbishop of Constantinople from 25 October 431 until his death on 12 April 434.-Biography:Maximianus had led a monastic life and had entered presbyteral orders; his action in building, at his own expense, tombs for the remains of holy men had obtained for him a reputation of...
  
  
• Maximianus of Ravenna
  Maximianus of Ravenna
  Maximianus of Ravenna, or Maximian was bishop of Ravenna.Born in the Istrian city of Pula , Maximianus was consecrated bishop of Ravenna in 546 by Pope Vigilius in Patras, Greece. Maximianus was a forty-eight year old deacon from Pola when he became the twenty-sixth bishop of Ravenna...
  
  
• Maximos Kausokalybites
  Maximos Kausokalybites
  Maximos Kausokalybites was a monk and holy fool of Mount Athos in Greece. He is celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 13.Maximos lived as a recluse in crude shelters and had the habit of burning his hut from time to time and moving to a new one...
  
  
• Maximos Planoudes
• Maximus I, Archbishop of Constantinople
• Maximus II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Maximus II of Constantinople
  Maximus II was Patriarch of Constantinople from June to December 1216. He had been abbot of the monastery of the Akoimetoi and was the confessor of the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris before he became patriarch...
  
  
• Maximus the Confessor
  Maximus the Confessor
  Maximus the Confessor was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. In his early life, he was a civil servant, and an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius...
  
  
• Medieval architecture
  Medieval architecture
  Medieval architecture is a term used to represent various forms of architecture common in Medieval Europe.-Characteristics:-Religious architecture:...
  
  
• Megas archon
• Megas domestikos
• Megas doux
  Megas Doux
  The megas doux was one of the highest positions in the hierarchy of the later Byzantine Empire, denoting the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy. It is sometimes also given by the half-Latinizations megaduke or megadux...
  
  
• Megas logothetes
  Megas logothetes
  The megas logothetēs or Grand Logothete, was an official supervising all the sekreta ....
  
  
• Megas stratopedarches
• Megas tzaousios
• Mehmed I
  Mehmed I
  Mehmed I Çelebi was a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421. He was one of the sons of Bayezid I and Valide Sultan Devlet Hatun Mehmed I Çelebi (Ottoman: چلبی محمد, Mehmed I or Mehmed Çelebi) (1382, Bursa – May 26, 1421, Edirne, Ottoman Empire) was a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire...
  
  
• Mehmed II
  Mehmed II
  Mehmed II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from...
  
  
• Melias (general of Lykandos)
  Melias (general of Lykandos)
  Melias or Mleh was an Armenian prince who entered Byzantine service and became a distinguished general, founding the theme of Lykandos and participating in the campaigns of John Kourkouas against the Arabs....
  
  
• Melikshah
  Melikshah
  Malik Shah or Malek Shah or Melik Shah was the sultan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm between the years 1110 and 1116. Prior to Melikshah's accession, the throne had remained vacant for three years following the death of Kilij Arslan I in 1107. Melikshah was held prisoner in Isfahan until 1110 when...
  
  
• Melingoi
  Melingoi
  The Melingoi or Milingoi were a Slavic tribe that settled in the Peloponnese in southern Greece during the Middle Ages. Proto-Slavic tribes settled throughout the Balkans following the collapse of the Byzantine Empire's defense of the Danube frontier in the early decades of the 7th century, with...
  
  
• Melissenos
• Melitene
  Malatya
  Malatya ) is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of its eponymous province.-Overview:The city site has been occupied for thousands of years. The Assyrians called the city Meliddu. Following Roman expansion into the east, the city was renamed in Latin as Melitene...
  
  
• Melkite
  Melkite
  The term Melkite, also written Melchite, refers to various Byzantine Rite Christian churches and their members originating in the Middle East. The word comes from the Syriac word malkāyā , and the Arabic word Malakī...
  
  
• Melnik, Bulgaria
  Melnik, Bulgaria
  Melnik is a town in Blagoevgrad Province, southwestern Bulgaria, in the southwestern Pirin Mountains, about 440 m above sea level. The town is an architectural reserve and 96 of its buildings are cultural monuments...
  
  
• Menander Protector
  Menander Protector
  Menander Protector , Byzantine historian, was born in Constantinople in the middle of the 6th century AD. The little that is known of his life is contained in the account of himself quoted by Suidas. He at first took up the study of law, but abandoned it for a life of pleasure...
  
  
• Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Menaulion
  Menaulion
  The menaulion or menavlion , also menaulon or menavlon was a heavy spear with a length of 2.7 to 3.6 meters with a thick shaft, used by the Byzantine infantry as early as the 10th century AD, against enemy heavy cavalry. To give it increased strength, whole oak or cornel saplings were preferably...
  
  
• Merarches
  Merarches
  The merarchēs , sometimes Anglicized as Merarch, was a Byzantine military rank roughly equivalent to a divisional general.-History:The title derives from the Greek words meros and archein...
  
  
• Merobaudes (general)
  Merobaudes (general)
  - Biography :Merobaudes was an official of Roman Emperor Julian . He was entrusted with the transportation of the corpse of the Emperor when Julian died during his military campaign against the Sasanids....
  
  
• Mesazon
  Mesazon
  The mesazōn was a high dignitary and official during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, who acted as the chief minister and principal aide of the Emperor.- History and functions :...
  
  
• Mese (Constantinople)
  Mese (Constantinople)
  The Mese was the main thoroughfare of ancient Constantinople . The street was the main scene of Byzantine imperial processions. Its ancient course is largely followed by the modern Divanyolu Avenue.- Description :...
  
  
• Mesopotamia (Roman province)
  Mesopotamia (Roman province)
  Mesopotamia was the name of two distinct Roman provinces, the one a short-lived creation of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 116–117 and the other established by Emperor Septimius Severus in ca. 198, which lasted until the Muslim conquests of the 7th century....
  
  
• Mesopotamia (theme)
  Mesopotamia (theme)
  Mesopotamia was the name of a Byzantine theme located in what is today eastern Turkey. It should not be confused with the region of Mesopotamia or with the older Roman and early Byzantine province of Mesopotamia...
  
  
• Mesud I
• Meteora
  Meteora
  The Metéora is one of the largest and most important complexes of Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Greece, second only to Mount Athos. The six monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Pineios river and Pindus Mountains, in...
  
  
• Methodius I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Methodius II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Methoni, Messenia
  Methoni, Messenia
  Methoni is a village and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylos-Nestoras, of which it is a municipal unit. Its name may be derived from Mothona, a mythical rock. It is located 11 km south of Pylos and...
  
  
• Metrophanes II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Metrophanes II of Constantinople
  Metrophanes II served as Bishop of Cyzicus in Asia Minor when he was called to join the delegation of bishops attending the Council of Florence. He was appointed by the Emperor John VIII in May 1440 as successor to Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople following the death of the latter in Florence...
  
  
• Mezezius
  Mezezius
  Mezezius was an Armenian noble who served as a general of Byzantium, later usurping the Byzantine throne in Sicily from 668 to 669.According to a letter from Pope Gregory II to Emperor Leo III, he was Count of the Opsikion, the imperial retinue , and a later Syriac chronicle describes him as a...
  
  
• St Michael at Germia
  St Michael at Germia
  St Michael at Germia was a Byzantine shrine of Michael the Archangel in Central Anatolia. Ruins of the shrine are located in the village of Gümüşkonak, formerly known as Yörme, 8 km south of Günyüzü in Eskişehir Province, Turkey.-References:...
  
  
• Michael I Rangabe
  Michael I Rangabe
  Michael I Rangabes was Byzantine Emperor from 811 to 813.Michael was the son of the patrician Theophylaktos Rangabes, the admiral of the Aegean fleet...
  
  
• Michael I Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Michael I Cerularius
  Michael I Cerularius , also known as Michael Keroularios or Patriarch Michael I, was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059.-Biography:...
  
  
• Michael I Komnenos Doukas
  Michael I Komnenos Doukas
  Michael I Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas , often inaccurately called Michael Angelos , was the founder and first ruler of the principality of Epirus from 1205 until his death in 1215.-Life:...
  
  
• Michael II
  Michael II
  Michael II , surnamed the Amorian or the Stammerer , reigned as Byzantine emperor from December 820 to his death on 2 October 829, and the first ruler of the Phrygian or Amorian dynasty....
  
  
• Michael II Kourkouas, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Michael II Komnenos Doukas
  Michael II Komnenos Doukas
  Michael II Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas , often called Michael Angelos in narrative sources, was the ruler of Epirus from 1230 until his death in 1266/68.-Life:...
  
  
• Michael III
  Michael III
  Michael III , , Byzantine Emperor from 842 to 867. Michael III was the third and traditionally last member of the Amorian-Phrygian Dynasty...
  
  
• Michael III, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Michael IV the Paphlagonian
• Michael IV Autoreianus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Michael IV of Constantinople
  Michael IV Autoreianos was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1208 to his death in 1214.Michael was a well-educated man and a member of the literary circle around Eustathius of Thessalonica. In the ecclesiastic hierarchy, he had reached the post of megas sakellarios at the time of the sack of...
  
  
• Michael V
  Michael V
  Michael V "the Caulker" or Kalaphates , , was Byzantine emperor for 4 months in 1041–1042, as the nephew and successor of Michael IV and the adoptive son of his wife, the Empress Zoe.Michael V was the son of Stephen by Maria, a sister of Emperor Michael IV...
  
  
• Michael VI Stratiotikos
• Michael VII Doukas
• Michael VIII Palaiologos
  Michael VIII Palaiologos
  Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus reigned as Byzantine Emperor 1259–1282. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453...
  
  
• Michael IX Palaiologos
  Michael IX Palaiologos
  Michael IX Palaiologos or Palaeologus , , reigned as Byzantine co-emperor with full imperial style 1294/1295–1320...
  
  
• Michael Angold
  Michael Angold
  Michael Angold is Professor Emeritus of Byzantine History and Honorary Fellow in the University of Edinburgh.-Biography:Michael Angold was educated at the University of Oxford...
  
  
• Michael Astrapas and Eutychios
  Michael Astrapas and Eutychios
  Michael Astrapas and Eutychios were Greek painters from Thessaloniki. They were invited by Serbian rulers to work in their dominions...
  
  
• Michael Attaleiates
• Michael Choniates
  Michael Choniates
  Michael Choniates , Byzantine writer and ecclesiastic, was born at Chonae . At an early age he studied at Constantinople and was the pupil of Eustathius of Thessalonica. Around 1175 he was appointed archbishop of Athens...
  
  
• Michael Choumnos
  Michael Choumnos
  Michael Choumnos or Chumnus was a Byzantine jurist and canonist, who was nomophylax, and afterwards metropolitan of Thessalonica. He lived in the 13th century, in the time of Nikephoros Blemmydes, patriarch of Constantinople, and is said to have been the author of various works.- References :...
  
  
• Michael Dermokaites
  Michael Dermokaites
  Michael Dermokaites was a 11th-century Byzantine hypostrategos of Debar. He is descended from the Byzantine noble Dermokaites family.- Sources :*...
  
  
• Michael Doukas (protostrator)
  Michael Doukas (protostrator)
  Michael Doukas was a member of the Doukas family, a relative of the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a senior military figure, with the rank of protostrator, during Alexios' reign. His life is only known through the Alexiad of Anna Komnene and the history of her husband, Nikephoros Bryennios.- Life...
  
  
• Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes
  Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes
  Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes or Michael Tarchaneiotes Glabas was a notable Byzantine aristocrat and general.- Life :He is first mentioned in ca. 1260, when he was assigned to capture the city of Mesembria on the Black Sea coast from the deposed Bulgarian tsar Mitso Asen...
  
  
• Michael Italikos
• Michael Kaballarios
  Michael Kaballarios
  Michael Kaballarios was a Byzantine aristocrat and military leader. In ca. 1277 he was megas konostaulos . Along with the megas stratopedarches John Synadenos, he led a Byzantine army against John I Doukas of Thessaly, but was defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus and died shortly afterwards of his...
  
  
• Michael Kantakouzenos
  Michael Kantakouzenos
  Michael Kantakouzenos was the first epitropos of the Byzantine province of the Morea, a position he held from 1308 till his death in 1316.-Despot:...
  
  
• Michael Lachanodrakon
  Michael Lachanodrakon
  Michael Lachanodrakon was a distinguished Byzantine general and fanatical supporter of Byzantine Iconoclasm under Emperor Constantine V . As a result of his iconoclast zeal, in 766 he rose to high office as governor of the Thracesian Theme, and instigated a series of repressive measures against...
  
  
• Michael Maleinos
  Michael Maleinos
  Saint Michael Maleinos was a Byzantine monk who commanded great respect among Christians of Asia Minor. He was the brother of general Constantine Maleinos and uncle of Nikephoros Phokas, who was greatly influenced by Michael and became Byzantine emperor several years after his death...
  
  
• Michael Maurex
• Michael Melissenos
  Michael Melissenos
  Michael Melissenos was a notable Byzantine aristocrat and general during the reign of Emperor Constantine V .Michael is the first attested member of the noble Melissenos family. A favourite of Constantine V, he was given an unnamed sister of Eudokia, Constantine V's third wife, in marriage...
  
  
• Michael of Trebizond
  Michael of Trebizond
  Michael Megas Komnenos , , Emperor of Trebizond for one day, July 30, 1341 and from May 3, 1344 to December 13, 1349. He was a younger son of Emperor John II of Trebizond and Eudokia Palaiologina...
  
  
• Michael Palaiologos (general)
• Michael Panaretos
  Michael Panaretos
  Michael Panaretos wrote a chronicle of the Trapezuntine empire of Alexios I Komnenos and his successors from 1204 to 1426. Panaretos was a protosebastos and protonotarios in the service of Alexios III Komnenos...
  
  
• Michael Psellos
  Michael Psellos
  Michael Psellos or Psellus was a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian...
  
  
• Michael Tarchaneiotes
  Michael Tarchaneiotes
  Michael Tarchaneiotes was a Byzantine aristocrat and general, active against the Turks and in the Balkans from 1278 until his death from disease in 1284.- Life :...
  
  
• Michaelaton
  Michaelaton
  The michaelaton , in Latin michaelatus, was the colloquial name given to the gold Byzantine coins struck by any emperor called Michael....
  
  
• Middle Ages
  Middle Ages
  The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
  
  
• Middle-Eastern archaeology
  Near Eastern archaeology
  Near Eastern Archaeology is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of Archaeology...
  
  
• Mihailo I of Duklja
• Miletus
  Miletus
  Miletus was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia , near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria...
  
  
• Miliaresion
  Miliaresion
  The miliaresion , was a name used for a number of Byzantine silver coins. In its most specific sense, it refers to a type of silver coin struck in the 8th–11th centuries....
  
  
• Milion
• Military manuals, Byzantine
  Byzantine military manuals
  This article lists and briefly discusses the most important of a large number of treatises on military science produced in the Byzantine Empire.- Background :...
  
  
• Minervina
  Minervina
  Minervina was the wife rather than the mistress of Constantine the Great. He married her in 303 AD, and the couple had one son, Crispus. When Constantine wanted to strengthen his bonds with the other Tetrarchs, in 307 AD. he set apart Minervina and married Fausta, daughter of Augustus...
  
  
• Mints, Byzantine
• Miroslava of Bulgaria
  Miroslava of Bulgaria
  Miroslava was one of the daughters of tsar Samuil of Bulgaria and Kosara of Bulgaria. Princess Miroslava fell in love with the Byzantine noble captive Ashot Taronites, who was of Armenian origin, and threatened to commit suicide if she was not allowed to marry him...
  
  
• Mitato
  Mitato
  Mitato is a term meaning "shelter" or "lodging" in Greek.Appearing in the 6th century, during the Byzantine period it referred to an inn or trading house for foreign merchants, akin to a caravanserai. By extension, it could also refer to the legal obligation of a private citizen to billet state...
  
  
• Mixobarbaroi
  Mixobarbaroi
  Mixobarbaroi was an ethnographical term first used in Classical Greece by authors to denote people who lived in the frontiers of the oikoumene, and had qualities of both the civilized peoples and the barbarians, as seen in the works of Euripides, Plato and Xenophon...
  
  
• Mjej II Gnuni
  Mjej II Gnuni
  Mzhezh or Mjej Gnuni , was an Armenian sparapet of Byzantine ArmeniaInitially serving under Heraclius, the contingent of Armenian troops under his command were instrumental in the Byzantine success against the Sassanids during the Byzanto-Persian Wars that culminated in the overthrow of Khosrau II...
  
  
• Mleh, Prince of Armenia
• Modestus, Patriarch of Jerusalem
  Modestus of Jerusalem
  Modestus of Jerusalem was a Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, who is commemorated as a saint by the Orthodox church, on May 17, March 29 or December 17 in the Palestinian-Georgian calendar venerates him or December 16 and October 19 in the Acta Sanctorum.He was born in Cappadocian Sebasteia...
  
  
• Moesia
  Moesia
  Moesia was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans, along the south bank of the Danube River. It included territories of modern-day Southern Serbia , Northern Republic of Macedonia, Northern Bulgaria, Romanian Dobrudja, Southern Moldova, and Budjak .-History:In ancient...
  
  
• Moira (military)
• Momchil
  Momchil
  Momchil was a 14th-century Bulgarian brigand and local ruler. Initially a member of a bandit gang in the borderlands of Bulgaria, Byzantium and Serbia, Momchil was recruited by the Byzantines as a mercenary...
  
  
• Monasticism
  Monasticism
  Monasticism is a religious way of life characterized by the practice of renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote one's self to spiritual work...
  
  
• Monaxius
  Monaxius
  Flavius Monaxius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, praefectus urbi of Constantinople, Consul and twice praetorian prefect of the East.- Biography :...
  
  
• Monemvasia
  Monemvasia
  Monemvasia is a town and a municipality in Laconia, Greece. The town is located on a small peninsula off the east coast of the Peloponnese. The peninsula is linked to the mainland by a short causeway 200m in length. Its area consists mostly of a large plateau some 100 metres above sea level, up to...
  
  
• Monemvasia, Chronicle of
  Chronicle of Monemvasia
  The Chronicle of Monemvasia is a medieval text of which four versions, all written in medieval Greek, are extant. The author of the account is currently unknown...
  
  
• Monoenergism
  Monoenergism
  Monoenergism is a Christian heresy related to Monophysitism.In the 7th century, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius attempted to solve the schism between Chalcedonians and Monophysites, and suggested the compromise of Monoenergism...
  
  
• Monophysitism
  Monophysitism
  Monophysitism , or Monophysiticism, is the Christological position that Jesus Christ has only one nature, his humanity being absorbed by his Deity...
  
  
• Monothelitism
  Monothelitism
  Monothelitism is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a Christological doctrine, that formally emerged in Armenia and Syria in 629. Specifically, monothelitism teaches that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will...
  
  
• Monreale
  Monreale
  Monreale is a town and comune in the province of Palermo, in Sicily, Italy, on the slope of Monte Caputo, overlooking the very fertile valley called "La Conca d'oro" , famed for its orange, olive and almond trees, the produce of which is exported in large quantities...
  
  
• Mons Lactarius, Battle of
  Battle of Mons Lactarius
  The Battle of Mons Lactarius took place in 552 or 553 in the course the Gothic War waged on behalf of Justinian I against the Ostrogoths in Italy....
  
  
• Mopsuestia
  Mopsuestia
  Mopsuestia , later Mamistra, is the ancient city of Cilicia Campestris on the Pyramus river located approximately 20 km east of ancient Antiochia in Cilicia .The founding of this city is attributed in legend to the soothsayer, Mopsus, who lived before the Trojan war, although...
  
  
• Morea
  Morea
  The Morea was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. It also referred to a Byzantine province in the region, known as the Despotate of Morea.-Origins of the name:...
  
  
• Morea, Chronicle of the
• Morea, Despotate of the
• Morea revolt of 1453–1454
• Mosynopolis
  Mosynopolis
  Mosynopolis , known in late Antiquity as Maximianoupolis, was a Byzantine town in Thrace located on the Via Egnatia near the modern Greek city of Komotini. The town was destroyed by the Bulgarian tsar Kaloyan in 1207 after his victory over the Latin Empire in the battle of Mosynopolis...
  
  
• Mount Athos
  Mount Athos
  Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in Macedonia, Greece. A World Heritage Site, it is home to 20 Eastern Orthodox monasteries and forms a self-governed monastic state within the sovereignty of the Hellenic Republic. Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the...
  
  
• Mouzalon
  Mouzalon
  Mouzalon or Muzalon was the name of a Byzantine family attested in the 11th through 15th centuries, which produced a number of officials and high dignitaries. The family reached its peak in the 1250s, when it enjoyed the patronage of Emperor Theodore II Laskaris , but was largely purged after his...
  
  
• Mtskheta
  Mtskheta
  Mtskheta , one of the oldest cities of the country of Georgia , is located approximately 20 kilometers north of Tbilisi at the confluence of the Aragvi and Kura rivers. The city is now the administrative centre of the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region...
  
  
• Muawiyah I
  Muawiyah I
  Muawiyah I was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH...
  
  
• Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham
  Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham
  Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was an Arab general, the son of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik .He is known chiefly for his role in the Byzantine-Arab Wars, where he led many invasions against Byzantine Asia Minor. The first campaign he led was recorded in summer 725, which was carried out in...
  
  
• Muhammad ibn Marwan
  Muhammad ibn Marwan
  Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam was an Umayyad prince and one of the most important generals of the Caliphate in the period 690–710, completing the Arab conquest of Armenia...
  
  
• al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man
• Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith
  Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith
  Al-Mundhir ibn al-Ḥārith, known in Greek sources as [Flavios] Alamoundaros , was the king of the Ghassanid Arabs from 569 to c. 581. A son of Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, he succeeded his father both in the kingship over his tribe and as the chief of the Byzantine Empire's Arab clients and allies in the...
  
  
• Mundus (general)
• Al-Muqtadir
  Al-Muqtadir
  Al-Muqtadir was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 908 AD to 932 AD .After the previous Caliph, al-Muktafi, was confined for several months to his sick-bed, intrigue was made for some time as to his successor...
  
  
• Murad I
  Murad I
  Murad I was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1361 to 1389...
  
  
• Murad II
  Murad II
  Murad II Kodja was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 ....
  
  
• Music, Byzantine
  Byzantine music
  Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial, festival, or church music. Greek and foreign historians agree that the ecclesiastical tones and in general the whole system of Byzantine music is closely related to the ancient Greek system...
  
  
• Musokios
  Musokios
  Musokios or Mužok was a 6th-century Slavic monarch that ruled around 592, during Maurice's Balkan campaigns.Menander Protector writes about Musokios in his works.-Raid on Ardagast:...
  
  
• Mu'tah, Battle of
  Battle of Mu'tah
  The Battle of Mu'tah was fought in 629 , near the village of Mu'tah, east of the Jordan River and Karak in Karak Governorate, between an army sent by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and an army of the Byzantine Empire- The Eastern Romans.In Muslim histories, the battle is usually described as the...
  
  
• Al-Mu'tasim
  Al-Mu'tasim
  Abu Ishaq 'Abbas al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph . He succeeded his half-brother al-Ma'mun...
  
  
• Al-Mutawakkil
  Al-Mutawakkil
  Al-Mutawakkil ʻAlā Allāh Jaʻfar ibn al-Muʻtasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned in Samarra from 847 until 861...
  
  
• Mylasa and Melanoudion
  Mylasa and Melanoudion
  The Theme of Mylasa and Melanoudion was a Byzantine province in southwestern Asia Minor in the 12th and 13th centuries....
  
  
• Myrelaion Monastery
  Bodrum Mosque
  Bodrum Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. The church was known under the Greek name of Myrelaion .-Location:...
  
  
• Myriokephalon, Battle of
  Battle of Myriokephalon
  The Battle of Myriokephalon, also known as the ', or in Turkish, was a battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia on September 17, 1176. The battle was a strategic reverse for the Byzantine forces, who were ambushed when moving through a mountain pass...
  
  
• Mystikos
  Mystikos
  The mystikos was an important Byzantine office of the imperial chancery from the 9th through to the 15th centuries. Its initial role is unclear; he was probably the emperor's private secretary. In time, the office also exercised judicial duties...
  
  
• Mystras
  Mystras
  Mystras is a fortified town and a former municipality in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Sparti, of which it is a municipal unit. Situated on Mt...
  
  

N

• Naissus
  Niš
  Niš is the largest city of southern Serbia and third-largest city in Serbia . According to the data from 2011, the city of Niš has a population of 177,972 inhabitants, while the city municipality has a population of 257,867. The city covers an area of about 597 km2, including the urban area,...
  
  
• Nakip Mosque
  Nakip Mosque
  The Molla Nakip Mosque is a mosque in Pazarkapi district of Trabzon, Turkey. It was built in the 10th or 11th century, during Byzantine times as a church, and received its present name and function after the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1461. The north entrance was built by Turks. In 1975 a...
  
  
• Naples
  Naples
  Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples...
  
  
• Naples, Duchy of
  Duchy of Naples
  The Duchy of Naples began as a Byzantine province that was constituted in the seventh century, in the reduced coastal lands that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in the sixth century...
  
  
• Narjot de Toucy (died 1241)
  Narjot de Toucy (died 1241)
  Narjot de Toucy , lord of Bazarnes, was the son of Narjot II of Toucy and of his wife Agnes de Dampierre.Alongside his father-in-law Theodore Branas and Geoffroy de Merry, Narjot de Toucy formed part of the council that briefly governed Constantinople from 17 December 1219 Narjot de Toucy (died...
  
  
• Narses
  Narses
  Narses was, with Belisarius, one of the great generals in the service of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I during the "Reconquest" that took place during Justinian's reign....
  
  
• Narses (general under Maurice)
  Narses (general under Maurice)
  Narses was a Byzantine general of Armenian ancestry active during the reigns of the emperors Maurice and Phocas in the late sixth and early seventh centuries. He commanded the army in Mesopotamia under Maurice; when Phocas overthrew Maurice and seized the throne, Narses refused to recognize the...
  
  
• Nasar
  Nasar
  Nasar , originally baptized Basil , was a distinguished Byzantine military leader in the Byzantine–Arab conflicts of the latter half of the 9th century....
  
  
• Nativity, Church of the
  Church of the Nativity
  The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is one of the oldest continuously operating churches in the world. The structure is built over the cave that tradition marks as the birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth, and thus it is considered sacred by Christians...
  
  
• Naum of Ohrid
  Saint Naum
  Saint Naum , also known as Naum of Ohrid or Naum of Preslav was a medieval Bulgarian scholar and missionary among the Slavs. He is venerated as a saint in the Orthodox Church.Information about his early life is scarce...
  
  
• Nauplion
  Nafplion
  Nafplio is a seaport town in the Peloponnese in Greece that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf. The town was the first capital of modern Greece, from the start of the Greek Revolution in 1821 until 1834. Nafplio is now the capital of the peripheral unit of...
  
  
• Navarrese Company
  Navarrese Company
  The Navarrese Company was a company of mercenaries, mostly from Navarre and Gascony, which fought in Greece during the late 14th century and early 15th century, in the twilight of Frankish power in the dwindling remnant of the Latin Empire...
  
  
• Navy, Byzantine
  Byzantine navy
  The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Like the empire it served, it was a direct continuation from its imperial Roman predecessor, but played a far greater role in the defense and survival of the state then its earlier iterations...
  
  
• Naxos (island)
  Naxos (island)
  Naxos is a Greek island, the largest island in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture....
  
  
• Naxos, Duchy of
  Duchy of the Archipelago
  The Duchy of the Archipelago or also Duchy of Naxos or Duchy of the Aegean was a maritime state created by Venetian interests in the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, centered on the islands of Naxos and Paros.-Background and establishment of the...
  
  
• Nea Ekklesia
  Nea Ekklesia
  The Nea Ekklēsia was a church built by Byzantine Emperor Basil I the Macedonian in Constantinople between the years 876–80. It was the first monumental church built in the Byzantine capital after the Hagia Sophia in the 6th century, and marks the beginning of middle period of Byzantine...
  
  
• Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos
  Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos
  The Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos was a Byzantine church erected by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in Jerusalem. The church was completed in 543 and destroyed by an earthquake in 746...
  
  
• Nea Moni of Chios
  Nea Moni of Chios
  Nea Moni is an 11th century monastery on the island of Chios that has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located on the Provateio Oros Mt. in the island's interior, about 15 km from Chios town...
  
  
• Near Eastern archaeology
  Near Eastern archaeology
  Near Eastern Archaeology is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of Archaeology...
  
  
• Neboulos
  Neboulos
  Neboulos was a South Slavic or Bulgar military commander in the service of the Byzantine emperor Justinian II , who defected with many of his men to the Arabs during the crucial Battle of Sebastopolis....
  
  
• Nectarius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Archbishop Nectarius of Constantinople
  Nectarius was the archbishop of Constantinople from AD 381 until his death, the successor to Saint Gregory Nazianzus.-Background:When Gregory resigned, Nectarius was praetor of Constantinople...
  
  
• Negroponte, Lordship of
  Lordship of Negroponte
  The Lordship of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of...
  
  
• Nemanjić, House of
  House of Nemanjic
  The Nemanjić was the most important dynasty of Serbia in the Middle Ages, and one of the most important in Southeastern Europe. The royal house produced eleven Serbian monarchs between 1166 and 1371. It's progenitor was Stephen Nemanja, who descended from a cadet line of the Vukanović dynasty...
  
  
• Neocaesarea
  Niksar
  Niksar is a city in Tokat Province, Turkey. It has been settled by many empires over the centuries, and it was once the capital city of the province.At 350 m...
  
  
• Neokastra
  Neokastra
  Neokastra was a Byzantine province of the 12th–13th centuries in north-western Asia Minor .Its origin and extent are obscure. According to Niketas Choniates, the theme was founded by Manuel I Komnenos between 1162 and 1173. Manuel I scoured the region around three cities—Chliara Neokastra was a...
  
  
• Neopatras
  Ypati
  Ypati is a village and a former municipality in Phthiotis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lamia, of which it is a municipal unit. Its 2002 population was 6,855 for the municipality...
  
  
• Neopatras, Battle of
  Battle of Neopatras
  The Battle of Neopatras was fought in the early 1270s between a Byzantine army besieging the city of Neopatras and the forces of John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly. The battle was a rout for the Byzantine army, which was caught by surprise and defeated by a much smaller but more disciplined...
  
  
• Neopatria, Duchy of
  Duchy of Neopatria
  The Duchy of Neopatria or Neopatras was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade...
  
  
• Neophytus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Neoplatonism
  Neoplatonism
  Neoplatonism , is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists, with its earliest contributor believed to be Plotinus, and his teacher Ammonius Saccas...
  
  
• Neoterius
  Neoterius
  - Life :Probably born in Rome, he was notarius under Emperor Valentinian I when, in 365, he was sent to Africa to guarantee for the loyalty of that province during the usurpation of Procopius, who had rebelled against the Eastern Emperor Valens....
  
  
• Nephon I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Nephon I of Constantinople
  Nephon I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1310 to 1314. From Veria, Greece, he was a lover of luxury and ill-suited for the position. During his time as patriarch the Arsenite schism was healed within the Byzantine Church. Nephon abdicated the throne after four years....
  
  
• Nestorianism
  Nestorianism
  Nestorianism is a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431. The doctrine, which was informed by Nestorius's studies under Theodore of Mopsuestia at the School of Antioch, emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus...
  
  
• Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad
  Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad
  Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad is a late 15th - early 16th century Russian tale on the fall of Constantinople. It is extant in two redactions, both of which are thought to be derived from a single original now lost...
  
  
• Nestorius
  Nestorius
  Nestorius was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to 22 June 431.Drawing on his studies at the School of Antioch, his teachings, which included a rejection of the long-used title of Theotokos for the Virgin Mary, brought him into conflict with other prominent churchmen of the time,...
  
  
• New Rome
  New Rome
  The term "New Rome" has been used in the following contexts:* "Nova Roma" is traditionally reported to be the Latin name given by emperor Constantine the Great to the new imperial capital he founded in 324 at the city on the European coast of the Bosporus strait, known as Byzantium until then and...
  
  
• Nicaea
  Iznik
  İznik is a city in Turkey which is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea, the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Church, the Nicene Creed, and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea...
  
  
• Nicaea, First Council of
  First Council of Nicaea
  The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea in Bithynia by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325...
  
  
• Nicaea, Second Council of
  Second Council of Nicaea
  The Second Council of Nicaea is regarded as the Seventh Ecumenical Council by Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic Churches and various other Western Christian groups...
  
  
• Nicaea, Empire of
  Empire of Nicaea
  The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the three Byzantine Greek successor states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade...
  
  
• Nicaea (727), Siege of
  Siege of Nicaea (727)
  The Siege of Nicaea of 727 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Umayyads to capture the Byzantine city of Nicaea, the capital of the Opsician Theme. After forty days of siege, the Arab army abandoned the attempt and returned to the Caliphate...
  
  
• Nicaea (1097), Siege of
  Siege of Nicaea
  The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097, during the First Crusade.-Background:Nicaea , located on the eastern shore of Lake İznik, had been captured from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Turks in 1081, and formed the capital of the Sultanate of Rüm...
  
  
• Nicaea (1113), Siege of
  Siege of Nicaea (1113)
  The Siege of Nicaea of 1113 occurred in the course of the Byzantine-Seljuk wars.Following the success of the First Crusade and the failure of the Crusade of 1101, the Turks resumed their offensive operations against the Byzantines. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, suffering from old age was unable to...
  
  
• Nicaea (1331), Siege of
  Siege of Nicaea (1331)
  The Siege of Nicaea by the forces of Osman I from 1328 to 1331, resulted to the conquest of a key Byzantine Greek city by the Ottoman Turks. It played an important role to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.-Background:...
  
  
• Nicaean–Latin Armistice of 1260
  Nicaean–Latin Armistice of 1260
  The Nicaean–Latin Armistice of 1260 was an armistice signed in August of 1260 between the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and the Latin emperor Baldwin II. Following the short lived Siege of Constantinople between January and April of 1260, both parties signed the armistice, agreeing to...
  
  
• Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219
  Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219
  The Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219 was a trade and non-aggression defense pact signed between the Nicaean Empire and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull issued by Emperor Theodore I Lascaris...
  
  
• Nicephorus I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Nicephorus II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)
  Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)
  Nicetas was the cousin of Emperor Heraclius, helping him the wars against Phocas and the Persians in the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628. He helped Heraclius revolt against Phocas by conquering Egypt in 610. At Egypt, Nicetas established a power base because of his friendship with Patriarch John...
  
  
• Nicetas I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Nicetas I of Constantinople
  Nicetas I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 766 to 780. He was of Slavic ancestry.- References :...
  
  
• Nicetas II Mountanes, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Nicetas the Paphlagonian
• Nicholas I Mystikos, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Nicholas Mystikos
  Nicholas I Mystikos or Nicholas I Mysticus was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from March 901 to February 906 and from May 912 to his death in 925. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is May 16.Nicholas was born in the Italian Peninsula and had become a friend of the Patriarch Photios...
  
  
• Nicholas II Chrysoberges, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople
  Nicholas II Chrysoberges was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 984 to 996.In 980, during the reign of Emperor Basil II, when Nicholas Chrysoberges was Ecumenical Patriarch, the Archangel Gabriel was believed to have appeared in the guise of a monk to the disciple of a certain monk at the...
  
  
• Nicholas II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Nicholas II
  Pope Nicholas II , born Gérard de Bourgogne, Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election the Bishop of Florence.-Antipope Benedict X:...
  
  
• Nicholas III Grammatikos, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople
  Nicholas III Grammatikos or Grammaticus was an Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople .Educated in Constantinople, Nicholas spent much of his early years in Pisidian Antioch, where it is believed he took his monastic vows. He eventually left the city around 1068 when it was threatened by...
  
  
• Nicholas IV Mouzalon, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople
  Nicholas IV Mouzalon was the Patriarch of Constantinople from December 1147 to March/April 1151.Nicholas was born in ca. 1070, and probably began his career teaching the gospels. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos appointed him as archbishop of Cyprus, but Nicholas abdicated the see in ca. 1110...
  
  
• Nicholas Adontz
  Nicholas Adontz
  Nicholas Adontz was a prominent Armenian historian, specialist of Byzantine and Armenian studies, and philologist. Adontz was the author of the Armenia in the Period of Justinian, a highly influential work and landmark study on the social and political structures of early Medieval Armenia.-Early...
  
  
• Nicholas Kallikles
  Nicholas Kallikles
  Nicholas Kallikles was a prominent physician and a leading court poet active in the Byzantine court in Constantinople during the reigns of Alexios I Komnenos and John II Komnenos .-Life:Very little is known about Kallikles' life...
  
  
• Nicholas of Myra
  Saint Nicholas
  Saint Nicholas , also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a historic 4th-century saint and Greek Bishop of Myra . Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker...
  
  
• Nicholas of Stoudios
• Saint Nicholas Orphanos, Church of
  Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos
  The Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos is an early 14th-century Byzantine church in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki.-Location:The church is located in the northeastern corner of the old city, just inside the eastern wall, between the Irodotou and Apostolou Pavlou streets.-History and...
  
  
• Nicholas Orsini
  Nicholas Orsini
  Nicholas Orsini was count palatine of Cephalonia from 1317 to 1323 and ruler of Epirus from 1318 to 1323....
  
  
• Nicomedia
  Nicomedia
  Nicomedia was an ancient city in what is now Turkey, founded in 712/11 BC as a Megarian colony and was originally known as Astacus . After being destroyed by Lysimachus, it was rebuilt by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under the name of Nicomedia, and has ever since been one of the most...
  
  
• Nicomedia, Siege of
  Siege of Nicomedia
  -Introduction:From 1299, the newly founded Turkic state of the Ottomans had been slowly but surely capturing territory from the Byzantine Greeks. The loss of Nicaea was the beginning of a series of Ottoman expansion that lead to final dissolution of the Byzantine empire and its scattered Greek...
  
  
• Nicopolis
  Nicopolis
  Nicopolis — or Actia Nicopolis — was an ancient city of Epirus, founded 31 BC by Octavian in memory of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium the previous year. It was later the capital of Epirus Vetus...
  
  
• Nicopolis (Pontus)
• Nicopolis (theme)
  Nicopolis (theme)
  The Theme of Nicopolis or Nikopolis was the name of a Byzantine theme located in western Greece, encompassing Aetolia-Acarnania and southern Epirus...
  
  
• Nicopolis ad Istrum
  Nicopolis ad Istrum
  Nicopolis ad Istrum was a Roman and Early Byzantine town founded by Emperor Trajan around 101–106, at the junction of the Iatrus and the Rositsa rivers, in memory of his victory over the Dacians. Its ruins are located at the village of Nikyup, 20 km north of Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria...
  
  
• Nicopolis ad Nestum
  Nicopolis ad Nestum
  Nicopolis ad Nestum or Nicopolis ad Mestum is a ruined Roman town of the province of Thracia near to the modern village of Garmen on the left bank of the Mesta river, in Bulgaria...
  
  
• Nika riots
  Nika riots
  The Nika riots , or Nika revolt, took place over the course of a week in Constantinople in AD 532. It was the most violent riot that Constantinople had ever seen to that point, with nearly half the city being burned or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed.-Background:The ancient Roman...
  
  
• Nikephoritzes
  Nikephoritzes
  Nikephoritzes was an influential Byzantine eunuch official, who served as chief minister and virtual ruler of the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Michael VII Doukas . His actual name was Nikephoros; he received the nickname "Nikephoritzes" as a result of his relative youth when he...
  
  
• Nikephoros I
  Nikephoros I
  Nikephoros I or Nicephorus I, Logothetes or Genikos was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811, when he was killed in the Battle of Pliska....
  
  
• Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
  Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
  Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, Latinized as Nicephorus I Comnenus Ducas , was ruler of Epirus from 1267/8 to c. 1297.-Life:Nikephoros was the eldest son of Michael II Komnenos Doukas and Theodora Petraliphaina...
  
  
• Nikephoros II Orsini
  Nikephoros II Orsini
  Nikephoros II Orsini - Doukas , was the ruler of Epirus from 1335 to 1338 and from 1356 until his death in 1359.-Life:...
  
  
• Nikephoros II Phokas
• Nikephoros III Botaneiates
• Nikephoros (Caesar)
  Nikephoros (Caesar)
  Nikephoros , also Latinized as Nicephorus or Nicephoros, was the second son of the Byzantine emperor Constantine V and Caesar of the Byzantine Empire. He was engaged in a plot against his half-brother, Leo IV Nikephoros , also Latinized as Nicephorus or Nicephoros, was the second son of the...
  
  
• Nikephoros Basilakes
• Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)
  Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)
  Nikephoros Bryennios , Latinized as Nicephorus Bryennius, was an important Byzantine general who was involved in rebellions against the empress Theodora and later the emperor Michael VI Stratiotikos.- Career :...
  
  
• Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder
• Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger
• Nikephoros Choumnos
  Nikephoros Choumnos
  Nikephoros Choumnos was a Byzantine scholar and official of the early Palaiologan period, one of the most important figures in the flowering of arts and letters of the so-called "Palaiologan Renaissance"...
  
  
• Nikephoros Diogenes
  Nikephoros Diogenes
  Nikephoros Diogenes , latinized as Nicephorus Diogenes, was the son of Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes and Eudokia Makrembolitissa. Crowned co-emperor during his father's reign, he later served as a general during the reign of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, scoring successes in the Byzantine...
  
  
• Nikephoros Gregoras
  Nicephorus Gregoras
  Nikephoros Gregoras, latinized as Nicephorus Gregoras , Byzantine astronomer, historian, man of learning and religious controversialist, was born at Heraclea Pontica....
  
  
• Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
• Nikephoros Katakalon
  Nikephoros Katakalon
  Nikephoros Euphorbenos Katakalon was a Byzantine aristocrat and son-in-law of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos .He was the son of the distinguished general Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon, one of Alexios' most trusted officials...
  
  
• Nikephoros Lykaon
  Nikephoros Lykaon
  Nikephoros Lykaon or Lalakon was a Byzantine protospatharios and strategos of Naissus in ca. 1050. He is known only through his seal.-References:...
  
  
• Nikephoros Melissenos
  Nikephoros Melissenos
  Nikephoros Melissenos , latinized as Nicephorus Melissenus, was a Byzantine general and aristocrat. Of distinguished lineage, he served as a governor and general in the Balkans and Asia Minor in the 1060s. In the turbulent period after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, several generals tried to...
  
  
• Nikephoros Ouranos
  Nikephoros Ouranos
  Nikephoros Ouranos was a high-ranking Byzantine official and general during the reign of Emperor Basil II. One of the emperor's closest associates, he was active in Europe in the wars against the Bulgarians, scoring a major victory at Spercheios, and against the Arabs in Syria, where he held...
  
  
• Nikephoros Palaiologos
  Nikephoros Palaiologos
  Nikephoros Palaiologos was a Byzantine general of the 11th century.Nikephoros is the first known member of the Palaiologos family, which would eventually rule the Byzantine Empire . He had two sons, George and Nicholas. George Palaiologos too became a general and was one of the chief supporters...
  
  
• Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
  Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
  Nikephoros Phokas the Elder was one of the great generals in the service of the Eastern Roman Emperor Basil I.Descended from the Phokas family, one of the large land-holding families of Anatolia, Nikephoros Phokas rose to the positions of patrikios and domestikos ton scholon. He succeeded in...
  
  
• Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes
  Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes
  - Life :Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes was a scion of the Tarchaneiotes family, who were prominent members of the Byzantine military aristocracy since the late 10th century. Nikephoros first appears in the reign of John III Vatatzes, who named him his epi tes trapezes and in 1237 gave him command of the...
  
  
• Nikephoros Xiphias
• Niketas (son of Artabasdos)
  Niketas (son of Artabasdos)
  Niketas was the eldest son of the Byzantine general and usurper Artabasdos . He served as a general during his father's usurpation against Constantine V .He was the eldest son of Artabasdos...
  
  
• Niketas Choniates
• Niketas Ooryphas
• Niketas Scholares
  Niketas Scholares
  Niketas Scholares , was a Byzantine Greek aristocrat and military leader in the Empire of Trebizond.- Life :Nicetas was a leader of the Scholarioi faction in Trebizond. In 1341 Nicetas and his co-leader, Gregory, sent for Michael Megas Komnenos, who resided in the Byzantine capital Constantinople,...
  
  
• Nikiou, Battle of
  Battle of Nikiou
  The Battle of Nikiou was a battle between Arab Muslim troops under Amr ibn al-A'as and the Byzantine Empire in Egypt in the spring of 646.Following their victory at the Battle of Heliopolis in July 640, and the subsequent capitulation of Alexandria in November 641, Arab troops had taken over what...
  
  
• Nikolaos Kanabos
• Nikolaos Oikonomides
  Nikolaos Oikonomides
  Nikolaos or Nikos Oikonomides was a Greek-Canadian Byzantinist, and one of the leading experts in the field of Byzantine administration.- Biography :Oikonomides was born in Athens....
  
  
• Nikon the Metanoeite, Saint
• Nilus Kerameus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Nilus of Constantinople
  Nilus, surnamed Kerameus, was Patriarch of Constantinople between 1380 and 1388.He was an intellectual and struggled for the faithful maintenance of the ecclesiastical rules. He mediated between John V and his son Andronikos IV Palaiologos....
  
  
• Nilus of Rossano
• Nineveh (627), Battle of
  Battle of Nineveh (627)
  The Battle of Nineveh was the climactic battle of the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628. The Byzantine victory broke the power of the Sassanid dynasty and for a period of time restored the empire to its ancient boundaries in the Middle East...
  
  
• Nipsistiarios
  Nipsistiarios
  The nipsistiarios was a Byzantine court position and rank reserved for eunuchs.The office is first attested in a 7th-century seal, but was abandoned well before the 14th century, since it is not mentioned in the Book of Offices of pseudo-Kodinos...
  
  
• Nisibis
• Nobilissimus
  Nobilissimus
  Nobilissimus , in Byzantine Greek nōbelissimos was one of the highest imperial titles in the late Roman and Byzantine empires...
  
  
• Nomisma
  Nomisma
  Nomisma was the ancient Greek word for "money" and is derived from nomos "anything assigned, a usage, custom, law, ordinance"....
  
  
• Nonnosus (historian)
  Nonnosus (historian)
  Nonnosus was a Byzantine ambassador under Justinian I. He led a mission to the Red Sea area, visiting Axum, Himyar, and the Arabs.Upon his return he wrote a history of his embassy, which has survived only in a condensed version form attributed to Photios I of Constantinople...
  
  
• Normans
  Normans
  The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock...
  
  
• Normans, Byzantine wars with the
• North Africa during Antiquity
• Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu
  Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu
  Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu is a religious building in the territory of Siligo, Sardinia, Italy. Located in the archaeological complex with the same name, it was built during the Byzantine domination of the island, over a pre-existing Roman structure.The Byzantines re-used walls of the Roman...
  
  
• Notarios
• Notitia Dignitatum
  Notitia Dignitatum
  The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries. One of the very few surviving documents of Roman government, it details the administrative organisation of the eastern and western empires, listing several thousand offices from the imperial court down to the provincial...
  
  
• Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae
  Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae
  The Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae is an ancient "regionary", i.e., a list of monuments, public buildings and civil officials in Constantinople during the mid-5th century , during the reign of the emperor Theodosius II...
  
  
• Novae
  Novae
  Archaeological site situated on the Danube in northern Bulgaria, about 4 kilometres east of the modern town Svishtov. A legionary base and late Roman town in the Roman province Moesia Inferior, later Moesia II.-Localisation and topography:...
  
  
• Novel, Byzantine
  Byzantine novel
  The Byzantine novel represents a revival of the ancient Greek romance of Roman times. Works in this category were written by Byzantine Greeks of the Eastern Roman Empire during the 12th century.-History:...
  
  
• Novellae Constitutiones
  Novellae Constitutiones
  The Novellae Constitutiones , or Justinian's Novels, are one of the four major units of Roman law created by Roman Emperor Justinian I in the course of his long reign . The other three pieces are: the Code, the Digest, and the Institutes. Together, the four parts are known as the Corpus Juris...
  
  
• Noviodunum
  Noviodunum
  Noviodunum is a name of Celtic origin, meaning "new fort": It comes from nowyo, Celtic for "new", and dun, the Celtic for "hillfort" or "fortified settlement", cognate of English town.Several places were named Noviodunum...
  
  
• Al-Nu'man VI ibn al-Mundhir
  Al-Nu'man VI ibn al-Mundhir
  Al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir, known in Greek sources as Naamanes was a king of the Ghassanids, a Christian Arab tribe allied to the Byzantine Empire. The eldest son of Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith, he rose in revolt with his tribe after his father was treacherously arrested by the Byzantines in 581...
  
  
• Nymphaeum (1214), Treaty of
  Treaty of Nymphaeum (1214)
  The Treaty of Nymphaeum was a peace treaty signed in December of 1214 between the Nicaean Empire, successor state of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Empire, which was established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade of 1204.-Background:...
  
  
• Nymphaeum (1261), Treaty of
  Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261)
  The Treaty of Nymphaeum was a trade and defense pact signed between the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Genoa in Nymphaion in March of 1261...
  
  
• Nymphaion (Ionia)
  Kemalpasa
  Kemalpaşa is a large town and the center of the district of the same name in İzmir Province, Turkey. Its district area extends immediately to the east of İzmir's eastern-most metropolitan district, Bornova, and Kemalpaşa town being at a distance of only from the historical and traditional center...
  
  
• Nyssa (Cappadocia)
  Nyssa (Cappadocia)
  Nyssa was a Roman/late-Roman town of Cappadocia. It is located near to the modern town of Harmandalı, Ortaköy district, Aksaray province, in south-central Turkey....
  
  

O

• Obelisk of Theodosius
  Obelisk of Theodosius
  The Obelisk of Theodosius is the Ancient Egyptian obelisk of Pharaoh Tutmoses III re-erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in the 4th century AD.-History:The obelisk was first set up by Tutmoses III to the south of the seventh pylon...
  
  
• Odalar Mosque
  Odalar Mosque
  The Odalar Mosque was an Ottoman mosque in Istanbul. The building was originally a Byzantine-era Eastern Orthodox church of unknown dedication. In 1475, after the Fall of Constantinople , it became a Roman Catholic church, dedicated to Saint Mary of Constantinople, until finally it was converted...
  
  
• Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
• Odoacer
  Odoacer
  Flavius Odoacer , also known as Flavius Odovacer, was the first King of Italy. His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Though the real power in Italy was in his hands, he represented himself as the client of Julius Nepos and, after Nepos' death in 480, of the...
  
  
• Ohrid
  Ohrid
  Ohrid is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid in the Republic of Macedonia. It has about 42,000 inhabitants, making it the seventh largest city in the country. The city is the seat of Ohrid Municipality. Ohrid is notable for having once had 365 churches, one for each day of the year and has...
  
  
• Olga of Kiev
  Olga of Kiev
  Saint Olga , or Olga the Beauty, hypothetically Old Norse: Helga In some Scandinavian sources she was called other name. born c. 890 died 11 July 969, Kiev) was a ruler of Kievan Rus' as regent Saint Olga , or Olga the Beauty, hypothetically Old Norse: Helga In some Scandinavian sources she was...
  
  
• Olybrius (consul 491)
• Olympiodorus the Younger
  Olympiodorus the Younger
  Olympiodorus the Younger was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astrologer and teacher who lived in the early years of the Byzantine Empire, after Justinian's Decree of 529 A.D. which closed Plato's Academy in Athens and other pagan schools...
  
  
• Olympius (exarch)
  Olympius (exarch)
  Olympius was an Exarch of Ravenna . Prior to his term as exarch, Olympius was an imperial chamberlain at Constantinople.In 649, according to the Liber Pontificalis, the Byzantine Emperor Constans II ordered Olympius to arrest Pope Martin I on the grounds that the pope's election had not been...
  
  
• Omurtag of Bulgaria
  Omurtag of Bulgaria
  Omurtag was a Great Khan of Bulgaria from 814 to 831. He is known as "the Builder".In the very beginning of his reign he signed a 30-year peace treaty with the neighboring Eastern Roman Empire which remained in force to the end of his life...
  
  
• Onoulphus
  Onoulphus
  Onoulphus, also Onoulf, Unulf and Hunulf was a Roman general of Scirian origin, magister militum per Illyricum from 477 to 479.- Biography :...
  
  
• Opsikion
  Opsikion
  The Opsician Theme or simply Opsikion was a Byzantine theme located in northwestern Asia Minor . Created from the imperial retinue army, the Opsikion was the largest and most prestigious of the early themes, being located closest to Constantinople...
  
  
• Opsites of Lazica
  Opsites of Lazica
  Opsites is the name twice mentioned by the Roman historian Procopius in De Bellis, while recounting the events related to the Lazic War fought between the Eastern Roman and Sassanid Persian empires over the Caucasian state of Lazica....
  
  
• Optimatoi
  Optimatoi
  The Optimatoi were initially formed as an elite Byzantine military unit. In the mid-8th century, however, they were downgraded to a supply and logistics corps and assigned a province in north-western Asia Minor, which was named after them...
  
  
• Orhan I
  Orhan I
  Orhan I or Orhan Bey was the second bey of the nascent Ottoman Empire from 1326 to 1359...
  
  
• Orestes (prefect)
  Orestes (prefect)
  Orestes was the Praefectus augustalis of the Diocese of Egypt, that is, the Roman governor of the province of Egypt, in 415...
  
  
• Origen
  Origen
  Origen , or Origen Adamantius, 184/5–253/4, was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the pre-existence of souls...
  
  
• Orion of Thebes
  Orion of Thebes
  Orion of Thebes was a 5th century grammarian of Thebes , the teacher of Proclus the neo-Platonist, and of Eudocia, the wife of Emperor Theodosius II. He taught at Alexandria, Caesarea in Cappadocia and Byzantium. He was the author of a partly extant etymological Lexicon Orion of Thebes (died ca....
  
  
• Orphanotrophos
• Orsini family
  Orsini family
  Orsini: the origin of learning.We love Mrs. Orsini forever! ~8F Social Studies 2011The Orsini family is an Italian noble family; it was one of the most influential princely families in medieval Italy and renaissance Rome...
  
  
• Orso Ipato
  Orso Ipato
  Orso Ipato was the third traditional Doge of Venice and the first historically known. Sometime in the early 8th century, he was elected to lead the Venetians and granted the title of dux or duke, which has morphed in the Venetian dialect into doge.Orso himself came from Heraclea...
  
  
• Oshin of Lampron
  Oshin of Lampron
  Oshin of Lampron was an Armenian nakharar, formerly lord of a fortress near modern day Ganja, who migrated in the early 1070s to Cilicia and founded the House of Lampron that ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in the 12th century....
  
  
• Osman I
  Osman I
  Osman I or Othman I or El-Gazi Sultan Osman Ghazi, or Osman Bey or I. Osman, Osman Gazi Han), nicknamed "Kara" for his courage, was the leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire...
  
  
• Osroene
  Osroene
  Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa , was a historic Syriac kingdom located in Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.It was a Syriac-speaking kingdom.Osroene, or...
  
  
• Ostiarios
  Ostiarios
  Ostiarios was a Byzantine court dignity reserved for eunuch palace officials.The Patria of Constantinople mention an ostiarios Antiochos in the 6th century at the time of Justinian I, and a 7th-century seal records an ostiarios and koubikoularios...
  
  
• Ostrogothic Kingdom
  Ostrogothic Kingdom
  The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. In Italy the Ostrogoths replaced Odoacer, the de facto ruler of Italy who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The Gothic kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of its...
  
  
• Ostrogoths
• Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto I the Great , son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan...
  
  
• Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto II , called the Red, was the third ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.-Early years and co-ruler with Otto I:...
  
  
• Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto III , a King of Germany, was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected King in 983 on the death of his father Otto II and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 996.-Early reign:...
  
  
• Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
  Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
  Otto, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg was the fourth and last husband of Joan I of Naples. He also held the title of Prince of Taranto nicknamed as Otto the Tarantine.-Biography:...
  
  
• Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
  
  
• Ottoman Empire, Byzantine wars with the
• Ottoman Empire, Rise of the
  Rise of the Ottoman Empire
  The Foundation and Rise of the Ottoman Empire refers to the period which started with the weakening of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the very early 14th century and ended with the Byzantine Empire decline and the Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453.The rise of the Ottomans correlates with the...
  
  
• Ottoman Interregnum
  Ottoman Interregnum
  The Ottoman Interregnum began in 20 July 1402, when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I by the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur...
  
  
• Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
  Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
  The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium is a three volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. It contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to the Byzantine Empire. It was edited by the late Dr. Alexander Kazhdan, and was first published in 1991...
  
  

P

• Palace of the Porphyrogenitus
  Palace of the Porphyrogenitus
  The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus , known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı , is a 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople...
  
  
• Palaiologos
  Palaiologos
  Palaiologos , often latinized as Palaeologus, was a Byzantine Greek noble family, which produced the last ruling dynasty of the Byzantine Empire. After the Fourth Crusade, members of the family fled to the neighboring Empire of Nicaea, where Michael VIII Palaiologos became co-emperor in 1259,...
  
  
• Palamism
  Palamism
  Palamism or the Palamite theology is the theological synthesis of Gregory Palamas who, in order to maintain that humans can become like God through deification without compromising God's transcendence, distinguished between God's inaccessible essence and the energies through which he becomes known...
  
  
• Palermo
  Palermo
  Palermo is a city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old...
  
  
• Palestine
  Palestine
  Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
  
  
• Pammakaristos Church
  Pammakaristos Church
  Pammakaristos Church, also known as the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos , in 1591 converted into a mosque and known as Fethiye Mosque and today partly a museum, is one of the most famous Byzantine churches in Istanbul, Turkey...
  
  
• Pamphylia
  Pamphylia
  In ancient geography, Pamphylia was the region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus . It was bounded on the north by Pisidia and was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 75 miles with a breadth of...
  
  
• Pamprepius
  Pamprepius
  Pamprepius was a philosopher and a Pagan poet who rebelled against the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno....
  
  
• Panagia
  Panagia
  Panagia , also transliterated Panayia or Panaghia, is one of the titles of Mary, the mother of Jesus, used especially in Orthodox Christianity....
  
  
• Panagia Apsinthiotissa
  Panagia Apsinthiotissa
  Panagia Apsinthiotissa or Absinthiotissa is a Greek Orthodox monastery located at the southern foot of the Pentadaktylos range in the Republic of Cyprus. As a result of Cyprus dispute and the invasion of the Turkish army in 1974, the site presently falls within the de-facto Turkish Republic of...
  
  
• Panagia Chalkeon, Church of
• Panagia Kapnikarea, Church of
  Church of Panaghia Kapnikarea
  The Church of Panaghia Kapnikarea or just Kapnikarea is a Greek Orthodox church one of the oldest churches in Athens.- History :It is estimated that the church was built some time in the 11th century, perhaps around 1050...
  
  
• Panagia Mavriotissa, Monastery of
• Pankalia, Battle of
  Battle of Pankalia
  The Battle of Pankalia was fought between the army loyal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II and the forces of the rebel general Bardas Skleros. It took place to the west of Caesarea, in the thema of Charsianon on March 24, 979...
  
  
• Pannonia
  Pannonia
  Pannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....
  
  
• Pantokrator Monastery
  Zeyrek Mosque
  - External links :*...
  
  
• Pantokratoros monastery
  Pantokratoros monastery
  Pantokratoros monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. It stands on the north-eastern side of the Athos peninsula, and dedicated to the Transfiguration of Our Lord...
  
  
• Paolo Lucio Anafesto
  Paolo Lucio Anafesto
  Paoluccio or Paolo Lucio Anafesto was the reputed first doge of Venice. A noble of Eraclea, then the primary city of the region, he was elected in 697 as an official over the entire lagoon that surrounded Venice, both to put an end to the conflicts between the various tribunes who until then had...
  
  
• Paphlagonia
  Paphlagonia
  Paphlagonia was an ancient area on the Black Sea coast of north central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus...
  
  
• Paphlagonia (theme)
  Paphlagonia (theme)
  The Theme of Paphlagonia was a military-civilian province of the Byzantine Empire in the namesake region along the northern coast of Anatolia, in modern Turkey.-History:...
  
  
• Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'
  Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'
  The Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus is documented in the Life of St. George of Amastris. This hagiographic work describes the Rus' as "the people known to everyone for their barbarity, ferocity, and cruelty". According to the text, they attacked Propontis before turning east and raiding...
  
  
• Papias (Byzantine office)
  Papias (Byzantine office)
  The Papias was a eunuch official in the Byzantine court, responsible for the security and maintenance of the buildings of the imperial palace in Constantinople.- History and role :...
  
  
• Parabalani
• Paradynasteuon
  Paradynasteuon
  The paradynasteuōn was a term used, especially in the Byzantine Empire, to designate a ruler's favorite, often raised to the position of chief minister. Probably deriving from Thucydides, it was used in the later Roman Empire for people with great authority...
  
  
• Parakoimomenos
  Parakoimomenos
  The parakoimōmenos was a Byzantine court position, usually reserved for eunuchs. Many of its holders, especially in the 9th and 10th centuries, functioned as the Byzantine Empire's chief ministers.-History and functions:...
  
  
• Paramonai
  Paramonai
  The Paramonai were an obscure Byzantine guard regiment of the Palaiologan period.The name derives from the Greek verb παραμένω meaning "to stand near something". Unlike other major guard units in the Palaiologan army like the Varangian Guard, the regiment of the Paramonai was a native Byzantine...
  
  
• Paraphylax
• Saint Paraskevi, Monastery of (Vikos)
• Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai
  Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai
  Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai is an eighth- to ninth-century Byzantine text that concentrates on brief commentary connected to the topography of Constantinople and its monuments, notably its Classical Greek sculpture, for which it has been mined by art historians, in spite of its crabbed and...
  
  
• Parathalassites
  Parathalassites
  The parathalassitēs was a Byzantine judicial and administrative office which, as its name implies, exercised control over maritime traffic and the imports and tolls on goods conveyed thereby....
  
  
• Pardos
  Pardos
  Pardos was the catepan of Italy briefly in 1042 following the short term of George Maniakes.In July 1042, Maniakes was disgraced and recalled by Constantine IX Monomachos at the behest of Romanus Sclerus, brother of the emperor's mistress. According to Johannes Skylitzes, Romanus had even raped...
  
  
• Parecclesion
  Parecclesion
  Parecclesion or parakklesion is a type of side chapel found in Byzantine architecture.Examples of existing parecclesions:* Chora Church* Pammakaristos Church...
  
  
• Paregoretissa, Church of
  Church of the Paregoretissa
  The Church of the Paregoretissa is the 13th-century Byzantine metropolitan church of the Greek city of Arta. Part of the building houses the Archaeological Collection of Arta....
  
  
• Paristrion
• Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae
  Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae
  The Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae was a treaty signed after the sack of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, by the Fourth Crusade in 1204...
  
  
• Patmos
  Patmos
  Patmos is a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea. One of the northernmost islands of the Dodecanese complex, it has a population of 2,984 and an area of . The highest point is Profitis Ilias, 269 meters above sea level. The Municipality of Patmos, which includes the offshore islands of Arkoi ,...
  
  
• Patras
  Patras
  Patras , ) is Greece's third largest urban area and the regional capital of West Greece, located in northern Peloponnese, 215 kilometers west of Athens...
  
  
• Patria of Constantinople
  Patria of Constantinople
  The Patria of Constantinople , also known by the Latin name Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum , is a Byzantine collection of historical works on the history and monuments of the Byzantine imperial capital of Constantinople .Although in the past attributed to the 14th-century writer George...
  
  
• Patriarch of Constantinople
• Patricius (consul 500)
  Patricius (consul 500)
  Flavius Patricius was a prominent East Roman general and statesman during the reign of Byzantine emperor Anastasius I .- Origins and early career :...
  
  
• Patrikios
• Paul I, Bishop of Constantinople
  Paul I of Constantinople
  Paul I or Paulus I or Saint Paul the Confessor , sixth bishop of Constantinople, elected AD 336 or 340. His feast day is on June 7.-Biography:...
  
  
• Paul I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Paul I
  Pope Paul I was pope from May 29, 757 to June 28, 767. He first served as a Roman deacon and was frequently employed by his brother, Pope Stephen II, in negotiations with the Lombard kings....
  
  
• Paul II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople
  Paul II was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 641 to 653. He assumed regency for Byzantine emperor Constans II after a succession crisis in 641....
  
  
• Paul III, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Paul III of Constantinople
  Paul III was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 687 to 693.....
  
  
• Paul IV, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Paul IV of Constantinople
  Paul IV, known as Paul the New, was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 780 to 784. He had once opposed the veneration of icons but urged the calling of an ecumenical council to address the iconoclast controversy. He resigned and retired to a monastery due to old age and illness...
  
  
• Paul of Alexandria, Patriarch
  Patriarch Paul of Alexandria
  Patriarch Paul of Alexandria was Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 536 and 540.He was elected Patriarch in 536 when the Greek Church of Alexandria, which had previously recognized the Miaphysite Theodosius I, disbanded with this recognition and elected Paul in his place...
  
  
• Paul (father of Maurice)
  Paul (father of Maurice)
  Paul was the father of Maurice, Byzantine Emperor. He served as head of the Byzantine Senate.- Background :According to Evagrius Scholasticus, Maurice and his family could trace their lineage from "elder Rome". The future Emperor had been born in Arabissus, Cappadocia. The family's hometown was...
  
  
• Paul (exarch)
  Paul (exarch)
  Paul was the Exarch of Ravenna from 723 to 727. According to John Julius Norwich, the person traditionally recognized as the first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul...
  
  
• Paul Lemerle
  Paul Lemerle
  Paul Lemerle was a French Byzantinist.Lemerle taught at the École française d’Athènes , at the Faculté des Lettres of the University of Burgundy at Dijon , at the École Pratique des Hautes Études , at the Sorbonne and at the Collège de France...
  
  
• Paul of Aegina
  Paul of Aegina
  Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician best known for writing the medical encyclopedia Medical Compendium in Seven Books...
  
  
• Paul the Silentiary
  Paul the Silentiary
  Paul the Silentiary, also known as Paulus Silentiarius , was an epigrammatist and an officer in the imperial household of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, responsible for the silence in the imperial palace....
  
  
• Paulicianism
  Paulicianism
  Paulicians were a Christian Adoptionist sect and militarized revolt movement, also accused by medieval sources as Gnostic and quasi Manichaean Christian. They flourished between 650 and 872 in Armenia and the Eastern Themes of the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Paulus (consul 496)
• Paulus (consul 512)
  Paulus (consul 512)
  - Biography :Paulus was the son of Vivianus, consul in 463, and brother of Adamantius, praefectus urbi of Constantinople.Paulus was first appointed patricius and later, in 512, consul...
  
  
• Pechenegs
• Pedro Bordo de San Superano
  Pedro Bordo de San Superano
  Pedro Bordo de San Superano was one of the captains of the Navarrese Company in the Morea from 1379 until he was made Prince of Achaea in 1396, a post he held to his death.After the remnants of the first Navarrese company moved from Durazzo to the Morea,...
  
  
• Pegae, Battle of
• Pelagianism
  Pelagianism
  Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius , although he denied, at least at some point in his life, many of the doctrines associated with his name. It is the belief that original sin did not taint human nature and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without...
  
  
• Pelagius I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Pelagius I
  Pope Pelagius I was Pope from 556 to March 4, 561. He was the second pope of the Byzantine Papacy, like his predecessor a former apocrisiarius to Constantinople.-Early life:He came from a Roman noble family...
  
  
• Pelagius II, Pope of Rome
  Pope Pelagius II
  Pope Pelagius II was Pope from 579 to 590.He was a native of Rome, but probably of Ostrogothic descent, as his father's name was Winigild.Pelagius appealed for help from Emperor Maurice against the Lombards, but the Byzantines were of little help, forcing Pelagius to "buy" a truce and turn to the...
  
  
• Pelagonia, Battle of
  Battle of Pelagonia
  The Battle of Pelagonia took place in September of 1259, between the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus, Sicily and the Principality of Achaea...
  
  
• Pelekanon, Battle of
  Battle of Pelekanon
  The Battle of Pelekanon also known by its Latinised form Battle of Pelecanum occurred on June 10-11, 1329 between an expeditionary force by the Byzantines led by Andronicus III and an Ottoman army led by Orhan I...
  
  
• Peloponnese
  Peloponnese
  The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus , is a large peninsula , located in a region of southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth...
  
  
• Peloponnese (theme)
  Peloponnese (theme)
  The Theme of the Peloponnese was a Byzantine military-civilian province encompassing the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece. It was established in circa 800, and its capital was Corinth.-History:...
  
  
• Pentapolis, Duchy of the
  Duchy of the Pentapolis
  In the Byzantine Empire, the Duchy of the Pentapolis was a duchy , a territory ruled by a duke appointed by and under the authority of the Praetorian Prefect of Italy and then the Exarch of Ravenna . The Pentapolis consisted of the cities of Ancona, Fano, Pesaro, Rimini and Sinigaglia...
  
  
• Pentarchy
  Pentarchy
  Pentarchy is a term in the history of Christianity for the idea of universal rule over all Christendom by the heads of five major episcopal sees, or patriarchates, of the Roman Empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem...
  
  
• Peranius
  Peranius
  Peranius was a Georgian prince from Iberia and a military commander in Roman service. According to Procopius, he was the eldest son of the Iberian king Gurgenes. Gurgenes can be identified with Vakhtang I Gorgasali of the Georgian sources; and Peranius might have been his brother rather than a son...
  
  
• Perctarit
  Perctarit
  Perctarit was king of the Lombards from 661 to 662 the first time and later from 671 to 688. He was the son and successor of Aripert I. He shared power with his brother Godepert. He was a Catholic, Godepert an Arian. He ruled from Milan, Godepert from Pavia...
  
  
• Pereyaslavets
  Pereyaslavets
  Pereyaslavets or Preslavets was a trade city located at the mouth of the Danube...
  
  
• Peritheorion, Battle of
• Perugia, Duchy of
  Duchy of Perugia
  The Duchy of Perugia was a duchy in the Italian part of the Byzantine Empire. Its civil and military administration was overseen by a duke appointed by and under the authority originally of the Praetorian Prefect of Italy and later of the Exarch of Ravenna . Its chief city and namesake was...
  
  
• Peter (usurper)
  Peter (usurper)
  Peter was a Roman usurper of the early sixth century, recorded in two minor sources: the Consularia Caesaraugustana and the Victoris Tunnunnensis Chronicon. He was a "tyrant" against the Visigothic rulers of Spain. When the Visigoths captured the city of Dertosa in 506, he was arrested and...
  
  
• Peter (curopalates)
  Peter (curopalates)
  Petrus |Cappadocia]] – 27 November 602 in Constantinople or Chalcedon) was a brother of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice, who reigned from 582 to 602.-Background:...
  
  
• Peter I of Bulgaria
  Peter I of Bulgaria
  Peter I was emperor of Bulgaria from 27 May 927 to 969.-Early reign:Peter I was the son of Simeon I of Bulgaria by his second marriage to Maria Sursuvul, the sister of George Sursuvul. Peter had been born early in the 10th century, but it appears that his maternal uncle was very influential at...
  
  
• Peter II of Courtenay
• Peter, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Peter IV, Patriarch of Alexandria
• Peter IV of Bulgaria
  Peter IV of Bulgaria
  Peter IV ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1185–1197. Together with his brother Asen he managed to restore the Bulgarian Empire after nearly 170 years of Byzantine domination.-Name:...
  
  
• Peter Barsymes
  Peter Barsymes
  Peter Barsymes was a senior Byzantine official, associated chiefly with public finances and administration, under Byzantine emperor Justinian I ....
  
  
• Peter Bua
  Peter Bua
  Peter Bua was an Albanian leader of late medieval Despotate of the Morea . He was the chief instigator of the Morea revolt of 1453–1454 and after its end he became the official representative of the Albanians of the Morea. For a period he also ruled the areas of the Morea that hadn't been...
  
  
• Peter Charanis
  Peter Charanis
  Peter Charanis was a Greece born American scholar of Byzantium and the Voorhees Professor of History at Rutgers University. Dr. Charanis was long associated with the Dumbarton Oaks research library.Dr. Charanis was born in Lemnos, Greece...
  
  
• Peter Delyan
  Peter Delyan
  Peter Delyan was the leader of the local Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine rule, started in the Theme of Bulgaria during summer of 1040. He was proclaimed Tsar of Bulgaria, as Samuel`s grandson in Belgrade...
  
  
• Peter Delyan, Uprising of
• Peter of Diokleia
  Peter of Diokleia
  Peter of Diokleia or Petar was an archon of Duklja in the 10th or 11th century. The only information on him is from a seal found in the 19th century, which is decorated on the observe with a bust of the Virgin Mary holding a medallion of Christ and flanked by two cruciform invocative monograms...
  
  
• Peter Phokas
  Peter Phokas
  Peter Phokas was a Byzantine eunuch general. Originally a slave of the powerful Cappadocian Phokas family, he was raised to high military office and the rank of patrikios by the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas ....
  
  
• Peter the Hermit
  Peter the Hermit
  Peter the Hermit was a priest of Amiens and a key figure during the First Crusade.-Before 1096:According to Anna Comnena, he had attempted to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem before 1096, but was prevented by the Seljuk Turks from reaching his goal and was tortured.Sources differ as to whether he...
  
  
• Peter the Patrician
  Peter the Patrician
  Peter the Patrician was a senior East Roman or Byzantine official, diplomat and historian. A well-educated and successful lawyer, he was repeatedly sent as envoy to Ostrogothic Italy in the prelude to the Gothic War of 535–554. Despite his diplomatic skill, he was not able to avert war, and was...
  
  
• Petraliphas
  Petraliphas
  The Petraliphas or Petraleiphas , feminine form Petraliphaina , were a Byzantine aristocratic family of Italian descent....
  
  
• Petroe, Battle of
• Petronas the Patrician
• Pharas the Herulian
  Pharas the Herulian
  Pharas the Herulian was a sixth century commander of Herulian forces loyal to Byzantium, who figures briefly in Procopius’ narrative of Justinian's wars....
  
  
• Pharsalus (1277), Battle of
  Battle of Pharsalus (1277)
  The Battle of Pharsalus was fought in late 1277 at the plain of Pharsalus in Thessaly between an invading Byzantine army led by the megas stratopedarches John Synadenos and megas konostaulos Michael Kaballarios, and the forces of John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly...
  
  
• Phasis
  Phasis (town)
  Phasis was an ancient and early medieval city on the eastern Black Sea coast, founded in the 7th/6th century BC as a colony of the Milesian Greeks at the mouth of the eponymous river in Colchis, near the modern-day port city of Poti, Georgia.-Etymology:...
  
  
• Phasis, Siege of
  Siege of Phasis
  The Siege of Phasis took place in 555–556 during the Lazic War between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia. The Persians besieged the town of Phasis in Lazica, held by the Byzantines, but failed to take it...
  
  
• Philadelphia
  Alasehir
  Alaşehir, in Antiquity and the Middle Ages known as Philadelphia , i.e. " brotherly love" is a town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is situated in the valley of the Kuzuçay , at the foot of the Bozdağ...
  
  
• Philadelphia, Fall of
• Philagathus of Cerami
  Philagathus of Cerami
  Philagathus of Cerami , also known as Theodore Cerameus, Theophanes Cerameus and Phillip of Cerami, was a monk and preacher of Greco-Sicilian or Greco-Calabrian descent; his surname may indicate that he was born in Cerami. Around ninety of his sermons in Greek survive.-External links:***...
  
  
• Philanthropenos
  Philanthropenos
  Philanthropenos , feminine form Philanthropene , was the name of a noble Byzantine Greek family which appeared in the mid-13th century and produced a number of high-ranking generals and officials until the end of the end of the Byzantine Empire. Their name derives from the monastery of Christ...
  
  
• Philaretos Brachamios
  Philaretos Brachamios
  Philaretos Brachamios was a distinguished Byzantine general and warlord of Armenian heritage, and for a time was a usurper against emperor Michael VII...
  
  
• Philip of Swabia
  Philip of Swabia
  Philip of Swabia was king of Germany and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV.-Biography:Philip was the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Frederick I and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy, daughter of Renaud III, count of Burgundy, and brother of the emperor Henry VI...
  
  
• Philip of Courtenay
  Philip of Courtenay
  Philip I of Courtenay was titular Emperor of Constantinople 1273–1283. He was the son of Baldwin II of Constantinople and Marie of Brienne....
  
  
• Philip I, Prince of Taranto
• Philip I of Piedmont
• Philip II, Prince of Taranto
• Philip Monotropos
  Philip Monotropos
  Phillipos Monotropos was a Byzantine monk and writer, notable for his authorship of the Dioptra , written towards the end of the eleventh century....
  
  
• Philippa of Armenia
  Philippa of Armenia
  Philippa of Armenia was a daughter of Ruben III of Armenia and Isabella of Toron. Her maternal grandparents were Humphrey III of Toron and Stephanie of Milly.-Princess of Armenia:...
  
  
• Philippicus (general)
  Philippicus (general)
  Philippicus or Philippikos was an East Roman general, comes excubitorum, and brother-in-law of Emperor Maurice. His successful career as a general spanned several decades, chiefly against the Persians.- Under Maurice :...
  
  
• Philippikos Bardanes
• Philippus, Flavius
  Flavius Philippus
  Flavius Philippus was a Roman Empire officer under Emperor Constantius II.- Biography :Son of a sausage-maker, Philippus rose in social levels becoming a notarius. In 346, he became Praetorian Prefect of the East under Emperor Constantius, allegedly because of the influence of the court eunuchs...
  
  
• Philotheou monastery
  Philotheou monastery
  Filotheou monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. It stands on the north-eastern side of the peninsula.It was founded by the Blessed Philotheus, in the end of the 10th century...
  
  
• Philotheos I Kokkinos, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Phocas
  Phocas
  Phocas was Byzantine Emperor from 602 to 610. He usurped the throne from the Emperor Maurice, and was himself overthrown by Heraclius after losing a civil war.-Origins:...
  
  
• Phokas (Byzantine family)
  Phokas (Byzantine family)
  Phokas or Phocas , feminine form Phokaina , was the name of a Byzantine aristocratic clan from Cappadocia, which in the 9th and 10th centuries provided a series of high-ranking generals and an emperor, Nikephoros II Phokas...
  
  
• Phosterius
  Phosterius
  Tradition teaches that Saint Phosterius the Hermit dwelt on a high mountain most likely in the wilderness of modern day Turkey.He is said to have been fed by an angel which serves as a testament to his holiness....
  
  
• Photius I the Great, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Phrygia
  Phrygia
  In antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially lived in the southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of Bryges , changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the...
  
  
• Pinkernes
  Pinkernes
  Pinkernes was a high Byzantine court position. The term, deriving from the Greek verb , signified the Byzantine emperor's cup-bearer. The position is attested in Philotheos's Kletorologion of 899, where a pinkernes of the Byzantine emperor and of the Augusta are listed amongst the eunuchs of...
  
  
• Placidia
  Placidia
  Placidia was the wife of Olybrius, Western Roman Emperor. Her full name is uncertain. The Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The reign by reign record of the rulers of Imperial Rome by Chris Scarre gives her name as Galla Placidia Valentiniana or Galla Placidia the Younger, based on Roman naming...
  
  
• Placidia Palace
  Placidia Palace
  The Placidia Palace was the official residence of the papal apocrisiarius , and the intermittent home of the Pope himself when in residence at Constantinople...
  
  
• Planudes, Anthology of
  Anthology of Planudes
  The Anthology of Planudes, also called Planudean Anthology, in Latin Anthologia Planudea or sometimes in Greek Ανθολογία διαφόρων επιγραμμάτων , is an anthology of Greek epigrams and poems compiled by Maximus Planudes, a Byzantine grammarian and theologian, based on the Anthology of...
  
  
• Plato (exarch)
  Plato (exarch)
  Plato was the Exarch of Ravenna from 646 to 649. He is known primarily for his monothelitism and his opposition to the Pope Theodore I. He convinced the Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople to break with the pope....
  
  
• Plinta
  Plinta
  Flavius Plinta was a politician and general of the Eastern Roman Empire.- Biography :He was a Goth, related to Aspar , perhaps his father-in-law, and father of Armatius; in 450 his daughter was given in marriage by Theodosius to Constantius, the secretary of Attila...
  
  
• Pliska
  Pliska
  Pliska is the name of both the first capital of Danubian Bulgaria and a small town which was renamed after the historical Pliska after its site was determined and excavations began....
  
  
• Pliska, Battle of
  Battle of Pliska
  The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Nicephorus I Genik, and Bulgaria, governed by Khan Krum...
  
  
• Poliorcetica
  Poliorcetica
  A poliorceticon is any member of the genre of Byzantine literature dealing with manuals on siege warfare, which is formally known as poliorcetics. As with much Byzantine literature, the poliorcetica tend to be compendia of earlier guides illustrated with Biblical and Classical anecdotes...
  
  
• Polyeuctus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople
  Polyeuctus was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople ,From being a simple monk, Polyeuctus was raised to the Patriarchate in 956, as successor to the imperial prince Theophylact Lekapenos, and remained on the patriarchal throne in Constantinople until his death in 16 January 970...
  
  
• St. Polyeuctus, Church of
  Church of St. Polyeuctus
  The Church of St. Polyeuctus was an ancient Byzantine church in Constantinople built by the noblewoman Anicia Juliana and dedicated to Saint Polyeuctus. Intended as an assertion of Juliana's own imperial lineage, it was a lavishly decorated building, and the largest church of the city before the...
  
  
• Pompeius
  Pompeius (consul 501)
  Pompeius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire and relative of the Emperor Anastasius I .- Family :He was a son of Secundinus and Caesaria. His mother was a sister of Anastasius I. His father served as Eparch of Constantinople and Roman consul in 511. Secundinus also held the rank of...
  
  
• Pontus
  Pontus
  Pontus or Pontos is a historical Greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Πόντος...
  
  
• Pontus, Diocese of
  Diocese of Pontus
  The Diocese of Pontus was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of northern and northeastern Asia Minor up to the border with the Sassanid Empire in Armenia. The diocese was established after the reforms of Diocletian, and its vicarius, headquartered at Amaseia, was...
  
  
• Population of the Byzantine Empire
  Population of the Byzantine Empire
  After the reign of Emperor Heraclius and the loss of all of its overseas borders, Byzantine territories were pretty much limited to the Balkans and Anatolia. When Byzantium began to recover after a series of conflicts in the 8th century and its territories stabilized, its population began to recover...
  
  
• Porphyrius the Charioteer
  Porphyrius the Charioteer
  Porphyrius the Charioteer was a renowned Roman charioteer in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. In the time of Porphyrius, Roman chariot-racing was at its height. Charioteers were celebrities, and Porphyrius is famous for having seven monuments built in his honor in the Hippodrome...
  
  
• Pothos Argyros (10th century)
  Pothos Argyros (10th century)
  Pothos Argyros was a Byzantine general active in the first half of the 10th century.He was the son of the magistros Eustathios Argyros, Drungary of the Watch under Leo VI the Wise . Pothos and his brother served under Leo VI as manglabites. Ca. 921 he was appointed to the post of Domestic of the...
  
  
• Pothos Argyros (11th century)
• Praecepta Militaria
  Praecepta Militaria
  The Praecepta Militaria is the Latin conventional title given to a Byzantine military treatise, written in ca. 965 by or on behalf of Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas...
  
  
• Praejecta
  Praejecta
  Praejecta or Praiecta was a niece to Byzantine emperor Justinian I by blood and of his empress Theodora by marriage.She was a daughter of Vigilantia and Dulcidio , respectively the sister and brother-in-law of Justinian. She was also a sister of later emperor Justin II Praejecta or Praiecta was a...
  
  
• Praepositus sacri cubiculi
  Praepositus sacri cubiculi
  The praepositus sacri cubiculi was one of the senior palace offices in the late Roman Empire. Its holder was usually a eunuch, and acted as the grand chamberlain of the palace, wielding considerable authority and influence. In the 7th or 8th century, the title was also given to an order of rank...
  
  
• Praetorian prefecture of the East
  Praetorian prefecture of the East
  The praetorian prefecture of the East or of Oriens was one of four large praetorian prefectures into which the Late Roman Empire was divided...
  
  
• Praulius of Jerusalem
  Praulius of Jerusalem
  St. Praulius was a bishop of Jerusalem from 417 to 422. He succeeded John II. According to Theodoret, Praulius' disposition and bearing suited the bishop’s name, which is derived from the Greek word for "meek-spirited."...
  
  
• Preljub
  Preljub
  Gregory Preljub or simply Preljub was a 14th-century Serbian noble and voivode who conquered and ruled Thessaly with the rank of Caesar in 1348–1356 under Emperor Stephen IV Dushan...
  
  
• Presian I of Bulgaria
  Presian I of Bulgaria
  Presian was the Khan of Bulgaria from 836–852. He ruled during an extensive expansion in Macedonia.-Origin:The composite picture of the Byzantine sources indicates that Presian I was the son of Zvinica , who was a son of Omurtag...
  
  
• Presian II of Bulgaria
  Presian II of Bulgaria
  Presian II was emperor of Bulgaria for a short time in 1018. The year of his birth may have been 996/997; he may have died in exile in 1060/1061...
  
  
• Preslav
  Preslav
  Preslav was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe. The ruins of the city are situated in modern northeastern Bulgaria, some 20 kilometres southwest of the regional capital of Shumen, and are currently a...
  
  
• Primicerius
• Prinitza, Battle of
  Battle of Prinitza
  The Battle of Prinitza was fought in 1263 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, marching to capture Andravida, the capital of the Latin Principality of Achaea, and a small Achaean force...
  
  
• Prisca (empress)
  Prisca (empress)
  Prisca was the Empress of Rome and wife of Emperor Diocletian.-Biography:Nothing is known of her family background. Although she was a Christian or favorably disposed to Christianity, she was forced to sacrifice to the gods during the Great Persecution of 303...
  
  
• Priscian of Lydia
  Priscian of Lydia
  Priscian of Lydia was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. Two works of his have survived.-Life:A contemporary of Simplicius of Cilicia, Priscian was born in Lydia, probably in the late 5th century. He was one of the last Neoplatonists to study at the Academy when Damascius was at its head...
  
  
• Priscus (general)
  Priscus (general)
  Priscus was a leading East Roman general during the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Maurice , Phocas and Heraclius . Although the contemporary sources are markedly biased in his favour, Priscus comes across as an effective and capable military leader...
  
  
• Prison of Anemas
  Prison of Anemas
  The so-called Prison of Anemas is a large Byzantine building attached to the walls of the city of Constantinople, modern Istanbul, Turkey. It is traditionally identified with the prisons named after Michael Anemas, a Byzantine general who rose in unsuccessful revolt against Emperor Alexios I...
  
  
• Probus (consul 502)
• Proclus, Archbishop of Constantinople
• Proclus Oneirocrites
• Procopius (usurper)
  Procopius (usurper)
  Procopius was a Roman usurper against Valens, and member of the Constantinian dynasty.- Life :According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius was a native and spent his youth in Cilicia, probably in Corycus. On his mother's side, Procopius was related, a maternal cousin, to Emperor Julian, since...
  
  
• Procopius (magister militum)
  Procopius (magister militum)
  Procopius was a general and politician in the Eastern Roman Empire; he was the father of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius.-Biography:...
  
  
• Procopius Anthemius
  Procopius Anthemius
  Flavius Procopius Anthemius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, son of Western Roman Emperor Anthemius.- Biography :Procopius was the son of Anthemius and of Marcia Euphemia, daughter of the Easter Roman Empire...
  
  
• Procopius of Caesarea
  Procopius
  Procopius of Caesarea was a prominent Byzantine scholar from Palestine. Accompanying the general Belisarius in the wars of the Emperor Justinian I, he became the principal historian of the 6th century, writing the Wars of Justinian, the Buildings of Justinian and the celebrated Secret History...
  
  
• Proedros
  Proedros
  Proedros was a senior Byzantine court and ecclesiastic title in the 10th to mid-12th centuries. The female form of the title is proedrissa .-Court dignity:...
  
  
• Progonos Sgouros
  Progonos Sgouros
  Progon or Progonos Sgouros was a late 13th-century Byzantine senior military commander with the rank of megas hetaireiarches.Born into an Albanian family he was married to Eudokia a female relative of Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos Progon or Progonos Sgouros was a late 13th-century...
  
  
• Prokopia
  Prokopia
  Prokopia was the Empress consort of Michael I Rangabe of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:She was a daughter of Nikephoros I. The name of her mother is not known. Her only known sibling is Staurakios.-Marriage:...
  
  
• Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
  Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
  The Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit , abbreviated PLP, is a German-language reference work on the people of the Palaiologan period of the Byzantine Empire .It was published between 1976 and 1995 by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, under the direction of Erich Trapp, with the...
  
  
• Prosopography of the Byzantine World
  Prosopography of the Byzantine World
  The Prosopography of the Byzantine World is a project to create a prosopographical database of individuals named in textual sources in the Byzantine Empire and surrounding areas in the period from 642 to 1265...
  
  
• Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
  Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
  Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire is a set of three volumes collectively describing every person attested or claimed to have lived in the Roman world from AD 260, the date of the beginning of Gallienus' sole rule, to 641, the date of the death of Heraclius, which is commonly held to mark the...
  
  
• Pronoia
  Pronoia
  Pronoia refers to a system of land grants in the Byzantine Empire.-The Early Pronoia System:...
  
  
• Protasekretis
  Protasekretis
  The prōtasēkrētis , also found as prōtoasēkrētis and latinized as protasecretis or protoasecretis, was a senior official in the Byzantine bureaucracy. The title means "first asēkrētis", illustrating his position as the head of the order of the asēkrētai, the senior class of imperial notaries.The...
  
  
• Prothesis (altar)
  Prothesis (altar)
  The Prothesis is the place in the sanctuary in which the Liturgy of Preparation takes place in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches....
  
  
• Protonotarios
• Protospatharios
  Protospatharios
  Prōtospatharios was one of the highest court dignities of the middle Byzantine period , awarded to senior generals and provincial governors, as well as to foreign princes.-History:...
  
  
• Protostrator
  Protostrator
  Prōtostratōr was a Byzantine court office, originating as the imperial stable master, which in the last centuries of the Empire evolved into one of the senior military offices...
  
  
• Protovestiarios
  Protovestiarios
  Protovestiarios was a high Byzantine court position, originally reserved for eunuchs.-History and functions:The title is first attested in 412, as the comes sacrae vestis, an official in charge of the Byzantine emperor's "sacred wardrobe" , coming under the praepositus sacri cubiculi...
  
  
• Protovestiarites
• Pseudo-Alexios II
  Pseudo-Alexios II
  Pseudo-Alexios II was the most famous among several pretenders to the throne of the Byzantine Empire who appeared in the early reign of Isaac II Angelos...
  
  
• Pulcheria
  Pulcheria
  Aelia Pulcheria was the daughter of Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius and Empress Aelia Eudoxia. She was the second child born to Arcadius and Eudoxia. Her oldest sister was Flaccilla born in 397, but is assumed she had died young. Her younger siblings were Theodosius II, the future emperor and...
  
  
• Pyrrhus, Patriarch of Constantinople

Q

• Quaesitor
• Quaestor sacri palatii
  Quaestor sacri palatii
  The quaestor sacri palatii , in English Quaestor of the Sacred Palace, was the senior legal authority in the late Roman and early Byzantine empires, responsible for drafting laws. In the later Byzantine Empire, the office of the quaestor was altered and it became a senior judicial official for the...
  
  
• Quaestura exercitus
  Quaestura exercitus
  The quaestura exercitus was a peculiar administrative district of the Eastern Roman Empire with a seat in Odessus established by Emperor Justinian I The quaestura exercitus was a peculiar administrative district of the Eastern Roman Empire with a seat in Odessus established by Emperor Justinian I...
  
  
• Qudama ibn Ja'far
  Qudama ibn Ja'far
  Qudama ibn Ja'far al-Qatib al-Baghdadi , also known as Abu'l Faraj, was an Arab scholar and administrator for the Abbasid Caliphate....
  
  
• Quinisext Council
  Quinisext Council
  The Quinisext Council was a church council held in 692 at Constantinople under Justinian II. It is often known as the Council in Trullo, because it was held in the same domed hall where the Sixth Ecumenical Council had met...
  
  
• Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius
  Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius
  Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius was a Roman politician, praefectus urbi of Rome in 368–370 and Roman consul in 379...
  
  

R

• Raiktor
• Raoul (Byzantine family)
  Raoul (Byzantine family)
  The Raoul was a Byzantine aristocratic family of Norman origin, prominent during the Palaiologan period. From the 14th century on, they were also known as Ralles . The feminine form of the name was Raoulaina ....
  
  
• Rashidun Caliphate
  Rashidun Caliphate
  The Rashidun Caliphate , comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632, Year 10 A.H.. At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia...
  
  
• Raška (state)
  Raška (state)
  Principality of Serbia or Serbian Principality was an early medieval state of the Serbs ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty, that existed from ca 768 to 969 in Southeastern Europe. It was established through an unification of several provincial chiefs under the supreme rule of a certain Višeslav,...
  
  
• Ravenna
  Ravenna
  Ravenna is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and the second largest comune in Italy by land area, although, at , it is little more than half the size of the largest comune, Rome...
  
  
• Ravenna (729), Battle of
  Battle of Ravenna (729)
  The Battle of Ravenna in 729 was fought between the troops of the Eastern Roman Exarchate of Ravenna and a force of Italians. This was in response to Emperor Leo III the Isaurian outlawing the veneration of holy icons, which Pope Gregory II was against. After a fierce battle, the Eastern Roman...
  
  
• Ravenna, Exarchate of
  Exarchate of Ravenna
  The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the last exarch was put to death by the Lombards.-Introduction:...
  
  
• Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
• Raymond of Poitiers
• Raynald of Châtillon
  Raynald of Chatillon
  Raynald of Châtillon was a knight who served in the Second Crusade and remained in the Holy Land after its defeat...
  
  
• Red Church (Bulgaria)
  Red Church (Bulgaria)
  The Red Church is a large partially preserved late Roman Christian basilica in south central Bulgaria. Dating to the late 5th–early 6th century, the church stands near the town of Perushtitsa in western Plovdiv Province, some southwest of the city of Plovdiv...
  
  
• Renaissance
  Renaissance
  The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
  
  
• Renaissance, Greek scholars in the
  Greek scholars in the Renaissance
  The migration of Byzantine scholars and other émigrés from southern Italy and Byzantium during the decline of the Byzantine Empire and mainly after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 until the 16th century, is considered by some scholars as key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies and...
  
  
• Renier of Montferrat
  Renier of Montferrat
  Renier of Montferrat was the fifth son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg...
  
  
• Rhetorius
  Rhetorius
  Rhetorius of Egypt was the last major classical astrologer from whom we have any excerpts. He lived in the sixth or early seventh century, in the early Byzantine era. He wrote an extensive compendium in Greek of the techniques of the Hellenistic astrologers who preceded him, and is one of our...
  
  
• Rishki Pass, Battle of the
  Battle of the Rishki Pass
  The Battle of the Rishki Pass took place in the pass of the same name, in Stara Planina, Bulgaria in 759. It was fought between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Rhodes
  Rhodes
  Rhodes is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007, and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within...
  
  
• Rhodian sea law
• Rhodope (Roman province)
  Rhodope (Roman province)
  Rhodope was a late Roman and early Byzantine province, situated on the northern Aegean coast. A part of the Diocese of Thrace, it extended along the Rhodope Mountains range, covering parts of modern Western Thrace and south-western Bulgaria. The province was headed by a governor of the rank of...
  
  
• Rhodope Mountains
  Rhodope Mountains
  The Rhodopes are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, with over 83% of its area in southern Bulgaria and the remainder in Greece. Its highest peak, Golyam Perelik , is the seventh highest Bulgarian mountain...
  
  
• Richard I of England
  Richard I of England
  Richard I was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period...
  
  
• Ricimer
  Ricimer
  Flavius Ricimer was a Germanic general who achieved effective control of the remaining parts of the Western Roman Empire, during the middle of the 5th century...
  
  
• Ripa Gothica
  Ripa Gothica
  Ripa Gothia is a region of the Byzantine Empire mentioned by Flavius Dalmatius....
  
  
• Rita of Armenia
  Rita of Armenia
  Rita of Armenia was a daughter of King Levon II of Armenia and Queen Keran. She was the wife of Byzantine co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, making her a junior empress-consort of the Byzantine Empire. In 1317, she became the only empress upon the death of the senior empress, Irene of Montferrat...
  
  
• Robert Browning (Byzantinist)
  Robert Browning (Byzantinist)
  Robert Browning was a Scottish Byzantinist and university professor.-Early career:Browning was born in Glasgow in 1914. He attended Kelvinside Academy in that city. He entered the Humanities department of Glasgow University in 1931, graduating in 1935...
  
  
• Robert Crispin
  Robert Crispin
  Robert Crispin , called Frankopoulos, was a Norman mercenary and the leader of a corps of his countrymen stationed at Edessa under the command of the Byzantine general Isaac Komnenos, Duke of Antioch, in the 1060s. He fought against the invading Seljuk Turks and was supposedly poisoned shortly...
  
  
• Robert Graves
  Robert Graves
  Robert von Ranke Graves 24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985 was an English poet, translator and novelist. During his long life he produced more than 140 works...
  
  
• Robert Guiscard
  Robert Guiscard
  Robert d'Hauteville, known as Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, from Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, often rendered the Resourceful, the Cunning, the Wily, the Fox, or the Weasel was a Norman adventurer conspicuous in the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily...
  
  
• Robert of Ketton
  Robert of Ketton
  Robert of Ketton was an English medieval theologian, astronomer and Arabist.Ketton, where Robert was either born or perhaps first took holy orders, is a small village in Rutland, a few miles from Stamford.Robert is believed to have been educated at the Cathedral School of Paris...
  
  
• Robert of Courtenay
  Robert of Courtenay
  Robert of Courtenay , emperor of the Latin Empire, or of Constantinople, was a younger son of the emperor Peter II of Courtenay, and a descendant of the French king, Louis VI, while his mother Yolanda of Flanders was a sister of Baldwin and Henry of Flanders, the first and second emperors of the...
  
  
• Robert, Prince of Taranto
• Roger I of Sicily
  Roger I of Sicily
  Roger I , called Bosso and the Great Count, was the Norman Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101. He was the last great leader of the Norman conquest of southern Italy.-Conquest of Calabria and Sicily:...
  
  
• Roger II of Sicily
  Roger II of Sicily
  Roger II was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria , then King of Sicily...
  
  
• Roger de Flor
  Roger de Flor
  Roger de Flor , also known as Ruggero/Ruggiero da Fiore or Rutger von Blum or Ruggero Flores, was a military adventurer active in Sicily, Italy and the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Roman Empire
  Roman Empire
  The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
  
  
• Roman of Bulgaria
  Roman of Bulgaria
  Roman was emperor of Bulgaria from 977 to 997 .-Reign:Roman was the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria by his marriage with Maria Lakapene, the granddaughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos...
  
  
• Romanus (exarch)
  Romanus (exarch)
  Romanus was Exarch of Ravenna .In 589 he became Exarch in place of the discredited Smaragdus. In his first year Romanus recovered the cities of Modena, Reggio, Parma, Piacenza, Altinum, and Mantua from the Lombards....
  
  
• Romanos I Lekapenos
• Romanos II
  Romanos II
  Romanos  II was a Byzantine emperor. He succeeded his father Constantine VII in 959 at the age of twenty-one, and died suddenly in 963.-Life:...
  
  
• Romanos III Argyros
• Romanos IV Diogenes
• Romanos the Melodist
• Romanus (exarch)
  Romanus (exarch)
  Romanus was Exarch of Ravenna .In 589 he became Exarch in place of the discredited Smaragdus. In his first year Romanus recovered the cities of Modena, Reggio, Parma, Piacenza, Altinum, and Mantua from the Lombards....
  
  
• Rome
  Rome
  Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
  
  
• Rome, Duchy of
  Duchy of Rome
  The Duchy of Rome was a Byzantine district in the Exarchate of Ravenna. Like other Byzantine states in Italy, it was ruled by an imperial functionary with the title dux...
  
  
• Rome (537–538), Siege of
• Rome (546), Sack of
  Sack of Rome (546)
  The Sack of Rome in 546 was carried out by the Gothic king Totila during the Gothic War of 535–554 between the Ostrogoths and the East Romans . Totila was based at Tivoli and, in pursuit of his quest to reconquer the region of Latium, he moved against Rome...
  
  
• Rome (549–550), Siege of
  Siege of Rome (549–550)
  In 549-550, the Ostrogothic leader Totila besieged Rome and captured the city after Belisarius had retreated to Constantinople....
  
  
• Romulus Augustulus
• Rossano Gospels
  Rossano Gospels
  The Rossano Gospels, designated by 042 or Σ , ε 18 , at the Cathedral of Rossano in Italy, is a 6th century illuminated manuscript Gospel Book written following the reconquest of the Italian peninsula by the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Roussel de Bailleul
  Roussel de Bailleul
  Roussel de Bailleul , also known as Phrangopoulos , was a Norman adventurer who travelled to Byzantium and there received employ as a soldier and leader of men from the Emperor Romanus IV Roussel de Bailleul (also Ursellus de Ballione in Latin or Roscelin or Roskelin de Baieul, called Urselius by...
  
  
• Ruben I, Prince of Armenia
• Ruben II, Prince of Armenia
• Ruben III, Prince of Armenia
• Rufinus (consul)
• Rufinus (poet)
  Rufinus (poet)
  Rufinus is the author of thirty-eight epigrams in the Greek Anthology, and probably of one more, which is ascribed in the Planudean Anthology to an otherwise unknown Rufinus Domesticus...
  
  
• Rufinus (praetorian prefect)
  Rufinus (praetorian prefect)
  Rufinus was a praetorian prefect of the East, one of the most important officials of the Eastern Roman Empire.- Life :Rufinus was a relative of Emperor Theodosius II . He is attested in office between March 431 and March 432 by two letters of Isidore of Pelusium...
  
  
• Rum
  Rum
  Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane by-products such as molasses, or directly from sugarcane juice, by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak barrels...
  
  
• Rûm, Sultanate of
  Sultanate of Rûm
  The Sultanate of Rum , also known as the Anatolian Seljuk State , was a Turkic state centered in in Anatolia, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. Since the court of the sultanate was highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals...
  
  
• Rumelia
  Rumelia
  Rumelia was an historical region comprising the territories of the Ottoman Empire in Europe...
  
  
• Rus' people
• Rus'–Byzantine War (941)
• Rus'–Byzantine War (1024)
• Rus'–Byzantine War (1043)
• Rus' Khaganate
  Rus' Khaganate
  Rus' khaganate is a historiographical term for the formative phase of the Rus state in the 9th century AD....
  
  
• Rus' Khaganate, Christianization of the
  Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate
  The Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate is supposed to have happened in the 860s and was the first stage in the process of Christianization of the East Slavs which continued well into the 11th century...
  
  
• Rusokastro, Battle of
  Battle of Rusokastro
  The Battle of Rusokastro occurred on July 18, 1332 near the village of Rusokastro, Bulgaria between the armies of the Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires. The result was a Bulgarian victory.-Origins of the conflict:...
  
  
• Rusudan of Georgia, Empress of Trebizond
  Rusudan of Georgia, Empress of Trebizond
  Rusudan of Georgia, Empress of Trebizond was the second Empress consort of Manuel I of Trebizond.-Family:Rusudan was a member of the Bagrationi dynasty, but there are at least two theories concerning the identities of her parents....
  
  

S

• Sabas Asidenos
  Sabas Asidenos
  Sabas or Sabbas Asidenos was a powerful local magnate of the region of Sampson in the early 13th century. Following the Fourth Crusade, he established himself as an independent ruler before submitting to the Empire of Nicaea....
  
  
• Sabbas the Sanctified
  Sabbas the Sanctified
  Saint Sabbas the Sanctified , a Cappadocian-Greek monk, priest and saint, lived mainly in Palaestina Prima. He was the founder of several monasteries, most notably the one known as Mar Saba...
  
  
• Sabinian, Pope of Rome
  Pope Sabinian
  Pope Sabinian was pope from 604 to 606. He was born at Blera near Viterbo. Pope during the Byzantine Papacy, he was fourth former apocrisiarius to Constantinople elected pope.-Apokrisiariat :...
  
  
• Sabinianus (consul 505)
• Saborios
  Saborios
  Saborios or Saborius was a Byzantine general who rose in revolt against Emperor Constans II in 667–668. He sought and obtained the aid of the Caliph Muawiyah I Saborios or Saborius was a Byzantine general who rose in revolt against Emperor Constans II (r. 641–668) in 667–668. He sought and...
  
  
• Sagudates
  Sagudates
  The Sagudates were a South Slavic tribe that lived in Macedonia, in the area between Thessaloniki and Veria.- History :The Sagudates were first attested in a Byzantine document of 686 as allies of the Avars and besiegers of Thessaloniki in alliance with other South Slavic tribes...
  
  
• Sakellarios
  Sakellarios
  Sakellarios is an official entrusted with administrative and financial duties . The title was used in the Byzantine Empire with varying functions, and remains in use in the Eastern Orthodox Church....
  
  
• Saladin
  Saladin
  Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was an Arabized Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim and Arab opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
  
  
• Salih ibn Ali
  Salih ibn Ali
  Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas was a member of the Abbasid dynasty who served as general and governor in Syria and Egypt.- Life :...
  
  
• Salutius
  Salutius
  Saturninius Secundus Salutius was a career Roman official who was a native of Gaul. He was a quaestor when he became a member of Julian's staff, while the latter was Caesar in Gaul. Salutius was well versed in Greek philosophy and rhetoric and won the respect of Julian. It was probably through his...
  
  
• Samaritan Revolts
  Samaritan Revolts
  The Samaritan Revolts were a series of insurrections during the 5th and 6th centuries in Palaestina Prima province, launched by the Samaritans against the Christian East Roman/Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Samos (theme)
  Samos (theme)
  The Theme of Samos was a Byzantine military-civilian province, located in the eastern Aegean Sea, established in the late 9th century. As one of the Byzantine Empire's three dedicated naval themes , it served chiefly to provide ships and troops for the Byzantine navy.-History:The dates of...
  
  
• Sampson the Hospitable
  Sampson the Hospitable
  Sampson the Hospitable was a citizen of Constantinople who devoted his time to serving the poor of the city. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Churches.- Life :...
  
  
• Samuel of Bulgaria
• San Giovanni Theristis
  San Giovanni Theristis
  The Monastery of San Giovanni Theristis is an Orthodox Christian monastery in Bivongi, Calabria, southern Italy. It is part of the Romanian Orthodox Diocese for Italy.-History:...
  
  
• San Vittore alle Chiuse
  San Vittore alle Chiuse
  San Vittore alle Chiuse is a Roman Catholic abbey and church in the comune of Genga, Marche, Italy.The edifice is known from the year 1011, and constitutes a notable example of Byzantine-influenced architecture in Italy....
  
  
• Sardis
  Sardis
  Sardis or Sardes was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart in Turkey's Manisa Province...
  
  
• Sarus, Battle of
  Battle of Sarus
  The Battle of Sarus was a battle fought between the East Roman army, led by Emperor Heraclius, and the Persian general Shahrbaraz...
  
  
• Sasireti, Battle of
  Battle of Sasireti
  The Battle of Sasireti took place in 1042 at the village of Sasireti in the present day Shida Kartli region, not far from the town of Kaspi, during the civil war in the Kingdom of Georgia...
  
  
• Sassanid dynasty
• Sassanid Empire
  Sassanid Empire
  The Sassanid Empire , known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr and Ērān in Middle Persian and resulting in the New Persian terms Iranshahr and Iran , was the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty from 224 to 651...
  
  
• Sassanid Empire, Byzantine wars with the
  Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
  The Byzantine–Sassanid Wars refers to a series of conflicts between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid dynasty of the Persian Empire...
  
  
• Satala (530), Battle of‎
  Battle of Satala (530)
  The Battle of Satala was fought between the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire in summer 530, near Satala in Byzantine Armenia. The Persian army approached the city to lay siege, when it was attacked in the rear by a small Byzantine force. The Persians turned back to meet...
  
  
• Savoyard crusade
  Savoyard crusade
  The Savoyard crusade was born out of the same planning that led to the Alexandrian Crusade. It was the brainchild of Pope Urban V and was led by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, against the Ottoman Empire in eastern Europe...
  
  
• Sayf al-Dawla
• Scholae Palatinae
  Scholae Palatinae
  The Scholae Palatinae , were an elite military guard unit, usually ascribed to the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great as a replacement for the equites singulares Augusti, the cavalry arm of the Praetorian Guard...
  
  
• Scholasticus
  Scholasticus
  Scholasticus was an exarch of Ravenna .In 713 he was appointed as exarch, the same year Anastasius became Byzantine Emperor, and overthrew the Monothelite Emperor Philippicus. Scholasticus was charged with giving a letter to Pope Constantine, which described Anastasius' allegiance to orthodoxy,...
  
  
• Sclaveni
• Sclaviniae
• Scutari
  Scutari
  Scutari may refer to:*Üsküdar , in Anatolia, Turkey*Scutari Barracks in Üsküdar; former hospital where Florence Nightingale worked*Shkodër, in Albania; also known as Scutari in antiquity...
  
  
• Scythia Minor
  Scythia Minor
  Scythia Minor, "Lesser Scythia" was in ancient times the region surrounded by the Danube at the north and west and the Black Sea at the east, corresponding to today's Dobruja, with a part in Romania and a part in Bulgaria....
  
  
• Sebasteia
• Sebasteia (theme)
  Sebasteia (theme)
  The Theme of Sebasteia was a military-civilian province of the Byzantine Empire located in northeastern Cappadocia and Armenia Minor, in modern Turkey...
  
  
• Sebastokrator
  Sebastokrator
  Sebastokratōr was a senior court title in the late Byzantine Empire. It was also used by other rulers whose states bordered the Empire or were within its sphere of influence. The word is a compound of "sebastos" Sebastokratōr was a senior court title in the late Byzantine Empire. It was also used...
  
  
• Sebastophoros
  Sebastophoros
  The sebastophoros was a high Byzantine court position and rank reserved for eunuchs in the 10th–12th centuries. Its functions are unclear.-History and functions:...
  
  
• Sebastopolis, Battle of
• Sebastos
  Sebastos
  Sebastos was an honorific used by the ancient Greeks to render the Roman imperial title of Augustus. From the late 11th century on, during the Komnenian period, it and variants derived from it formed the basis of a new system of court titles for the Byzantine Empire. The female form of the title...
  
  
• Second Crusade
  Second Crusade
  The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade by Baldwin of Boulogne in 1098...
  
  
• Seleucia
  Silifke
  -Antiquity:Located a few miles from the mouth of the Calycadnus River, Seleucia was founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the early 3rd century BCE, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called Olbia and Hyria and that Seleucus I merely united them...
  
  
• Seleucia (theme)
  Seleucia (theme)
  The Theme of Seleucia was a Byzantine theme in the southern coast of Asia Minor , headquartered at Seleucia .-History:...
  
  
• Seljuk Turks
  Seljuq dynasty
  The Seljuq ; were a Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries...
  
  
• Seljuq Turks, Byzantine wars with the
• Sena Gallica, Battle of
• Senate, Byzantine
  Byzantine Senate
  The Byzantine Senate or Eastern Roman Senate was the continuation of the Roman Senate, established in the 4th century by Constantine I. It survived for centuries but was increasingly irrelevant until its eventual disappearance in the 13th century....
  
  
• Septimius Acindynus
  Septimius Acindynus
  Septimius Acindynus was a Roman consul with Valerius Proculus in 340. He was governor of Antioch when, a man being ordered by him to pay a pound of gold into the public treasury, was unable to comply, and was put into prison. To release him, with his own sanction, his wife "listened to the...
  
  
• Serbia, Byzantine
• Serbia in the Middle Ages
• Serbian Empire
  Serbian Empire
  The Serbian Empire was a short-lived medieval empire in the Balkans that emerged from the Serbian Kingdom. Stephen Uroš IV Dušan was crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks on 16 April, 1346, a title signifying a successorship to the Eastern Roman Empire...
  
  
• Serbian Despotate
  Serbian Despotate
  The Serbian Despotate was a Serbian state, the last to be conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered the end of the medieval Serbian state, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia survived for 70 more years,...
  
  
• Serbo-Byzantine architecture
  Serbo-Byzantine architecture
  The Serbo-Byzantine architecture is the typical style of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This style of church architecture was developed in the late 13th century combining Byzantine and Rascian influences to form a new church style. By the end of 13th and in the first half of 14th century the Serbian...
  
  
• Sergius I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Sergius I
  Pope Saint Sergius I was pope from 687 to 701. Selected to end a schism between Antipope Paschal and Antipope Theodore, Sergius I ended the last disputed sede vacante of the Byzantine Papacy....
  
  
• Severinus, Pope of Rome
  Pope Severinus
  Pope Severinus was pope in the year 640 who became caught up in a power struggle with the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius over the ongoing Monothelite controversy.-Election and struggle with Constantinople:...
  
  
• Serdica (809), Siege of
  Siege of Serdica (809)
  The Siege of Serdica took place in the spring of 809 at modern Sofia, Bulgaria. As a result, the city was permanently included in the Bulgarian State.- Origins of the conflict :...
  
  
• Serena (Roman)
  Serena (Roman)
  Serena was a noblewoman of the late Western Roman Empire.She was the adopted daughter of Theodosius. Theodosius adopted her as his daughter, and in 384 arranged her marriage to a rising military officer, Stilicho...
  
  
• Sergey Karpov
  Sergey Karpov
  Sergey Pavlovich Karpov is a leading Russian Byzantinist who specializes in the Empire of Trebizond and the history of Gazaria. His work in Italian archives helped bring to light the records of Genoese and Venetian notaries and accountants concerning their Black Sea colonies. Some of his...
  
  
• Sergius I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Sergius I of Constantinople
  Sergius I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 610 to 638.In 626 during the absence of Emperor Heraclius on campaign against Sassanid Persia, the Avars laid siege to Constantinople. Along with the magister militum Bonus, he had been named regent and was in charge of the city's defense...
  
  
• Sergius I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Sergius I
  Pope Saint Sergius I was pope from 687 to 701. Selected to end a schism between Antipope Paschal and Antipope Theodore, Sergius I ended the last disputed sede vacante of the Byzantine Papacy....
  
  
• Sergius II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Serres, Battle of
  Battle of Serres
  The battle of Serres took place in 1196 near the town of Serres in contemporary Greece between the armies of the Bulgarian and the Byzantine Empire. The result was Bulgarian victory.- Origins of the conflict :...
  
  
• Setina, Battle of
  Battle of Setina
  The battle of Setina took place in the autumn of 1017 near the village of Setina in modern northern Greece between the armies of Bulgaria and Byzantium. The result was a Byzantine victory.- Prelude :...
  
  
• Settepozzi, Battle of
  Battle of Settepozzi
  The Battle of Settepozzi was fought sometime in May–July 1263 off Settepozzi between a Genoese-Byzantine fleet and a smaller Venetian fleet...
  
  
• Seventh Ecumenical Council
  Second Council of Nicaea
  The Second Council of Nicaea is regarded as the Seventh Ecumenical Council by Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic Churches and various other Western Christian groups...
  
  
• Severus of Antioch
  Severus of Antioch
  Severus, Patriarch of Antioch , born approximately 465 in Sozopolis in Pisidia, was by birth and education a pagan, who was baptized in the "precinct of the divine martyr Leontius" at Tripoli, Lebanon.- Life :...
  
  
• Şeyh Süleyman Mosque
  Şeyh Süleyman Mosque
  Şeyh Süleyman Mosque is a mosque in Istanbul converted from a former Byzantine building which was part of the Eastern Orthodox Pantokrator Monastery. Its usage during the Byzantine era is unclear...
  
  
• Shahin Vahmanzadegan
• Shahraplakan
  Shahraplakan
  Shahraplakan, rendered Sarablangas in Greek sources, was a Sassanid Persian general who participated in the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628.Shahraplakan first appears in 624, when the Persian shah Khosrau II Shahraplakan, rendered Sarablangas in Greek sources, was a Sassanid Persian general who...
  
  
• Shahrbaraz
  Shahrbaraz
  Shahrbaraz or Shahrwaraz was a general, with the rank of Eran Spahbod under Khosrau II . His name was Farrokhan, and Shahrbaraz was his title...
  
  
• Shirimni, Battle of
  Battle of Shirimni
  The Battle of Shirimni also known as the Battle of Palakazio was fought between the Byzantine and Georgian armies at the place of Shirimni at the Palakazio Lake on September 11, 1021.-Background:...
  
  
• Shivta
  Shivta
  Shivta or Sobota or Subeitah or Subaytah , is an archaeological site in the Negev Desert of Israel, east of Nitzana. It is close to the Israeli Artillery Corps main training facility....
  
  
• Sicilian Vespers
  Sicilian Vespers
  The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to the successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out on the Easter of 1282 against the rule of the French/Angevin king Charles I, who had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266. Within six weeks three thousand French men and women were slain by...
  
  
• Sicily
  Sicily
  Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
  
  
• Sicily (theme)
  Sicily (theme)
  The Theme of Sicily was a Byzantine military-civilian province existing from the late 7th to the 10th century, encompassing the island of Sicily and the region of Calabria in the Italian mainland...
  
  
• Sicily, County of
  County of Sicily
  The County of Sicily was a Norman state comprising the islands of Sicily and Malta from 1071 until 1130. The county began to form during the Christian reconquest of Sicily from the Muslim Emirate, established by conquest in 965. The county is thus a transitionary period in the history of Sicily...
  
  
• Sicily, Emirate of
  Emirate of Sicily
  The Emirate of Sicily was an Islamic state on the island of Sicily , which existed from 965 to 1072.-First Arab invasions of Sicily:...
  
  
• Sico Protospatharios
  Sico Protospatharios
  Sico was a Byzantine protospatharios leading troops in Italy from about 1052. He had a Lombard name, though he was a Greek official. He was an official under Argyrus....
  
  
• Siderocausa
  Siderocausa
  Siderocausa , Sidirokafsia , Sidrekapsi, Sidre kapsi, Sidre qapsi, Sidrekaisi, Sidrekapisi, or Siderocapsa was a Byzantine silver and gold mine and Ottoman mint east of Thessaloniki....
  
  
• Sigismund of Burgundy
  Sigismund of Burgundy
  Sigismund was king of the Burgundians from 516 to his death. He was the son of king Gundobad, whom he succeeded in 516. Sigismund and his brother Godomar were defeated in battle by Clovis' sons and Godomar fled. Sigismund was taken by Chlodomer, King of Orléans, where he was kept as a prisoner. He...
  
  
• Silk, Byzantine
  Byzantine silk
  Byzantine silk is silk woven in the Byzantine Empire from about the 4th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.The Byzantine capital of Constantinople was the first significant silk-weaving center in Europe. Silk was one of the most important commodities in the Byzantine economy, used by...
  
  
• Silk Road
  Silk Road
  The Silk Road or Silk Route refers to a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa...
  
  
• Saint Silvia
  Saint Silvia
  Saint Silvia was the mother of St. Gregory the Great; she had another son but his name did not survive through the ages. She is also venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church...
  
  
• Simeon I of Bulgaria
  Simeon I of Bulgaria
  Simeon I the Great ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927, during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever, making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern Europe...
  
  
• Simeon Stylites the Younger
  Simeon Stylites the Younger
  Saint Simeon Stylites the Younger [also known as 'St. Simeon of the Admirable Mountain'] is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Catholic Churches of Eastern and Latin Rites...
  
  
• Simeon Uroš
  Simeon Uroš
  Simeon Uroš Nemanjić, nicknamed Siniša , also known in Greek as Symeōn Ouresēs Palaiologos , was the Despot of Epirus from 1359 to 1366, and of Thessaly from 1359 until his death in 1370. He governed Epirus and Acarnania under his half-brother Emperor Dušan the Mighty Simeon Uroš Nemanjić,...
  
  
• Simonis Palaiologina
  Simonida
  Simonida Nemanjić , born Simonis Palaiologina , was a Byzantine princess and queen consort of Serbia as the fourth wife of Serbian king Milutin . She was a daughter of Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and Irene of Montferrat.- Life :Simonida was born in Constantinople ca. 1294...
  
  
• Simonopetra monastery
• Simplicius of Cilicia
  Simplicius of Cilicia
  Simplicius of Cilicia, was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius, and was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. He was among the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into...
  
  
• Sirmium, Battle of
  Battle of Sirmium
  The Battle of Sirmium or Battle of Zemun was fought on July 8, 1167 between the Byzantine Empire , and the Kingdom of Hungary...
  
  
• Sisinnius, Pope of Rome
  Pope Sisinnius
  Pope Sisinnius was Pope for about three weeks in 708.A Syrian by birth, Sisinnius's father's name was John. The paucity of donations to the papacy during his reign indicate that he was probably not from the aristocracy.Sisinnius was selected as...
  
  
• Sisinnius I, Archbishop of Constantinople
  Archbishop Sisinnius I of Constantinople
  Sisinnius was the Archbishop of Constantinople from 426 to 427.- References :...
  
  
• Sisinnius II, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Sisinnius II of Constantinople
  Sisinnius II became Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 996 and held the post until his death in 999.He was extremely well educated and had been honoured with the office of magistros. His patriarchate was characterised by the facing of flock issues, issues about wedding and divorce, but also...
  
  
• Sittas
  Sittas
  Sittas was a Byzantine military commander during the reign of Justinian. During the Iberian War against the Sassanid Empire, Sittas was given command of forces in Armenia, similar to the status of Belisarius in Mesopotamia...
  
  
• Sixth Ecumenical Council
  Third Council of Constantinople
  The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and other Christian groups, met in 680/681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills...
  
  
• Skafida, Battle of
  Battle of Skafida
  The Battle of Skafida occurred in 1304 near Poros , Bulgaria. As a result the Bulgarian Empire overcame the crisis from the end of the 13th century, achieved internal stability and regained most of Thrace...
  
  
• Skleros
  Skleros
  The Skleros or Sclerus , feminine form Skleraina/Scleraena , was a noble Byzantine family active mostly in the 9th–11th centuries.-Origin and early members:...
  
  
• Skopje, Battle of
• Smaragdus
  Smaragdus
  Smaragdus was Exarch of Ravenna twice .During his first tenure, Smaragdus made an alliance with the Franks and Avars against the perennial foes of the Exarchate, the Lombards, and appeared poised to extinguish the Lombard power before it had been fully established...
  
  
• Smiltsena Palaiologina
  Smiltsena Palaiologina
  Smiltsena was а Byzantine princess, niece of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, and empress-consort of Tsar Smilets of Bulgaria.-Family:...
  
  
• Smolyani
  Smolyani
  The Smolyani were a medieval Slavic tribe that settled in the Rhodope Mountains, the valley of the Mesta River and the region around Blagoevgrad Province, possibly in the 7th-8th century...
  
  
• Solachon, Battle of
  Battle of Solachon
  The Battle of Solachon was fought in 586 CE in northern Mesopotamia between the East Roman forces, led by General Philippicus, the brother-in-law of Emperor Maurice The Battle of Solachon was fought in 586 CE in northern Mesopotamia between the East Roman (Byzantine) forces, led by General...
  
  
• Solomon (Byzantine general)
  Solomon (Byzantine general)
  Solomon was an East Roman general from northern Mesopotamia, who distinguished himself as a commander in the Vandalic War and the reconquest of North Africa in 533–534. He spent most of the next decade in Africa as its governor general, combining the military post of magister militum with the...
  
  
• Sophia (empress)
  Sophia (empress)
  Aelia Sophia was the Empress consort of Justin II of the Byzantine Empire from 565 to 578. She was specifically interested in economic matters and was involved in financial matters during Justin's reign...
  
  
• Sophia of Montferrat
  Sophia of Montferrat
  Sophia of Montferrat was the second wife of John VIII Palaiologos. She was briefly the senior Empress consort of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:...
  
  
• Sophia Palaiologina
• Sophronius
• Spania
  Spania
  Spania was a province of the Roman Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. It was a part of the conquests of Roman Emperor Justinian I in an effort to restore the western half of the Empire....
  
  
• Sparta, History of
  History of Sparta
  The History of Sparta describes the destiny of the ancient Dorian Greek state known as Sparta from its beginning in the legendary period to its forced incorporation into the Achaean League under the late Roman Republic, its conquerors, in 146 BCE, a period of roughly 1000 years...
  
  
• Spear of Destiny
  Holy Lance
  The Holy Lance is the name given to the lance that pierced Jesus' side as he hung on the cross in John's account of the Crucifixion.-Biblical references:The lance is mentioned only in the Gospel of John and not in any of the...
  
  
• Spercheios, Battle of
  Battle of Spercheios
  The Battle of Spercheios took place in 997 AD, on the shores of the river of the same name in present-day central Greece. It was fought between a Bulgarian army led by Tsar Samuil, that in the previous year had penetrated far south into Greece, and a Byzantine army under the command of Nikephoros...
  
  
• Speros Vryonis
  Speros Vryonis
  Speros Vryonis Jr. is an American historian of Greek descent and a specialist in Greek and Byzantine history. He is the author of a number of works on Byzantine/Greek-Turkish relations, including The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh...
  
  
• Sporacius
• Staurakios
  Staurakios
  Staurakios or Stauracius was Byzantine emperor from July 26 to October 2, 811 in succession to his father, Nikephoros I, who had fallen at the Battle of Pliska...
  
  
• Staurakios (eunuch)
  Staurakios (eunuch)
  Staurakios was a Byzantine eunuch official, who rose to be one of the most important and influential associates of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens . He effectively acted as chief minister during her regency for her young son, Emperor Constantine VI Staurakios (or Stauracius) (died on June 3,...
  
  
• Stavraton
  Stavraton
  The stavraton or stauraton was a type of silver coin used during the last century of the Byzantine Empire.The name first appears in the mid-11th century for a gold histamenon showing the emperor holding a cross-shaped scepter, but in its more specific sense, it denotes the large silver coins...
  
  
• Stavronikita monastery
  Stavronikita monastery
  Stavronikita monastery is an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece, dedicated to Saint Nicholas. It is built on top of a rock near the sea near the middle of the eastern shore of the Athonite peninsula, located between the monasteries of Iviron and Pantokratoros...
  
  
• Stefan Lazarević
  Stefan Lazarevic
  Stefan Lazarević known also as Stevan the Tall was a Serbian Despot, ruler of the Serbian Despotate between 1389 and 1427. He was the son and heir to Prince Lazar, who died at the Battle of Kosovo against the Turks in 1389, and Princess Milica from the subordinate branch of the Nemanjić dynasty...
  
  
• Stefan Nemanja
  Stefan Nemanja
  Stefan Nemanja was the Grand Prince of the Grand Principality of Serbia from 1166 to 1196, a heir of the Vukanović dynasty that marked the beginning of a greater Serbian realm .He is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and...
  
  
• Stefan Nemanjić
• Stephanus of Byzantium
  Stephanus of Byzantium
  Stephen of Byzantium, also known as Stephanus Byzantinus , was the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica...
  
  
• Stephen Lekapenos
  Stephen Lekapenos
  Stephen Lekapenos was the second son of the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos , and co-emperor from 924 to 945. Along with his younger brother Constantine he deposed Romanos I in December 944, only to be themselves overthrown and exiled by the legitimate emperor Constantine VII a few weeks...
  
  
• Stephen I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Stephen II of Amasea, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Stephen III, Pope of Rome
  Pope Stephen III
  Pope Stephen III was pope from August 1 or August 7, 768 to January 24, 772. He was a native of Sicily.He came to Rome during the pontificate of Gregory III and gradually rose to high office in the service of successive popes....
  
  
• Stephen Držislav of Croatia
• Stephen Dragutin of Serbia
• Stephen Gabrielopoulos
  Stephen Gabrielopoulos
  Stephen Gabrielopoulos was a powerful magnate in Thessaly, at the time an independent state, who pledged allegiance to the Byzantine Empire and was rewarded with the title of sebastokrator....
  
  
• Stephen the Younger
  Stephen the Younger
  Saint Stephen the Younger was a Byzantine monk from Constantinople who became one of the leading opponents of the iconoclastic policies of Emperor Constantine V . He was executed in 764, and became the most prominent iconodule martyr...
  
  
• Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
• Stephen Uroš V of Serbia
• Steven Runciman
  Steven Runciman
  The Hon. Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH — known as Steven Runciman — was a British historian known for his work on the Middle Ages...
  
  
• Stotzas
  Stotzas
  Stotzas , also Stutias, was an East Roman soldier and leader of a military rebellion in the Praetorian prefecture of Africa.-Life:...
  
  
• Stratarches
  Stratarches
  Stratarches or στρατάρχες ), means "master/ruler of the army" in Greek, and is a title associated with successful generals. In modern Greek usage, it corresponds to the rank of Field Marshal....
  
  
• Strategikon of Maurice
• Strategikon of Kekaumenos
  Strategikon of Kekaumenos
  The Strategikon of Kekaumenos is a late 11th century Byzantine manual offering advice on warfare and the handling of public and domestic affairs.The book was composed between 1075 and 1078 by its author, a Byzantine general of partly Armenian descent...
  
  
• Strategius Apion
  Strategius Apion
  Flavius Strategius Apion Strategius Apion was a patrician of the Byzantine Empire and the consul ordinarius of 539. He was a member of the wealthy and prominent Apion family of Oxyrhynchus, Egypt....
  
  
• Strategos
  Strategos
  Strategos, plural strategoi, is used in Greek to mean "general". In the Hellenistic and Byzantine Empires the term was also used to describe a military governor...
  
  
• Stratelates
  Stratelates
  Stratēlatēs was a Greek term designating a general, which also became a honorary dignity in the Byzantine Empire. In the former sense, it was often applied to military saints, such as Theodore Stratelates....
  
  
• Stratopedarches
  Stratopedarches
  Stratopedarchēs , sometimes Anglicized as stratopedarch, was a Greek term used with regard to high-ranking military commanders from the 1st century BC on, becoming a proper office and later an honorary title during the Byzantine Empire.-History:...
  
  
• Strumica, Battle of
• Strymon (theme)
  Strymon (theme)
  The Theme of Strymon was a Byzantine military-civilian province located in modern Greek Macedonia, with the city of Serres as its capital...
  
  
• Stylianos of Paphlagonia
  Stylianos of Paphlagonia
  Saint Stylianos was born during the 6th century in Adrianopolis in the province of Paphlagonia into a very wealthy family...
  
  
• Stylianos Zaoutzes
  Stylianos Zaoutzes
  Stylianos Zaoutzes was a high Byzantine official of Armenian origin. Rising to high rank under Byzantine emperor Basil I , he then rose further to prominence under Basil's successor Emperor Leo VI the Wise , who had a close friendship and possible an affair with Stylianos's daughter Zoe Zaoutzaina...
  
  
• Suda
  Suda
  The Suda or Souda is a massive 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often...
  
  
• Suffragia
  Suffragia
  Suffragia was the practice of buying and selling provincial governorships in the early Byzantine Empire. Suffragia was prohibited by Justinian I in 535 AD....
  
  
• Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
  Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
  Sulayman bin Abd al-Malik was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 715 until 717. His father was Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, and he was a younger brother of the previous caliph, al-Walid I.-Early years:...
  
  
• Sulayman ibn Hisham
  Sulayman ibn Hisham
  Sulayman ibn Hisham was an Arab general, the son of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik . He is known for his participation in the expeditions against the Byzantine Empire as well as his prominent role in the civil wars that occurred during the last years of the Umayyad Caliphate. Defeated...
  
  
• Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
• Süleymanshah II
  Süleymanshah II
  Suleiman II aka Rukn ad-Din Suleiman Shah , was the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm between 1196–1204.Son of Kilij Arslan II, he overthrew his brother, Sultan Kaykhusraw I who had succeeded their father in 1192 and became sultan in 1196....
  
  
• Sümela Monastery
  Sumela Monastery
  The Sümela Monastery , , i.e. monastery of the Panaghia at Melá mountain) is a Greek Orthodox monastery, standing at the foot of a steep cliff facing the Altındere valley, in the region of Maçka in Trabzon Province, modern Turkey...
  
  
• Sunicas
  Sunicas
  Sunicas was a Hun who served in the Byzantine military during the Iberian War, in the early reign of Justinian I .According to Zacharias of Mytilene, Sunicas was a Hun who fled to the Byzantine Empire, where he was baptized. By 527, he was an officer stationed at the fortress of Dara in...
  
  
• Sutton Hoo
  Sutton Hoo
  Sutton Hoo, near to Woodbridge, in the English county of Suffolk, is the site of two 6th and early 7th century cemeteries. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, now held in the British...
  
  
• Sviatoslav I of Kiev
  Sviatoslav I of Kiev
  Sviatoslav I Igorevich ; , also spelled Svyatoslav, was a prince of Rus...
  
  
• Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
  Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
  Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria refers to a conflict beginning in 967/968 and ending in 971, carried out in the eastern Balkans and involving the Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, and the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines instigated the Rus' ruler Sviatoslav to attack Bulgaria, leading to the collapse of the...
  
  
• Svindax, Battle of
  Battle of Svindax
  The Battle of Svindax was fought during the spring of 1022 between the Byzantine army of Emperor Basil II and the Georgian army of King George I. The battle was fought at Svindax in the Phasiane province . Ultimately, the Byzantines won a decisive victory...
  
  
• Symmachus, Pope of Rome
  Pope Symmachus
  Saint Symmachus was pope from 498 to 514. His tenure was marked by a serious schism over who was legitimately elected pope by the citizens of Rome....
  
  
• Symponos
  Symponos
  The symponos was, along with the logothetes tou praitoriou, one of the two senior subalterns to the Eparch of Constantinople, the chief administrator of the capital of the Byzantine Empire. His main responsibility was the supervision of the city's guilds on the Eparch's behalf...
  
  
• Synadene, Queen of Hungary
  Synadene, Queen of Hungary
  Synadene , was a Queen of Hungary; married to King Géza I of Hungary.Her first name is unknown. History calls her by her surname. She was the daughter of the Byzantine commander Theodoulos Synadenos and his wife, the sister of the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates. Ca. 1065 she married...
  
  
• Synecdemus
  Synecdemus
  The Synecdemus or Synekdemos is a geographic text, attributed to Hierocles, which contains a table of administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire and lists of the cities of each. The work is dated to the reign of Justinian but prior to 535, as it divides the 912 listed cities in the Empire...
  
  
• Syracuse, Sicily
• Syracuse (827–828), Siege of
  Siege of Syracuse (827–828)
  The Siege of Syracuse in 827–828 marks the first attempt by the Aghlabids to conquer the city of Syracuse in Sicily, then a Byzantine province. The Aghlabid army had only months before landed on Sicily, ostensibly in support of the rebel Byzantine general Euphemius...
  
  
• Syracuse (877–878), Siege of
  Siege of Syracuse (877–878)
  The Siege of Syracuse in 877–878 led to the fall of the city of Syracuse, the Roman/Byzantine capital of Sicily, to the Aghlabids. The Aghlabids had tried and failed to take the city soon after their initial landing on the island 50 years earlier...
  
  
• Syrgiannes Palaiologos
• Syria (Roman province)
  Syria (Roman province)
  Syria was a Roman province, annexed in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursuing victory in the Third Mithridatic War. It remained under Roman, and subsequently Byzantine, rule for seven centuries, until 637 when it fell to the Islamic conquests.- Principate :The...
  
  
• Syria, History of
  History of Syria
  The history of Syria:*Prehistory and Ancient Near East: see Pre-history of the Southern Levant, Fertile Crescent, Ebla, Mitanni*Antiquity: see Syro-Hittite states, Greater Syria, Roman Syria...
  
  
• Syriac language
  Syriac language
  Syriac is a dialect of Middle Aramaic that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. Having first appeared as a script in the 1st century AD after being spoken as an unwritten language for five centuries, Classical Syriac became a major literary language throughout the Middle East from...
  
  

T

• Al-Tabari
  Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
  Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari was a prominent and influential Sunni scholar and exegete of the Qur'an from Persia...
  
  
• Tablion
• Tabor Light
  Tabor Light
  In Eastern Orthodox theology, the Tabor Light is the light revealed on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration of Jesus, identified with the light seen by Paul at his conversion.As a theological doctrine, the uncreated nature of the Light of...
  
  
• Tabula Peutingeriana
  Tabula Peutingeriana
  The Tabula Peutingeriana is an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. The original map of which this is a unique copy was last revised in the fourth or early fifth century. It covers Europe, parts of Asia and North Africa...
  
  
• Tactica
  Tactica
  The term Tactica or Taktika can refer to:Two Byzantine military treatises on tactics and strategy:* the Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise, written in the early 10th century and attributed to the emperor Leo VI the Wise....
  
  
• Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise
  Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise
  The Tactica is a military treatise written by or on behalf of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise in ca. 895-908. Drawing on earlier authors such as Aelian, Onasander and the Strategikon of emperor Maurice, it is one of the major works on Byzantine military tactics, written on the eve of Byzantium's...
  
  
• Tactica of Nikephoros Ouranos
• Taginae, Battle of
  Battle of Taginae
  At the Battle of Taginae in June/July 552, the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Narses broke the power of the Ostrogoths in Italy, and paved the way for the temporary Byzantine reconquest of the Italian Peninsula.From as early as 549 the Emperor Justinian I had planned to dispatch a major army...
  
  
• Tagma (military)
  Tagma (military)
  The tagma is a term for a military unit of battalion or regiment size. The best-known and most technical use of the term however refers to the elite regiments formed by Byzantine emperor Constantine V and comprising the central army of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th–11th centuries.-History and...
  
  
• Taktikon Uspensky
  Taktikon Uspensky
  The Taktikon Uspensky or Uspenskij is the conventional name of a mid-9th century Greek list of the civil, military and ecclesiastical offices of the Byzantine Empire and their precedence at the imperial court. Nicolas Oikonomides has dated it to 842/843, making it the first of a series of such...
  
  
• Tamar of Georgia
  Tamar of Georgia
  Tamar , of the Bagrationi dynasty, was Queen Regnant of Georgia from 1184 to 1213. Tamar presided over the "Golden age" of the medieval Georgian monarchy...
  
  
• Tamkhosrau
  Tamkhosrau
  Tamkhosrau or Tamkhusro , was a Sassanid Persian general active in the Roman–Persian Wars of the late 6th century. As his honorific name indicates, he was a highly-regarded man among the Persians, and one of the chief generals of the shah Khosrau I Tamkhosrau or Tamkhusro ("strong Khosrau", in...
  
  
• Tancred, Prince of Galilee
  Tancred, Prince of Galilee
  Tancred was a Norman leader of the First Crusade who later became Prince of Galilee and regent of the Principality of Antioch...
  
  
• Tanukhids
  Tanukhids
  The Tanûkhids or Tanukh were originally from the Qahtani confederation of Arab tribes, sometimes characterized as Saracens. They first rose to prominence in northern Arabia and south of Syria in the 3rd century BCE...
  
  
• Taormina
  Taormina
  Taormina is a comune and small town on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy, in the Province of Messina, about midway between Messina and Catania. Taormina has been a very popular tourist destination since the 19th century...
  
  
• Taranto
  Taranto
  Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....
  
  
• Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople
  Saint Tarasios was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from December 25, 784 until his death in 806.-Background:...
  
  
• Tarchaneiotes
  Tarchaneiotes
  Tarchaneiotes , feminine form Tarchaneiotissa was the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family from Adrianople, active from the late 10th to the 14th century, mostly as military commanders.The ethnic origin of the family is unknown...
  
  
• Taron (historic Armenia)
  Taron (historic Armenia)
  Taron was a canton of the Turuberan province of Greater Armenia, now in the Muş Province, Turkey. It was divided into four districts: Mamikonian, Palauni, , Artokh Taron was a canton of the Turuberan province of Greater Armenia, now in the Muş Province, Turkey. It was divided into four districts:...
  
  
• Taronites
• Tarsus
  Tarsus, Mersin
  Tarsus is a historic city in south-central Turkey, 20 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea. It is part of the Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Area, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Turkey with a population of 2.75 million...
  
  
• Tatikios
• Tatzates
  Tatzates
  Tatzates or Tatzatios was a prominent Byzantine general of Armenian descent, who in 782 defected to the Abbasids and was appointed governor of Armenia.-Life:...
  
  
• Taurus (consul 428)
  Taurus (consul 428)
  Flavius Taurus was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, Consul in 428.He was the son of Aurelianus, Consul in 400 and powerful Praetorian prefect of the East, and nephew of the Taurus Consul in 361...
  
  
• Taurus Mountains
  Taurus Mountains
  Taurus Mountains are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, dividing the Mediterranean coastal region of southern Turkey from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the east...
  
  
• Taxiarch
• Tayk
  Tayk
  Tayk was a historical province of the Greater Armenia, one of its 15 ashkars . Tayk consisted of 8 cantons:* Kogh* Berdats por* Partizats por* Tchakatk* Bokha* Vokaghe* Azordats por* Arsiats por....
  
  
• Teia
  Teia
  Teia , also known as Teja, Theia, Thila, Thela, Teias, was the last Ostrogothic king in Italy.Apparently a military officer serving under Totila, Teia was chosen as successor and raised over a shield after Totila was slain in the Battle of Taginae in July 552...
  
  
• Tekfur Saray
  Palace of the Porphyrogenitus
  The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus , known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı , is a 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople...
  
  
• Telerig of Bulgaria
  Telerig of Bulgaria
  Telerig was the ruler of Bulgaria 768–777.Although Telerig is first mentioned in the Byzantine sources in 774, he is considered the immediate successor of Pagan, who was murdered in 768...
  
  
• Teluch
• Templon
  Templon
  A templon is a feature of Byzantine churches consisting of a barrier separating the nave from the sacraments at the altar....
  
  
• Teodato Ipato
  Teodato Ipato
  Teodato Ipato was the doge of Venice after a brief interregnum following the death of his father, Orso Ipato, in 742. His surname is in fact the Byzantine title hypatos...
  
  
• Tephrike
  Divrigi
  Divriği is a town and a district of Sivas Province of Turkey. The town lies on gentle slope on the south bank of the Çaltısuyu river, a tributary of the Karasu river....
  
  
• Tervel of Bulgaria
  Tervel of Bulgaria
  Khan Tervel also called Tarvel, or Terval, or Terbelis in some Byzantine sources, was the Emperor of the Bulgarians at the beginning of the 8th century. In 705 he received the title Caesar which was a precedent in history. He was probably a Christian like his grandfather Khan Kubrat...
  
  
• Tetarteron
  Tetarteron
  The tetarteron was a Byzantine term applied to two different coins, one gold circulating from the 960s to 1092 in parallel to the histamenon, and one copper used from 1092 to the second half of the 13th century.- Gold coin :...
  
  
• Tetraconch
  Tetraconch
  A tetraconch, from the Greek for "four shells", is a building, usually a church or other religious building, with four apses, one in each direction, usually of equal size. The basic ground plan of the building is therefore a Greek cross...
  
  
• Tetrapylon
  Tetrapylon
  The South Tetrapylon -- which is greek for "four gates"-- is the intersection of Jerash's Cardo with the first cross street in the ancient ruins of Jerash in Jordan dated to the Roman period at the end of the 2nd century AD. Four niched pilasters formed the base of a former central monument....
  
  
• Tetrarchy
  Tetrarchy
  The term Tetrarchy describes any system of government where power is divided among four individuals, but usually refers to the tetrarchy instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire...
  
  
• Thabit ibn Nasr
  Thabit ibn Nasr
  Thabit ibn Nasr ibn Malik al-Khuza'i was an Abbasid general and governor of the Cilician frontier zone with the Byzantine Empire in 808–813....
  
  
• Thamar Angelina Komnene
• Thebaid
  Thebaid
  The Thebaid or Thebais is the region of ancient Egypt containing the thirteen southernmost nomes of Upper Egypt, from Abydos to Aswan. It acquired its name from its proximity to the ancient Egyptian capital of Thebes....
  
  
• Thebes, Greece
  Thebes, Greece
  Thebes is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. It played an important role in Greek myth, as the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus and others...
  
  
• Thekla, wife of Michael II
  Thekla, wife of Michael II
  Thekla was the first Empress consort of Michael II of the Byzantine Empire.- Family :According to Theophanes the Confessor, Thekla was the daughter of an unnamed strategos of the Anatolic Theme, where Michael served. On this account, her father has been identified with the general and later rebel...
  
  
• Thema
• Themistius
  Themistius
  Themistius , named , was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher. He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a...
  
  
• Theocritus (comes domesticorum)
  Theocritus (comes domesticorum)
  Theocritus was a candidate to the throne of the Byzantine Empire in 518. He lost to Justin I.- Sources :Theocritus is an obscure individual, primarily mentioned by two authors: John Malalas and Marcellinus Comes. The former mentions him as a domestikos...
  
  
• Theodahad
  Theodahad
  Theodahad was the King of the Ostrogoths from 534 to 536 and a nephew of Theodoric the Great through his sister Amalafrida. He might have arrived in Italy with Theodoric and was an elderly man at the time of his succession...
  
  
• Theodora (11th century)
  Theodora (11th century)
  Theodora was a Byzantine Empress. Born into the Macedonian dynasty that had ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost two hundred years, she was co-empress with her sister Zoe for two months in 1042 and sole empress from 11 January 1055 to after 31 August 1056...
  
  
• Theodora (wife of Justinian I)
• Theodora, wife of Romanos I
  Theodora, wife of Romanos I
  -Empress:Her origins and background are not known. She became the mother-in-law to Constantine VII in May or June, 919 with the marriage of the young Emperor to her daughter Helena Lekapene...
  
  
• Theodora (wife of Theophilos)
• Theodora, daughter of Constantine VII
  Theodora, daughter of Constantine VII
  Theodora, daughter of Constantine VII was the second wife and first Empress consort of John I Tzimiskes.She was a daughter of Constantine VII and Helena Lekapene. Her maternal grandparents were Romanos I and Theodora....
  
  
• Theodora Angelina (daughter of Isaac Komnenos)
  Theodora Angelina (daughter of Isaac Komnenos)
  Theodora Angelina was the only daughter of Anna Angelina and the sebastocrator Isaac Comnenus . Her maternal grandparents were Byzantine emperor Alexius III Angelus and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina....
  
  
• Theodora Angelina, Duchess of Austria
• Theodora Axouchina
• Theodora Doukaina Vatatzaina
• Theodora of Trebizond
  Theodora of Trebizond
  Theodora Megale Komnene , , Empress of Trebizond from 1284 to 1285. She was a daughter of Emperor Manuel I of Trebizond by his second wife, Rusudan, a Georgian princess....
  
  
• Theodora Kantakouzene
  Theodora Kantakouzene
  Theodora Kantakouzene was the Empress consort of Alexios III of Trebizond.- Family :Theodora is considered a daughter of Nikephoros Kantakouzenos, sebastokratōr...
  
  
• Theodora Kantakouzene, wife of Alexios IV of Trebizond
  Theodora Kantakouzene, wife of Alexios IV of Trebizond
  Theodora Kantakouzene was the Empress consort of Alexios IV of Trebizond.-Family:Theodora and her relations are named in Dell'Imperadori Constantinopolitani, a manuscript held in the Vatican Library. The document is also known as the "Massarelli manuscript" because it was found in the papers of...
  
  
• Theodora Komnene
  Theodora Komnene
  Theodora Komnene or Comnena was a niece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and wife of King Baldwin III of Jerusalem.-Family:Theodora was a daughter of the sebastokratōr Isaac Komnenos by his second wife, Eirene Synadene...
  
  
• Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria
• Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch
• Theodora Komnene Angelina
  Theodora Komnene Angelina
  Theodora Komnene , was a Byzantine noblewoman, being the fourth daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. She married Konstantinos Angelos, Admiral of Sicily by whom she had seven children...
  
  
• Theodora of Alexandria
  Theodora of Alexandria
  Theodora of Alexandria is an Eastern Orthodox saint and Desert Mother who died in 490 AD.Early in life, Theodora committed adultery. Disguised as a man, she joined a monastery in repentance of her sin under the name Theodore. Her true identity as a woman was discovered after her death...
  
  
• Theodora of Arta
  Theodora of Arta
  Theodora Petraliphaina , canonized as Saint Theodora of Arta , was a consort of Epirus and an Orthodox Christian saint.- Life :Her life is known mostly from a short hagiography written by the monk Job, sometimes identified with the late-13th century cleric Job Iasites...
  
  
• Theodora of Khazaria
  Theodora of Khazaria
  Theodora of Khazaria was the second Empress consort of Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire.- Family :She was a sister of Busir, Khagan of Khazars. Their relation to other Khazar rulers such as Bihar, father of Tzitzak, is unknown.- Marriage :...
  
  
• Theodora Palaiologina
  Theodora Palaiologina
  Theodora Palaiologina Synadene was the daughter of Constantine Palaiologos and Irene Komnene Laskarina Branaina. Through her father, she was a half-niece of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.-Early life:...
  
  
• Theodora Palaiologina Synadene
• Theodora Raoulaina
  Theodora Raoulaina
  Theodora Palaiologina Kantakouzene Raoulaina was a Byzantine noblewoman, the niece of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos . Widowed twice, she clashed with her uncle over his unionist religious policies, and became a nun. She also restored the monastery of Saint Andrew in Krisei, to where she...
  
  
• Theodora Tocco
  Theodora Tocco
  Theodora Tocco was the first wife of Constantine Palaiologos while he was Despot of Morea. Her husband would become the last Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:...
  
  
• Theodore (brother of Heraclius)
  Theodore (brother of Heraclius)
  Theodore was the brother of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius , a curopalates and leading general in Heraclius' wars against the Persians and against the Arab invasions.-Life:...
  
  
• Theodore I Calliopas
  Theodore I Calliopas
  Theodore Calliopas was an Exarch of Ravenna twice .Nothing is known of Theodore's first term, except that he succeeded Isaac 643, and was replaced by Plato c. 645....
  
  
• Theodore I Laskaris
  Theodore I Laskaris
  Theodoros I Komnenos Laskaris was emperor of Nicaea .-Family:Theodore Laskaris was born to the Laskaris, a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Laskaris and wife Ioanna Karatzaina . He had four older brothers: Manuel Laskaris Theodoros...
  
  
• Theodore I Palaiologos, Lord of Morea
  Theodore I Palaiologos, Lord of Morea
  Theodore I Palaiologos was despot in the Morea from 1383 until his death on June 24, 1407. He was the youngest surviving son of the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his wife Helena Kantakouzene. His maternal grandfather was former Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos...
  
  
• Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat
  Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat
  Theodore I Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Marquess of Montferrat from 1306 until his death.He was a son of Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and Irene of Montferrat...
  
  
• Theodore I, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Theodore I, Pope of Rome
  Pope Theodore I
  Pope Theodore I , who was pope from November 24, 642, to May 14, 649, is considered a Greek, but was born in Jerusalem. He was made a cardinal deacon, and a full cardinal by Pope John IV....
  
  
• Theodore II (exarch)
  Theodore II (exarch)
  Theodore II was Exarch of Ravenna .Theodore succeeded Gregory in 677. He is recorded as confirming the election of Conon as Pope on 21 October 686....
  
  
• Theodore II Laskaris
  Theodore II Laskaris
  Theodore II Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris was emperor of Nicaea, 1254–1258.-Life:Theodore II Doukas Laskaris was the only son of Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes and Eirene Laskarina, the daughter of Emperor Theodore I Laskaris and Anna Angelina, a daughter of Emperor Alexios III Angelos and...
  
  
• Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea
  Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea
  Theodore II Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Despot in Morea from 1407 to 1443.-Life:...
  
  
• Theodore II Eirenicus, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Theodore Aaronios
  Theodore Aaronios
  Theodore Aaronios was one of the latter members of the Aaronios family in the 11th century Byzantine Empire.Theodore served as governor of Taron. He was killed in battle with the Turks in 1055.-References:...
  
  
• Theodore Abu-Qurrah
  Theodore Abu-Qurrah
  Theodore Abū Qurrah was a 9th century Christian Arab theologian who lived in the early Islamic period.Biography=He was born around 750 AD in the city of Edessa, in northern Mesopotamia, and was the Chalcedonian or Melkite bishop of the nearby city of Harran between 795 and 812...
  
  
• Theodore Branas
  Theodore Branas
  Theodore Branas or Vranas was a general under the Byzantine Empire and afterwards under the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He is called Li Vernas by western chroniclers of the Fourth Crusade, including Geoffroi de Villehardouin....
  
  
• Theodore Gabras
  Theodore Gabras
  Theodore Gabras was a Byzantine governor in the Pontus who was involved in a minor unsuccessful rebellion against the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos around the year 1091.-Early life:...
  
  
• Theodore Hyrtakenos
• Theodore Komnenos Doukas
  Theodore Komnenos Doukas
  Theodore Komnenos Doukas was ruler of Epirus from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica from 1224 to 1230.-Life:...
  
  
• Theodore Mangaphas
  Theodore Mangaphas
  Theodore Mangaphas or Mankaphas was a nobleman from Philadelphia who assumed the title of Byzantine Emperor twice, first during the reign of Isaac II, and secondly after the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade...
  
  
• Theodore Meliteniotes
  Theodore Meliteniotes
  Theodore Meliteniotes , was a Byzantine Greek astronomer, a sakellarios in the Byzantine bureaucracy, a supporter of Gregory Palamas and an opponent of the reunion with the Catholic Church. He became didaskalos ton didaskalon, i.e...
  
  
• Theodore Metochites
  Theodore Metochites
  Theodore Metochites was a Byzantine statesman, author, gentleman philosopher, and patron of the arts. From c. 1305 to 1328 he held the position of personal adviser to emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.- Life :...
  
  
• Theodore of Dekapolis
• Theodore of Mopsuestia
  Theodore of Mopsuestia
  Theodore the Interpreter was bishop of Mopsuestia from 392 to 428 AD. He is also known as Theodore of Antioch, from the place of his birth and presbyterate...
  
  
• Theodore of Sykeon
  Saint Theodore of Sykeon
  Saint Theodore of Sykeon was a revered Byzantine ascetic in the early 600s. His hagiography, written after 641, is a key primary source for the reign of Emperor Heraclius .During the reign of Emperor Maurice Saint Theodore of Sykeon was a revered Byzantine ascetic in the early 600s. His...
  
  
• Theodore Prodromos
• Theodore Rshtuni
• Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
  Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
  Theodore Svetoslav ruled as emperor of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. He was a wise and capable ruler who brought stability and relative prosperity to the Bulgarian Empire after two decades of constant Mongol intervention in the internal issues of the Empire...
  
  
• Theodore the Studite
  Theodore the Studite
  Theodore the Studite was a Byzantine Greek monk and abbot of the Stoudios monastery in Constantinople. He played a major role in the revivals both of Byzantine monasticism and of classical literary genres in Byzantium...
  
  
• Theodore of Tarsus
  Theodore of Tarsus
  Theodore was the eighth Archbishop of Canterbury, best known for his reform of the English Church and establishment of a school in Canterbury....
  
  
• Theodore Trithyrius
  Theodore Trithyrius
  Theodore Trithyrius , commonly known by his title as Theodore the Sacellarius, was a Byzantine treasurer of the state and a military commander during the last years of the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius.-Life:...
  
  
• Theodorias (province)
  Theodorias (province)
  Theodorias was a Byzantine province created in 528 by Emperor Justinian I and named in honour of his wife, the Empress Theodora. It comprised a small coastal territory taken from the earlier provinces of Syria Prima and Syria Secunda. The new province remained part of the Diocese of the East. Its...
  
  
• Theodoric Strabo
  Theodoric Strabo
  Theodoric Strabo was an Ostrogoth chieftain who was involved in the politics of the Byzantine Empire during the reigns of Byzantine Emperors Leo I, Zeno and Basiliscus...
  
  
• Theodoric the Great
  Theodoric the Great
  Theodoric the Great was king of the Ostrogoths , ruler of Italy , regent of the Visigoths , and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire...
  
  
• Theodorus and Theophanes
  Theodorus and Theophanes
  Saints Theodorus and Theophanes , called the Grapti , are remembered as proponents of the veneration of icons during the second Iconoclastic controversy...
  
  
• Theodorus Lector
  Theodorus Lector
  Theodorus Lector was a lector, or reader, at the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople during the early sixth century. He wrote two works of history; one is a collection of sources which relates events beginning in 313, during Constantine's early reign, down to 439, in the reign Theodosius II...
  
  
• Theodosia, wife of Leo V
  Theodosia, wife of Leo V
  -Family:Theodosia was the daughter of Arsaber, a Byzantine patrician. The name and rank of her father were recorded by both Genesius and Theophanes Continuatus, the continuation to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor. The name of her mother is unknown....
  
  
• Theodosian dynasty
  Theodosian dynasty
  The Theodosian dynasty was a Roman family that rose to eminence in the waning days of the Roman Empire.-History:Its founding father was Flavius Theodosius , a great general who had saved Britannia from the Great Conspiracy...
  
  
• Theodosian Walls
• Theodosiopolis (Armenia)
  Erzurum
  Erzurum is a city in Turkey. It is the largest city, the capital of Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. .Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the...
  
  
• Theodosios Monomachos
  Theodosios Monomachos
  Theodosios Monomachos, Latinized as Theodosius Monomachus , was a usurper who attempted to become emperor on the accession of Michael VI Stratiotikos in 1056.- Career :...
  
  
• Theodosius I
  Theodosius I
  Theodosius I , also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. During his reign, the Goths secured control of Illyricum after the Gothic War, establishing their homeland...
  
  
• Theodosius I of Alexandria
• Theodosius II
  Theodosius II
  Theodosius II , commonly surnamed Theodosius the Younger, or Theodosius the Calligrapher, was Byzantine Emperor from 408 to 450. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code, and for the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople...
  
  
• Theodosius III
  Theodosios III
  Theodosios III or Theodosius III , was Byzantine Emperor from 715 to March 25, 717.Theodosius was a financial officer and tax collector in the southern portion of the theme of Opsikion. According to one theory he was the son of the former Emperor Tiberius III. When the thematic troops rebelled...
  
  
• Theodosius (son of Maurice)‎
• Theodosius Borradiotes
• Theodosius the Cenobiarch
  Theodosius the Cenobiarch
  Theodosius the Cenobiarch was a monk, abbot, and saint.He was born in Mogarissos, a village in Cappadocia, Saint Basil's province. Theodosius' parents Proheresius and Eulogia were both very pious. Later Eulogia would become a nun taking her son Theodosius as her spiritual father...
  
  
• Theodosius Cistern
  Theodosius Cistern
  The Theodosius Cistern is one of many ancient cisterns of Constantinople that lie beneath the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The modern entrance is in Piyer Loti Caddesi, Fatih....
  
  
• Theodosius the Deacon
  Theodosius the Deacon
  Theodosius the Deacon or Theodosios Diakonos was a Byzantine poet who lived in the 10th century. He is known only through his The Sack of Crete , an epic poem in 1039 twelve-syllable lines, written in 962/963 to celebrate the recapture of the island of Crete from the Arabs in 961 by Nikephoros...
  
  
• Theodosius the Elder
  Count Theodosius
  Flavius Theodosius or Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western Roman Empire. He achieved the rank of Comes Britanniarum and as such, he is usually referred to as Comes Theodosius...
  
  
• Theodosius, Forum of
  Forum of Theodosius
  The Forum of Theodosius was an area in Constantinople. It was originally built by Constantine I and named the Forum Tauri...
  
  
• Theodote
  Theodote
  Theodote was the second Empress consort of Constantine VI of the Byzantine Empire.-Family:Theodote was a member of a distinguished family of Constantinople. Her brother Sergios was mentioned as a hypatos. Their mother Anna was a sister of Theoktiste and her brother Platon...
  
  
• Theodotus I Kassiteras, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Theodotus II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Theodulf of Orléans
  Theodulf of Orléans
  Theodulf of Orléans , was the Bishop of Orléans during the reign of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious...
  
  
• Theoktistos
  Theoktistos
  Theoktistos was an influential senior Byzantine official during the reigns of Michael II and his son Theophilos, and regent for the underage Michael III...
  
  
• Theopaschites
  Scythian monks
  The Scythian monks were a community of monks from the region around the mouths of the Danube, who played an influential role in Christian theological disputes between the 4th and 6th centuries. The name Scythian comes from Scythia Minor, the classical name of the modern Dobruja region in Romania...
  
  
• Theophanes (chamberlain)
  Theophanes (chamberlain)
  Theophanes was a Byzantine palace official and the chief adviser of Emperor Romanos Lekapenos during most of his reign. He was also an active and able diplomat, and led the naval defense of Constantinople against the Rus' invasion of 941....
  
  
• Theophanes Continuatus
  Theophanes Continuatus
  Theophanes Continuatus or Scriptores post Theophanem is the Latin name commonly applied to a collection of historical writings preserved in the 11th-century Vat. gr. 167 manuscript. Its name derives from its role as the continuation, covering the years 813–961, of the chronicle of Theophanes the...
  
  
• Theophanes Nonnus
  Theophanes Nonnus
  Theophanes Nonnus or Nonnos, originally Theophanes Chrysobalantes or Chrysobalantites was a Byzantine physician who wrote an outline of medicine dedicated to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus.-Identity:...
  
  
• Theophanes of Byzantium
  Theophanes of Byzantium
  Theophanes of Byzantium was a Byzantine historian.He wrote, in ten books, the history of the Eastern Empire during the Persian war under Justin II, beginning from the second year of Justin , in which the truce made by Justinian I with Khosrau I was broken, and going down to last year of the war...
  
  
• Theophanes the Confessor
  Theophanes the Confessor
  Saint Theophanes Confessor was a member of the Byzantine aristocracy, who became a monk and chronicler. He is venerated on March 12 in the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church .-Biography:Theophanes was born in Constantinople of wealthy and noble iconodule parents: Isaac,...
  
  
• Theophanes the Greek
  Theophanes the Greek
  Theophanes the Greek was a Byzantine Greek artist and one of the greatest icon painters, or iconographers, of Muscovite Russia, and was noted as the teacher and mentor of the great Andrei Rublev.-Life and work:Theophanes was born in the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople...
  
  
• Theophano, wife of Staurakios
  Theophano, wife of Staurakios
  -Family:According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Theophano was a relative of Irene . Both women were from Athens but the nature of their relation to each other is not known.-Empress:...
  
  
• Theophano Martiniake
• Theophano (10th century)
• Theophanu
  Theophanu
  Theophanu , also spelled Theophania, Theophana or Theophano, was born in Constantinople, and was the wife of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor.-Family:...
  
  
• Theophilos (emperor)
  Theophilos (emperor)
  Theophilos was the Byzantine emperor from 829 until his death in 842. He was the second emperor of the Phrygian dynasty, and the last emperor supporting iconoclasm...
  
  
• Theophilos Erotikos
  Theophilos Erotikos
  Theophilos Erotikos was an 11th-century Byzantine general, and governor in Serbia and Cyprus, where he led a short-lived rebellion in 1042.-Serbian revolts:...
  
  
• Theophilos Erotikos (10th century)
  Theophilos Erotikos (10th century)
  Theophilos Erotikos was a 10th-century Byzantine scholar and official. Under Romanos I Lekapenos , he served as Eparch of Constantinople and teacher of geometry at the University of Constantinople. On the assumption of sole rule by Constantine VII in 945, he was promoted to the rank of patrikios...
  
  
• Theophilos Kourkouas
  Theophilos Kourkouas
  Theophilos Kourkouas was a distinguished Byzantine general in the 10th century. He was also the grandfather of the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes ....
  
  
• Theophilus of Adana
  Theophilus of Adana
  Saint Theophilus the Penitent or Theophilus of Adana was a cleric in the sixth century Church who is said to have made a deal with the devil to gain an ecclesiastical position. His story is significant as it is the oldest story of a pact with the Devil and was an inspiration for the Faust legend...
  
  
• Theophilus Protospatharius
  Theophilus Protospatharius
  Theophilus Protospatharius , the author of several Greek medical works, which are still extant, and of which it is not quite certain whether some do not belong to Philaretus and Philotheus. Every thing connected with his titles, the events of his life, and the time when he lived, is uncertain...
  
  
• Theophobos
  Theophobos
  Theophobos or Theophobus , originally Nasr, was a Persian or Kurdish commander in Byzantine service under Emperor Theophilos ....
  
  
• Theophylact Simocatta
  Theophylact Simocatta
  Theophylact Simocatta was an early seventh-century Byzantine historiographer, arguably ranking as the last historian of Late Antiquity, writing in the time of Heraclius about the late Emperor Maurice .-Life:His history of the reign of emperor Maurice is in eight books...
  
  
• Theophylact Botaneiates
• Theophylact Lekapenos, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Theophylactus (exarch)
  Theophylactus (exarch)
  Theophylact was an Exarch of Ravenna , succeeding John II Platinus.According to T.S. Brown, the garrison of Ravenna made an attempt on his life in 701. Shortly after his promotion, Theophylact marched from Sicily to Rome, where John VI had recently been made Pope. His reasons for marching into the...
  
  
• Theotokos
  Theotokos
  Theotokos is the Greek title of Mary, the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic Churches. Its literal English translations include God-bearer and the one who gives birth to God. Less literal translations include Mother of God...
  
  
• Thermantia
  Thermantia
  Aemilia Materna Thermantia was the second Empress consort of Honorius, Western Roman Emperor.-Family:She was a daughter of Stilicho, magister militum of the Western Roman Empire, and Serena. Thermantia was a sister of Eucherius and Maria...
  
  
• Thessalonica
  Thessaloniki
  Thessaloniki , historically also known as Thessalonica, Salonika or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace...
  
  
• Thessalonica (theme)
  Thessalonica (theme)
  The Theme of Thessalonica was a military-civilian province of the Byzantine Empire located in the southern Balkans, comprising varying parts of Central and Western Macedonia and centred around Thessalonica, the Empire's second-most important city.-History:In Late Antiquity, Thessalonica was the...
  
  
• Thessalonica (904), Sack of
  Sack of Thessalonica (904)
  The Sack of Thessalonica in 904 by Saracen pirates was one of the worst disasters to befall the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century. A Muslim fleet, led by the renegade Leo of Tripoli, and with the imperial capital of Constantinople as its initial target, sailed from Syria...
  
  
• Thessalonica (996), Battle of
  Battle of Thessalonica (996)
  The Battle of Thessalonica occurred in 996, near the city of Thessalonica, Greece.-Origins of the conflict:After the great victory in the Battle of Trayanovi Vrata, and the subsequent civil war in the Byzantine Empire, Samuil was free to attack the Byzantine strongholds all over the Balkan peninsula...
  
  
• Thessalonica (1422–1430), Siege of
• Thessaly
  Thessaly
  Thessaly is a traditional geographical region and an administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus in Homer's Odyssey....
  
  
• Thessaly, History of
  History of Thessaly
  -Ancient Thessaly:Thessaly was home to an extensive Neolithic culture around 2500 BC. Mycenaean settlements have also been discovered, for example at the sites of Iolcos, Dimini and Sesklo . Later, in ancient Greek times, the lowlands of Thessaly became the home of baronial families, such as the...
  
  
• Theudebert I
  Theudebert I
  Theudebert I was the Merovingian king of Austrasia from 533 to his death in 548. He was the son of Theuderic I and the father of Theudebald....
  
  
• Third Crusade
  Third Crusade
  The Third Crusade , also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin...
  
  
• Thomas I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Thomas I of Constantinople
  Thomas I was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 607 to 610. He has been canonized a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day is March 21 .-External links:* Orthodox icon and synaxarion...
  
  
• Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
  Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
  Thomas I Komnenos Doukas ruler of Epirus from c. 1297 until his death in 1318.Thomas was the son of Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas and Anna Kantakouzene, a niece of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. In 1290 he was conferred the court dignity of despotes by his mother's cousin, Emperor Andronikos...
  
  
• Thomas II, Patriarch of Constantinople
• Thomas II Preljubović
  Thomas II Preljubovic
  Thomas II Preljubović or Komnenos Palaiologos , was ruler of Epirus in Ioannina from 1366 to his death on December 23, 1384. He also held the title of Albanian-slayer .-Family:...
  
  
• Thomas Morosini
  Thomas Morosini
  Thomas Morosini was the first Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, from 1204 to his death in July 1211. Morosini, then a sub-deacon, was elected patriarch by the Venetians immediately after the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Latin Empire...
  
  
• Thomas Palaiologos
  Thomas Palaiologos
  Thomas Palaiologos was Despot in Morea from 1428 until the Ottoman conquest in 1460. After the desertion of his older brother to the Turks in 1460, Thomas Palaiologos became the legitimate claimant to the Byzantine throne...
  
  
• Thomas the Slav
  Thomas the Slav
  Thomas the Slav was a 9th-century Byzantine military commander, most notable for leading a wide-scale revolt against Emperor Michael II the Amorian in 820–823....
  
  
• Thoros of Edessa
  Thoros of Edessa
  Thoros was an Armenian ruler of Edessa at the time of the First Crusade.Thoros was a former officer in the Byzantine Empire and a lieutenant of Philaretos Brachamios. He was Armenian but practised the Greek Orthodox faith...
  
  
• Thoros I, Prince of Armenia
• Thoros II, Prince of Armenia
• Thracia (Roman province)
  Thracia (Roman province)
  Thracia was the name of a province of the Roman empire. It was established in AD 46, when the former Roman client state of Thrace was annexed by order of emperor Claudius ....
  
  
• Thrace
  Thrace
  Thrace is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. As a geographical concept, Thrace designates a region bounded by the Balkan Mountains on the north, Rhodope Mountains and the Aegean Sea on the south, and by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara on the east...
  
  
• Thrace (theme)
  Thrace (theme)
  The Theme of Thrace was a province of the Byzantine Empire located in the south-eastern Balkans, comprising varying parts of the eponymous geographic region during its history.-History:...
  
  
• Thrace, Diocese of
  Diocese of Thrace
  The Diocese of Thrace was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the eastern Balkan Peninsula The Diocese of Thrace was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the eastern Balkan Peninsula The Diocese of Thrace was a diocese of the later...
  
  
• Thracesian Theme
  Thracesian Theme
  The Thracesian Theme , more properly known as the Theme of the Thracesians , was a Byzantine theme in western Asia Minor , comprising the ancient regions of Ionia, Lydia and parts of Phrygia and Caria....
  
  
• Thrasamund
  Thrasamund
  Thrasamund , King of the Vandals and Alans , was the fourth king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals, and reigned longer than any other Vandal king in Africa other than his grandfather Genseric....
  
  
• Three-Chapter Controversy
  Three-Chapter Controversy
  The Three-Chapter Controversy, a phase in the Chalcedonian controversy, was an attempt to reconcile the Non-Chalcedonian Christians of Syria and Egypt with Chalcedonian Eastern Orthodoxy, following the failure of the Henotikon...
  
  
• Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions
  Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions
  The Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions is the conventional title given to a Byzantine literary treatise on warfare associated with Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos , giving advice on how an emperor should prepare and mount a military campaign...
  
  
• Thurisind
  Thurisind
  Thurisind was king of the Gepids, an East Germanic Gothic people, from c. 548 to 560. He was the penultimate Gepid king, and succeeded King Elemund by staging a coup d'état and forcing the king's son into exile...
  
  
• Thyatira
  Thyatira
  Thyateira is the name of the modern Turkish city of Akhisar . The name comes from Koine Greek "Θυάτειρα" . The Turkish equivalent of Thyateira is Tepe Mezarligi. It lies in the far west of Turkey, south of Istanbul and almost due east of Athens...
  
  
• Tiberias
• Tiberius (son of Constans II)
  Tiberius (son of Constans II)
  Tiberius was Byzantine co-emperor from 659 to 681. He was the focus of a military revolt and was eventually dethroned by his brother, the senior emperor Constantine IV.-Life:...
  
  
• Tiberius II Constantine
  Tiberius II Constantine
  Tiberius II Constantine was Byzantine Emperor from 574 to 582.During his reign, Tiberius II Constantine gave away 7,200 pounds of gold each year for four years....
  
  
• Tiberius III
  Tiberios III
  Tiberios III was Byzantine emperor from 698 to 21 August 705. Although his rule was considered generally successful, especially in containing the Arab threat to the east, he was overthrown by the former emperor Justinian II and subsequently executed.-Rise to power:Tiberius was a Germanic naval...
  
  
• Tiberius (son of Maurice)
  Tiberius (son of Maurice)
  Tiberius was a son of Maurice, Byzantine emperor and his wife Constantina. He was executed by new emperor Phocas. Theophylact Simocatta reports that Tiberius would have played a significant role in the succession of his father. The will of Maurice would have declared him a co-emperor and ruler of...
  
  
• Tiberius Petasius
  Tiberius Petasius
  Tiberius Petasius was a Byzantine usurper in Italy around 729 and 730.Nothing is known of his early life, but judging from his Latin name "Petasius" he was a native of Italy. He claimed imperial power around 729 when large parts of Italy and rest of the empire rebelled against Iconoclastic...
  
  
• Tihomir (Bulgarian noble)
• Timarion
  Timarion
  The Timarion is a Byzantine pseudo-Lucianic satirical dialogue probably composed in the twelfth century , though possibly later...
  
  
• Timothy I, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Timothy I of Constantinople
  Timothy I or Timotheus I was a Christian priest who was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I in 511.-Early career:Timothy was Christian priest and keeper of the ornaments of the cathedral...
  
  
• Timothy III (IV) of Alexandria
• Timur
  Timur
  Timur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until...
  
  
• Tocco family
  Tocco family
  The family of Tocco was a noble house from Benevento of Longobard origins, which in the late 14th and 15th centuries came to prominence in western Greece as rulers of the Ionian Islands and the Despotate of Epirus.-History:...
  
  
• Tocco family of Kefalonia, Chronicle of the
  Chronicle of the Tocco family of Kefalonia
  The Chronicle of the Tocco family of Kefalonia or simply Chronicle of the Toccos is a chronicle in fifteen syllable blank verse written in medieval Greek, which refers to the era of the Tocco family and especially to the years of Carlo I Tocco, Count palatine of Kefalonia and Zakynthos and...
  
  
• Tomislav of Croatia
• Tondrakites
• Toparches
• Topoteretes
• Tornikios
  Tornikios
  T'ornike also known as Tornikios or Thornikios was a retired Georgian general and monk who came to be better known as a founder of the formerly Georgian Orthodox Iviron Monastery on Mt Athos in the modern-day northeastern Greece....
  
  
• Totila
  Totila
  Totila, original name Baduila was King of the Ostrogoths from 541 to 552 AD. A skilled military and political leader, Totila reversed the tide of Gothic War, recovering by 543 almost all the territories in Italy that the Eastern Roman Empire had captured from his Kingdom in 540.A relative of...
  
  
• Toupha
  Toupha
  The toupha is a plumage of the hair or bristles of exotic animals, used to decorate horsemen's helmets and emperors' crowns.One of the most famous touphas is that which surmounted the crown or helmet of the equestrian statue of Justinian I on the column raised by that emperor in the Augustaion...
  
  
• Tourkopouloi
  Turcopole
  In the Crusades, turcopoles, turcoples, turcopoli or turcopoliers were locally recruited mounted archers employed by the Christian states of the Eastern Mediterranean.-History:...
  
  
• Tourma
• Trajan's Gate, Battle of
  Battle of the Gates of Trajan
  The Battle of the Gates of Trajan was a battle between Byzantine and Bulgarian forces in the year 986. It took place in the pass of the same name, modern Trayanovi Vrata, in Sofia Province, Bulgaria. It was the largest defeat of the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II...
  
  
• Tralleis
  Aydin
  Aydın is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey's Aegean Region. The city is located at the heart of the lower valley of Büyük Menderes River at a commanding position for the region extending from the uplands of the valley down to the seacoast...
  
  
• Trasilla and Emiliana
  Trasilla and Emiliana
  Saints Trasilla and Emiliana were aunts of St. Gregory the Great, and venerated as virgin saints of the sixth century. They appear in the Roman Martyrology, the former on 24 December, the latter on 5 January....
  
  
• Trebizond
  Trabzon
  Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast...
  
  
• Trebizond, Empire of
  Empire of Trebizond
  The Empire of Trebizond, founded in April 1204, was one of three Byzantine successor states of the Byzantine Empire. However, the creation of the Empire of Trebizond was not directly related to the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, rather it had broken away from the Byzantine Empire...
  
  
• Trebizond (1205), Siege of
  Siege of Trebizond (1205)
  The Siege of Trebizond from 1205 to 1206 was an attempt by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm to take the city along the coast of the Black Sea. Prior to this, the Seljuks had successfully taken cities in Western Asia Minor and from their Danishmend rivals. The Turks failed to capture the city...
  
  
• Trebizond Gospel
  Trebizond Gospel
  Trebizond Gospel, ℓ 243 , is a Byzantine illuminated manuscript with the text of Gospel Lectionary, dating palaeographically to the 11th century with 15 parchment leaves from the 10th century or earlier.The text is written in two columns per page, 18 lines per page in uncial letters...
  
  
• Tremissis
  Tremissis
  Tremissis was a currency of the Late Ancient Rome, equal to one-third of a solidus. Tremissis coins continued to be minted by descendants of the Roman Empire, such as Anglo-Saxon Britain or the Eastern Roman Empire.-External links:*...
  
  
• Tribigild
  Tribigild
  Tribigild was a Ostrogothic general whose rebellion against the Eastern Roman Empire precipitated a major political crisis during the reign of Emperor Arcadius....
  
  
• Tribonian
  Tribonian
  Tribonian or Tribonianos was a jurist during the reign of the Emperor Justinian I, who revised the legal code of the Roman Empire.Tribonian was born in Pamphylia around the year 500...
  
  
• Tricamarum, Battle of
• Triptych
  Triptych
  A triptych , from tri-= "three" + ptysso= "to fold") is a work of art which is divided into three sections, or three carved panels which are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works...
  
  
• Trisagion
  Trisagion
  The Trisagion , sometimes called by its opening line Agios O Theos or by the Latin Tersanctus, is a standard hymn of the Divine Liturgy in most of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches and Catholic Churches.In those Churches which use the Byzantine Rite, the Trisagion is chanted...
  
  
• Triumph of Orthodoxy
  Feast of Orthodoxy
  The Feast of Orthodoxy is celebrated on the first Sunday of Great Lent in the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Greek-Catholics...
  
  
• Trocundus
  Trocundus
  Flavius Appallius Illus Trocundus was a general of the Eastern Roman Empire, involved in the rise and fall of Emperor Basiliscus and the rebellion against Emperor Zeno.Trocundus was the brother of Illus, another Roman general, both from the region of Isauria....
  
  
• True Cross
  True Cross
  The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which, by a Christian tradition, are believed to be from the cross upon which Jesus was crucified.According to post-Nicene historians, Socrates Scholasticus and others, the Empress Helena The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which, by a...
  
  
• Tryavna, Battle of
  Battle of Tryavna
  The battle of Tryavna occurred in 1190 in the mountains around the contemporary town of Tryavna, central Bulgaria. The result was a Bulgarian victory over the Byzantine Empire, which secured the successes achieved since the beginning of the Rebellion of Asen and Peter in 1185.- Origins of the...
  
  
• Tryphon, Patriarch of Constantinople
  Patriarch Tryphon of Constantinople
  Tryphon was a monk in Constantinople, he was raised to the Patriarchate in 928 by Romanos I on condition that he would resign in favour of the Emperor's son Theophylaktos when the boy would in age to be consecrated as Patriarch....
  
  
• Tsargrad
  Tsargrad
  Tsargrad is a historic Slavic name for the...
  
  
• Tulunids
  Tulunids
  The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty in Islamic Egypt , when they broke away from the central authority of the Abbasid dynasty that ruled the Islamic Caliphate during that time...
  
  
• Tur Abdin
  Tur Abdin
  Tur Abdin is a hilly region of south east Turkey incorporating the eastern half of Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the border with Syria. The name 'Tur Abdin' is from the Syriac language meaning 'mountain of the servants '. Tur Abdin is of great importance to Syriac...
  
  
• Turahan Bey
  Turahan Bey
  Turahan Bey or Turakhan Beg was a prominent Ottoman military commander and Ottoman governor of Thessaly from 1423 until his death in 1456. He participated in many Ottoman campaigns of the second quarter of the 15th century, fighting against the Byzantines as well as against the Crusade of Varna...
  
  
• Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey
  Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey
  Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey was an Ottoman general and governor. The son of the famed Turahan Bey, he was active chiefly in southern Greece: he fought in the Morea against both the Byzantines in the 1440s and 1450s and against the Venetians in the 1460s, while in 1456, he conquered the Latin Duchy of...
  
  
• Turcopole
  Turcopole
  In the Crusades, turcopoles, turcoples, turcopoli or turcopoliers were locally recruited mounted archers employed by the Christian states of the Eastern Mediterranean.-History:...
  
  
• Turkey
  Turkey
  Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
  
  
• Turkic peoples
  Turkic peoples
  The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
  
  
• Tyana
  Tyana
  Tyana or Tyanna was an ancient city in the Anatolian region of Cappadocia, in modern south-central Turkey. It was the capital of a Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite kingdom in the 1st millennium BC.-History:...
  
  
• Tyana (707–708), Siege of
  Siege of Tyana (707–708)
  The Siege of Tyana in 707–708 was carried out by the Umayyads in retaliation for the heavy defeat of an Umayyad army under Maimun the Mardaite shortly before by the Byzantine Empire. The Arab army invaded Byzantine territory in summer 707 and laid siege to the city...
  
  
• Typikon
  Typikon
  The Typikon, or Typicon; plural Typika is a liturgical book which contains instructions about the order of the various Eastern Orthodox Christian church services and ceremonies, in the form of a perpetual calendar...
  
  
• Tzachas
• Tzaousios
  Tzaousios
  The tzaousios was a late Byzantine military office, whose exact functions and role are somewhat unclear.The term is derived from the Turkish çavuş, meaning "courier" or "messenger", and was in use by the Byzantines perhaps as early as the late 11th century. In the 13th–15th centuries, it became...
  
  
• Tzath II of Lazica
  Tzath II of Lazica
  Tzath II was King of Lazica from 556 to an unknown date. He was the younger brother of Gubazes II, who was assassinated by Byzantine generals in autumn 555. At the time, Tzath resided at the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and the Lazi sent a delegation to the Byzantine emperor Justinian I Tzath...
  
  
• Tzitzak
  Tzitzak
  Tzitzak , baptised Irene , was a Khazar princess, the daughter of khagan Bihar who became the first wife of Byzantine Emperor Constantine V .-Empress:...
  
  
• Tzykanisterion
  Tzykanisterion
  The tzykanisterion was a stadium for playing the tzykanion , a kind of polo adopted by the Byzantines from Sassanid Persia....
  
  
• Tzympe
  Çimpe Castle
  Çimpe Castle was a medieval fortification on the Gallipoli peninsula in modern Turkey. Its site is located along the Istanbul Caddesi between Bolayir and Gallipoli, commanding the narrowest point on the peninsula....
  
  

U

• Ulfilas
  Ulfilas
  Ulfilas, or Gothic Wulfila , bishop, missionary, and Bible translator, was a Goth or half-Goth and half-Greek from Cappadocia who had spent time inside the Roman Empire at the peak of the Arian controversy. Ulfilas was ordained a bishop by Eusebius of Nicomedia and returned to his people to work...
  
  
• Umar
  Umar
  `Umar ibn al-Khattāb c. 2 November , was a leading companion and adviser to the Islamic prophet Muhammad who later became the second Muslim Caliph after Muhammad's death....
  
  
• Umar II
• Umar al-Aqta
  Umar al-Aqta
  ‘Umar ibn ‘Abdallah ibn Marwan , surnamed al-Aqta’, "the one-handed", and found as Amer or Ambros in Byzantine sources, was the Arab emir of Malatya from the 830s until his death in battle in 863...
  
  
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Umur Bey of Aydin
  Umur the Lion
  Umur Beg or Ghazi Umur , also known as Umur Pasha was the Emir of Aydin from 1334 to 1348. Umur was described in a chronicle Düstürnâme-i Enverî, which was written by Enverî during the reign of Mehmed II, as the "Lion of God" leading just and holy war of conquest against the "miscreants" and...
  
  
• University of Constantinople
  University of Constantinople
  The University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the palace hall of Magnaura in the Roman-Byzantine Empire was founded in 425 under the name of Pandidakterion...
  
  
• Uqba ibn Nafi
  Uqba ibn Nafi
  Uqba ibn Nafi was an Arab hero and general who was serving the Umayyad dynasty, in Amir Muavia and Yazid periods, who began the Islamic conquest of the Maghreb, including present-day Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Morocco in North Africa. He was the nephew of 'Amr ibn al-'As. Uqba is often surnamed...
  
  
• Ursicinus (Roman general)
  Ursicinus (Roman general)
  Ursicinus was a senior military officer, holding the rank of "master of cavalry" in the Eastern Roman Empire c. 349–359.In 351 or 352 he was entrusted with the suppression of the Jewish revolt against Caesar Constantius Gallus...
  
  
• Ursus (praefectus urbi)
  Ursus (praefectus urbi)
  Ursus was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, praefectus urbi of Constantinople in 415-416.- Life :In 415 Ursus was praefectus urbi of Constantinople. On September 4, he escorted the relics of Joseph and Zechariah that were brought in the Great Church; he is attested in office by laws issued...
  
  
• Uthman ibn Affan
• Utigurs
• Utus, Battle of the
  Battle of the Utus
  The Battle of the Utus was fought in 447 between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Huns led by Attila at what is today the Vit river in Bulgaria...
  
  

V

• Valens
  Valens
  Valens was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 364 to 378. He was given the eastern half of the empire by his brother Valentinian I after the latter's accession to the throne...
  
  
• Valens Aqueduct
  Valens Aqueduct
  The Valens Aqueduct is a Roman aqueduct which was the major water-providing system of the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople...
  
  
• Valentinian dynasty
  Valentinian Dynasty
  The Valentinian Dynasty or Valentinianic Dynasty, consisting of four emperors, ruled the Western Roman Empire from 364 to 392 and the Eastern Roman Empire from 364 to 378.*western emperors:**Valentinian I...
  
  
• Valentinian I
  Valentinian I
  Valentinian I , also known as Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west....
  
  
• Valentinian II
  Valentinian II
  Flavius Valentinianus , commonly known as Valentinian II, was Roman Emperor from 375 to 392.-Early Life and Accession :...
  
  
• Valentinian III
  Valentinian III
  -Family:Valentinian was born in the western capital of Ravenna, the only son of Galla Placidia and Flavius Constantius. The former was the younger half-sister of the western emperor Honorius, and the latter was at the time Patrician and the power behind the throne....
  
  
• Valentinus (usurper)
  Valentinus (usurper)
  Valentinus was a Byzantine general and usurper.According to Sebeos, Valentinus was of Armenian origin, being descended from the royal Arsacid clan...
  
  
• Valeria Maximilla
  Valeria Maximilla
  Valeria Maximilla was the Empress of Rome and wife of Emperor Maxentius.She was the daughter of Emperor Galerius and his first wife, whose name is unknown. She married Maxentius around 293 and bore him two sons. The eldest, Valerius Romulus, was born c. 294, the other son's name is not recorded,...
  
  
• Valoi, House of
• Valona, Principality of
  Principality of Valona
  The Principality of Valona was a medieval principality in Albania, roughly encompassing the territories of the modern counties of Vlorë , Fier, and Berat...
  
  
• Vandalic War
  Vandalic War
  The Vandalic War was a war fought in North Africa, in the areas of modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria, in 533-534, between the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom of Carthage...
  
  
• Vandals
  Vandals
  The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Vandals under king Genseric entered Africa in 429 and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics....
  
  
• Varangian Guard
  Varangian Guard
  The Varangian Guard was an elite unit of the Byzantine Army in 10th to the 14th centuries, whose members served as personal bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors....
  
  
• Varangians
  Varangians
  The Varangians or Varyags , sometimes referred to as Variagians, were people from the Baltic region, most often associated with Vikings, who from the 9th to 11th centuries ventured eastwards and southwards along the rivers of Eastern Europe, through what is now Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.According...
  
  
• Vasilissa ergo gaude
  Vasilissa ergo gaude
  Vasilissa ergo gaude is an isorhythmic motet by the Renaissance composer Guillaume Dufay. In terms of its subject matter, it is sometimes grouped together with Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, Apostolus gloriosus and Balsamus et munda cera which are generically called...
  
  
• Vatopedi monastery
• Vefa Kilise Mosque
  Vefa Kilise Mosque
  Vefa Kilise Mosque is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. The church was possibly dedicated to Hagios Theodoros , but this dedication is far from certain...
  
  
• Vendemianus of Bithynia
  Vendemianus of Bithynia
  Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia was a monk solitary of the early sixth century.Vendemianus was a disciple of St. Auxentius and became known for his holiness of life and gift of healing...
  
  
• Venice
  Venice
  Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
  
  
• Venice, Republic of
  Republic of Venice
  The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
  
  
• Verina
  Verina
  Aelia Verina was the Empress consort of Leo I of the Byzantine Empire. She was a sister of Basiliscus. Her daughter Ariadne was Empress consort of first Zeno and then Anastasius I. Verina was the maternal grandmother of Leo II.-Family:...
  
  
• Versinikia, Battle of
  Battle of Versinikia
  The Battle of Versinikia was fought in 813 between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire, near the city of Adrianople in contemporary Turkey....
  
  
• Vestarches
  Vestarches
  Vestarchēs was a senior Byzantine honorific dignity in use from the late 10th to the early 12th centuries.Vestarchēs means "head of the vestai", another group of high court dignitaries...
  
  
• Vestes
• Vestiarion
  Vestiarion
  The vestiarion , sometimes with the adjectives basilikon or mega , was one of the major fiscal departments of the Byzantine bureaucracy. In English, it is often known as the department of the Public Wardrobe...
  
  
• Vestiaritai
  Vestiaritai
  The Vestiaritai were a corps of imperial bodyguards and fiscal officials in the Byzantine Empire, attested from the 11th to the 15th centuries.-History and functions:...
  
  
• Vestitor
  Vestitor
  The vestitor, Hellenized as vestētōr was a lowly Byzantine palace position and rank.As their name suggests, the vestitores were originally officials of the imperial wardrobe , and are first attested as such in the 6th century...
  
  
• Vetranio
  Vetranio
  Vetranio , born in the province of Moesia in a part of the region located in modern Serbia, is sometimes but incorrectly referred to as Vetriano. He was an experienced soldier and officer when he was asked by Constantina, the sister of Roman Emperor Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar...
  
  
• Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius
  Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius
  Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius was a Roman senator and consul.- Biography :Mavortius was probably the son of Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius, consul in 486, and related to Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, an influential aristocrat of the late 4th century...
  
  
• Victor of Tunnuna
  Victor of Tunnuna
  Victor of Tunnuna was bishop of the North African town of Tunnuna and a chronicler from Late Antiquity....
  
  
• Vigilantia
  Vigilantia
  Vigilantia was a sister of Byzantine emperor Justinian I , and mother to his successor Justin II .- Name :The name "Vigilantia" is Latin for "alertness, wakefulness". Itself deriving from "vigilia" and "vigil"...
  
  
• Viking
  Viking
  The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th century.These Norsemen used their famed longships to...
  
  
• Virgin of the Pharos, Church of
  Church of the Virgin of the Pharos
  The Church of the Virgin of the Pharos was a Byzantine chapel built in the southern part of the Great Palace of Constantinople, and named after the tower of the lighthouse that stood next to it...
  
  
• Visigoths
• Vitalian (general)
  Vitalian (general)
  Vitalian was an East Roman general. Rebelling in 513 against Emperor Anastasius I, he won over large parts of the army and people of Thrace. Successive rapprochements with Anastasius failed, and the revolt continued until it was finally defeated in 515. Vitalian then went into hiding until...
  
  
• Vitalian, Pope of Rome
  Pope Vitalian
  Pope Saint Vitalianus was Pope of the Catholic Church from July 30, 657, until January 27, 672.He was born in Segni, Lazio, the son of Anastasius.-Reign:...
  
  
• Vitiges
• Vivianus
  Vivianus
  - Biography :Vivianus was the father of Paulus and Adamantius.He was Praetorian prefect of the East between 459 and 460. In 463 he was appointed Consul by the Eastern court, but he was not recognised in the West, where the only Consul was Caecina Decius Basilius.Vivianus was well-known as a...
  
  
• Vladimir I of Kiev
  Vladimir I of Kiev
  Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь Old Norse as Valdamarr Sveinaldsson, , Vladimir, , Volodymyr, was a grand prince of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus' in .Vladimir's father was the prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty...
  
  
• Vojislav of Duklja
• Volturnus (554), Battle of
  Battle of the Volturnus (554)
  The Battle of the Volturnus, also known as the Battle of Casilinum or Battle of Capua, was fought in 554 between an army of the Eastern Roman Empire and a combined force of Franks and Alemanni...
  
  
• Vukašin Mrnjavčević
  Vukašin Mrnjavcevic
  Vukašin Mrnjavčević was a Serbian ruler in modern-day central and northwestern Macedonia, who ruled from 1365 to 1371. According to 17th-century Ragusan historian Mavro Orbin, his father was a minor noble named Mrnjava from Zachlumia, whose sons Vukašin and Uglješa were born in Livno in western...
  
  

W

• Al-Walid I
• Al-Walid II
  Al-Walid II
  Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik....
  
  
• Wallachia
  Wallachia
  Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians...
  
  
• Walled Obelisk
  Walled Obelisk
  The Walled Obelisk is situated near the Serpentine Column at the southern side of the Hippodrome of Constantinople .- History :...
  
  
• Walls of Constantinople
  Walls of Constantinople
  The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople since its founding as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire by Constantine the Great...
  
  
• Walter Kaegi
  Walter Kaegi
  Walter Emil Kaegi is a historian and scholar of Byzantine History, and professor of history in the University of Chicago. He is also a Voting Member of The Oriental Institute. He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1965...
  
  
• Al-Wathiq
  Al-Wathiq
  Al-Wathiq ibn Mutasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 842 until 847 AD .-Biography:...
  
  
• Western Roman Empire
  Western Roman Empire
  The Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire after its division by Diocletian in 285; the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly referred to today as the Byzantine Empire....
  
  
• Wife of Julius Nepos
  Wife of Julius Nepos
  The wife of Julius Nepos was the last empress of the Roman Empire in the West, whose husband reigned from 474 through 480, although he was in exile from his capital after 475. His surname he obtained through his marriage...
  
  
• William II of Sicily
  William II of Sicily
  William II , called the Good, was king of Sicily from 1166 to 1189. William's character is very indistinct. Lacking in military enterprise, secluded and pleasure-loving, he seldom emerged from his palace life at Palermo. Yet his reign is marked by an ambitious foreign policy and a vigorous diplomacy...
  
  
• William of Champlitte
  William of Champlitte
  William I of Champlitte was a French knight who joined the Fourth Crusade and became the first prince of Achaea .- Early years and the Fourth Crusade :...
  
  
• William II of Villehardouin
  William II of Villehardouin
  William II of Villehardouin, was the last Villehardouin prince of Achaea and ruled the principality at the height of its power and influence.William was the son of Geoffrey I Villehardouin...
  
  

X

• Xantheia
• Xenophontos monastery
  Xenophontos monastery
  Xenophontos monastery is an Orthodox Christian monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece.It is built by the sea, standing on the western shore of the Athos peninsula. It was built in the tenth or eleventh century. The monastery is dedicated to St George and has 11 chapels inside and...
  
  
• Xeropotamou Monastery
• Xiphilinos

Y

• Yahya of Antioch
  Yahya of Antioch
  Yahya of Antioch, full name Yaḥya ibn Saʿīd al-Anṭākī , was a Melkite Christian physician and historian of the 11th century....
  
  
• Yarmouk, Battle of
  Battle of Yarmouk
  The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the Muslim Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the armies of the East Roman-Byzantine Empire. The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmouk River, along what is today the border...
  
  
• Yaroslav I the Wise
  Yaroslav I the Wise
  Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus, known as Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus, known as Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus, known as Yaroslav the Wise (Old Norse: Jarizleifr; ; Old East Slavic and Russian: Ярослав Мудрый; Ukrainian: Ярослав Мудрий; c...
  
  
• Yazdegerd I
  Yazdegerd I
  Yazdegerd I, or Izdekerti , was the thirteenth Sassanid king of Persia and ruled from 399 to 421. He is believed by some to be the son of Shapur III and by others to be son of Bahram IV...
  
  
• Yazdegerd II
  Yazdegerd II
  Yazdegerd II was the fifteenth Sassanid King of Persia. He was the son of Bahram V and reigned from 438 to 457....
  
  
• Yazdegerd III
• Yazid I
  Yazid I
  Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān , commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate . He ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Many Muslims condemn Yazid's rule as contentious and unjust...
  
  
• Yazid II
  Yazid II
  Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.According to the medieval Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yazid came to power on the death of Umar II on February 10, 720. His forces engaged in battle the Kharijites with whom Umar...
  
  
• Yeni Cuma Mosque
  Yeni Cuma Mosque
  The Yeni Cuma Mosque is a mosque in Trabzon, Turkey. It was built during Byzantine times as the Hagios Eugenios Church, dedicated to Saint Eugenius, the patron saint of the city. It is not known exactly when the church was built, however researchers consider that it was basilica. An inscription...
  
  
• Yolanda of Flanders
  Yolanda of Flanders
  Yolanda of Flanders ruled the Latin Empire in Constantinople for her husband Peter II of Courtenay from 1217 to 1219.She was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Hainault, and Countess Margaret I of Flanders. Two of her brothers, Baldwin I and then Henry, were emperors in Constantinople...
  
  

Z

• Zabergan
  Zabergan
  Zabergan, Samur Khan, or Sam-Or Khan was a Kutrigur Khan, associated with the Eurasian Avars. Either under orders, or in revolt from them, he led the Kutrigur Bulgar Huns in attacks against Justinian I's northern frontier in 559...
  
  
• Zaccaria
  Zaccaria
  Zaccaria is a surname, and may refer to:* Anthony Maria Zaccaria* Bartolomeo Zaccaria* Benedetto I Zaccaria* Benedetto II Zaccaria* Centurione II Zaccaria* Francesco Antonio Zaccaria* Martino Zaccaria* Nicola Zaccaria...
  
  
• Zacharias Rhetor
  Zacharias Rhetor
  Zacharias of Mytilene , also known as Zacharias Scholasticus or Zacharias Rhetor, was a bishop and ecclesiastical historian....
  
  
• Zachary, Pope of Rome
  Pope Zachary
  Pope Saint Zachary was Pope of the Catholic Church from 741 to 752. A Greek from Calabria, he was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy...
  
  
• Zachlumia
  Zachlumia
  Zachlumia or Zahumlje was a medieval principality located in modern-day regions of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia...
  
  
• Zadar
  Zadar
  Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Population of the city is 75,082 citizens...
  
  
• Az-Zahir
  Ali az-Zahir
  ʻAlī az-Zāhir was the Seventh Caliph of the Fātimids . Az-Zāhir assumed the Caliphate after the disappearance of his father Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh...
  
  
• Zealots of Thessalonica
• Zemarchus
  Zemarchus
  Zemarchus was a Byzantine official, diplomat and traveller in the reign of Justin II.In the middle of the 6th century, the Göktürks conquered the Sogdiana and thus gained control of the silk trade, which then passed through Central Asia into Sassanid Persia. The Persian king, Chosroes I, dreading...
  
  
• Zeno (consul 448)
  Zeno (consul 448)
  Flavius Zeno was an influential general and politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, of Isaurian origin, who reached the ranks of magister militum per Orientem, consul and patricius.- Biography :...
  
  
• Zeno (emperor)
  Zeno (emperor)
  Zeno , originally named Tarasis, was Byzantine Emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues...
  
  
• Zenonis
  Zenonis
  Aelia Zenonis was the Empress consort of Basiliscus of the Eastern Roman Empire.- Background :The ancestry of Zenonis is unknown. She was married to Basiliscus, brother of Verina. Her sister-in-law was Empress consort to Leo I and mother to Ariadne...
  
  
• Zeugaratos
• Zeyrek Mosque
  Zeyrek Mosque
  - External links :*...
  
  
• Zikideva
  Zikideva
  Zikideva was a Roman and Early Byzantine town, tentatively identified with the late antique settlement excavated on the top of Tsarevets hill, near modern Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria....
  
  
• Zoe Zaoutzaina
  Zoe Zaoutzaina
  Zoe Zaoutzaina was the second wife of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise. She was the daughter of Stylianos Zaoutzes, a high-ranking bureaucrat during the reign of her husband.-Royal mistress:...
  
  
• Zoe Karbonopsina
  Zoe Karbonopsina
  Zoe Karbonopsina, also Karvounopsina or Carbonopsina, i.e., "with the Coal-Black Eyes" , was fourth wife of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise and the mother of Constantine VII....
  
  
• Zoe Porphyrogenita
• Zograf Monastery
  Zograf Monastery
  The Saint George the Zograf Monastery or Zograf Monastery is a Bulgarian Orthodox monastery on Mount Athos in Greece...
  
  
• Zoilus of Alexandria, Patriarch
  Patriarch Zoilus of Alexandria
  Zoilus served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 541 and 551.Zacharias Rhetor reports on how Patriarch Paul of Alexandria was involved in a murder. He was consequently deposed and replaced by Zoilus . Acacius was the military officer tasked to protect Zoilus from the hostile population of...
  
  
• Zosimus
  Zosimus
  Zosimus was a Byzantine historian, who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I . According to Photius, he was a comes, and held the office of "advocate" of the imperial treasury.- Historia Nova :...
  
  
• Zoste patrikia
  Zoste patrikia
  Zōstē patrikia was a Byzantine court title reserved exclusively for women. A very high title, its holder ranked as the first woman after the empress herself in the imperial court.-History and functions:...
  
  
• Zvečan, Battle of
  Battle of Zvečan
  Since the early 8th century, Serbia had a relationship of entirely nominal suzerainty with the Byzantine Empire. Serbian rulers were crowned as princes and led entirely independent states linked very precariously to the Constantinople...
  
  

Lists

• Archbishops of the Archbishopric of Ohrid
• Bulgarian monarchs
• Byzantine emperors
• Byzantine inventions
• Byzantine foreign treaties
• Byzantine monuments in Istanbul
• Byzantine revolts and civil wars
• Byzantine scholars
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• Byzantine wars
• Dukes of Naples
• Exiled and pretending Byzantine Empresses
• Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
• Latin Emperors
• Leaders during the Byzantine Papacy
• Patriarchs of Alexandria
• People from Constantinople
• Roman and Byzantine Empresses
• Sieges of Constantinople
• Urban prefects of Constantinople
• Urban prefects of Rome

Categories

Byzantine Empire