List of oncology-related terms - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This is a list of terms related to oncology

Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...

. The original source for this list was the U.S. National Cancer Institute

National Cancer Institute

The National Cancer Institute is part of the National Institutes of Health , which is one of 11 agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NCI coordinates the U.S...

's public domain Dictionary of Cancer Terms.

0-9

- 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin

10-Propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin

Pralatrexate is an anti-cancer therapy. It is the first drug approved as a treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma, or PTCL — a biologically diverse group of aggressive blood cancers that have a poor prognosis.-Approval:Folotyn was approved by the U.S...

- 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate , also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate , is diester of phorbol and a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein...

- 13-cis retinoic acid
- 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin

17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin

17-N-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin is a derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin that is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specific young patients with certain types of leukemia or solid tumors, especially kidney tumors....

- 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
- 2-methoxyestradiol

2-Methoxyestradiol

2-Methoxyestradiol is a drug that prevents the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need in order to grow . It is derived from estrogen, although it binds poorly to known estrogen receptors, and belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors...

- 2IT-BAD monoclonal antibody 170
- 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone is a substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer.It belongs to the family of drugs called ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors...

- 3-AP
- 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy
- 3-dimensional radiation therapy
- 4-demethoxydaunorubicin
- 4-hydroxytamoxifen
- 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide is a quinoline derivative and a tumorigenic compound used in the assessment of the efficacy of diets, drugs, and procedures in the prevention and treatment of cancer in animal models. It induces DNA lesions usually corrected by nucleotide excision repair.-References:* in...

- 4-NQO
- 5-FU
- 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid is the main metabolite of serotonin in the human body. In chemical analysis of urine samples, 5-HIAA is used to determine the body's levels of serotonin.- Clinical significance :...

- 5-hydroxytryptamine
- 506U78
- 5Q- syndrome

5q- syndrome

Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome is a rare disorder caused by loss of part of the long arm of human chromosome 5....

- 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene
- 9-cis retinoic acid
- 90Y-DOTA-biotin

90Y-DOTA-biotin

90Y-DOTA-biotin consists of a radioactive substance complexed by a chelating agent , which in turn is attached to the vitamin biotin via a chemical linker. It is used experimentally in pretargeted radioimmunotherapy...

A

A33 monoclonal antibody
- AAP

Alanine aminopeptidase

Alanine aminopeptidase is an enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders. It is found at high levels in the urine when there are kidney problems.-External links:...

- abarelix

Abarelix

Abarelix is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist . It is primarily used in oncology to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available...

- ABCD rating

ABCD rating

ABCD rating, also called the Jewett staging system or the Whitmore-Jewett staging system, is a staging system for prostate cancer that uses the letters A, B, C, and D.* “A” and “B” refer to cancer that is confined to the prostate....

- ABI-007
- ABT-510

ABT-510

ABT-510 is a molecular therapeutic drug used to treat cancer. According to the Journal of Clinical Oncology, ABT-510 is a "subcutaneously administered nonapeptide thrombospondin analogue in phase 2 clinical development for treatment of advanced malignancies."ABT-510 is a new Abbott Laboratories...

- ABT-751
- ABX-EGF
- accelerated phase
- ACE inhibitor

ACE inhibitor

ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are a group of drugs used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure...

- acetylcysteine
- achlorhydria

Achlorhydria

Achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria refers to states where the production of gastric acid in the stomach is absent or low, respectively. It is associated with various other medical problems.-Signs and symptoms:...

- acitretin

Acitretin

Acitretin is a second generation retinoid. It is taken orally, and is typically used for psoriasis....

- acoustic neurofibromatosis
- acridine carboxamide

Acridine carboxamide

Acridine carboxamide is an chemotherapy agent that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors....

- acrylonitrile

Acrylonitrile

Acrylonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C3H3N. This pungent-smelling colorless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities. It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics. In terms of its molecular structure, it consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile...

- actinic keratosis

Actinic keratosis

Actinic keratosis is a premalignant condition of thick, scaly, or crusty patches of skin. It is more common in fair-skinned people. It is associated with those who are frequently exposed to the sun, as it is usually accompanied by solar damage...

- action study

Action study

In cancer prevention clinical trials, action study is a study that focuses on finding out whether actions people take can prevent cancer....

- Activase
- acute erythroid leukemia
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a form of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts.Malignant, immature white blood cells continuously multiply and are overproduced in the bone marrow. ALL causes damage and death by crowding out normal cells in the bone...

- acute lymphocytic leukemia
- acute myelogenous leukemia
- acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia , also known as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute...

- acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
- AD 32
- Adderall

Adderall

Adderall is a brand name of amphetamine salts–based medication used for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. It is a brand-name psychostimulant medication composed of racemic amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, racemic amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharide, and...

- adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue includes, but is not limited to, the surface layer of skin, glands and a variety of other tissue that lines the cavities and organs of the body. Epithelium can be derived embryologically from...

- adenoid cystic cancer
- adenoma

Adenoma

An adenoma is a benign tumor of glandular origin. Adenomas can grow from many organs including the colon, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid, prostate, etc. Although these growths are benign, over time they may progress to become malignant, at which point they are called adenocarcinomas...

- adenopathy
- adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism...

- adenovirus
- adjunct agent
- adjunctive therapy
- adjuvant therapy
- adrenocortical
- Adriamycin
- adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
- AE-941
- AEE788

AEE788

AEE788is a novel multitargeted human epidermal receptor 1/2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2 receptor family tyrosine kinases inhibitor with IC50 of 2, 6, 77, 59 nM for EGFR, ErbB2, KDR, and Flt-1. In cells, growth factor-induced EGFR and ErbB2 phosphorylation was also...

- aerobic metabolism
- aerobic respiration
- aerodigestive tract
- aerosolize
- aflatoxin

Aflatoxin

Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, the most notable ones being Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known...

- AFP

Alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene....

- AG013736
- AG2037
- AG3340
- AG337
- agent study

Agent study

An agent study is a part of a clinical trial that tests the chemotherapeutic properties of a specific substance. More specifically, an agent study is used to detect whether or not a substance can prevent or inhibit cancer. In a clinical trial, researchers perform multiple studies in order to test...

- agglutinin

Agglutinin

An agglutinin is a substance that causes particles to coagulate to form a thickened mass . Agglutinins can be antibodies that cause antigens to aggregate by binding to the antigen-binding sites of antibodies. Agglutinins can also be any substance other than antibodies such as sugar-binding...

- aggressive lymphoma

Aggressive lymphoma

Aggressive lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that grows and spreads quickly, and has severe symptoms. It is seen frequently in patients who are HIV-positive . Also called intermediate-grade lymphoma and high-grade lymphoma....

- agnogenic myeloid metaplasia
- agonist

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell. Agonists often mimic the action of a naturally occurring substance...

- agranulocytosis

Agranulocytosis

Granulopenia, also known as Agranulosis or Agranulocytosis, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous leukopenia , most commonly of neutrophils causing a neutropenia in the circulating blood. It represents a severe lack of one major class of infection-fighting white blood cells...

- AJCC staging system

AJCC staging system

The AJCC staging system is a classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for describing the extent of disease progression in cancer patients....

- alanine aminopeptidase

Alanine aminopeptidase

- alanine transferase
- alanosine

Alanosine

Alanosine is a substance that is being studied for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. It is an antimetabolite. It is used as one of a few experimental treatments for patients with deadly pancreatic cancer when the main chemotherapeutic treatment regimen of gemcitabine is no longer useful....

- aldesleukin
- alemtuzumab

Alemtuzumab

Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia , cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma...

- alendronate sodium
- alkalinization
- alkylating agent
- ALL

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

- all-trans retinoic acid
- allogeneic
- allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which a person receives stem cells from a genetically similar, but not identical, donor.- External links :...

- allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which a person receives blood-forming stem cells from a genetically similar, but not identical, donor. This is often a sister or brother, but could be an unrelated donor...

- allogenic
- allopurinol

Allopurinol

Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat hyperuricemia and its complications, including chronic gout.- Mechanism of action :...

- Allovectin-7

Allovectin-7

Allovectin-7 is a substance that is being studied as a gene therapy agent in the treatment of cancer, such as malignant melanoma. It is a plasmid/lipid complex containing the DNA sequences encoding HLA-B7 and ß2 microglobulin - two components of major histocompatibility complex...

- aloe-emodin
- alopecia

Alopecia

Alopecia means loss of hair from the head or body. Alopecia can mean baldness, a term generally reserved for pattern alopecia or androgenic alopecia. Compulsive pulling of hair can also produce hair loss. Hairstyling routines such as tight ponytails or braids may induce Traction alopecia. Both...

- alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene....

- Alteplase
- altretamine

Altretamine

Altretamine is an antineoplastic agent. It was approved by the FDA in 1990.-Uses:It is used to treat refractory ovarian cancer.It is not considered a first-line treatment, but it can be useful as salvage therapy...

- aluminium sulfate

Aluminium sulfate

Aluminium sulfate, alternatively spelt aluminum sulfate, aluminium sulphate, or aluminum sulphate; is a chemical compound with the formula Al23...

- ALVAC-CEA vaccine

ALVAC-CEA vaccine

ALVAC-CEA vaccine is a cancer vaccine containing a canary pox virus combined with the carcinoembryonic antigen human gene.A phase I trial in 118 patients showed safety in humans.- External links :...

- Amanita phalloides
- Ambien
- amelanotic melanoma

Amelanotic melanoma

Amelanotic melanoma is a type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make melanin.appearance: they can be pink,red,purple or of normal skin color, hence difficult to recognise...

- Ames, Bruce
- amifostine

Amifostine

Amifostine is a cytoprotective adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents. It is marketed by MedImmune under the trade name Ethyol.-Indications:...

- amikacin

Amikacin

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Amikacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.-Administration:Amikacin may be...

- aminocamptothecin
- aminoglutethimide

Aminoglutethimide

Aminoglutethimide is an anti-steroid drug marketed under the tradename Cytadren by Novartis around the world. It blocks the production of steroids derived from cholesterol and is clinically used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome and metastatic breast cancer...

- aminoglycoside antibiotic
- aminolevulinic acid
- aminopterin

Aminopterin

Aminopterin , a 4-amino analog of folic acid, is an antineoplastic drug with immunosuppressive properties used in chemotherapy. Aminopterin is a synthetic derivative of pterin. Aminopterin works as an enzyme inhibitor by competing for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase...

- AML

Acute myeloid leukemia

- amonafide

Amonafide

Amonafide is a drug that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors and DNA intercalators....

- amoxicillin

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin , formerly amoxycillin , and abbreviated amox, is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral...

- amphotericin B

Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections...

- ampulla

Ampulla

An ampulla was, in Ancient Rome, a "small nearly globular flask or bottle, with two handles" . The word is used of these in archaeology, and of later flasks, often handle-less and much flatter, for holy water or holy oil in the Middle Ages....

- ampulla of Vater
- amputation

Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma, prolonged constriction, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for...

- amsacrine

Amsacrine

Amsacrine is an antineoplastic agent.It has been used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.-Mechanism:Its planar fused ring system can intercalate into the DNA of tumor cells, thereby altering the major and minor groove proportions...

- amylase

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Food that contains much starch but little sugar, such as rice and potato, taste slightly sweet as they are chewed because amylase turns...

- amyloidosis

Amyloidosis

In medicine, amyloidosis refers to a variety of conditions whereby the body produces "bad proteins", denoted as amyloid proteins, which are abnormally deposited in organs and/or tissues and cause harm. A protein is described as being amyloid if, due to an alteration in its secondary structure, it...

- anagrelide

Anagrelide

Anagrelide is a drug used for the treatment of essential thrombocytosis , or overproduction of blood platelets. It also has been used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. -Mechanism:...

- anakinra

Anakinra

Anakinra is a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.-Mechanism:Anakinra is an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist...

- anaphylactic shock
- anaplastic
- anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that features in the World Health Organisation classification of lymphomas.Its name derives from anaplasia and large-cell lymphoma.-Signs and symptoms:...

- anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a form of thyroid cancer which has a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to cancer treatments.-Presentation:...

- anastomosis

Anastomosis

An anastomosis is the reconnection of two streams that previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins. The term is used in medicine, biology, mycology and geology....

- anastrozole

Anastrozole

Anastrozole is an aromatase-inhibiting drug approved for treatment of breast cancer after surgery, as well as for metastasis in both pre and post-menopausal women. The severity of breast cancer is increased by estrogen, as sex hormones cause hyperplasia, and differentiation at estrogen receptor...

- androgen

Androgen

Androgen, also called androgenic hormone or testoid, is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors...

- androgen ablation
- androgen suppression

Androgen suppression

Androgen suppression, also called androgen ablation or androgen deprivation, is a medical treatment to suppress or block the production or action of male sex hormones, typically in order to attempt to treat certain types of cancer that rely upon male hormones for its growth.This is done by having...

- androgen-independent
- anecdotal report
- anemia

Anemia

Anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin...

- anetholtrithione
- Angelica root
- angiogenesis

Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Though there has been some debate over terminology, vasculogenesis is the term used for spontaneous blood-vessel formation, and intussusception is the term for the formation of new blood...

- angiogenesis inhibitor

Angiogenesis inhibitor

An angiogenesis inhibitor is a substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels . Some angiogenesis inhibitors are a normal part of the body's control, some are administered as drugs, and some come from diet....

- angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is a mature T-cell lymphoma with systemic characterized by a polymorphous lymph node infiltrate showing a marked increase in follicular dendritic cells and high endothelial venules and systemic involvement...

- angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial-type cells that line vessel walls. This may be in reference to blood or lymphatic vessels ....

- angiostatin

Angiostatin

Angiostatin is a naturally occurring protein found in several animal species, including humans. It is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor , and it is currently undergoing clinical trials for its use in anticancer therapy.-Structure:Angiostatin is a 38 kDa fragment of a larger protein, plasmin ...

- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- anhydrovinblastine
- anidulafungin

Anidulafungin

Anidulafungin or Eraxis is an antifungal drug originally manufactured and submitted for FDA approval by Vicuron Pharmaceuticals. Pfizer acquired the drug upon its acquisition of Vicuron in the fall of 2005. Pfizer gained approval by the Food and Drug Administration on February 21, 2006; it was...

- animal model

Animal model

An animal model is a living, non-human animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease without the added risk of causing harm to an actual human being during the process...

- annamycin

Annamycin

Annamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic being investigated for the treatment of cancer.- External links :*...

- anorexia

Anorexia (symptom)

Anorexia is the decreased sensation of appetite...

- ansamycin

Ansamycin

Ansamycins is a family of secondary metabolites that show antimicrobial activity against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria and includes various compounds, among which: streptovaricins and rifamycins...

- antagonist

Receptor antagonist

A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses...

- anterior mediastinotomy
- anterior mediastinum

Anterior mediastinum

The anterior mediastinum exists only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line.It is narrow, above, but widens out a little below.-Boundaries:It is bounded:* in front by the sternum* laterally by the pleurae...

- anthracenedione
- anthracycline

Anthracycline

Anthracyclines are a class of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy derived from Streptomyces bacterium Streptomyces peucetius var...

- anthraquinone

Anthraquinone

Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene is an aromatic organic compound with formula . Several isomers are possible, each of which can be viewed as a quinone derivative...

- anti-CEA antibody

Anti-CEA antibody

An anti-CEA antibody is an antibody against the carcinoembryonic antigen , a protein present on certain types of cancer cells.- External links :...

- anti-idiotype vaccine
- anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system....

- antiandrogen

Antiandrogen

Antiandrogens, or androgen antagonists, first discovered in the 1960s, prevent androgens from expressing their biological effects on responsive tissues. Antiandrogens alter the androgen pathway by blocking the appropriate receptors, competing for binding sites on the cell's surface, or affecting...

- antiandrogen therapy
- anti-angiogenesis
- antiangiogenic
- antibody

Antibody

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...

- antibody therapy
- anticachexia

Anticachexia

Anticachexia is a drug or effect that works against cachexia .- External links :* *...

- anticancer antibiotic
- anticarcinogenic
- anticoagulant

Anticoagulant

An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation of blood. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders. Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis...

- anticonvulsant

Anticonvulsant

The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...

- antidepressant

Antidepressant

An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication used to alleviate mood disorders, such as major depression and dysthymia and anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder. According to Gelder, Mayou &*Geddes people with a depressive illness will experience a therapeutic effect to their mood;...

- antiemetic

Antiemetic

An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics, and chemotherapy directed against cancer....

- antiestrogen

Antiestrogen

An antiestrogen is a substance that blocks the production or utilization of estrogens, or inhibits their effects....

- antifolate

Antifolate

Antifolates are drugs that impair the function of folic acids. Many are used in cancer chemotherapy, some are used as antibiotics or antiprotozoal agents....

- antifungal medication
- antigen

Antigen

An antigen is a foreign molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system. The immune system will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as...

- antigen-presenting cell

Antigen-presenting cell

An antigen-presenting cell or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex on their surfaces. T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors...

- antigen-presenting cell vaccine

Antigen-presenting cell vaccine

An antigen-presenting cell vaccine is a vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells . Also called APC vaccine.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- antiglobulin test
- antihormone therapy

Antihormone therapy

Antihormone therapy is a form of treatment which suppresses selected hormones. This can be done with drugs, radiation, or even surgery. The suppression of certain hormones would be beneficial to the cancer patient, because certain hormones might prompt, or even help the growth of a tumor...

- antimetabolite

Antimetabolite

An antimetabolite is a chemical that inhibits the use of a metabolite, which is another chemical that is part of normal metabolism. Such substances are often similar in structure to the metabolite that they interfere with, such as the antifolates that interfere with the use of folic acid...

- antimicrotubule agent

Antimicrotubule agent

An antimicrotubule agent is a type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis . Antimicrotubule agents interfere with microtubules . They are used to treat cancer....

- antimitotic agent
- antineoplastic
- antineoplastic antibiotic
- antineoplaston

Antineoplaston

Antineoplaston , a word derived from neoplasm, is a name coined by Stanislaw Burzynski for a group of peptides, derivatives, and mixtures that he uses as an alternative cancer treatment...

- antioxidant

Antioxidant

An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When...

- antiparasitic
- antiretroviral therapy
- antisense c-fos
- antithymocyte globulin

Anti-thymocyte globulin

Anti-thymocyte globulin is an infusion of horse or rabbit-derived antibodies against human T cells which is used in the prevention and treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation and therapy of aplastic anemia.-Uses:...

- antituberculosis
- antitumor antibiotic
- Antiviral drug

Antiviral drug

Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses...

- anxiolytic

Anxiolytic

An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...

- APC

APC (gene)

Adenomatous polyposis coli also known as deleted in polyposis 2.5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APC gene. Mutations in the APC gene may result in colorectal cancer....

- APC vaccine
- APC8015
- apheresis

Apheresis

Apheresis is a medical technology in which the blood of a donor or patient is passed through an apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the circulation...

- aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. The condition, per its name, involves both aplasia and anemia...

- aplidine

Aplidine

Aplidine, also known as dihydrodidemnin B, is a chemical compound extracted from the ascidian Aplidium albicans. It is currently undergoing clinical trial testing...

- apocrine gland
- apolizumab

Apolizumab

Apolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is being studied as a treatment for hematologic cancers....

- apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...

- appendix

Vermiform appendix

The appendix is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum , from which it develops embryologically. The cecum is a pouchlike structure of the colon...

- arctigenin

Arctigenin

Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae, including the Greater burdock and Saussurea heteromalla. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects. It is the aglycone of arctiin.- External links :...

- arctiin

Arctiin

Arctiin is a lignan found in many plants of the Asteraceae family, particularly the Greater burdock and Centaurea imperialis, and in Trachelospermum asiaticum, Saussurea heteromalla., and Forsythia viridissima...

- arginine butyrate
- aromatase inhibitor

Aromatase inhibitor

Aromatase inhibitors are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women. AIs may also be used off-label to treat or prevent gynaecomastia in men....

- arsenic trioxide

Arsenic trioxide

Arsenic trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula As2O3. This commercially important oxide of arsenic is the main precursor to other arsenic compounds, including organoarsenic compounds. Approximately 50,000 tonnes are produced annually...

- arteriogram
- arteriography
- asbestos

Asbestos

Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals used commercially for their desirable physical properties. They all have in common their eponymous, asbestiform habit: long, thin fibrous crystals...

- ascites

Ascites

Ascites is a gastroenterological term for an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.The medical condition is also known as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum or more archaically as abdominal dropsy. Although most commonly due to cirrhosis and severe liver...

- asparaginase

Asparaginase

Asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartic acid. Asparaginases are naturally occurring enzymes expressed and produced by microorganisms. Different types of asparaginases can be used for different industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. The most common use of...

- aspartate transaminase

Aspartate transaminase

Aspartate transaminase , also called aspartate aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase , is a pyridoxal phosphate -dependent transaminase enzyme . AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in...

- aspergillosis

Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The most common forms are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis. Most humans inhale Aspergillus spores every day...

- Aspergillus

Aspergillus

Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide. Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli...

- asthenia
- astrocyte

Astrocyte

Astrocytes , also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord...

- astrocytoma

Astrocytoma

Astrocytomas are a type of neoplasm of the brain. They originate in a particular kind of glial-cells, star-shaped brain cells in the cerebrum called astrocytes. This type of tumor does not usually spread outside the brain and spinal cord and it does not usually affect other organs...

- asymptomatic
- atamestane

Atamestane

Atamestane is an aromatase inhibitor that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Atamestane blocks the production of the hormone estrogen in the body.It is selective.-References:...

- ataxia

Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological sign and symptom that consists of gross lack of coordination of muscle movements. Ataxia is a non-specific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum...

- ataxia-telangiectasia
- ataxic gait
- atelectasis

Atelectasis

Atelectasis is defined as the collapse or closure of alveoli resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It may affect part or all of one lung. It is a condition where the alveoli are deflated, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation.It is a very common finding in chest x-rays and other...

- athymic nude mouse
- ATLL
- ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

- atrasentan

Atrasentan

Atrasentan is an experimental drug that is being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer.It is an endothelin receptor antagonist selective for subtype A...

- atypical hyperplasia

Atypical hyperplasia

Atypical hyperplasia is a benign condition in which cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- ATRT Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
- augmerosen
- autoclave-resistant factor

Autoclave-resistant factor

Autoclave-resistant factor is a substance found in soybeans that may slow down or stop the spread of cancer. This substance does not break down in an autoclave ....

- autoimmune disease

Autoimmune disease

Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. This may be restricted to...

- autologous
- autologous bone marrow
- autologous bone marrow transplantation
- autologous lymphocyte

Autologous lymphocyte

In transplantation, autologous lymphocytes refers to a person's white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infections and other diseases.- External links :...

- autologous stem cell transplantation

Autologous stem cell transplantation

Autologous stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in which blood-forming stem cells are removed, stored, and later given back to the same person.- External link :...

- autologous tumor cell

Autologous tumor cell

- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- Avastin
- axilla
- axillary
- axillary dissection
- axillary lymph node
- axillary lymph node dissection
- azacitidine
- azoxymethane

Azoxymethane

Azoxymethane is a carcinogenic and neurotoxic chemical compound used in biological research. It is the oxide of azomethane. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas....

- AZQ
- AZT

Zidovudine

Zidovudine or azidothymidine is a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor , a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is an analog of thymidine....

B

B cell

B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction...

- B lymphocyte
- B3 antigen
- B43-PAP immunotoxin
- B7-1
- Bacillus Calmette Guérin
- bacterial toxin

Bacterial toxin

A bacterial toxin is a type of toxin that is generated by bacteria.Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin alone, not necessarily involving bacterial infection A bacterial toxin is a type of toxin that is generated by bacteria.Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin...

- barium enema

Barium enema

A lower gastrointestinal series, also called a barium enema, is a medical procedure used to examine and diagnose problems with the human colon . X-ray pictures are taken while barium sulfate fills the colon via the rectum.-Procedure:...

- barium solution
- barium swallow

Barium swallow

A barium swallow is a medical imaging procedure used to examine the upper GI tract, which includes the esophagus and, to a lesser extent, the stomach.-Principle:...

- Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus refers to an abnormal change in the cells of the inferior portion of the esophagus. A positive diagnosis generally requires observing specific macroscopic and microscopic changes...

- basal cell
- basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal-cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It rarely metastasizes or kills. However, because it can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues, it is still considered malignant. Statistically, approximately 3 out of 10 Caucasians may develop a...

- basal cell nevus syndrome
- basophil
- batimastat
- BAY 12-9566
- BAY 43-9006
- BAY 56-3722
- BAY 59-8862
- BB-10901
- BBBD
- BBR 2778
- BBR 3464
- BCG

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from...

- BCG solution
- bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139
- BCX-1777
- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome is an overgrowth disorder usually present at birth characterized by an increased risk of childhood cancer and certain congenital features. Originally, Dr...

- beclomethasone
- Bellini duct carcinoma

Bellini duct carcinoma

Bellini duct carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer that originates in the duct of Bellini of the kidney. It is rare, accounting for 1-3% of all kidney cancers. It is also recently described; a 2002 review found just 40 case reports worldwide...

- bendamustine

Bendamustine

Bendamustine is a nitrogen mustard used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents...

- benign

Benign

A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks the ability to metastasize. Common examples of benign tumors include moles and uterine fibroids.The term "benign" implies a mild and nonprogressive disease. Indeed, many kinds of benign tumors are harmless to human health...

- benign proliferative breast disease

Benign proliferative breast disease

Benign proliferative breast disease is a group of noncancerous conditions that may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Examples include ductal hyperplasia, lobular hyperplasia, and papillomas.- External links :...

- benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy , benign enlargement of the prostate , and adenofibromyomatous hyperplasia, refers to the increase in size of the prostate....

- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- benign tumor
- benzaldehyde

Benzaldehyde

Benzaldehyde is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde and one of the most industrially useful. This colorless liquid has a characteristic pleasant almond-like odor...

- benzoylphenylurea
- benzydamine
- Beriplast P
- best practice

Best practice

A best practice is a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and that is used as a benchmark...

- beta alethine
- beta carotene
- beta hemolytic streptococcus group B
- beta-endorphin

Beta-endorphin

β-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system.The amino acid sequence is:...

- beta-glucan

Beta-glucan

β-Glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by β-glycosidic bonds. β-glucans are a diverse group of molecules that can vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, and three-dimensional configuration...

- beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
- bevacizumab

Bevacizumab

Bevacizumab is a drug that blocks angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels. It is commonly used to treat various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, kidney, and glioblastomas....

- bexarotene

Bexarotene

Bexarotene is an oral antineoplastic agent indicated by the FDA for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. It has been used off-label for lung cancer, breast cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma.-Mechanism:...

- Bexxar regimen
- BG00001
- BI-RADS

BI-RADS

BI-RADS is an acronym for Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System, a quality assurance tool originally designed for use with mammography. The system is a collaborative effort of many health groups but is published and trademarked by the American College of Radiology .The system is designed to...

- Biafine cream
- BIBX 1382
- bicalutamide

Bicalutamide

Bicalutamide is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism...

- bidi
- bilateral cancer
- bilateral nephrectomy
- bilateral prophylactic mastectomy
- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries. The surgery is also called ovariectomy, but this term has been traditionally used in basic science research describing the surgical removal of ovaries in laboratory animals...

- bile duct

Bile duct

A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile.Bile, required for the digestion of food, is excreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.The...

- biliary
- bilirubin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...

- binding agent
- bioavailable
- biochanin A

Biochanin A

Biochanin A is an O-methylated isoflavone. It is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as flavonoids. Biochanin A can be found in red clover in soy, in alfalfa sprouts, in peanuts, in chickpea and in other legumes.Biochanin A is classified as a phytoestrogen and has...

- biochemical reactions
- biological response modifier
- biological therapy
- biomarker
- Biomed 101

Biomed 101

Biomed 101 is an agent binding to the leukotriene B4 receptor. This leads to reduced levels of interleukin-2 mediated hypoxia. Biomed 101 does not affect interleukin-2 antitumor activity....

- biopsy

Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically...

- biopsy specimen
- biotherapy

Biotherapy

Zootherapy is the use of living animals for medical treatment or as an adjunct to medical diagnosis.-Overview:Zootherapy is the use of living organisms to diagnose, treat or cure disease or disease symptoms...

- Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome is a human genetic disorder that involves susceptibility to renal cancer, renal and pulmonary cysts, and noncancerous tumors of the hair follicles. The disorder has been reported in more than 100 families worldwide, and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern...

- bispecific antibody
- bispecific monoclonal antibody

Bispecific monoclonal antibody

A bispecific monoclonal antibody is an artificial protein that is composed of fragments of two different monoclonal antibodies and consequently binds to two different types of antigen...

- bisphosphonate

Bisphosphonate

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone mass, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases...

- bizelesin
- BL22 immunotoxin
- black cohosh
- black snakeroot

Black snakeroot

Black snakeroot may refer to:*Actaea racemosa, a medicinal plant in the genus Actaea* Cimicifuga racemosa, an herbaceous perennial plant species of eastern North America* Certain species in the plant genus Sanicula...

- blast
- blast crisis
- blast phase
- bleomycin

Bleomycin

Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anticancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2. It works by causing breaks in DNA...

- blessed thistle
- blinded study
- blood cell count
- blood chemistry study
- blood thinner
- blood transfusion

Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood...

- blood-brain barrier

Blood-brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier is a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system . It occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion...

- blood-brain barrier disruption
- BMS-182751
- BMS-184476
- BMS-188797
- BMS-214662
- BMS-247550
- BMS-275291
- BMS-354825
- Bolus (medicine)

Bolus (medicine)

In medicine, a bolus is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level...

- bolus infusion
- bone marrow

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg , bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg...

- bone marrow ablation
- bone marrow aspiration
- bone marrow biopsy

Bone marrow biopsy

Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, anemia, and pancytopenia...

- bone marrow metastases
- bone marrow transplantation
- bone metastases

Bone Metastases

Bone metastases, or metastatic bone disease, is a class of cancer metastases that results from primary tumor invasion to bone. Bone-originating cancers like osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are rare...

- bone scan

Bone scan

A bone scan or bone scintigraphy is a nuclear scanning test to find certain abnormalities in bone which are triggering the bone's attempts to heal. It is primarily used to help diagnose a number of conditions relating to bones, including: cancer of the bone or cancers that have spread to the bone,...

- bone-seeking radioisotope

Bone-seeking radioisotope

A bone-seeking radioisotope is a radioactive substance that is given through a vein, and collects in bone cells and in tumor cells that have spread to the bone. It kills cancer cells by giving off low-level radiation.- External links :...

- Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy is an experimental form of radiotherapy that uses a neutron beam that interacts with boron injected into a patient...

- boronophenylalanine-fructose complex
- bortezomib

Bortezomib

Bortezomib is the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor to be tested in humans. It is approved in the U.S. for treating relapsed multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma...

- Bowen's disease

Bowen's disease

Bowen's disease is a neoplastic skin disease, it can be considered as an early stage or intraepidermal form of squamous cell carcinoma. It was named after Mark Bowen...

- BPH

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy , benign enlargement of the prostate , and adenofibromyomatous hyperplasia, refers to the increase in size of the prostate....

- brachial plexopathy
- brachial plexus

Brachial plexus

The brachial plexus is a network of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical and first thoracic nerve roots...

- brachytherapy

Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy , also known as internal radiotherapy, sealed source radiotherapy, curietherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment...

- brain metastasis

Brain metastasis

A brain metastasis is a cancer that has metastasized to the brain from another location in the body. Brain metastases are the most common cause of intracranial mass lesions, and up to 45% of cancer patients eventually develop brain metastases during the course of their illness, with 98,000 to...

- brainstem glioma

Brainstem glioma

A brainstem glioma is a cancerous glioma tumor in the brainstem.Around 75% are diagnosed in children and young adults under the age of twenty , but have been known to affect older adults as well. Brainstem gliomas start in the brain or spinal cord tissue and typically spread throughout the nervous...

- brain stem tumor

Brain stem tumor

A brain stem tumor is a tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord .-Symptoms:The symptoms of brain stem tumors vary greatly,and can include ataxia, cranial nerve palsy, headaches, problems with speech and swallowing, hearing loss,weakness, hemiparesis, vision abnormalities,...

- brain tumor

Brain tumor

A brain tumor is an intracranial solid neoplasm, a tumor within the brain or the central spinal canal.Brain tumors include all tumors inside the cranium or in the central spinal canal...

- BRCA1

BRCA1

BRCA1 is a human caretaker gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible for repairing DNA. The first evidence for the existence of the gene was provided by the King laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990...

- BRCA2

BRCA2

BRCA2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA2 gene.BRCA2 orthologs have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available....

- breakthrough pain
- breast cancer in situ
- breast density
- breast duct endoscopy

Breast duct endoscopy

Breast duct endoscopy is a method used to examine the lining of the lactiferous ducts to look for abnormal tissue. A very thin, flexible, lighted tube attached to a camera is inserted through the nipple, and threaded into the breast ducts deep in the breast...

- Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System

BI-RADS

- breast implant
- breast reconstruction

Breast reconstruction

Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a breast, usually in women. It involves using autologous tissue or prosthetic material to construct a natural-looking breast. Often this includes the reformation of a natural-looking areola and nipple...

- breast self-exam
- breast-conserving surgery

Breast-conserving surgery

Breast-conserving surgery is a less radical cancer surgery than mastectomy. Breast-conserving surgery, as in a lumpectomy removes part of the breast tissue during surgery, as opposed to the entire breast.-Contraindications:...

- breast-sparing surgery
- Brief Pain Inventory

Brief Pain Inventory

The Brief Pain Inventory is a medical questionnaire used to measure pain, developed by the Pain Research Group of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Symptom Evaluation in Cancer Care.- External links :* article at the Fabry Registry...

- BRIP1

BRIP1

Fanconi anemia group J protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA1-interacting protein 1 gene.This protein also appears to be important in ovarian cancer where it seems to act as an antioncogene.-Further reading:...

- brivudine

Brivudine

Brivudine is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of herpes zoster.-History:Brivudine is a similar drug to acyclovir. The compound was first synthesized by scientists at the University of Birmingham in the UK in the 1970s...

- BRM
- bromelain

Bromelain

Bromelain is a pineapple extract thought to be effective for reducing swelling , especially of the nose and sinuses, after surgery or injury. It may also be used for a variety of other effects that remain scientifically unconfirmed and not authorized by regulatory authorities like the Food and Drug...

- bronchiole

Bronchiole

The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa. They are branches of the bronchi.The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.- Structure :...

- bronchitis

Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the large bronchi in the lungs that is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last several days or weeks. Characteristic symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath and wheezing related to the obstruction of the inflamed airways...

- bronchoscope
- bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy. This allows the practitioner to examine the patient's airways for...

- bronchus

Bronchus

A bronchus is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. The bronchus branches into smaller tubes, which in turn become bronchioles....

- brostallicin

Brostallicin

Brostallicin is a substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is an alkylating agent that binds DNA.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- broxuridine
- bryostatin 1
- buccal mucosa
- budesonide

Budesonide

Budesonide is a glucocorticoid steroid for the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis , and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis...

- bupropion

Bupropion

Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. The drug is a non-tricyclic antidepressant and differs from most commonly prescribed antidepressants such as SSRIs, as its primary pharmacological action is thought to be norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibition...

- burdock

Burdock

Burdock is any of a group of biennial thistles in the genus Arctium, family Asteraceae. Native to the Old World, several species have been widely introduced worldwide....

- Burkitt's leukemia
- Burkitt's lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system...

- burr hole
- buserelin

Buserelin

Buserelin is a Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist . By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone...

- buspirone

Buspirone

Buspirone is an anxiolytic psychoactive drug of the azapirone chemical class, and is primarily used to treat generalized anxiety disorder Bristol-Myers Squibb gained FDA approval of buspirone in 1986 for treatment of GAD...

- busulfan

Busulfan

Busulfan is a cancer drug, in use since 1959.Busulfan is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates...

- buthionine sulfoximine

Buthionine sulfoximine

Buthionine sulfoximine is a sulfoximine used in chemotherapy which reduces levels of glutathione. The compound inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme required in the first step of glutathione synthesis. Buthionine sulfoximine may also be used to increase the sensitivity of...

C

C cell

Parafollicular cell

Parafollicular cells are cells in the thyroid that produce and secrete calcitonin. They are located adjacent to the thyroid follicles and reside in the connective tissue. These cells are large and have a pale stain compared with the follicular cells or colloid...

- c-erbB-2
- c-kit
- CA 19-9 assay
- CA-125

CA-125

CA-125 also known as mucin 16 or MUC16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUC16 gene. MUC16 is a member of the mucin family glycoproteins...

- CA-125 test
- cachexia

Cachexia

Cachexia or wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight...

- calcitonin

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is producedin humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium , opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone . Calcitonin has been found...

- calcitriol

Calcitriol

Calcitriol , also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is the hormonally active form of vitamin D with three hydroxyl groups...

- CAM

Cell adhesion molecule

Cell Adhesion Molecules are proteins located on the cell surface involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix in the process called cell adhesion....

- Campath-1H
- camptothecin

Camptothecin

Camptothecin is a cytotoxic quinoline alkaloid which inhibits the DNA enzyme topoisomerase I . It was discovered in 1966 by M. E. Wall and M. C. Wani in systematic screening of natural products for anticancer drugs. It was isolated from the bark and stem of Camptotheca acuminata , a tree native to...

- camptothecin analog
- cancer

Cancer

Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...

- cancer induction
- Cancer Information Service

Cancer Information Service

The Cancer Information Service is a program of the National Institutes of Health that is provided to the United States of America public to provide personalized, confidential responses to specific questions about cancer...

- cancer of unknown primary origin

Cancer of unknown primary origin

Cancer of unknown primary origin is the diagnosis when metastatic cancer is found but the place where the cancer began cannot be determined. About two to four percent of all cancer patients have a cancer whose primary site is never identified...

- Cancer stem cell

Cancer stem cell

Cancer stem cells are cancer cells that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are therefore tumorigenic , perhaps in contrast to other non-tumorigenic cancer cells...

- cancer vaccine

Cancer vaccine

The term cancer vaccine refers to a vaccine that either prevents infections with cancer-causing viruses, treats existing cancer or prevents the development of cancer in certain high risk individuals...

- Cancer.gov
- Candidiasis

Candidiasis

Thrush redirects here. For the hoof infection see Thrush .Candidiasis or thrush is a fungal infection of any of the Candida species , of which Candida albicans is the most common...

- Candidosis
- CAP-1

CAP-1

The CAP-1 Planalto was a military trainer aircraft built in Brazil during World War II. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage that accommodated the pilot and instructor in tandem open cockpits...

- capecitabine
- capsaicin

Capsaicin

Capsaicin 2CHCH=CH4CONHCH2C6H3-4--3- ) is the active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact...

- captopril

Captopril

Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor developed and was considered a breakthrough both because of its novel mechanism of action and also because of the...

- carbendazim

Carbendazim

Carbendazim is a widely used broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide. A 4.7% solution of carbendazim hydrochloride is sold as Eertavas, an effective treatment for Dutch elm disease....

- carbogen

Carbogen

Carbogen, also called Meduna's Mixture after its inventor Ladislas Meduna, is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. Meduna's original formula was 30% CO2 and 70% oxygen, but the term carbogen can refer to any mixture of these two gases, from 1.5% to 50% CO2.- Mechanism :When carbogen is...

- carbon-11 acetate
- carboplatin

Carboplatin

Carboplatin, or cis-Diammineplatinum is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer...

- carboxyamidotriazole
- carboxypeptidase-G2
- carcinoembryonic antigen

Carcinoembryonic antigen

Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers...

- carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1

Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1

Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1 is a nine amino acid peptide fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen , a protein that is overexpressed in several cancer cell types, including gastrointestinal, breast, and non-small cell lung.Synonyms:* CAP-1...

- carcinogen

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes...

- carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis or oncogenesis is literally the creation of cancer. It is a process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells...

- carcinoid

Carcinoid

Carcinoid is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor, originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system.In 2000, the World Health Organization redefined "carcinoid", but this new definition has not been accepted by all practitioners. This has led to some complexity in distinguishing...

- carcinoid syndrome

Carcinoid syndrome

Carcinoid syndrome refers to the array of symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumors. The syndrome includes flushing and diarrhea, and, less frequently, heart failure and bronchoconstriction...

- carcinoma

Carcinoma

Carcinoma is the medical term for the most common type of cancer occurring in humans. Put simply, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that generally arises from cells originating in the endodermal or ectodermal germ layer during...

- carcinoma in situ

Carcinoma in situ

Carcinoma in situ is an early form of cancer that is defined by the absence of invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissue, usually before penetration through the basement membrane. In other words, the neoplastic cells proliferate in their normal habitat, hence the name "in situ"...

- carcinomatosis
- carcinosarcoma

Carcinosarcoma

Carcinosarcoma is a malignant tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma and sarcoma ....

- carcinosis

Carcinosis

Carcinosis, or carcinomatosis, is a condition in which cancer has spread widely throughout the body, or, in some cases, to a relatively large region of the body.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- carcinostatic
- cardin

Cardin

Cardin Do Nguyen , simply known as Cardin, is an American singer and composer and former member of group Asia 4...

- carmustine

Carmustine

Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related β-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy...

- carnitine

Carnitine

Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. In living cells, it is required for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids for the generation of metabolic energy. It is widely...

- carotenoid

Carotenoid

Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some bacteria, and some types of fungus. Carotenoids can be synthesized fats and other basic organic metabolic building...

- carzelesin
- case report

Case report

In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence....

- case series

Case series

A case series is a medical research descriptive study that tracks patients with a known exposure given similar treatment or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome. It can be retrospective or prospective and usually involves a smaller number of patients than more powerful...

- case-control study
- caspofungin acetate
- Castleman's disease

Castleman's disease

Castleman's disease is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder that can involve single lymph node stations or...

- CAT scan
- catechol
- cauterization

Cauterization

The medical practice or technique of cauterization is the burning of part of a body to remove or close off a part of it in a process called cautery, which destroys some tissue, in an attempt to mitigate damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harmful possibilities...

- cauterize

Cauterize

Cauterize was an alternative rock band from Canada, active from 1995 to 2007.In 2003, Cauterize’s first single Something Beautiful was released, with its only music video, was broadcast on the web site muchloud.com...

- cBR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugate
- CC-1088
- CC-49 monoclonal antibody
- CC-5013
- CC-8490
- CCI-779
- CD34 antigen
- CD40-ligand
- CEA

Carcinoembryonic antigen

- CEA assay
- cecum

Cecum

The cecum or caecum is a pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve or Bauhin's valve, and is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic...

- cefalexin

Cefalexin

Cefalexin or more commonly cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic introduced in 1967 by Eli Lilly and Company. It is an orally administered agent with a similar antimicrobial spectrum to the intravenous agents cefalotin and cefazolin...

- cefepime

Cefepime

Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. Cefepime has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents...

- cefixime

Cefixime

Cefixime is an oral third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefixime is a cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia; bronchitis; gonorrhea; and ear, lung, throat, and urinary tract infections...

- ceftriaxone

Ceftriaxone

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In most cases, it is considered to be equivalent to cefotaxime in terms of safety and efficacy...

- celecoxib

Celecoxib

Celecoxib INN is a sulfa non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective COX-2 inhibitor used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial...

- celiac disease
- cell

Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos....

- cell differentiation
- cell motility
- cell proliferation
- cell respiration
- cell adhesion

Cell adhesion

Cellular adhesion is the binding of a cell to a surface, extracellular matrix or another cell using cell adhesion molecules such as selectins, integrins, and cadherins. Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure...

- cellular adoptive immunotherapy
- cellular metabolism
- cellulitis

Cellulitis

Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, blisters,...

- central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor
- central venous access catheter
- CEP-2563 dihydrochloride
- CEP-701
- cephalosporin

Cephalosporin

The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium".Together with cephamycins they constitute a subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics called cephems.-Medical use:...

- ceramide

Ceramide

Ceramides are a family of lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of cells. They are one of the component lipids that make up sphingomyelin, one of the major lipids in the lipid bilayer...

- cerebellar hemangioblastoma
- cerebellopontine
- cerebral hemisphere

Cerebral hemisphere

A cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane, . The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is...

- cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord...

- cerebrospinal fluid diversion

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is a procedure that is used to drain fluid from the brain and spinal cord. A shunt is placed in a ventricle of the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body, usually the abdomen. It is used to treat hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial...

- cervical

Cervix

The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall...

- cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia , also known as cervical dysplasia and cervical interstitial neoplasia, is the potentially premalignant transformation and abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. CIN is not cancer, and is usually curable...

- cervix

Cervix

The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall...

- cetuximab

Cetuximab

Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, given by intravenous infusion for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer.- Distribution :Cetuximab is manufactured and distributed in North America by ImClone and Bristol-Myers...

- cevimeline
- CGP 48664
- Chamberlain procedure
- chemoembolization

Chemoembolization

Chemoembolization is a procedure in which anticancer drugs are administered directly into a tumor through its feeding blood supply, with concurrent or subsequent blockage of the feeding vessel by occlusive agents that are injected through the delivery catheter...

- chemoimmunotherapy

Chemoimmunotherapy

Chemoimmunotherapy is chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses different drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells; immunotherapy uses treatments to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer. A common chemoimmunotherapy regimen is CHOP combined...

- chemoprevention
- chemoprevention studies
- chemoprotective
- chemoradiation
- chemoradiotherapy

Chemoradiotherapy

Chemoradiotherapy is the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to treat cancer. Chemoradiotherapy in the Neoadjuvant therapy has been shown to be effective in rectal cancer....

- chemosensitivity
- chemosensitivity assay

Chemosensitivity assay

A chemosensitivity assay is a laboratory test that measures the number of tumor cells that are killed by chemotherapy. The test is done after the tumor cells are removed from the body...

- chemosensitizer

Chemosensitizer

A chemosensitizer is a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- chemotherapeutic agent
- chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug or with a combination of such drugs into a standardized treatment regimen....

- chest x-ray

Chest X-ray

In medicine, a chest radiograph, commonly called a chest X-ray , is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures...

- chiasma

Chiasma (genetics)

A chiasma , in genetics, is thought to be the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis...

- child-life worker
- chitin

Chitin

Chitin n is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world...

- chlorambucil

Chlorambucil

Chlorambucil is a chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia...

- chlorine

Chlorine

Chlorine is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine...

- chloroma
- chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide
- cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer of the bile ducts which drain bile from the liver into the small intestine. Other biliary tract cancers include pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cancer of the ampulla of Vater...

- cholangiosarcoma

Cholangiosarcoma

Cholangiosarcoma is a tumor of the connective tissues of the bile ducts.Primary risk factors for cholangiosarcoma are Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and infection by Clonorchis Sinensis .- External links :...

- cholelith
- cholestasis

Cholestasis

In medicine, cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. The two basic distinctions are an obstructive type of cholestasis where there is a mechanical blockage in the duct system such as can occur from a gallstone or malignancy and metabolic types of...

- chondrocyte

Chondrocyte

Chondrocytes are the only cells found in cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans...

- chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a chain of alternating sugars . It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities...

- chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage. Chondrosarcoma is a member of a category of "soft tissue" malignancies known as sarcomas. About 30% of skeletal system cancers are chondrosarcomas...

- chordoma

Chordoma

Chordoma is a rare slow-growing malignant neoplasm thought to arise from cellular remnants of the notochord. The evidence for this is the location of the tumors , the similar immunohistochemical staining patterns, and the demonstration that notochordal cells are preferentially left behind in the...

- chorioallantoic membrane

Chorioallantoic membrane

The chorioallantoic membrane — also called the chorioallantois or abbreviated to CAM — is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion...

- choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma is a malignant, trophoblastic and aggressive cancer, usually of the placenta. It is characterized by early hematogenous spread to the lungs...

- choroid plexus tumor

Choroid plexus tumor

Choroid plexus tumor is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the choroid plexus of the brain. A tumor in this location usually occurs in children younger than 2 years and is one of several kinds:*Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor*Choroid plexus carcinoma...

- CHPP

CHPP

CHPP may refer to:* Coal Handling and Preparation Plant, another term for Coal Preparation Plant * An oncology-related term* A French Historian Committee : Comité d'histoire parlementaire et politique* Coming Home Perhaps Pissed in chatroom speak....

- chronic granulocytic leukemia
- chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis
- chronic leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. It is usually classified as a sub-type of chronic lymphoid leukemia...

- chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia , also known as chronic lymphoid leukemia , is the most common type of leukemia. Leukemias are cancers of the white blood cells . CLL affects B cell lymphocytes. B cells originate in the bone marrow, develop in the lymph nodes, and normally fight infection by...

- chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia , also known as chronic granulocytic leukemia , is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood...

- chronic myeloid leukemia
- chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is a form of leukemia featuring monocytosis.The categorization of this disease has been controversial. Patients with CMML can present with various clinical features, mimicking either myelodysplastic syndroms or myeloproliferative neoplasms depending upon a patient's...

- chronic phase
- chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia is a phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which 5% or fewer of the cells in the blood and bone marrow are blast cells . This phase may last from several months to several years, and there may be no symptoms of leukemia.- External links :* entry in the...

- CHS 828
- CI-1033
- CI-958
- CI-980
- CI-994
- ciclosporin

Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin , cyclosporine , cyclosporin , or cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection...

- cidofovir

Cidofovir

Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and therefore prevention of viral replication and transcription...

- cilengitide

Cilengitide

Cilengitide is a molecule designed and synthesized at the Technical University Munich in collaboration with Merck KGaA in Darmstadt. It is based on the cyclic peptide cyclo, which is selective for αv integrins, which are important in angiogenesis...

- cimetidine

Cimetidine

Cimetidine INN is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in the stomach. It is largely used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Tagamet...

- Cipro
- ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class.It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial. It kills bacteria by interfering with the enzymes that cause DNA to rewind after being copied, which stops synthesis of DNA and of...

- circulatory system

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients , gases, hormones, blood cells, etc...

- cirrhosis

Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules , leading to loss of liver function...

- CIS

Cancer Information Service

- cisplatin

Cisplatin

Cisplatin, cisplatinum, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum is a chemotherapy drug. It is used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas , lymphomas, and germ cell tumors...

- citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate

Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate

Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate is a drug used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis .- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- cladribine

Cladribine

Cladribine is a drug used to treat hairy cell leukemia and multiple sclerosis. Its chemical name is 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine ....

- clarithromycin

Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia , skin and skin structure infections...

- clear cell adenocarcinoma

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

Clear cell adenocarcinoma or mesonephroma is a rare type of adenocarcinoma. It usually affects cells in the female genital tract. Vaginal clear cell adenoma is common in women in their late teens and early 20's whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy.Some of these cancers may not...

- clear-cell sarcoma

Clear-cell sarcoma

Clear-cell sarcoma is a rare form of cancer...

- clear cell sarcoma of the kidney
- clinical breast exam
- clinical resistance
- clinical series
- clinical study
- clinical trial

Clinical trial

Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions...

- CLL

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

- clodronate
- clofarabine

Clofarabine

Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite marketed in the U.S. and Canada as Clolar. In Europe and Australia/New Zealand the product is marketed under the name Evoltra. It is FDA-approved for treating a type of leukaemia called relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in...

- CML

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

- CMML

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

- CMV

Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses...

- cnicin

Cnicin

Cnicin is a sesquiterpene lactone, esterified with a substituted acrylic acid, and belonging to the germacranolide class of natural products. It is mainly found in Cnicus , and is present in spotted knapweed plants, where highest and lowest concentrations are found in the leaves and stems...

- CNS

Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...

- CNS metastasis
- CNS prophylaxis
- CNS sanctuary
- CNS tumor
- co-culture
- co-trimoxazole

Co-trimoxazole

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-trimoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections.The name co-trimoxazole is the British Approved Name, and has been marketed worldwide...

- coactivated T cell
- cobalt 60

Cobalt 60

Cobalt 60 is a Front 242 side project featuring Front 242's Jean-Luc de Meyer and Dominique Lallement. They are an electro-industrial/EBM group, though they frequently use guitars, an uncommon feature among artists of the genre...

- Cockayne syndrome

Cockayne syndrome

Cockayne syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive, congenital disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight , and premature aging...

- coenzyme Q10
- cohort study

Cohort study

A cohort study or panel study is a form of longitudinal study used in medicine, social science, actuarial science, and ecology. It is an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction...

- COL-3
- cold nodule
- collagen disease

Collagen disease

Collagen disease is a term previously used to describe systemic autoimmune diseases , but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue.The term "collagen disease" was coined by Dr...

- collagenase
- collecting duct
- coloanal anastomosis

Coloanal anastomosis

Coloanal anastomosis is a surgical procedure in which the colon is attached to the anus after the rectum has been removed. Also called coloanal pull-through.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- coloanal pull-through
- Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer, commonly known as bowel cancer, is a cancer caused by uncontrolled cell growth , in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix. Colorectal cancer is clinically distinct from anal cancer, which affects the anus....

(colon cancer)
- colon polyp
- colonoscope
- colonoscopy

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It may provide a visual diagnosis and grants the opportunity for biopsy or removal of suspected...

- colony-stimulating factor

Colony-stimulating factor

Colony-stimulating factors are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell Colony-stimulating...

- colorectal
- colposcope
- colposcopy

Colposcopy

Colposcopy is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix and the tissues of the vagina and vulva. Many premalignant lesions and malignant lesions in these areas have discernible characteristics which can be detected through the examination...

- combination chemotherapy
- combretastatin A4 phosphate
- comedo carcinoma
- common bile duct

Common bile duct

The common bile duct is a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct . It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater...

- comorbidity

Comorbidity

In medicine, comorbidity is either the presence of one or more disorders in addition to a primary disease or disorder, or the effect of such additional disorders or diseases.- In medicine :...

- compassionate use trial
- complementary and alternative medicine

Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine is any healing practice, "that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine." It is based on historical or cultural traditions, rather than on scientific evidence....

- complete blood count

Complete blood count

A complete blood count , also known as full blood count or full blood exam or blood panel, is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood...

(CBC)
- complete hysterectomy
- complete metastasectomy
- complete remission
- complete response
- compound nevus

Compound nevus

A compound nevus is a type of mole formed by groups of nevus cells found in the epidermis and dermis .- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- compression bandage
- computed tomographic colonography
- computed tomography

Computed tomography

X-ray computed tomography or Computer tomography , is a medical imaging method employing tomography created by computer processing...

- computed tomography colography
- computerized axial tomography
- computerized tomography
- concurrent therapy
- condylomata acuminata
- cone biopsy
- congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure

Heart failure often called congestive heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can cause a number of symptoms including shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance. The condition...

- conization
- consecutive case series

Consecutive case series

A consecutive case series is a clinical study that includes all eligible patients identified by the researchers during the study registration period. The patients are treated in the order in which they are identified. This type of study usually does not have a control group.- External links :* ...

- consolidation therapy
- contiguous lymphoma
- continent reservoir
- contingency management

Contingency Management

Contingency management is a type of treatment used in the mental health or substance abuse fields. Patients are rewarded for their behavior; generally, adherence to or failure to adhere to program rules and regulations or their treatment plan...

- continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion

Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion

Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion is a procedure in which the abdominal cavity is bathed in warm fluid that contains anticancer drugs. It is a kind of hyperthermia therapy....

- continuous infusion
- contralateral
- control animal
- control group
- controlled clinical trial
- controlled study
- conventional therapy
- conventional treatment
- cooperative group
- CoQ10
- cordectomy

Cordectomy

Cordectomy is the surgical removal of a cord. It usually refers to removal of the vocal cord, often for the purpose of treating Laryngeal Cancer . The word is derived from the Greek, combining "Chorde" and "ektome" meaning excision. It can be carried out by traditional surgical techniques or,...

- cordycepin

Cordycepin

Cordycepin, or 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine, differing from the latter by the absence of oxygen in the 3' position of its ribose part. It was initially extracted from fungi of genus Cordyceps, but is now produced synthetically.Because cordycepin is similar to...

- core biopsy
- corticosteroid

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte...

- Corynebacterium granulosum

Corynebacterium granulosum

Corynebacterium granulosum is a bacterium that may stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- coumestan

Coumestan

Coumestan is an organic compound that is a derivative of coumarin. Coumestan forms the central core of a variety of natural compounds known collectively as coumestans. Coumestans, including coumestrol, a phytoestrogen, are found in a variety of plants...

- coumestrol

Coumestrol

Coumestrol is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as coumestans. It has garnered research interest because of its estrogenic activity and its prevalence in some foods, such as soybeans....

- CP-358,774
- CP-609,754
- CP-724,714
- CP4071
- CpG 7909
- CPT 11
- CQS
- craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngioma is a type of brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue, that occurs most commonly in children but also in men and women in their 50s and 60s....

- craniotomy

Craniotomy

A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. Craniotomies are often a critical operation performed on patients recording, brain imaging, and for neurological manipulations such as electrical stimulation and chemical...

- creatine

Creatine

Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to all cells in the body, primarily muscle. This is achieved by increasing the formation of Adenosine triphosphate...

- creatinine

Creatinine

Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body...

- cribriform
- crisnatol mesylate
- Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease, also known as regional enteritis, is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms...

- cryopreservation

Cryopreservation

Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as 77 K or −196 °C . At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped...

- cryosurgery

Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The term comes from the Greek words cryo and surgery meaning "hand work" or "handiwork"....

- cryotherapy

Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy or the removal of heat from a body part. The term "cryotherapy" comes from the Greek cryo meaning cold and the word therapy meaning cure...

- cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. It is the most common birth defect regarding male genitalia. In unique cases, cryptorchidism can develop later in life, often as late as young adulthood. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at...

- CSF

Colony-stimulating factor

- CT scan
- CT-2103
- CT-2106
- CT-2584
- CTC

Circulating Tumor Cell

Circulating tumor cells are cells that have detached from a primary tumor and circulate in the bloodstream. CTCs may constitute seeds for subsequent growth of additional tumors in different tissues....

- cultured cell
- cultured cell line
- cumulative dose

Cumulative dose

Cumulative dose is the total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time.-References:*-See also:*Radioactivity...

- curcumin

Curcumin

Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family . The other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are natural phenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric...

- cutaneous breast cancer
- cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
- cyanogenic glucoside
- cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor
- cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide , also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group....

- cyclosporine

Ciclosporin

- cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine , sold under the brand name Periactin, is a first-generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local anesthetic properties.- Indications :...

- cyproterone acetate
- cyst

Cyst

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst could go away on its own or may have to be removed through surgery.- Locations :* Acne...

- cystectomy

Cystectomy

Cystectomy is a medical term for surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. It may also be rarely used to refer to the removal of a cyst, or the gallbladder. The most common condition warranting removal of the urinary bladder is bladder cancer. After the bladder has been removed, an...

- cystosarcoma phyllodes
- cystoscope
- cystoscopy

Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope.Diagnostic cystoscopy is usually carried out with local anaesthesia...

- cytarabine

Cytarabine

Cytarabine, or cytosine arabinoside, is a chemotherapy agent used mainly in the treatment of cancers of white blood cells such as acute myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also known as Ara-C...

- cytochlor
- cytogenetics

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. It includes routine analysis of G-Banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescent in situ...

- cytokine

Cytokine

Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune system and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication...

- cytology

Cytopathology

Cytopathology is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by Rudolf Virchow in 1858. A common application of cytopathology is the Pap smear, used as a screening tool, to detect precancerous cervical lesions and prevent cervical...

- cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus

- cytopenia

Cytopenia

Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of blood cells. It takes a number of forms:*Low red blood cell count: resulting in anemia.*Low white blood cell count: leukopenia or neutropenia .*Low platelet count: thrombocytopenia.*Low granulocyte count: granulocytopenia*Low red blood...

- cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...

- cytotoxic
- cytotoxic chemotherapy
- cytotoxic T cell

Cytotoxic T cell

A cytotoxic T cell belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes that are capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells; they kill cells that are infected with viruses , or are otherwise damaged or...

D

D-20761
- da-huang
- DACA
- dacarbazine

Dacarbazine

Dacarbazine is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various cancers, among them malignant melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, sarcoma, and islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas.Dacarbazine is a member of the class of alkylating agents, which destroy cancer cells by adding an alkyl...

- dacliximab
- daclizumab

Daclizumab

Daclizumab is a therapeutic humanized monoclonal antibody to the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor of T cells. It is used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation, especially in kidney transplants....

- dactinomycin
- daidzein

Daidzein

Daidzein belongs to the group of isoflavones. Daidzein and other isoflavone compounds, such as genistein, are present in a number of plants and herbs like the Thai Kwao Krua or Pueraria mirifica, Kudzu or Pueraria lobata, and in food sources such as soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured...

- dalteparin

Dalteparin

Dalteparin is a low molecular weight heparin. It is marketed as Fragmin by Pfizer Inc. Like other low molecular weight heparins, dalteparin is used for prophylaxis or treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism....

- danazol

Danazol

Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. Also known as 17alpha-ethinyl testosterone. Before becoming available as a generic drug, Danazol was marketed as Danocrine in the United States. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the...

- darbepoetin alfa

Darbepoetin alfa

Darbepoetin alfa is a synthetic form of erythropoietin. It stimulates erythropoiesis and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic renal failure and cancer chemotherapy...

- darkfield microscope
- Data Safety and Monitoring Committee
- daunorubicin

Daunorubicin

Daunorubicin or daunomycin is chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer. It is most commonly used to treat specific types of leukaemia...

- DCIS
- de novo

Mutation

In molecular biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic...

- death cap

Death cap

Amanita phalloides , commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Widely distributed across Europe, A. phalloides forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been introduced to new regions with...

- debulking operation
- decitabine
- decortication

Decortication

Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ. The procedure is usually performed when the lung is covered by a thick, inelastic pleural peel restricting lung expansion. In a non-medical aspect, decortication is...

- deferoxamine

Deferoxamine

Deferoxamine is a bacterial siderophore produced by the actinobacteria Streptomyces pilosus. It has medical applications as a chelating agent used to remove excess iron from the body...

- defibrotide

Defibrotide

Defibrotide is a deoxyribonucleic acid derivative derived from cow lung or porcine mucosa. It is an anticoagulant with a multiple mode of action .It has been used with antithrombin III.-Pharmacokinetics:...

- degenerative disease

Degenerative disease

A degenerative disease, also called neurodegenerative disease, is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits...

- dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone

5-Dehydroepiandrosterone is a 19-carbon endogenous steroid hormone. It is the major secretory steroidal product of the adrenal glands and is also produced by the gonads and the brain. DHEA is the most abundant circulating steroid in humans....

- delayed-type hypersensitivity response
- dendritic cell

Dendritic cell

Dendritic cells are immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. That is, dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells...

- dendritic cell vaccine
- denileukin diftitox

Denileukin diftitox

Denileukin diftitox is an antineoplastic agent, an engineered protein combining Interleukin-2 and Diphtheria toxin. This can bind to Interleukin-2 receptors and introduce the diphtheria toxin into cells that express those receptors, killing the cells...

- dental implant

Dental implant

A dental implant is a "root" device, usually made of titanium, used in dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth to replace missing teeth....

- deoxycytidine

Deoxycytidine

Deoxycytidine is a deoxyribonucleoside. It is like cytidine, but with one oxygen atom removed....

- deoxyribonucleic acid
- DepoFoam-encapsulated cytarabine
- depsipeptide

Depsipeptide

A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of the amide bonds are replaced by ester bonds.Depsipeptides have often been used in research to probe the importance of hydrogen bond networks in protein folding kinetics and thermodynamics. They are also found in nature as natural products...

- dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a very rare tumor. It is a rare neoplasm of the dermis layer of the skin, and is classified as a sarcoma. There is only about 1 case per million per year. DFSP is a fibrosarcoma, more precisely a cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma...

- dermatologist
- dermis

Dermis

The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis...

- DES

Diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. Human exposure to DES occurred through diverse sources, such as dietary ingestion from supplemented cattle feed and medical treatment for certain conditions, including breast and prostate cancers...

- deslorelin

Deslorelin

Deslorelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone super-agonist also known as an LHRH agonist. It stops the production of sex hormones ....

- desmoid tumor

Desmoid tumor

Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare condition marked by the presence of desmoid tumors, which are benign, slow-growing tumors without any metastatic potential. However, Aggressive Fibromatosis is locally aggressive. Despite their benign nature, they can damage nearby structures causing organ...

- desmoplastic
- desmoplastic melanoma

Desmoplastic melanoma

Desmoplastic melanoma is a cutaneous condition characterized by a deeply infiltrating type of melanoma....

- desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor is classified as a soft tissue sarcoma. It is an aggressive and rare tumor that primarily occurs as masses in the abdomen. Other areas affected may include the lymph nodes, the lining of the abdomen, diaphragm, spleen, liver, chest wall, skull, spinal cord, large...

- dexamethasone

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant...

- dexmethylphenidate

Dexmethylphenidate

Dexmethylphenidate, otherwise known as d-threo-methylphenidate , is the dextrorotatory enantiomer of methylphenidate. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent and thus a psychostimulant, which affects the CNS...

- dexrazoxane

Dexrazoxane

Dexrazoxane hydrochloride is a cardioprotective agent.-Uses:...

- dextroamphetamine-amphetamine
- dextromethorphan acetic acid
- DFMO
- DHA-paclitaxel

DHA-paclitaxel

DHA-paclitaxel is an investigational drug made by linking paclitaxel to docosahexaenoic acid , a fatty acid that is easily taken up by tumor cells; the DHA-paclitaxel “appears not to be cytotoxic until the bond with DHA is cleaved within the cell.” The advantage of DHA-paclitaxel over paclitaxel...

- DHEA
- di-dgA-RFB4 monoclonal antibody
- diagnosis

Medical diagnosis

Medical diagnosis refers both to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder , and to the opinion reached by this process...

- diagnostic mammogram
- diagnostic procedures
- diagnostic trial
- diathermy

Diathermy

In the natural sciences, the term diathermy means "electrically induced heat" and is commonly used for muscle relaxation. It is also a method of heating tissue electromagnetically or ultrasonically for therapeutic purposes in medicine.-Surgical uses:...

- diaziquone
- didanosine

Didanosine

Didanosine is sold under the trade names Videx and Videx EC. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, effective against HIV and used in combination with other antiretroviral drug therapy as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy .-History:The related pro-drug of didanosine,...

- DIEP flap

DIEP flap

A DIEP flap is a type of breast reconstruction in which blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators , and the skin and fat connected to them are removed from the lower abdomen and transferred to the chest to reconstruct a breast after mastectomy without the sacrifice of any of the...

- diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol

- differentiation
- difluoromethylornithine
- digital mammography

Digital mammography

Digital mammography is a specialized form of mammography that uses digital receptors and computers instead of x-ray film to help examine breast tissue for breast cancer. The electrical signals can be read on computer screens, permitting more manipulation of images to theoretically allow...

- digital photography

Digital photography

Digital photography is a form of photography that uses an array of light sensitive sensors to capture the image focused by the lens, as opposed to an exposure on light sensitive film...

- digital rectal examination
- dihematoporphyrin ether
- dimesna
- dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide is an organosulfur compound with the formula 2SO. This colorless liquid is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water...

- dimethylxanthenone acetic acid
- diphosphonate
- dipyridamole

Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole is a drug that inhibits thrombus formation when given chronically and causes vasodilation when given at high doses over a short time.-Mechanism and effects:...

- disease progression
- disease-free survival
- disease-specific survival
- distal
- distal pancreatectomy
- distant cancer
- distraction

Distraction

Distraction is the divided attention of an individual or group from the chosen object of attention onto the source of distraction. Distraction is caused by: the lack of ability to pay attention; lack of interest in the object of attention; or the great intensity, novelty or attractiveness of...

- disulfiram

Disulfiram

Disulfiram is a drug discovered in the 1920s and used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals...

- DJ-927
- DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...

- docetaxel
- dock

Rumex

The docks and sorrels, genus Rumex L., are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family Polygonaceae....

- dolasetron

Dolasetron

Dolasetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its main effect is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. It does not have much antiemetic effect when...

- dolastatin 10
- donepezil

Donepezil

Donepezil, marketed under the trade name Aricept by its developer Eisai and partner Pfizer, is a centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Its main therapeutic use is in the palliative treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Common side effects include...

- dose

Dose (biochemistry)

A dose is a quantity of something that may impact an organism biologically; the greater the quantity, the larger the dose. In nutrition, the term is usually applied to how much of a specific nutrient is in a person's diet or in a particular food, meal, or dietary supplement...

- dose-dense chemotherapy

Dose-dense chemotherapy

Dose-dense chemotherapy is a chemotherapy treatment plan in which drugs are given with less time between treatments than in a standard chemotherapy treatment plan.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- dose-dependent
- dose-limiting
- dose-rate
- dosimetrist
- double-blinded
- double-contrast barium enema

Double-contrast barium enema

A double-contrast barium enema is a procedure in which x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken after a liquid containing barium is put into the rectum. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that outlines the colon and rectum on an x-ray and helps show abnormalities...

- doubling time

Doubling time

The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things which tend to grow over time...

- doxercalciferol

Doxercalciferol

Doxercalciferol is drug for secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic bone disease. It is a synthetic analog of ergocalciferol . It suppresses parathyroid synthesis and secretion....

- doxorubicin

Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin INN is a drug used in cancer chemotherapy. It is an anthracycline antibiotic, closely related to the natural product daunomycin, and like all anthracyclines, it works by intercalating DNA....

- doxycycline

Doxycycline

Doxycycline INN is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group, and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer Inc. and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin. Vibramycin...

- DPPE
- DRE
- dronabinol
- drug tolerance
- dry orgasm
- DTGM fusion protein
- ductal carcinoma

Ductal carcinoma

Mammary ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer in women. It comes in two forms: invasive ductal carcinoma , an infiltrating, malignant and abnormal proliferation of neoplastic cells in the breast tissue, or ductal carcinoma in situ , a noninvasive, possibly malignant, neoplasm...

- ductal carcinoma in situ
- ductal lavage

Ductal lavage

Ductal lavage is a method used to collect cells from milk ducts in the breast. A hair-size catheter is inserted into the nipple, and a small amount of salt water is released into the duct. The water picks up breast cells, and is removed. The cells are checked under a microscope...

- Dukes' classification
- dumping syndrome
- duodenitis

Duodenitis

Duodenitis is inflammation of the duodenum. It may persist acutely or chronically.-Causes:Known causes of duodenitis include:* Bacterial infection * Gastroesophageal reflux disease* Viral infection* NSAIDs...

- DX-52-1
- DX-8951f
- dyscrasia

Dyscrasia

Dyscrasia is a concept from ancient Greek medicine with the word "dyskrasia", meaning bad mixture.The concept of dyscrasia was developed by the ancient Greek physician Galen , who elaborated a model of health and disease as a structure of elements, qualities, humors, organs, and temperaments...

- dysesthesia

Dysesthesia

Dysesthesia comes from the Greek word "dys", meaning "not-normal" and "aesthesis", which means "sensation" . It is defined as an unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch, and it may be, or not be, considered as a kind of pain...

- dysgeusia

Dysgeusia

Dysgeusia is the distortion of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is also often associated with ageusia, which is the complete lack of taste, and hypogeusia, which is the decrease in taste sensitivity. An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be...

- dysphagia

Dysphagia

Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing. Although classified under "symptoms and signs" in ICD-10, the term is sometimes used as a condition in its own right. Sufferers are sometimes unaware of their dysphagia....

- dysplasia

Dysplasia

Dysplasia , is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of development. This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process...

- dysplastic nevi
- dysplastic nevus

Dysplastic nevus

A dysplastic nevus is an atypical melanocytic nevus; a mole whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles and have irregular and indistinct borders...

- dyspnea

Dyspnea

Dyspnea , shortness of breath , or air hunger, is the subjective symptom of breathlessness.It is a normal symptom of heavy exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations...

E

E7070
- E7389
- EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

The Epstein–Barr virus , also called human herpesvirus 4 , is a virus of the herpes family and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis...

- ecchymosis

Ecchymosis

An ecchymosis is the medical term for a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma, commonly called a bruise. It can be located in the skin or in a mucous membrane.-Presentation:...

- echocardiography

Echocardiography

An echocardiogram, often referred to in the medical community as a cardiac ECHO or simply an ECHO, is a sonogram of the heart . Also known as a cardiac ultrasound, it uses standard ultrasound techniques to image two-dimensional slices of the heart...

- ecteinascidin 743
- ectocervical
- edatrexate
- edotecarin
- edrecolomab

Edrecolomab

Edrecolomab is a mouse-derived monoclonal antibody targeting the cell-surface glycoprotein EpCAM , which is expressed on epithelial tissues and on various carcinomas....

- EF5

EF5

EF5 is a nitroimidazole used in oncology research. Due to its similarity in chemical structure to etanidazole, EF5 binds in cells displaying hypoxia....

- efaproxiral

Efaproxiral

Efaproxiral is an analog of the cholesterol drug bezafibrate developed as a radio sensitizer. It is used to increase the efficacy of certain chemotherapy drugs which have reduced efficacy against hypoxic tumours, and can thus be made more effective by increasing oxygenation of the tumour tissues...

- effector cell

Plasma cell

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells which produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system...

- efficacy

Efficacy

Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect. It has different specific meanings in different fields. In medicine, it is the ability of an intervention or drug to reproduce a desired effect in expert hands and under ideal circumstances.- Healthcare :...

- eflornithine

Eflornithine

Eflornithine is a drug found to be effective in the treatment of facial hirsutism as well as in African trypanosomiasis...

- EGb761
- EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor is the cell-surface receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligands...

- EKB-569
- electroacupuncture

Electroacupuncture

Electroacupuncture is a form of acupuncture where a small electric current is passed between pairs of acupuncture needles. Another term is Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ....

- electrodesiccation
- electrolarynx
- electroporation therapy
- eligibility criteria
- embolism

Embolism

In medicine, an embolism is the event of lodging of an embolus into a narrow capillary vessel of an arterial bed which causes a blockage in a distant part of the body.Embolization is...

- embolization

Embolization

Embolization is a non-surgical, minimally-invasive procedure performed by an interventional radiologist and interventional neuroradiologists. It involves the selective occlusion of blood vessels by purposely introducing emboli.-Therapeutic applications:...

- embryoma
- embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare histological form of cancer of connective tissue wherein the mesenchymally-derived malignant cells resemble the primitive developing skeletal muscle of the embryo...

- embryonal tumor

Embryonal tumor

Embryonal tumor is a mass of rapidly growing cells. It is believed that it begins in embryonic tissue. Embryonal tumors may be benign or malignant, and include neuroblastomas and Wilms tumors. Also called embryoma...

- embryo

Embryo

An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination...

nic
- EMD 121974
- emitefur
- emodin

Emodin

Emodin is a purgative resin, 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, from rhubarb, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed...

- enalapril

Enalapril

Enalapril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. ACE raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. ACE inhibitors like enalapril prevent this effect. Enalapril has been shown to lower the death rate in...

- encephalopathy

Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy means disorder or disease of the brain. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease, but rather to a syndrome of global brain dysfunction; this syndrome can be caused by many different illnesses.-Terminology:...

- enchondroma

Enchondroma

An Enchondroma is a cartilage cyst found in the bone marrow. Typically, enchondroma is discovered on a X-ray scan. Enchondromas have a characteristic appearance on Magnetic Resonance Imaging as well. They have also been reported to cause increased uptake on PET...

- endocervical curettage

Endocervical curettage

Endocervical curettage is a procedure in which the mucous membrane of the cervical canal is scraped using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- endocrine cancer
- endocrine pancreas cell
- endocrine therapy
- endometrial
- endometrial biopsy

Endometrial biopsy

The endometrial biopsy is a medical office procedure that is used to remove a sample of the lining of the uterus. The tissue subsequently undergoes a histologic evaluation which is supplied to the physician to aid in the diagnosis.-Indications:...

- endometrial disorder
- endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the endometrium, or inner lining of the uterus.Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia result from high levels of estrogens, combined with insufficient levels of the progesterone-like hormones which ordinarily...

- Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia

Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia

Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia, is a premalignant lesion of the uterine lining that predisposes to endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma...

- endometriosis

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological medical condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the ovaries. The uterine cavity is lined by endometrial cells, which are under the influence of female hormones...

- endometrium

Endometrium

-Function:The endometrium is the innermost glandular layer and functions as a lining for the uterus, preventing adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity. During the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, the endometrium grows to a...

- endorectal ultrasound
- endoscope
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems...

- endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in endoscopy is combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest and abdomen. It can be used to visualize the wall of these organs, or to look at adjacent structures...

- endoscopy

Endoscopy

Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope , an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ...

- endostatin

Endostatin

]Endostatin is a naturally-occurring 20-kDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti-angiogenic agent, similar to angiostatin and thrombospondin....

- endothelial cell
- endothelin receptor antagonist

Endothelin receptor antagonist

A endothelin receptor antagonist is a drug that blocks endothelin receptors.Three main kinds of ERAs exist:* selective ETA receptor antagonists , which affect endothelin A receptors....

- endothelin-1 protein receptor antagonists
- eniluracil
- enoxaparin

Enoxaparin

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin marketed under the trade names Lovenox and Clexane, among others. It is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection...

- ENT

Otolaryngology

Otolaryngology or ENT is the branch of medicine and surgery that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders....

- enterostomal therapist

Enterostomal therapist

An enterostomal therapist is a health professional trained in the care of persons with stomas, such as colostomies or urostomies.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- enucleation

Enucleation (microbiology)

In the context of microbiology, enucleation refers to removing the nuclear body of a cell....

- enveloped virus
- eosinophil
- eosinophilia

Eosinophilia

Eosinophilia is a condition in which the eosinophil count in the peripheral blood exceeds 0.45×109/L . A marked increase in non-blood tissue eosinophil count noticed upon histopathologic examination is diagnostic for tissue eosinophilia. Several causes are known, with the most common being...

- EP-2101
- ependymal tumor

Ependymal tumor

An ependymal tumor is a type of brain tumor that begins in cells lining the spinal cord central canal or the ventricles . Ependymal tumors may also form in the choroid plexus...

- ependymoma

Ependymoma

Ependymoma is a tumor that arises from the ependyma, a tissue of the central nervous system. Usually, in pediatric cases the location is intracranial, while in adults it is spinal. The common location of intracranial ependymoma is the fourth ventricle...

- epidemiology

Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of health-event, health-characteristic, or health-determinant patterns in a population. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive...

- epidermal growth factor receptor

Epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor is the cell-surface receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligands...

- epidermoid carcinoma
- epigastric
- epiglottis

Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. The term, like tonsils, is often incorrectly used to refer to the uvula...

- epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...

- epipodophyllotoxin

Epipodophyllotoxin

Epipodophyllotoxins are alkaloids naturally occurring in the root of American Mayapple plant .Some epipodophyllotoxin derivatives are currently used in the treatment of cancer. These include etoposide and teniposide. They act as anti-cancer drugs by inhibiting topoisomerase II....

- epirubicin

Epirubicin

Epirubicin is an anthracycline drug used for chemotherapy. It is marketed by Pfizer under the trade name Ellence in the US and Pharmorubicin or Epirubicin Ebewe elsewhere....

- epithelial
- epithelial carcinoma
- epithelial ovarian cancer
- epithelium

Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective...

- epitope

Epitope

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope...

- EPO906
- epoetin alfa

Epoetin alfa

Epoetin alfa is human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. It stimulates erythropoiesis and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic renal failure and cancer chemotherapy. Epoetin is marketed under the trade names Procrit and Epogen. Its...

- epoetin beta

Epoetin beta

Epoetin beta is a synthetic, recombinant form of erythropoietin. It stimulates erythropoiesis and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic renal failure and cancer chemotherapy....

- epothilone

Epothilone

The epothilones are a new class of cancer drugs. Like taxanes, they prevent cancer cells from dividing by interfering with tubulin, but in early trials epithilones have better efficacy and milder adverse effects than taxanes....

- epothilone B
- epothilone D
- epratuzumab

Epratuzumab

Epratuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody. Potential uses may be found in oncology and in treatment of inflammatory autoimmune disorders, such as lupus...

- Epstein-Barr virus

Epstein-Barr virus

- EPT

Pregnancy test

A pregnancy test attempts to determine whether or not a woman is pregnant.These markers are found in urine and blood, and pregnancy tests require sampling one of these substances. The first of these markers to be discovered, human chorionic gonadotropin , was discovered in 1930 to be produced by...

- ER

Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptor refers to a group of receptors that are activated by the hormone 17β-estradiol . Two types of estrogen receptor exist: ER, which is a member of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, and the estrogen G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 , which is a G protein-coupled...

- ER+

Estrogen receptor

- ER-

Estrogen receptor

- ERA-923
- erb-38 immunotoxin
- ErbB1
- ERCP
- erlotinib

Erlotinib

Erlotinib hydrochloride is a drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and several other types of cancer. It is a reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor . It is marketed in the United States by Genentech and OSI...

- ERT

Enzyme replacement therapy

Enzyme replacement therapy is a medical treatment replacing an enzyme in patients in whom that particular enzyme is deficient or absent. Usually this is done by giving the patient an intravenous infusion containing the enzyme...

- ERUS
- erythema

Erythema

Erythema is redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation...

- erythrocyte
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate , also called a sedimentation rate or Biernacki Reaction, is the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour...

- erythrodysplasia
- erythroid dysplasia

Erythroid dysplasia

Erythroid dysplasia is a condition in which immature red blood cells in the bone marrow are abnormal in size, shape, organization, and/or number. Erythroid dysplasia may be caused by vitamin deficiency or chemotherapy, or it may be a sign of refractory anemia, which is a myelodysplastic syndrome...

- erythroleukemia

Erythroleukemia

Acute erythroid leukemia is a rare form of acute myeloid leukemia where the myeloproliferation is of erythroblastic precursors.It is defined at type "M6" under the FAB classification.-Types:...

- erythroleukoplakia
- erythroplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplakia is a flat red patch or lesion in the mouth that cannot be attributed to any other pathology.A similar term is "erythroplasia", which has a papular appearance.- Diagnosis and associated conditions :...

- erythropoietin

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin, or its alternatives erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production...

- esophageal

Esophagus

The esophagus is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach...

- esophagectomy

Esophagectomy

Esophagectomy or Oesophagectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the esophagus .-Purpose:...

- esophagitis

Esophagitis

Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus. It may be acute or chronic. The acute esophagitis can be catarrhal or phlegmonous, whereas the chronic esophagitis may be hypertrophic or atrophic.-Infectious:...

- esophagoscopy
- esophagram
- esophagus

Esophagus

- ESR

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate , also called a sedimentation rate or Biernacki Reaction, is the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour...

- essential thrombocythemia
- essential thrombocytosis

Essential thrombocytosis

Essential thrombocythemia is a rare chronic blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow in the absence of an alternative cause. In some cases this disorder may be progressive, and rarely may evolve into acute myeloid leukemia or myelofibrosis...

- estradiol

Estradiol

Estradiol is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has 1 and estriol has 3 . Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect...

- estramustine

Estramustine

Estramustine is a chemotherapy agent used to treat prostate cancer. It is a derivative of estrogen with a nitrogen mustard-carbamate ester moiety that makes it a alkylating antineoplastic agent similar to mechlorethamine, with estrogen-induced specificity.Estramustine is marketed in the United...

- estrogen

Estrogen

Estrogens , oestrogens , or œstrogens, are a group of compounds named for their importance in the estrous cycle of humans and other animals. They are the primary female sex hormones. Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some synthetic ones are non-steroidal...

- estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptor

- estrogen receptor negative
- estrogen receptor positive
- estrogen receptor test

Estrogen receptor test

An estrogen receptor test is a laboratory test to find out if cancer cells have estrogen receptors . If the cells have estrogen receptors, they may need estrogen to grow, and this may affect how the cancer is treated....

- estrogen replacement therapy

Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)

Hormone replacement therapy is a system of medical treatment for surgically menopausal, perimenopausal and to a lesser extent postmenopausal women...

- etanercept

Etanercept

Etanercept is a drug that treats autoimmune diseases by interfering with the tumor necrosis factor by acting as a TNF inhibitor. Pfizer describes in a SEC filing that the drug is used to treat rheumatoid, juvenile rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis...

- etanidazole

Etanidazole

Etanidazole is a nitroimidazole drug used for its radiosensitizing properties. Administration of etanidazole results in a decrease of glutathione concentration and inhibits glutathione S-transferase. The result is that tissues become more sensitive to the ionizing radiation used in cancer treatment....

- ethynyluracil
- etidronate
- etiology

Etiology

Etiology is the study of causation, or origination. The word is derived from the Greek , aitiologia, "giving a reason for" ....

- etoposide

Etoposide

Etoposide phosphate is an anti-cancer agent. It is known in the laboratory as a topoisomerase poison. Etoposide is often incorrectly referred to as a topoisomerase inhibitor in order to avoid using the term "poison" in a clinical setting...

- etoposide phosphate
- ETS

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is a surgical procedure where certain portions of the sympathetic nerve trunk are destroyed. ETS is used to treat hyperhidrosis, facial blushing, Raynaud's disease and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. By far the most common complaint treated with ETS is palmar...

- evaluable disease
- evaluable patients
- everolimus

Everolimus

Everolimus is the 40-O- derivative of sirolimus and works similarly to sirolimus as an mTOR inhibitor....

- Ewing's family of tumors
- Ewing's sarcoma
- exatecan mesylate
- excision

Surgery

Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...

- excisional biopsy
- exemestane

Exemestane

Exemestane is a drug used to treat breast cancer. It is a member of the class of drugs known as aromatase inhibitors. Some breast cancers require estrogen to grow. Those cancers have estrogen receptors , and are called ER-positive. They may also be called estrogen-responsive,...

- exisulind

Exisulind

Exisulind is a drug used to treat cancer. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase. Trademark by OSI Pharmaceuticals is Aptosyn....

- exocrine pancreas cell

Exocrine pancreas cell

An exocrine pancreas cell is a pancreatic cell that produces enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. These enzymes help digest food as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract.→ Main article: Exocrine pancreas.- External links :...

- expanded access trial
- extensive-stage small cell lung cancer
- external radiation
- external-beam radiation
- extrahepatic
- extrapleural pneumonectomy

F

false-negative test result

Type I and type II errors

In statistical test theory the notion of statistical error is an integral part of hypothesis testing. The test requires an unambiguous statement of a null hypothesis, which usually corresponds to a default "state of nature", for example "this person is healthy", "this accused is not guilty" or...

- false-positive test result

Type I and type II errors

- familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis is an inherited condition in which numerous polyps form mainly in the epithelium of the large intestine. While these polyps start out benign, malignant transformation into colon cancer occurs when not treated....

- familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome
- familial cancer
- familial dysplastic nevi
- familial polyposis
- Family history (medicine)

Family history (medicine)

In medicine, a family history consists of information about disorders from which the direct blood relatives of the patient have suffered. Genealogy typically includes very little of the medical history of the family, but the medical history could be considered a specific subset of the total history...

- FAMMM syndrome
- Fanconi's anemia
- Fanconi's syndrome
- FAP

Familial adenomatous polyposis

- fatty-replaced breast tissue

Fatty-replaced breast tissue

Fatty-replaced breast tissue is a term used in mammography that refers to the replacement of breast tissue with fatty tissue. This commonly occurs as a woman ages.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- fazarabine
- fecal occult blood test
- fenretinide

Fenretinide

Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid deriverative. Retinoids are substances related to vitamin A. It has been investigated for potential use in the treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acne, psoriasis, and has been found to also slow the...

- fentanyl
- fiber

Fiber

Fiber is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread.They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissues together....

- fibrin sealant
- fibroblast

Fibroblast

A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing...

- fibroid

Fibroma

Fibromas are benign tumors that are composed of fibrous or connective tissue. They can grow in all organs, arising from mesenchyme tissue. The term "fibroblastic" or "fibromatous" is used to describe tumors of the fibrous connective tissue...

- fibromatosis

Fibromatosis

The term fibromatosis refers to a group of benign soft tissue tumors which have certain characteristics in common, including absence of cytologic and clinical malignant features, a histology consistent with proliferation of well-differentiated fibroblasts, an infiltrative growth pattern, and...

- fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells.Usually in males ages 30 to 40. Originates in fibrous tissues of the bone. Invades long or flat bones such as femur, tibia,...

- fibrosis

Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process. This is as opposed to formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue...

- fibrous
- fifth cranial nerve
- filgrastim

Filgrastim

Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of Escherichia coli. ...

- filgrastim-SD/01
- finasteride

Finasteride

Finasteride is a synthetic antiandrogen that inhibits type II 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone...

- fine-needle aspiration
- first-line therapy
- FK463
- flavonoid

Flavonoid

Flavonoids , are a class of plant secondary metabolites....

- flavopiridol
- flecainide

Flecainide

Flecainide acetate is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmias . It is used to treat a variety of cardiac arrhythmias including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation , paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Flecainide acetate is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent used to...

- flow cytometry

Flow cytometry

Flow cytometry is a technique for counting and examining microscopic particles, such as cells and chromosomes, by suspending them in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical...

- floxuridine

Floxuridine

Floxuridine is an oncology drug that belongs to the class known as antimetabolites. The drug is most often used in the treatment of colorectal cancer.-Mechanism of action:...

- flt3L
- fluconazole

Fluconazole

Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections. In a bulk powder form, it appears as a white crystalline powder, and it is very slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. It is commonly marketed under the trade...

- flucytosine

Flucytosine

Flucytosine, or 5-fluorocytosine, a fluorinated pyrimidine analogue, is a synthetic antimycotic drug.It is structurally related to the cytostatic fluorouracil and to floxuridine. It is available in oral and in some countries also in injectable form. A common brand name is Ancobon. Flucytosine was...

- fludarabine

Fludarabine

Fludarabine or fludarabine phosphate is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of hematological malignancies. It has been unofficially and casually referred to as "AIDS in a bottle" amongst healthcare professionals due to its significant immunosuppresive activity.-Indications:Fludarabine is...

- fludeoxyglucose F 18
- fludrocortisone

Fludrocortisone

Fludrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid with moderate glucocorticoid potency and much greater mineralocorticoid potency. The brand name in the U.S. and Canada is Florinef.-Uses:...

- fluoropyrimidine
- fluoroscope
- fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique commonly used by physicians to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed...

- fluorouracil

Fluorouracil

Fluorouracil is a drug that is a pyrimidine analog which is used in the treatment of cancer. It is a suicide inhibitor and works through irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites...

- fluoxetine

Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company...

- flutamide

Flutamide

Flutamide is an oral nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug primarily used to treat prostate cancer. It competes with testosterone and its powerful metabolite, dihydrotestosterone for binding to androgen receptors in the prostate gland. By doing so, it prevents them from stimulating the prostate cancer...

- FOBT
- folate
- folate antagonist
- FOLFOX

FOLFOX

FOLFOX is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of colorectal cancer, made up of the drugs* FOL– Folinic acid * F – Fluorouracil * OX – Oxaliplatin - FOLFOX4 :...

- folic acid

Folic acid

Folic acid and folate , as well as pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamate, and pteroylmonoglutamic acid are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9...

- follicular large cell lymphoma

Follicular large cell lymphoma

Follicular large-cell lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with large cells that look cleaved or non-cleaved under the microscope. It is an indolent type of lymphoma....

- follicular mixed cell lymphoma
- follicular thyroid cancer

Follicular thyroid cancer

Follicular thyroid cancer accounts for 15% of thyroid cancer which occurs more commonly in women of over 50 years old. Thyroglobulin can be used as a tumor marker for well-differentiated follicular thyroid cancer.-Classification:...

- formaldehyde

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2O. It is the simplest aldehyde, hence its systematic name methanal.Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It is an important precursor to many other chemical compounds, especially for polymers...

- FR901228
- fractionation

Fractionation

See also: Fractionated spacecraftFractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture is divided up in a number of smaller quantities in which the composition changes according to a gradient. Fractions are collected based on differences in a specific property of the...

- free radical
- fulguration

Fulguration

Fulguration, also called electrofulguration, is a procedure to destroy tissue using a high-frequency electric current applied with a needlelike electrode.- External links :...

- fulvestrant

Fulvestrant

Fulvestrant, also known as ICI 182,780, is a drug treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. It is an estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, which works both by down-regulating and...

- functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI is a type of specialized MRI scan used to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. It is one of the most recently developed forms of neuroimaging...

- fundus
- fungating lesion

Fungating lesion

A fungating lesion is a type of skin lesion that is marked by ulcerations and necrosis and that usually has a bad smell. This kind of lesion may occur in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, and especially in advanced disease...

- fusion protein

Fusion protein

Fusion proteins or chimeric proteins are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes which originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single polypeptide with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins...

G

G-CSF
- gabapentin

Gabapentin

Gabapentin is a pharmaceutical drug, specifically a GABA analogue. It was originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy, and currently is also used to relieve neuropathic pain...

- Gail model
- gallium nitrate

Gallium nitrate

Gallium nitrate is the gallium salt of nitric acid with the chemical formula Ga3. It is a drug used to treat symptomatic hypercalcemia secondary to cancer. It works by preventing the breakdown of bone through the inhibition of osteoclast activity, thus lowering the amount of free calcium in the...

- gallium scan

Gallium scan

A gallium scan or gallium 67 scan is a type of nuclear medicine study that uses a radioactive tracer to obtain images of a specific type of tissue, or disease state of tissue. Gallium salts like gallium citrate and gallium nitrate are used. The form of salt is not important, since it is the freely...

- gamma irradiation
- gamma knife
- gamma ray

Gamma ray

Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays or hyphenated as gamma-rays and denoted as γ, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency . Gamma rays are usually naturally produced on Earth by decay of high energy states in atomic nuclei...

- ganciclovir

Ganciclovir

Ganciclovir INN is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus infections.Ganciclovir sodium is marketed under the trade names Cytovene and Cymevene . Ganciclovir for ocular use is marketed under the trade name Vitrasert...

- ganglioside

Ganglioside

Ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain. The 60+ known gangliosides differ mainly in the position and number of NANA residues.It is a component of the cell plasma membrane that modulates cell signal transduction events...

- gastrectomy

Gastrectomy

A gastrectomy is a partial or full surgical removal of the stomach.-Indications:Gastrectomies are performed to treat cancer and perforations of the stomach wall....

- gastric atrophy
- gastrinoma

Gastrinoma

A gastrinoma is a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. There is hypersecretion of the HCl in the duodenum which causes the ulcers...

- gastroenterologist
- gastroesophageal junction
- gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease , gastro-oesophageal reflux disease , gastric reflux disease, or acid reflux disease is chronic symptoms or mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus...

- gastrointestinal
- gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor is one of the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract...

- gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal tract

The human gastrointestinal tract refers to the stomach and intestine, and sometimes to all the structures from the mouth to the anus. ....

- gastroscope
- gastroscopy
- gefitinib

Gefitinib

Gefitinib INN , trade name Iressa, is a drug used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, particularly those with mutated and overactive EGFR. Gefitinib is an EGFR inhibitor, like erlotinib, which interrupts signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor in target cells...

- geldanamycin analog
- GEM 231
- gemcitabine
- gemtuzumab ozogamicin

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is a drug-linked monoclonal antibody that was used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia from 2000-2010...

- gene expression profiling
- gene therapy

Gene therapy

Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development...

- gene transfer
- gene-modified
- genetic analysis

Genetic analysis

Genetic analysis can be used generally to describe methods both used in and resulting from the sciences of genetics and molecular biology, or to applications resulting from this research....

- genetic counseling

Genetic counseling

Genetic counseling or traveling is the process by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning...

- genetic deletion

Genetic deletion

In genetics, a deletion is a mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. Deletion is the loss of genetic material. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome...

- genetic markers
- genetic susceptibility
- genetic testing

Genetic testing

Genetic testing is among the newest and most sophisticated of techniques used to test for genetic disorders which involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. Other genetic tests include biochemical tests for such gene products as enzymes and other proteins and for microscopic...

- genistein

Genistein

Genistein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are found in a number of plants including lupin, fava beans, soybeans, kudzu, and psoralea being the primary food source, also in the medicinal plant, Flemingia vestita and coffee Besides functioning as...

- genitourinary system

Genitourinary system

In anatomy, the genitourinary system or urogenital system is the organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra...

- genome

Genome

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....

- germ cell

Germ cell

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate near the gut of an embryo and migrate to the developing gonads. There, they undergo cell division of two types, mitosis and meiosis, followed by...

- germ cell tumor

Germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ cell tumors can be cancerous or non-cancerous tumors. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads...

- German Commission E
- germinoma

Germinoma

A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor which is not differentiated upon examination. It may be benign or malignant.-Classification:The term germinoma most often has referred to a tumor in the brain that has a histology identical to two other tumors: dysgerminoma in the ovary and seminoma in the...

- germline mutation

Germline mutation

A germline mutation is any detectable and heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells are transmitted to offspring, while, on the other hand, those in somatic cells are not. A germline mutation gives rise to a constitutional mutation in the offspring, that is, a...

- Gerota's capsule
- Gerota's fascia
- gestational trophoblastic disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a term used for a group of pregnancy-related tumours. These tumours are rare, and they appear when cells in the womb start to grow out of control. The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to...

- gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
- gestational trophoblastic tumor
- GI14721
- giant cell fibroblastoma

Giant cell fibroblastoma

Giant-cell fibroblastoma is a rare type of soft tissue tumor marked by painless nodules in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. These tumors may come back after surgery, but they do not spread to other parts of the body...

- gimatecan
- GIST

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor is one of the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract...

- Gleason score

Gleason score

The Gleason Grading system is used to help evaluate the prognosis of men with prostate cancer. Together with other parameters, it is incorporated into a strategy of prostate cancer staging which predicts prognosis and helps guide therapy. A Gleason score is given to prostate cancer based upon its...

- Gleevec
- Gliadel Wafer
- glial cell

Glial cell

Glial cells, sometimes called neuroglia or simply glia , are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomous nervous system...

- glial tumor

Glial tumor

Glial tumor is a general term for numerous tumors of the central nervous system, including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.- External links :...

- glioblastoma
- glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans, involving glial cells and accounting for 52% of all functional tissue brain tumor cases and 20% of all intracranial tumors. Despite being the most prevalent form of primary brain tumor, GBMs...

- glioma

Glioma

A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most common site of gliomas is the brain.-By type of cell:...

- gliosarcoma

Gliosarcoma

Gliosarcoma is a rare type of glioma, a cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, brain cells, as opposed to the neural brain cells. Gliosarcoma is a malignant cancer, and is defined as a glioblastoma consisting of gliomatous and sarcomatous components.It is estimated that...

- glossectomy

Glossectomy

A glossectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the tongue. It is performed in order to curtail malignant growth such as oral cancer. Often only a portion of the tongue needs to be removed, in which case the procedure is called a hemiglossectomy....

- glucagon

Glucagon

Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is...

- glucagonoma

Glucagonoma

A glucagonoma is a rare tumor of the alpha cells of the pancreas that results in up to a 1000-fold overproduction of the hormone glucagon. Alpha cell tumors are commonly associated with glucagonoma syndrome, though similar symptoms are present in cases of pseudoglucagonoma syndrome in the absence...

- glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor , which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell...

- gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....

- glufosfamide
- glutamine

Glutamine

Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders...

- glutathione

Glutathione

Glutathione is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain...

- glutathione S-transferase

Glutathione S-transferase

Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase family are composed of many cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins. GSTs are present in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, where they catalyze a variety of reactions and accept endogenous and xenobiotic substrates.GSTs can constitute up to 10% of...

- glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitor
- glycolysis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+...

- glycopeptide

Glycopeptide

Glycopeptides are peptides that contain carbohydrate moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide. Over the past few decades it has been recognised that glycans on cell surface and those bound to proteins play a critical role in biology...

- glycoprotein

Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending...

- glycoprotein 100

Glycoprotein 100

Glycoprotein 100, gp100 or is 661 amino acids long and is atype I transmembrane glycoprotein enriched in melanosomes, which are the melanin-producing organelles in melanocytes.This protein is involved in melanosome maturation....

- glycosaminoglycan

Glycosaminoglycan

Glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating unit consists of a hexose or a hexuronic acid, linked to a hexosamine .-Production:Protein cores made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are posttranslationally...

- GM-CSF
- GM2-KLH vaccine
- GnRH
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone , also known as Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone and luliberin, is a tropic peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released from neurons within...

- gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist is a synthetic peptide modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH that interacts with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor to elicit its biologic response, the release of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH.GnRH agonists are pregnancy category...

- Gonzalez regimen
- Gorlin syndrome
- goserelin

Goserelin

Goserelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone superagonist , also known as a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist. Structurally, it is a decapeptide...

- gossypol

Gossypol

Gossypol is a natural phenol derived from the cotton plant . Gossypol is a phenolic aldehyde that permeates cells and acts as an inhibitor for several dehydrogenase enzymes. It is a yellow pigment....

- gp100
- gp209-2M
- GPX-100
- grade IV astrocytoma
- graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease is a common complication after a stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant from another person . Immune cells in the donated marrow or stem cells recognize the recipient as "foreign". The transplanted immune cells then attack the host's body cells...

- graft-versus-tumor
- granisetron

Granisetron

Granisetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its main effect is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. It does not have much effect...

- granulocyte

Granulocyte

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments...

- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is a colony-stimulating factor hormone. G-CSF is also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 ....

- granulocytic sarcoma

Granulocytic sarcoma

A myeloid sarcoma , is a solid tumor composed of immature white blood cells called myeloblasts...

- granulocytopenia
- granulosa cell tumor
- GTI-2040
- GVHD
- GW572016
- GW786034
- gynecologic
- gynecologic cancer
- gynecologic oncologist

H

HAART
- hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. It is usually classified as a sub-type of chronic lymphoid leukemia...

- halofuginone hydrobromide
- Halsted radical mastectomy
- hamartoma

Hamartoma

A hamartoma is a benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin. This is not a malignant tumor, and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissues. It is composed of tissue elements normally found at that site, but which are growing in a disorganized mass...

- hand-foot syndrome
- head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer refers to a group of biologically similar cancers that start in the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lip, oral cavity , nasal cavity , paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. 90% of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas , originating from the mucosal lining...

- Hedyotis diffusa

Hedyotis diffusa

Hedyotis diffusa is a kind of herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. Wild Hedyotis diffusa can be found in China, Japan, Nepal....

- HeLa

HeLa

A HeLa cell is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951...

- helical computed tomography
- helper T cell
- hemagglutinin-neuraminidase

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase refers to a single viral protein that has both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity. This is in contrast to the proteins found in influenza, where both functions exist but in two separate proteins....

- hemangiopericytoma

Hemangiopericytoma

A hemangeopericytoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillaries. When inside the nervous system, although not strictly a meningioma tumor, it is a meningeal tumor with an especially aggressive behavior.It was characterized in...

- hemangiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcoma is a rare, rapidly growing, highly invasive variety of cancer. It is a sarcoma arising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically...

- hematogenous
- hematologic malignancy
- hematologist
- hematopoiesis
- hematopoietic growth factor

Hematopoietic growth factor

Hematopoietic growth factor is a group of proteins that causes blood cells to grow and mature.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- hematopoietic tissue
- hematoporphyrin derivative
- hemilaryngectomy
- heparin

Heparin

Heparin , also known as unfractionated heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule...

- hepatectomy

Hepatectomy

Hepatectomy consists on the surgical resection of the liver. While the term is often employed for the removal of the liver from a liver transplant recipient, this article will focus on partial resections of hepatic tissue.-History:...

- hepatic
- hepatic arterial infusion

Hepatic arterial infusion

Hepatic arterial infusion is a medical procedure to deliver chemotherapy directly to the liver. Catheters are put into an artery in the groin that leads directly to the liver, and drugs are given through the catheters.- External links :...

- hepatic artery
- hepatic portal vein

Hepatic portal vein

The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein, because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver...

- hepatic veno-occlusive disease

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease or veno-occlusive disease is a condition in which some of the small veins in the liver are blocked. It is a complication of high-dose chemotherapy given before a bone marrow transplant and is marked by weight gain due to fluid retention, increased liver size, and...

- hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma is an uncommon malignant liver neoplasm occurring in infants and children and composed of tissue resembling fetal or mature liver cells or bile ducts. Affecting 1 in 1.5 million. They are usually present with an abdominal mass...

- hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver cancer. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either a viral hepatitide infection or cirrhosis .Compared to other cancers, HCC is quite a rare tumor in the United States...

- hepatocyte

Hepatocyte

A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver's cytoplasmic mass.These cells are involved in:* Protein synthesis* Protein storage* Transformation of carbohydrates...

- hepatoma
- hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver. It is a nonspecific medical sign having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, direct toxicity, hepatic tumours, or metabolic disorder. Often, hepatomegaly will present as an abdominal mass...

- HER1
- HER2/neu

HER2/neu

HER-2 also known as proto-oncogene Neu, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, CD340 or p185 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene. Over expression of this gene is correlated with higher aggressiveness in breast cancers...

- HER2/neu gene
- herba scutellaria barbatae
- hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome
- hereditary mutation
- hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
- herpesvirus
- heterogenic
- hexyl 5-aminolevulinate
- high-dose chemotherapy
- high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy
- high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy
- high-energy photon therapy
- high-grade lymphoma
- high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
- high-risk cancer
- highly active antiretroviral therapy
- hilar

Hilum (anatomy)

In human anatomy, the hilum is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ.-Examples of hila:* Hilum of kidney, admits the renal artery, vein, ureter, and nerves...

- histamine dihydrochloride
- histiocytic lymphoma
- histologic examination
- histology

Histology

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining cells and tissues commonly by sectioning and staining; followed by examination under a light microscope or electron microscope...

- histone

Histone

In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation...

- histone deacetylase

Histone deacetylase

Histone deacetylases are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone...

- historic cohort study
- historical control subject
- HLA

Human leukocyte antigen

The human leukocyte antigen system is the name of the major histocompatibility complex in humans. The super locus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6, and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and...

- HNPCC
- Hodgkin's disease
- Hodgkin's lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma, previously known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma, which is a cancer originating from white blood cells called lymphocytes...

- holmium Ho 166 DOTMP
- homoharringtonine
- hormonal therapy
- hormone receptor

Hormone receptor

A hormone receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell or in its interior that binds to a specific hormone. The hormone causes many changes to take place in the cell....

- hormone receptor test
- hormone replacement therapy
- hormone responsive
- hormone therapy

Hormone therapy

Hormone therapy, or hormonal therapy is the use of hormones in medical treatment. Treatment with hormone antagonists may also referred to as hormonal therapy...

- Horner's syndrome

Horner's syndrome

Horner's syndrome is the combination of drooping of the eyelid and constriction of the pupil , sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side; redness of the conjunctiva of the eye is often also present...

- host cell
- hot nodule
- HPPH
- HPV
- HRT
- HTLV-1
- hu14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein
- Huang Lian
- human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- human leukocyte antigen

Human leukocyte antigen

- human lymphocyte antigen
- human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes...

- human T-cell leukemia virus type 1
- Hürthle cell neoplasm
- hydrazine sulfate

Hydrazine sulfate

Hydrazine sulfate is the salt of hydrazine and sulfuric acid. Known by the trade name Sehydrin, it is a chemical compound that has been used as an alternative medical treatment for the loss of appetite and weight loss which is often associated with cancer...

- hydromorphone

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...

- hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of the renal pelvis calyces, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney, leading to progressive atrophy of the kidney...

- hydroureter
- hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug, sold under the trade names Plaquenil,Axemal, Dolquine, and Quensyl, also used to reduce inflammation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus...

- hydroxyurea

Hydroxyurea

Hydroxycarbamide or hydroxyurea is an antineoplastic drug, first synthesized in 1869, used in myeloproliferative disorders, specifically polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia...

- hypercalcemia
- hyperfractionation
- hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia or Hyperglycæmia, or high blood sugar, is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a glucose level higher than 13.5mmol/l , but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 15-20 mmol/l...

- hypericum perforatum
- hypernephroma
- hyperplasia

Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia means increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells. It may result in the gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes mixed with benign neoplasia/ benign tumor....

- hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized state of the host. The four-group classification...

- hyperthermia therapy

Hyperthermia therapy

Hyperthermia therapy is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to slightly higher temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anti-cancer drugs...

- hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion
- hyperthermic perfusion
- hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is the term for overactive tissue within the thyroid gland causing an overproduction of thyroid hormones . Hyperthyroidism is thus a cause of thyrotoxicosis, the clinical condition of increased thyroid hormones in the blood. Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are not synonymous...

- hyperuricemia

Hyperuricemia

Hyperuricemia is a level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high. In humans, the upper end of the normal range is 360 µmol/L for women and 400 µmol/L for men.-Causes:...

- hypervascular
- hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia or hypoglycæmia is the medical term for a state produced by a lower than normal level of blood glucose. The term literally means "under-sweet blood"...

- hypopharynx

Hypopharynx

In human anatomy, the hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus....

- hypotension

Hypotension

In physiology and medicine, hypotension is abnormally low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. It is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it. Hypotension is the...

- hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions...

- hypothesis

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. The term derives from the Greek, ὑποτιθέναι – hypotithenai meaning "to put under" or "to suppose". For a hypothesis to be put forward as a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it...

- hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide but it can be caused by other causes such as several conditions of the thyroid gland or, less commonly, the pituitary gland or...

- hypoxia

Hypoxia (medical)

Hypoxia, or hypoxiation, is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise...

- hypoxic

Hypoxia (medical)

- hysterectomy

Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, usually performed by a gynecologist. Hysterectomy may be total or partial...

I

ibandronate
- ICI 182,780
- ICI D1694
- idarubicin

Idarubicin

Idarubicin or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin is an anthracycline antileukemic drug. It inserts itself into DNA and prevents DNA from unwinding by interfering with the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is an analog of daunorubicin, but the absence of a methoxy group increases its fat solubility and cellular...

- IDEC-Y2B8 monoclonal antibody
- idiopathic

Idiopathic

Idiopathic is an adjective used primarily in medicine meaning arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause. From Greek ἴδιος, idios + πάθος, pathos , it means approximately "a disease of its own kind". It is technically a term from nosology, the classification of disease...

- idiopathic myelofibrosis
- idoxifene

Idoxifene

Idoxifene is a non-steroidal estrogen antagonist. It is also structurally analogous to tamoxifen....

- idoxuridine

Idoxuridine

Idoxuridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug.It is a nucleoside analogue, a modified form of deoxyuridine, similar enough to be incorporated into viral DNA replication, but the iodine atom added to the uracil component blocks base pairing. It is used only topically due to...

- ifosfamide

Ifosfamide

Ifosfamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer.It is sometimes abbreviated "IFO".-Uses:It is given as a treatment for a variety of cancers, including:...

- IH636 grape seed extract
- IL-1
- IL-1-alfa
- IL-11

Interleukin 11

Interleukin 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.IL-11 is a multifunctional cytokine first isolated in 1990 from bone marrow-derived stromal cells. It is a key regulator of multiple events in hematopoiesis, most notably the stimulation of megakaryocyte maturation...

- IL-12

Interleukin 12

Interleukin 12 is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages and human B-lymphoblastoid cells in response to antigenic stimulation.-Gene and structure:...

- IL-2

Interleukin 2

Interleukin-2 is an interleukin, a type of cytokine immune system signaling molecule, which is a leukocytotrophic hormone that is instrumental in the body's natural response to microbial infection and in discriminating between foreign and self...

- IL-3

Interleukin 3

Interleukin 3, also known as IL-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.-Function:Interleukin-3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system...

- IL-4
- IL-6

Interleukin 6

Interleukin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL6 gene.IL-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response, e.g. during infection and after trauma, especially burns or other...

- ileostomy

Ileostomy

An ileostomy is a surgical opening constructed by bringing the end or loop of small intestine out onto the surface of the skin. Intestinal waste passes out of the ileostomy and is collected in an external pouching system stuck to the skin...

- iloprost

Iloprost

Iloprost is a drug used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension , scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemia. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company Schering AG and is marketed by Bayer Schering Pharma AG in Europe and Actelion Pharmaceuticals in the USA.-Clinical pharmacology:Iloprost...

- ILX-295501
- ILX23-7553
- IM-862
- imaging procedure
- imatinib mesylate
- imipenem

Imipenem

Imipenem is an intravenous β-lactam antibiotic developed in 1980. It has an extremely broad spectrum of activity.Imipenem belongs to the subgroup of carbapenems. It is derived from a compound called thienamycin, which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya...

- imiquimod

Imiquimod

Imiquimod is a prescription medication that acts as an immune response modifier. It is marketed by Meda AB, Graceway Pharmaceuticals and iNova Pharmaceuticals under the trade names Aldara and Zyclara, and by Mochida as Beselna. It is also referred to as R-837.- History :The original FDA approval...

- immune adjuvant
- immune function
- immune response
- immune system

Immune system

An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own...

- immune system tolerance
- immunoassay

Immunoassay

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance in solutions that frequently contain a complex mixture of substances. Analytes in biological liquids such as serum or urine are frequently assayed using immunoassay methods...

- immunocompetence

Immunocompetence

Immunocompetence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen. Immunocompetence is the opposite of immunodeficiency or immuno-incompetent or immuno-compromised...

- immunocompetent
- immunocompromised
- immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also decrease cancer immunosurveillance. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired but some people are born with defects in their immune system,...

- immunodeficiency syndrome
- immunoglobulin
- immunological adjuvant
- immunology

Immunology

Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ; the...

- immunomodulation
- immunophenotyping

Immunophenotyping

Immunophenotyping is a technique used to study the protein expressed by cells. This technique is commonly used in basic science research and laboratory diagnostic purpose. This can be done on tissue section , cell suspension, etc. An example is the detection of tumor marker, such as in the...

- immunoscintigraphy

Immunoscintigraphy

Immunoscintigraphy is a procedure used to find cancer cells in the body by injecting a radioactively labeled antibody, which binds predominantly to cancer cells and then scanning for concentrations of radioactive emissions.-See also:...

- immunostimulant
- immunosuppression

Immunosuppression

Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other...

- immunosuppressive
- immunosuppressive therapy
- immunotherapy

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a medical term defined as the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies. While immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are...

- immunotoxin

Immunotoxin

An immunotoxin is a human-made protein that consists of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. When the protein binds to that cell, it is taken in through endocytosis, and the toxin kills the cell...

- in situ cancer
- incisional biopsy
- incomplete Freund's adjuvant
- indinavir

Indinavir

Indinavir is a protease inhibitor used as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV infection and AIDS.-History:...

- indium In 111 ibritumomab tiuxetan

Ibritumomab tiuxetan

Ibritumomab tiuxetan, sold under the trade name Zevalin, is a monoclonal antibody radioimmunotherapy treatment for some forms of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a lymphoproliferative disorder and thus affects the lymphatic system...

- indium In 111 pentetreotide
- indole-3-carbinol

Indole-3-carbinol

Indole-3-carbinol is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which can be found at relatively high levels in cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol is the subject of on-going Biomedical research into its possible anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic effects...

- indolent lymphoma
- indometacin

Indometacin

Indometacin or indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to reduce fever, pain, stiffness, and swelling. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, molecules known to cause these symptoms...

- induction therapy
- infiltrating cancer
- infiltrating ductal carcinoma
- inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer is an especially aggressive type of breast cancer that can occur in women of any age .It is called inflammatory because it frequently presents with symptoms resembling an inflammation...

- infliximab

Infliximab

Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody against tumour necrosis factor alpha . It is used to treat autoimmune diseases. Remicade is marketed by Janssen Biotech, Inc...

- infrared coagulation
- inguinal orchiectomy

Inguinal orchiectomy

Inguinal orchiectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a testicle and the full spermatic cord through an incision in the abdomen. Orchiectomy is one form of castration. The procedure is generally performed by a urologist. Often it is performed as same-day surgery, with the patient returning home...

- inoperable
- inositol

Inositol

Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound with formula 6126 or 6, a sixfold alcohol of cyclohexane. It exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which the most prominent form, widely occurring in nature, is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol...

- inositol hexaphosphate
- instillation

Instillation abortion

Instillation abortion is a rarely used method of induced abortion, performed in the second trimester, by injecting a solution into the uterus to cause uterine contractions.-Procedure:...

- Institutional Review Board

Institutional review board

An institutional review board , also known as an independent ethics committee or ethical review board , is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the...

- intensification therapy
- Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
- intercalator
- interferon

Interferon

Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to...

- interleukin

Interleukin

Interleukins are a group of cytokines that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells . The term interleukin derives from "as a means of communication", and "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes"...

- interleukin-1
- interleukin-1-alpha
- interleukin-11
- interleukin-12
- interleukin-2
- interleukin-3
- interleukin-4
- interleukin-4 PE38KDEL cytotoxin
- interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin
- interleukin-6
- interleukin-7
- intermediate-grade lymphoma
- internal radiation
- interstitial radiation therapy
- intestinal villi
- intoplicine
- intracarotid infusion
- intracavitary
- intracavitary radiation
- intracellular

Intracellular

Not to be confused with intercellular, meaning "between cells".In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".It is used in contrast to extracellular...

- intracolonic
- intracranial tumor
- intradermal
- intraductal carcinoma

Intraductal carcinoma

Intraductal carcinoma is a noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, intraductal carcinoma may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues,...

- intraepithelial
- intrahepatic
- intrahepatic bile ducts

Intrahepatic bile ducts

Intrahepatic bile ducts are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver.They can be divided into large and small ducts. Examples include:* Large: left and right hepatic ducts* Small: interlobular bile ducts...

- intrahepatic infusion
- intralesional
- intraluminal intubation and dilation
- Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications . It is used for particular forms of medication that are administered in small amounts...

(IM)
- intraocular melanoma
- intraoperative radiation therapy

Intraoperative radiation therapy

Intraoperative radiation therapy is applying therapeutic levels of radiation to a target area, such as a cancer tumor, while the area is exposed during surgery.- Applications :...

- intraperitoneal
- intraperitoneal chemotherapy
- Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion

Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion

Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion is a type of hyperthermia therapy used in combination with surgery in the treatment of advanced abdominal cancers. In this procedure, warmed anti-cancer drugs are infused and circulated in the peritoneal cavity for a short period of time...

- intraperitoneal infusion
- intraperitoneal radiation therapy
- intrapleural
- intrathecal

Intrathecal

Intrathecal is an adjective that refers to something introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord...

- intrathecal chemotherapy
- intratumoral, meaning within a tumour
- intravenous pyelogram

Intravenous pyelogram

An intravenous pyelogram is a radiological procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.-Procedure:...

- intravenous pyelography
- intraventricular infusion
- intravesical
- invasive cancer
- invasive cervical cancer
- inverted papilloma

Inverted papilloma

An inverted papilloma is a type of tumor in which surface epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue. It may occur in the nose and/or sinuses or in the urinary tract . When it occurs in the nose or sinuses, it may cause symptoms similar to those caused by sinusitis, such...

- investigational
- inviable
- iodine I 131 tositumomab
- iododoxorubicin
- ionomycin

Ionomycin

Ionomycin is an ionophore produced by the bacterium Streptomyces conglobatus. It is used in research to raise the intracellular level of calcium and as a research tool to understand Ca2+ transport across biological membranes....

- IORT
- Incontinentia pigmenti

Incontinentia pigmenti

Incontinentia Pigmenti is a genetic disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, nails, and central nervous system...

- IP6
- IRB

Institutional review board

- irinotecan

Irinotecan

Irinotecan is a drug used for the treatment of cancer.Irinotecan prevents DNA from unwinding by inhibition of topoisomerase 1. In chemical terms, it is a semisynthetic analogue of the natural alkaloid camptothecin....

- irofulven

Irofulven

Irofulven or 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene is an antitumor agent. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.It inhibits the replication of DNA....

- irradiated
- irradiation

Irradiation

Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to...

- irreversible toxicity
- iseganan hydrochloride
- ISIS 2503
- ISIS 3521
- ISIS 5132
- islet cell
- islet cell cancer
- islets of Langerhans cell
- isoflavone

Isoflavone

Isoflavones comprise a class of organic compounds, often naturally occurring, related to the isoflavonoids. Many act as phytoestrogens in mammals...

- isointense
- isolated hepatic perfusion

Isolated hepatic perfusion

Isolated hepatic perfusion is a procedure in which a catheter is placed into the artery that provides blood to the liver; another catheter is placed into the vein that takes blood away from the liver...

- isolated limb perfusion
- isolated lung perfusion

Isolated lung perfusion

Isolated lung perfusion is a surgical procedure during which the circulation of blood to the lungs is separated from the circulation of blood through the rest of the body, and a drug is delivered directly into the lung circulation...

- isotretinoin

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin, INN, is a medication used mostly for cystic acne. It was first developed for brain, pancreatic and other cancers. It is used to treat harlequin-type ichthyosis, a usually lethal skin disease, and lamellar ichthyosis. Its effects are systemic and nonselective...

- itraconazole

Itraconazole

Itraconazole , invented in 1984, is a triazole antifungal agent that is prescribed to patients with fungal infections. The drug may be given orally or intravenously.-Medical uses:...

- IU

International unit

In pharmacology, the International Unit is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on biological activity or effect. It is abbreviated as IU, as UI , or as IE...

- IV

Intravenous therapy

Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the infusion of liquid substances directly into a vein. The word intravenous simply means "within a vein". Therapies administered intravenously are often called specialty pharmaceuticals...

- IVP

Intravenous pyelogram

An intravenous pyelogram is a radiological procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.-Procedure:...

- ixabepilone

Ixabepilone

Ixabepilone is an epothilone B analog developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb as a cancer drug.It is produced by Sorangium cellulosum.-Pharmacology:It acts to stabilize microtubules....

J

J-107088
- J-pouch coloanal anastomosis

J-pouch coloanal anastomosis

J-pouch coloanal anastomosis is a surgical procedure in which the colon is attached to the anus after the rectum has been removed. A 2-4 inch section of the colon is formed into a J-shaped pouch in order to replace the function of the rectum and store stool until it can be eliminated...

- jaundice

Jaundice

Jaundice is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae , and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia . This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluid...

- Jewett staging system
- JM 216
- junctional nevus

Junctional nevus

A junctional nevus is a mole found in the junction between the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. These moles may be pigmented and slightly raised, and have a higher risk of developing into malignant melanoma.- External links :...

- Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a serious chronic leukemia that affects children mostly aged 4 and younger. The average age of patients at diagnosis is 2 years old. The World Health Organization has included JMML in the category of Myelodysplastic and Myeloproliferative disorders...

K

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor caused by Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872. It became more widely known as one of the AIDS defining...

- karenitecin
- Karnofsky Performance Status
- keloid

Keloid

A keloid is a type of scar, which depending on its maturity, is composed mainly of either type III or type I collagen. It is a result of an overgrowth of granulation tissue at the site of a healed skin injury which is then slowly replaced by collagen type 1...

- keratan sulfate

Keratan sulfate

Keratan sulfate , also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an...

- keratinocyte growth factor

Keratinocyte Growth Factor

The Keratinocyte Growth Factor , also known as FGF7, is a growth factor present in the epithelialization-phase of wound healing. In this phase, keratinocytes are covering the wound, forming the epithelium....

- keratoacanthoma

Keratoacanthoma

Keratoacanthoma is a common low-grade skin tumour that is believed to originate from the neck of the hair follicle. Many pathologists consider it to be a form of squamous cell carcinoma...

- ketoconazole

Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole is a synthetic antifungal drug used to prevent and treat fungal skin infections, especially in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS or those on chemotherapy. Ketoconazole is sold commercially as an anti-dandruff shampoo, topical cream, and oral tablet.Ketoconazole is...

- ketorolac

Ketorolac

Ketorolac or ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivative, often used as an analgesic...

- keyhole limpet hemocyanin

Keyhole limpet hemocyanin

Keyhole limpet hemocyanin is a large, multisubunit, oxygen-carrying, metalloprotein found in the hemolymph of the giant keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata, that lives off the coast of California from Monterey Bay to Isla Asuncion off Baja California.-Protein properties:Keyhole limpet hemocyanin...

- KGF

Keratinocyte Growth Factor

- killer cell
- Kinaret
- Klatskin tumor

Klatskin tumor

A Klatskin tumor is a cholangiocarcinoma occurring at the confluence of the right and left hepatic bile ducts...

- Klebsiella

Klebsiella

Klebsiella is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide-based capsule. It is named after the German microbiologist Edwin Klebs...

- Klinefelter's syndrome

Klinefelter's syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome, 46/47, XXY, or XXY syndrome is a condition in which human males have an extra X chromosome. While females have an XX chromosomal makeup, and males an XY, affected individuals have at least two X chromosomes and at least one Y chromosome...

- KOS-862
- KPS
- kretek

Kretek

Kretek are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word "kretek" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves. Haji Jamahri, a resident of Kudus, Java, created kreteks in the early 1880s as a means to deliver the eugenol of cloves to the...

- KRN5500
- KRN7000
- Krukenberg tumor

Krukenberg tumor

A Krukenberg tumor refers to a malignancy in the ovary that metastasized from a primary site, classically the gastrointestinal tract, although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast. Gastric adenocarcinoma, especially at the pylorus, is the most common source...

- KW2189

L

L-377,202
- L-778,123
- L-carnitine (see Carnitine

Carnitine

)
- laboratory study
- laboratory test
- lacrimal gland

Lacrimal gland

The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called...

- lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.Lactate dehydrogenases exist in four distinct enzyme classes. Two of them are cytochrome c-dependent enzymes, each acting on either D-lactate or L-lactate...

- lactic acid dehydrogenase
- LAK cell
- lamina propria

Lamina propria

The lamina propria is a constituent of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa, which line various tubes in the body ....

- lamivudine

Lamivudine

Lamivudine is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor .It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline with the brand names Zeffix, Heptovir, Epivir, and Epivir-HBV.Lamivudine has been used for treatment of chronic hepatitis B at a lower dose than for treatment of HIV...

- lamotrigine

Lamotrigine

Lamotrigine, marketed in the US and most of Europe as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline, is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is also used as an adjunct in treating depression, though this is considered off-label usage...

- laparoscope
- laparoscopic prostatectomy
- laparoscopic-assisted colectomy
- laparoscopy

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions with the aid of a camera...

- laparotomy

Laparotomy

A laparotomy is a surgical procedure involving a large incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity. It is also known as coeliotomy.- Terminology :...

- lappa
- large cell carcinoma

Large cell carcinoma

Large-cell lung carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of undifferentiated malignant neoplasms originating from transformed epithelial cells in the lung.-Incidence:In most series, LCLC's comprise between 5% and 10% of all lung cancers....

- large granular lymphocyte
- laryngectomy

Laryngectomy

Laryngectomy is the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus. The laryngectomee breathes through an opening in the neck, a stoma. This procedure is usually performed in cases of laryngeal cancer...

- laser surgery

Laser surgery

Laser surgery is surgery using a laser to cut tissue instead of a scalpel. Examples include the use of a laser scalpel in otherwise conventional surgery, and soft tissue laser surgery, in which the laser beam vaporizes soft tissue with high water content...

- laser therapy
- LCIS
- LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

- lectin

Lectin

Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are highly specific for their sugar moieties. They play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins. For example, some viruses use lectins to attach themselves to the cells of the host organism during infection...

- leflunomide

Leflunomide

Leflunomide is a medication of the DMARD type, used in active moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. It is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor.-Basic chemical, pharmacological, and marketing data:...

- leiomyoma

Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is not premalignant. They can occur in any organ, but the most common forms occur in the uterus, small bowel and the esophagus.- Etymology:* Greek:** λεῖος leios "smooth"...

- leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma , aka LMS, is a malignant cancer of smooth muscle....

- lentinan

Lentinan

Lentinan is a beta-glucan with a glycosidic β-1,3:β-1,6 linkage. It is an anti-tumor polysaccharide from the shiitake mushroom. Lentinan is a polysaccharide that has a molecular weight of approximately 500,000 Da...

- lepirudin

Lepirudin

Lepirudin is an anticoagulant that functions as a direct thrombin inhibitor.Brand name: Refludan, Generic: Lepirudin rDNA for injection.Lepirudin is a recombinant hirudin derived from yeast cells. It is almost identical to...

- leptomeningeal
- leptomeningeal cancer

Leptomeningeal cancer

Leptomeningeal cancer is a tumor that involves the two innermost meninges .- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- leptomeningeal metastases
- leridistim
- lerisetron

Lerisetron

Lerisetron is a drug which acts as an antagonist at the 5HT3 receptor It is a potent antiemetic and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy....

- Leser-Trélat
- letrozole

Letrozole

Letrozole is an oral non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery.Estrogens are produced by the conversion of androgens through the activity of the aromatase enzyme...

- leucovorin
- leukapheresis

Leukapheresis

Leukapheresis is a laboratory procedure in which white blood cells are separated from a sample of blood. It is a specific type of apheresis, the more general term for separating out one particular constituent of blood and returning the remainder to the circulation.Leukapheresis may be performed to...

- leukemia

Leukemia

Leukemia or leukaemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases...

- leukocyte
- leukopenia

Leukopenia

Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of white blood cells found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection....

- leukoplakia

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a clinical term used to describe patches of keratosis. It is visible as adherent white patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, but also other areas of the gastro-intestinal tract, urinary tract and the genitals. The clinical appearance is highly...

- leuprolide

Leuprolide

Leuprorelin or leuprolide acetate is a GnRH analog. Proper Sequence: Pyr-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt - Mode of action:Leuprolide acts as an agonist at pituitary GnRH receptors...

- leuvectin
- levamisole

Levamisole

Levamisole is an anthelminthic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966...

- levocarnitine
- levofloxacin

Levofloxacin

Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class and is used to treat severe or life-threatening bacterial infections or bacterial infections that have failed to respond to other antibiotic classes. It is sold under various brand names, such as Levaquin and...

- LGD1069
- LH-RH
- Lhermitte's sign

Lhermitte's sign

Lhermitte's sign, sometimes called the Barber Chair phenomenon, is an electrical sensation that runs down the back and into the limbs. In many patients, it is elicited by bending the head forward...

- Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. It is named after Frederick Pei Li and Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., the American physicians who first recognized and described the syndrome. Li-Fraumeni syndrome greatly increases susceptibility to cancer...

- liarozole
- ligation

Ligature (medicine)

In surgery or medical procedure, a ligature consists of a piece of thread tied around an anatomical structure, usually a blood vessel or another hollow structure to shut it off. With a blood vessel the surgeon will clamp the vessel perpendicular to the axis of the artery or vein with a hemostat,...

- light-emitting diode therapy
- lignan

Lignan

The lignans are a group of chemical compounds found in plants. Lignans are one of the major classes of phytoestrogens, which are estrogen-like chemicals and also act as antioxidants. The other classes of phytoestrogens are the isoflavones and coumestans...

- limb perfusion

Limb perfusion

Limb perfusion is a medical technique that may be used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet, and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb...

- limited-stage small cell lung cancer
- linac
- liothyronine sodium

Liothyronine sodium

Liothyronine sodium is the L-isomer of triiodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism and myxedema coma. It is marketed under the brand name Cytomel .-Pharmacology:...

- lipophilic

Lipophilic

Lipophilicity, , refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. These non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic — the axiom that like dissolves like generally holds true...

- liposarcoma

Liposarcoma

Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum.They are typically large bulky tumors which tend to have multiple smaller satellites extending beyond the main confines of the tumor.Liposarcomas, like all...

- liposomal
- lisofylline

Lisofylline

Lisofylline is a synthetic small molecule with novel anti-inflammatory properties. LSF can effectively prevent type 1 diabetes in preclinical models and improves the function and viability of isolated or transplanted pancreatic islets....

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

(liver cancer)
- liver metastases
- liver scan
- LMB-1 immunotoxin
- LMB-2 immunotoxin
- LMB-7 immunotoxin
- LMB-9 immunotoxin
- lobaplatin
- lobectomy

Lobectomy

Lobectomy means surgical excision of a lobe. This may refer to a lobe of the lung, a lobe of the thyroid , or a lobe of the brain ....

- lobradimil
- lobular carcinoma in situ

Lobular carcinoma in situ

Lobular carcinoma in situ is a condition caused by unusual cells in the lobules of the breast.It is usually not considered cancer, but it can indicate an increased risk of future cancer...

- lobule
- local cancer
- local therapy
- localized gallbladder cancer
- locally advanced cancer
- lometrexol
- lomustine

Lomustine

Lomustine is an alkylating nitrosourea compound used in chemotherapy. It is in the same family as streptozotocin. This is a highly lipid soluble drug, and thus crosses the blood brain barrier. This property makes it ideal for treating brain tumors, and is its primary use...

- lonafarnib

Lonafarnib

Lonafarnib is a farnesyl-OH-transferase inhibitor that is being investigated in a human clinical trial as a potential treatment for progeria....

- loop electrosurgical excision procedure
- loop excision
- loperamide hydrochloride
- losoxantrone
- low-grade lymphoma
- lower GI series
- LU 79553
- LU-103793
- lubricant

Lubricant

A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat...

- lumbar puncture

Lumbar puncture

A lumbar puncture is a diagnostic and at times therapeutic procedure that is performed in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis, or very rarely as a treatment to relieve increased intracranial pressure.-Indications:The...

- lumpectomy

Lumpectomy

Lumpectomy is a common surgical procedure designed to remove a discrete lump, usually a benign tumor or breast cancer, from an affected man or woman's breast...

- lung metastases
- lurtotecan

Lurtotecan

Lurtotecan is an analogue of camptothecin....

- luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
- luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
- lutetium texaphyrin
- LY231514
- LY293111
- LY317615
- LY335979
- LY353381 hydrochloride
- lycopene

Lycopene

Lycopene is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons and papayas...

- lymph gland
- lymph node

Lymph node

A lymph node is a small ball or an oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as...

- lymph node dissection

Lymph node dissection

Lymph node dissection, also lymphadenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. For a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymph node dissection, most or all of...

- lymph node drainage
- lymph node mapping
- lymph vessel

Lymph vessel

In anatomy, lymph vessels are thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph. As part of the lymphatic system, lymph vessels are complementary to the cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells, and deep to that have a thin layer of smooth muscles, and adventitia that bind...

- lymphadenectomy

Lymphadenectomy

Lymphadenectomy consists of the surgical removal of one or more groups of lymph nodes. It is almost always performed as part of the surgical management of cancer....

- lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is a term meaning "disease of the lymph nodes." It is, however, almost synonymously used with "swollen/enlarged lymph nodes". It could be due to infection, auto-immune disease, or malignancy....

- lymphangiogram
- lymphangiography
- lymphangiosarcoma

Lymphangiosarcoma

Lymphangiosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor which occurs in long-standing cases of primary or secondary lymphedema. It involves either the upper or lower lymphedemateous extremities but is most common in upper extremities.-Signs and Symptoms:...

- lymphatic fluid
- lymphatic mapping
- lymphatic system

Lymphatic system

The lymphoid system is the part of the immune system comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the heart. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated...

- lymphatic vessel
- lymphedema

Lymphedema

Lymphedema , also known as lymphatic obstruction, is a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system....

- lymphoblast

Lymphoblast

Lymphoblasts are immature cells which typically differentiate to form mature lymphocytes. Normally lymphoblasts are found in the bone marrow, but in acute lymphoblastic leukemia , lymphoblasts proliferate uncontrollably and are found in large numbers in the peripheral blood.The size is between 10...

- lymphocyte

Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...

- lymphocytic
- lymphocytic leukemia
- lymphoepithelioma

Lymphoepithelioma

For more information on this topic, see Nasopharyngeal carcinomaLymphoepithelioma is a type of poorly differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma characterized by prominent infiltration of lymphocytes in the area involved by tumor. Lymphoepithelioma is also known as "class III nasopharyngeal...

- lymphography
- lymphoid

Lymphoid

Lymphoid is a term used to describe lymph or the lymphatic system.In the context of lymphoid leukemia, it refers specifically to lymphocytes Lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas are now considered to be tumors of the same type of cell lineage. They are called "leukemia" when in the blood or marrow and...

- lymphokine-activated killer cell

Lymphokine-activated killer cell

In cell biology, a lymphokine-activated killer cell is a white blood cell that has been stimulated to kill tumour cells...

- lymphoma

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system. Typically, lymphomas present as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Treatment might involve chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and can be curable depending on the histology, type, and stage...

- lymphomatoid granulomatosis

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a neoplastic disease.It is a lymphoproliferative disorder . The word granulomatosis denotes one of its microscopic character, polymorphic lymphoid infiltrates and focal necrosis within it....

- lymphoproliferative disorder
- lymphosarcoma
- lymphoscintigraphy
- Lynch syndrome
- lysis

Lysis

Lysis refers to the breaking down of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a "lysate"....

- lysosome

Lysosome

thumb|350px|Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [[Organelle]]s: [[nucleoli]] [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] [[ribosomes]] [[vesicle |vesicle]] rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]...

- lytic
- lytic lesion

M

M protein

Paraprotein

A paraprotein is an immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin light-chain that is produced in excess by the clonal proliferation of plasma cells. Detection of paraproteins in the urine or blood is most often associated with benign MGUS , where they remain "silent", and multiple myeloma. An excess in the...

- macroglobulinemia

Macroglobulinemia

Macroglobulinemia is the presence of increased levels of macroglobulins in the circulating blood.A plasma cell dyscrasia resembling leukemia with cells of lymphocytic, plasmacytic, or intermediate morphology, which secrete an immunoglobulin M monoclonal component. There is diffuse infiltration of...

- macrophage

Macrophage

Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals...

- mafosfamide

Mafosfamide

Mafosfamide is an oxazaphosphorine alkylating agent under investigation as a chemotherapeutic. Several Phase I trials have been completed....

- MAGE-3
- magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging , nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , or magnetic resonance tomography is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures...

- magnetic resonance perfusion imaging
- magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging is a noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity . It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor...

- magnetic-targeted carrier

Magnetic-targeted carrier

Magnetic-targeted carriers are tiny beads made from particles of iron and carbon that can be attached to an anticancer drug. A magnet applied from outside the body then can direct the drug to the tumor site...

- maintenance therapy

Maintenance therapy

Maintenance therapy is a medical therapy that is designed to help a primary treatment succeed. For example, maintenance chemotherapy may be given to people who have a cancer in remission in an attempt to prevent a relapse...

- malabsorption syndrome
- malignancy
- malignant

Malignant

Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition, especially tumors, to become progressively worse and to potentially result in death. Malignancy in cancers is characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis...

- malignant ascites
- malignant fibrous cytoma

Malignant fibrous cytoma

Malignant fibrous cytoma is a soft tissue sarcoma that usually occurs in the limbs, most commonly the legs, and may also occur in the abdomen. Also called malignant fibrous histiocytoma.- External links :...

- malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma , also undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and previously malignant fibrous histiocytoma , is a type of soft tissue sarcoma....

- malignant meningioma

Malignant meningioma

Malignant meningioma is a rare, fast-growing tumor that forms in one of the inner layers of the meninges . Malignant meningioma often spreads to other areas of the body....

- malignant mesothelioma
- malignant mixed Müllerian tumor
- malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a form of cancer of the connective tissue surrounding nerves. Given its origin and behavior it is classified as a sarcoma...

- malondialdehyde

Malondialdehyde

Malondialdehyde is the organic compound with the formula CH22. The structure of this species is more complex than this formula suggests. This reactive species occurs naturally and is a marker for oxidative stress.- Structure and synthesis :...

- MALT lymphoma

MALT lymphoma

MALT lymphoma is a form of lymphoma involving the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue , frequently of the stomach, but virtually any mucosal site can be afflicted...

- mammary
- mammogram
- mammography

Mammography

Mammography is the process of using low-energy-X-rays to examine the human breast and is used as a diagnostic and a screening tool....

- Mammotome

Mammotome

A mammotome is a vacuum assisted breast biopsy device that uses image guidance such as x-ray, ultrasound and/or MRI to perform breast biopsies. A Mammotome biopsy can be done on an outpatient basis with a local anesthetic, removes only a small amount of healthy tissue, and doesn’t require sutures ...

- mantle field
- marimastat

Marimastat

Marimastat was a proposed antineoplastic drug developed by British Biotech. It acted as a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.Marimastat performed poorly in clinical trials, and development was terminated....

- mast cell

Mast cell

A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin...

- mastectomy

Mastectomy

Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. Mastectomy is usually done to treat breast cancer; in some cases, women and some men believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation prophylactically, that is, to prevent cancer...

- mastocytoma

Mastocytoma

A mastocytoma or mast cell tumor is a type of tumor consisting of mast cells. It is found in humans and many animal species; in human medicine it also can refer to an accumulation or nodule of mast cells that resembles a tumor....

- matrix metalloproteinase

Matrix metalloproteinase

Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc-dependent endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins. The MMPs belong to a larger family of proteases known as the metzincin superfamily....

- MDL 101,731
- MDX-060
- mean survival time
- measurable disease
- mechlorethamine
- MEDI-507
- medial supraclavicular lymph node

Medial supraclavicular lymph node

A medial supraclavicular lymph node is a lymph node located above the collar bone and between the center of the body and a line drawn through the nipple to the shoulder.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- median survival time
- mediastinal pleura

Mediastinal pleura

Different portions of the parietal pleura have received special names which indicate their position: thus, that portion which lines the inner surfaces of the ribs and Intercostales is the costal pleura; that clothing the convex surface of the diaphragm is the diaphragmatic pleura; that which rises...

- mediastinoscopy

Mediastinoscopy

Mediastinoscopy is a procedure that enables visualization of the contents of the mediastinum, usually for the purpose of obtaining a biopsy. Mediastinoscopy is often used for staging of lymph nodes of lung cancer or for diagnosing other conditions affecting structures in the mediastinum such as...

- mediastinum

Mediastinum

The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity...

- medical castration
- medical oncologist
- medroxyprogesterone

Medroxyprogesterone

Medroxyprogesterone is a pregnane that acts as a progestin. An acylated derivative, medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate is clinically used as a drug. Compared to MPA, MP is approximately 100 fold less potent as a progestin...

- medullary breast carcinoma

Medullary breast carcinoma

Medullary breast carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer that often can be treated successfully. It is marked by lymphocytes in and around the tumor that can be seen when viewed under a microscope....

- medullary thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid cancer is a form of thyroid carcinoma which originates from the parafollicular cells , which produce the hormone calcitonin....

- medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant primary brain tumor that originates in the cerebellum or posterior fossa.Previously, medulloblastomas were thought to represent a subset of primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the posterior fossa...

- mega-voltage linear accelerator
- megestrol

Megestrol

Megestrol is a progesterone derivative with antineoplastic properties used in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast and endometrium. When given in relatively high doses, Megestrol can substantially increase appetite in most individuals, even those with advanced cancer...

- meiosis

Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. The animals' gametes are called sperm and egg cells....

- melanocyte

Melanocyte

-External links: - "Eye: fovea, RPE" - "Integument: pigmented skin"...

- melanoma

Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that produce the dark pigment, melanin, which is responsible for the color of skin. They predominantly occur in skin, but are also found in other parts of the body, including the bowel and the eye...

- melanoma vaccine
- melphalan

Melphalan

Melphalan hydrochloride is a chemotherapy drug belonging to the class of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents.An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group to DNA...

- MEN-10755
- MEN1 syndrome
- meningeal
- meningeal metastases
- meningioma

Meningioma

The word meningioma was first used by Harvey Cushing in 1922 to describe a tumor originating from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the CNS ....

- menopausal hormone therapy
- mercaptopurine

Mercaptopurine

Mercaptopurine is an immunosuppressive drug.It is a thiopurine.-Uses:...

- mercury

Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum...

- Merkel cell cancer

Merkel cell cancer

Merkel cell carcinoma Merkel cell carcinoma Merkel cell carcinoma (also known as a "Cutaneous apudoma," "Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin," "Primary small cell carcinoma of the skin," and "Trabecular carcinoma of the skin"...

- mesenchymal
- mesenteric membrane
- mesna

Mesna

Mesna is an organosulfur compound. It is used in cancer chemotherapy involving cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide as an adjuvant. It is marketed by Baxter as Uromitexan and Mesnex...

- mesonephroma
- mesothelioma

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma, more precisely malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs, the mesothelium...

- metaplasia

Metaplasia

Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus...

- metaplastic carcinoma

Metaplastic carcinoma

Metaplastic carcinoma is a general term used to describe cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type...

- metastasectomy

Metastasectomy

In oncology, metastasectomy is the surgical removal of metastases, which are secondary cancerous growths that have spread from cancer originating in another organ in the body....

- metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis, or metastatic disease , is the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part. It was previously thought that only malignant tumor cells and infections have the capacity to metastasize; however, this is being reconsidered due to new research...

- metastasize
- metastatic
- metastatic cancer
- metasynchronous
- meteorism
- methotrexate

Methotrexate

Methotrexate , abbreviated MTX and formerly known as amethopterin, is an antimetabolite and antifolate drug. It is used in treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, ectopic pregnancy, and for the induction of medical abortions. It acts by inhibiting the metabolism of folic acid. Methotrexate...

- methoxsalen

Methoxsalen

Methoxsalen is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen is extracted from Ammi majus, a plant of the family Apiaceae...

- Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta is the active ingredient of a drug marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the brand name Mircera. Mircera is a long-acting erythropoietin receptor activator indicated for the treatment of patients with anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease. It is the...

- methyl-5-aminolevulinate
- methylphenidate

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...

- methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid or corticosteroid drug. It is marketed in the USA and Canada under the brand names Medrol and Solu-Medrol. It is also available as a generic drug....

- metoclopramide

Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide is an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent. It is commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting, to facilitate gastric emptying in people with gastroparesis, and as a treatment for the gastric stasis often associated with migraine headaches.-Medical uses:Metoclopramide is commonly...

- metronidazole

Metronidazole

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal....

- metronomic therapy
- Mexican valerian
- MG98
- microcalcification

Microcalcification

Microcalcifications are tiny specks of mineral deposits , that can be scattered throughout the mammary gland, or occur in clusters. When found on a mammogram, a radiologist will then decide whether the specks are of concern - usually, this is not the case...

- micrometastases
- micromolar
- microsatellite
- microsatellite instability

Microsatellite instability

Microsatellites are repeated sequences of DNA. Although the length of these microsatellites is highly variable from person to person, each individual has microsatellites of a set length. These repeated sequences are common, and normal...

- microstaging

Microstaging

Microstaging is a technique used to help determine the stage of melanoma and certain squamous cell cancers. A sample of skin that contains tumor tissue is examined under a microscope to find out how thick the tumor is and/or how deeply the tumor has grown into the skin or connective tissues.-...

- microwave therapy
- microwave thermotherapy

Microwave thermotherapy

Microwave thermotherapy, also called microwave therapy, is a type of treatment in which body tissue is heated by microwave irradiation to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs.- External links :* entry in the...

- mifepristone

Mifepristone

Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. It is a progesterone receptor antagonist used as an abortifacient in the first months of pregnancy, and in smaller doses as an emergency contraceptive. During early trials, it was known as RU-38486 or simply RU-486, its...

- Miraluma test
- misoprostol

Misoprostol

Misoprostol is a drug that is used for the prevention of non steroidal anti inflammatory drug induced gastric ulcers, for early abortion, to treat missed miscarriage, and to induce labor. The latter use is controversial in the United States. Misoprostol was invented and marketed by G.D...

- mistletoe lectin
- mitochondria
- mitolactol
- mitomycin

Mitomycin

The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. One of these compounds, mitomycin C, finds use as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour antibiotic activity. It is given intravenously to treat...

- mitosis

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly...

- mitotane

Mitotane

Mitotane, or o,p'-DDD, is an antineoplastic medication used in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. It is an isomer of DDD and is a derivative of DDT...

- mitotic activity
- mitotic index

Mitotic index

Mitotic index is a measure for the proliferation status of a cell population. It is defined as the ratio between the number of cells in mitosis and the total number of cells....

- mitotic inhibitor

Mitotic inhibitor

A mitotic inhibitor is a drug that inhibits mitosis, or cell division. These drugs disrupt microtubules, which are structures that pull the cell apart when it divides...

- mitoxantrone

Mitoxantrone

Mitoxantrone is an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent.-Uses:It is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, mostly metastatic breast cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma...

- mivobulin isethionate
- mixed glioma
- MLN2704
- modafinil

Modafinil

Modafinil is an analeptic drug manufactured by Cephalon, and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea...

- modality

Medical imaging

Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes or medical science...

- modified radical mastectomy
- Mohs surgery

Mohs surgery

Mohs surgery, also known as chemosurgery, created by a general surgeon, Dr. Frederic E. Mohs, is microscopically controlled surgery used to treat common types of skin cancer. It is one of the many methods of obtaining complete margin control during removal of a skin cancer using frozen section...

- molar pregnancy
- molecular risk assessment

Molecular risk assessment

Molecular risk assessment is a procedure in which biomarkers are used to estimate a person’s risk for developing cancer. Specific biomarkers may be linked to particular types of cancer....

- molecularly targeted therapy
- monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody 3F8
- monocyte

Monocyte

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates including all mammals , birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function...

- Montanide ISA-51
- Morinda citrifolia
- morphology

Morphology (biology)

In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....

- motexafin gadolinium

Motexafin gadolinium

Motexafin gadolinium is an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. It has been proposed as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of brain cancer.-History:...

- moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent developed by Bayer AG . It is marketed worldwide under the brand names Avelox, Avalox, and Avelon for oral treatment. In most countries, the drug is also available in parenteral form for intravenous infusion...

- MPNST
- MRI
- MRSI
- MS 209
- MS-275
- mucinous carcinoma

Mucinous carcinoma

Mucinous carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and skin, and produce mucin ....

- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
- muJ591 monoclonal antibody
- Müllerian tumor
- multicenter study
- multicentric breast cancer
- multidrug resistance

Multidrug resistance

Multiple drug resistance or Multidrug resistance is a condition enabling a disease-causing organism to resist distinct drugs or chemicals of a wide variety of structure and function targeted at eradicating the organism...

- multidrug resistance inhibition
- multifocal breast cancer
- multimodality treatment
- multiple endocrine adenomatosis
- multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome
- multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome
- multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma , also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler's disease , is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for the production of antibodies...

- multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms...

- multiplicity
- muromonab-CD3 monoclonal antibody
- musculoskeletal
- mycophenolate mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil is an immunosuppressant and prodrug of mycophenolic acid, used extensively in transplant medicine. It is a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase in purine biosynthesis, which is necessary for the growth of T cells and B cells...

- mycosis fungoides

Mycosis fungoides

-External links:* * *...

- mycostatin
- myelin

Myelin

Myelin is a dielectric material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Myelin is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell. The production of the myelin sheath is called myelination...

- myeloablation
- myelodysplasia
- myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome

The myelodysplastic syndromes are a diverse collection of hematological medical conditions that involve ineffective production of the myeloid class of blood cells....

- myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis, also known as myeloid metaplasia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, osteomyelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis is a disorder of the bone marrow...

- myelogenous
- myelogram
- myeloid

Myeloid

The term myeloid suggests an origin in the bone marrow or spinal cord, or a resemblance to the marrow or spinal cord.In hematopoiesis, the term "myeloid cell" is used to describe any leukocyte that is not a lymphocyte...

- myeloma
- myeloproliferative disorder
- myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia
- myelosuppression
- myelosuppressive therapy
- myometrium

Myometrium

The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall, consisting mainly of uterine smooth muscle cells , but also of supporting stromal and vascular tissue...

N

N-acetylcysteine
- N-acetyldinaline
- N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine
- naloxone

Naloxone

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug developed by Sankyo in the 1960s. Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose, for example heroin or morphine overdose. Naloxone is specifically used to counteract life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory...

- National Cancer Institute

National Cancer Institute

- National Institutes of Health

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health are an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and are the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. Its science and engineering counterpart is the National Science Foundation...

- natural killer cell

Natural killer cell

Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses...

- NB1011
- NBI-3001
- NCI

National Cancer Institute

- nebulizer

Nebulizer

In medicine, a nebulizer is a device used to administer medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs....

- neck dissection

Neck dissection

The neck dissection is a surgical procedure for control of neck lymph node metastasis from Squamous cell carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The aim of the procedure is to remove lymph nodes from one side of the neck into which cancer cells may have migrated...

- needle biopsy
- needle-localized biopsy

Needle-localized biopsy

Needle-localized biopsy is a procedure that uses very thin needles or guide wires to mark the location of an abnormal area of tissue so it can be surgically sampled. An imaging device such as an ultrasound probe is used to place the wire in or around the abnormal area...

- negative axillary lymph node
- negative test result
- nelarabine
- nelfinavir mesylate
- neoadjuvant therapy
- neoplasia

Neoplasia

Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia. Neoplasia is the abnormal proliferation of cells. The growth of neoplastic cells exceeds and is not coordinated with that of the normal tissues around it. The growth persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the...

- neoplasm
- nephrotomogram
- nephrotoxic
- nephroureterectomy
- nerve block

Nerve block

Regional nerve blockade, or more commonly nerve block, is a general term used to refer to the injection of local anesthetic onto or near nerves for temporary control of pain. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to identify specific nerves as pain generators...

- nerve grafting
- nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy
- nerve-sparing surgery

Nerve-sparing surgery

Nerve-sparing surgery is a type of surgery that attempts to save the nerves near the tissues being removed.It is commonly applied in radical retropubic prostatectomy where surgeons may visually identify the cavernous nerves of penis or apply an electrical stimulation penile plethysmograph...

- neuro-oncologist
- neurobehavioral
- neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy, with an annual incidence of about 650 cases per year in the US , and 100 cases per year in the UK . Close to 50 percent of neuroblastoma cases occur in children younger than two years old...

- neuroectodermal tumor

Neuroectodermal tumor

A neuroectodermal tumor is a tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system.-See also:* Neuroendocrine tumors* Neuroectoderm* PNET* Medulloblastoma- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- neuroendocrine
- neuroendocrine tumor
- neuroepithelial
- neurofibroma

Neurofibroma

A neurofibroma is a benign nerve sheath tumor in the peripheral nervous system. Usually found in individuals with neurofibromatosis type I , an autosomal dominant genetically-inherited disease, they can result in a range of symptoms from physical disfiguration and pain to cognitive disability...

- neurofibromatosis type I

Neurofibromatosis type I

Neurofibromatosis type I , formerly known as von Recklinghausen disease after the researcher who first documented the disorder, is a human genetic disorder. It is possibly the most common inherited disorder caused by a single gene...

- neurofibromatosis type 2
- neuroma

Neuroma

A neuroma is a growth or tumor of nerve tissue. Just as the Latin word for swelling is now restricted to neoplasias, the equivalent Greek suffix -oma has shared in that fate. Thus, the typical modern usage of neuroma is for nerve tumors...

- neuron

Neuron

A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous...

- neuropathologist
- neuropathy
- neuropeptide

Neuropeptide

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules used by neurons to communicate with each other. They are neuronal signaling molecules, influence the activity of the brain in specific ways and are thus involved in particular brain functions, like analgesia, reward, food intake, learning and...

- neuroradiologist
- neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or artificial toxic substances, which are called neurotoxins, alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a way as to cause damage to nervous tissue. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that transmit and process...

- neurotoxin

Neurotoxin

A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells , usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. Some sources are more general, and define the effect of neurotoxins as occurring at nerve tissue...

- neurotropism
- neutropenia

Neutropenia

Neutropenia, from Latin prefix neutro- and Greek suffix -πενία , is a granulocyte disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, the most important type of white blood cell...

- neutrophil
- nevus

Nevus

Nevus is the medical term for sharply-circumscribed and chronic lesions of the skin. These lesions are commonly named birthmarks and moles. Nevi are benign by definition...

- NF1
- NG-monomethyl-L-arginine
- niacinamide

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is the amide of nicotinic acid . Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group...

- nicotinamide

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is the amide of nicotinic acid . Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group...

- NIH
- nilutamide

Nilutamide

Nilutamide is an antiandrogen medication used in the treatment of advanced stage prostate cancer. Nilutamide blocks the androgen receptor, preventing its interaction with testosterone. Because most prostate cancer cells rely on the stimulation of the androgen receptor for growth and survival,...

- nimodipine

Nimodipine

Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker originally developed for the treatment of high blood pressure...

- nipple discharge

Nipple discharge

Nipple discharge is the release of fluid from the nipples of the breasts. Although it is considered normal in a wide variety of circumstances it is the third major reason involving the breasts for which women seek medical attention, after breast lumps and breast pain. It is also known to occur in...

- nitrocamptothecin
- nitrosourea
- NK cell
- NMRI
- node-negative
- node-positive
- nodular parenchyma

Nodular parenchyma

Nodular parenchyma is a small mass of tissue within a gland or organ that carries out the specialized functions of the gland or organ.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- nolatrexed

Nolatrexed

Nolatrexed is a thymidylate synthase inhibitor....

- non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
- nonconsecutive case series
- noncontiguous lymphoma
- nonhematologic cancer
- noni

Noni

Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, nunaakai , dog dumpling , mengkudu , Kumudu , pace , beach mulberry, cheese fruit or noni is a tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae...

- nonlytic
- nonmalignant
- nonmalignant hematologic disorder
- nonmelanoma skin cancer
- nonmelanomatous
- nonmetastatic
- nonopioid
- nonprescription
- nonrandomized clinical trial
- nonseminoma
- nonspecific immune cell

Nonspecific immune cell

A nonspecific immune cell is an immune cell that responds to many antigens, not just one antigen.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor
- novobiocin

Novobiocin

Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides a member of the order Actinobacteria . Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include...

- NPO

Nil per os

Nil per os is a medical instruction meaning to withhold oral food and fluids from a patient for various reasons. It is a Latin phrase which translates as "nothing through the mouth". In the United Kingdom it is translated as nil by mouth .Typical reasons for NPO instructions are the prevention...

- NR-LU-10 antigen
- NSAID
- nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
- nuclear medicine scan
- nutraceutical

Nutraceutical

Nutraceutical, a portmanteau of the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”, is a food or food product that reportedly provides health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Health Canada defines the term as "a product isolated or purified from foods that is...

- nystatin

Nystatin

Nystatin is a polyene antifungal medication to which many molds and yeast infections are sensitive, including Candida. Due to its toxicity profile, there are currently no injectable formulations of this drug on the US market...

O

O(6)-benzylguanine
- oat cell cancer
- objective improvement
- objective response
- oblimersen

Oblimersen

Oblimersen is an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide being studied as a possible treatment for several types of cancer, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and breast cancer...

- obtundation
- occult stage non-small cell lung cancer
- octreotide

Octreotide

Octreotide is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though it is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone...

- ocular melanoma
- ofloxacin

Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class considered to be a second-generation fluoroquinolone. The original brand, Floxin, has been discontinued by the manufacturer in the United States on 18 June 2009, though generic equivalents continue to be...

- OGX-011
- oblimersen

Oblimersen

Oblimersen is an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide being studied as a possible treatment for several types of cancer, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and breast cancer...

- oligoastrocytoma

Oligoastrocytoma

Oligoastrocytomas are a subset of brain tumors that present with an appearance of mixed glial cell origin, astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. These types of glial cells that become cancerous are involved with insulating and regulating the activity of neuron cells in the central nervous system...

- oligodendroglial tumor
- oligodendroglioma

Oligodendroglioma

Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults but are also found in children...

- oltipraz

Oltipraz

Oltipraz is a schistosomicide.It is also used in tumor prevention....

- omega-3 fatty acid

Omega-3 fatty acid

N−3 fatty acids are essential unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond starting after the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain....

- omentectomy
- omentum
- omeprazole

Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease , laryngopharyngeal reflux and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome...

- Ommaya reservoir

Ommaya reservoir

An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid. It consists of a catheter in one lateral ventricle attached to a reservoir implanted under the scalp...

- oncogene

Oncogene

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are often mutated or expressed at high levels.An oncogene is a gene found in the chromosomes of tumor cells whose activation is associated with the initial and continuing conversion of normal cells into cancer...

- oncologist
- oncology

Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...

- oncology nurse

Oncology nursing

-Certification in the United States:The Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation offers several different options for board certification in oncology nursing...

- oncology pharmacy specialist
- oncolysate
- oncolysis
- oncolytic
- Oncolytic virus

Oncolytic virus

An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and lyses cancer cells; these have obvious functions for cancer therapy, both by direct destruction of the tumour cells, and, if modified, as vectors enabling genes expressing anticancer proteins to be delivered specifically to the tumor...

- Onconase
- ondansetron

Ondansetron

Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as an antiemetic , often following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves...

- ONYX-015
- oophorectomy

Oophorectomy

- open biopsy

Open biopsy

An open biopsy is a procedure in which a surgical incision is made through the skin to expose and remove tissues. The biopsy tissue is examined under a microscope by a pathologist. An open biopsy may be done in the doctor’s office or in the hospital, and may use local anesthesia or general...

- open colectomy
- open label study
- opioid

Opioid

An opioid is a psychoactive chemical that works by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract...

- opportunistic infection

Opportunistic infection

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens, particularly opportunistic pathogens—those that take advantage of certain situations—such as bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan infections that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, one with a healthy immune system...

- oral and maxillofacial surgeon
- orchidectomy
- orchiectomy
- oropharynx

Oropharynx

The Oropharynx reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone.It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil....

- OSI-7904L

OSI-7904L

OSI-7904L is a novel noncompetitive liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor. Its effect on solid tumours is currently under evaluation....

- osmolality
- osteitis deformans
- osteogenic sarcoma
- osteolytic
- osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density is reduced, bone microarchitecture is deteriorating, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone is altered...

- osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive cancerous neoplasm arising from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin that exhibit osteoblastic differentiation and produce malignant osteoid...

- ostomy
- ovarian ablation
- ovarian epithelial cancer
- ovarian suppression
- Overall Survival (OS)
- overexpress
- overgrowth syndrome

Overgrowth syndrome

Overgrowth syndrome is a group of genetic disorders in which there is an abnormal increase in the size of the body or a body part that is often noted at birth. Examples of overgrowth syndromes include neurofibromatosis, Sotos syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome,...

- oxaliplatin

Oxaliplatin

Oxaliplatin is a coordination complex that is used in cancer chemotherapy. These platinum-based drugs are usually classified as alkylating agents, although they are not actually alkylating groups ....

- oxandrolone

Oxandrolone

Oxandrolone is a drug created by Raphael Pappo while at Searle Laboratories, now Pfizer Inc. under the trademark Anavar, and introduced into the US in 1964....

- OXi-104
- oxidative metabolism
- oxidative stress

Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production and manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage...

P

P-32

Phosphorus-32

Phosphorus-32 is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. The nucleus of phosphorus-32 contains 15 protons and 17 neutrons, one more neutron than the most common isotope of phosphorus, phosphorus-31...

- p-value

P-value

In statistical significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. One often "rejects the null hypothesis" when the p-value is less than the significance level α ,...

- p53 gene
- Pacific valerian
- paclitaxel

Paclitaxel

Paclitaxel is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. It was discovered in a U.S. National Cancer Institute program at the Research Triangle Institute in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated it from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia and named it taxol...

- Paget's disease of bone

Paget's disease of bone

Paget's disease is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones. The excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue causes affected bone to weaken, resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures, and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones...

- Paget's disease of the nipple
- PALA

Pala

-Places:*Pala, California, town in the United States*Pala Casino Resort and Spa, casino located in Pala, California*Pala, Chad, town in Chad*Pala , town on Atauro Island, East Timor*Pala , town in Kerala, India...

- palatine uvula
- palliative care

Palliative care

Palliative care is a specialized area of healthcare that focuses on relieving and preventing the suffering of patients...

- palliative therapy
- Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia

Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia

Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema is reddening, swelling, numbness and desquamation on palms and soles that can occur after chemotherapy in patients with cancer. These skin changes usually are well demarcated. Acral erythema typically disappears within a few weeks after discontinuation of the...

- pamidronate
- Pancoast's tumor
- pancreatectomy

Pancreatectomy

In medicine, a pancreatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas. Several types of pancreatectomy exist, including pancreaticoduodenectomy , distal pancreatectomy, segmental pancreatectomy, and total pancreatectomy...

- pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer refers to a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas. The most common type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for 95% of these tumors is adenocarcinoma, which arises within the exocrine component of the pancreas. A minority arises from the islet cells and is classified as a...

- pancreatic duct

Pancreatic duct

The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung , is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the "exocrine pancreas"...

- pancreatic enzyme
- pancreatic juice

Pancreatic juice

Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase....

- pancreatitis

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It occurs when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated in the pancreas instead of the small intestine. It may be acute – beginning suddenly and lasting a few days, or chronic – occurring over many years...

- PAP, same as Pap smear

Pap smear

The Papanicolaou test is a screening test used in to detect pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the endocervical canal of the female reproductive system. Changes can be treated, thus preventing cervical cancer...

- Pap smear

Pap smear

- Pap test, same as Pap smear

Pap smear

- papillary serous carcinoma
- papillary thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid cancer or papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, representing 75% to 85% of all thyroid cancer cases. It occurs more frequently in women and presents in the 30-40 year age group...

- papillary tumor

Papillary tumor

A papillary tumor is a tumor shaped like a small mushroom, with its stem attached to the epithelial layer of an organ.- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- papilledema

Papilledema

Papilledema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. Unilateral presentation is extremely rare....

- paracentesis

Paracentesis

Paracentesis is a medical procedure involving needle drainage of fluid from a body cavity, most commonly the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen.A related procedure is thoracocentesis, which is needle drainage of the chest cavity...

- parageusia

Parageusia

Parageusia is the medical term for a bad taste in the mouth.One common form of parageusia is a metallic taste of food. This can be a side effect of several medications, such as acetazolamide, eszopiclone, zopiclone, metronidazole, or etoposide....

- paramyxovirus

Paramyxovirus

Paramyxoviruses are viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family of the Mononegavirales order; they are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.-Genera:*Subfamily Paramyxovirinae**Genus Avulavirus Paramyxoviruses (from Greek para-, beyond, -myxo-,...

- paraneoplastic syndrome

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A paraneoplastic syndrome is a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. These phenomena are mediated by humoral factors excreted by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor...

- parathyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, which are usually located on the rear surface of the thyroid gland, or, in rare cases, within the thyroid gland itself or in the chest...

- parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone , parathormone or parathyrin, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids...

- parenchyma

Parenchyma

Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. It is used in different ways in animals and in plants.The term is New Latin, f. Greek παρέγχυμα - parenkhuma, "visceral flesh", f. παρεγχεῖν - parenkhein, "to pour in" f. para-, "beside" + en-, "in" + khein, "to pour"...

- paresthesias
- paricalcitol

Paricalcitol

Paricalcitol is a drug used for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure...

- parietal pericardium
- Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system...

- parotidectomy
- paroxetine hydrochloride
- partial cystectomy
- partial laryngectomy
- partial mastectomy
- partial nephrectomy
- partial oophorectomy
- partial remission
- partial response
- passive antibody therapy
- Paterson-Kelly syndrome
- pathological staging

Pathological staging

Pathological staging is a method used to determine the stage of cancer. Tissue samples are removed during surgery or a biopsy. The stage is determined based on how the cells in the samples look under a microscope.- External links :...

- patient-controlled analgesia

Patient-controlled analgesia

Patient-controlled analgesia is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief. The infusion is programmable by the prescriber...

- PCA

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there are cases of aggressive prostate cancers. The cancer cells may metastasize from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly...

- PDQ

Physician Data Query

Physician Data Query is the US National Cancer Institute's comprehensive cancer database. It contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine; a registry of more than 6,000 open and 17,000 closed...

- peau d'orange

Peau d'orange

The French term peau d'orange means "orange peel skin", or more literally, "skin of an orange". It is used in medicine to describe anatomy with the appearance and dimpled texture of an orange peel...

- PEG-interferon alfa-2a
- PEG-interferon alfa-2b
- PEG-MGDF
- pegaspargase

Pegaspargase

Pegaspargase is a modified enzyme used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a form of L-asparaginase which has undergone PEGylation.It is used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia....

- pegfilgrastim

Pegfilgrastim

Pegfilgrastim is a PEGylated form of the recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor analog, filgrastim. Like GCSF, the pegylated form serves to stimulate the level of white blood cells ....

- PEITC
- peldesine
- pelvic exenteration

Pelvic exenteration

Pelvic exenteration is a radical surgical treatment that removes all organs from a person's pelvic cavity. The urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and anus are removed....

- pelvic lymphadenectomy
- pemetrexed disodium
- penclomedine
- penicillamine

Penicillamine

Penicillamine is a pharmaceutical of the chelator class. It is sold under the trade names of Cuprimine and Depen. The pharmaceutical form is D-penicillamine, as L-penicillamine is toxic...

- pentetic acid calcium
- pentosan polysulfate

Pentosan polysulfate

Pentosan polysulfate is the only oral medication approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome....

- pentostatin

Pentostatin

Pentostatin is an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug.-Mechanism:It is classified as a purine analog, which is a type of antimetabolite....

- pentoxifylline
- peptide

Peptide

Peptides are short polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. They are distinguished from proteins on the basis of size, typically containing less than 50 monomer units. The shortest peptides are dipeptides, consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond...

- peptide 946
- percutaneous ethanol injection
- percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage
- percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage
- percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or percutaneous hepatic cholangiogram is a radiologic technique used to visualize the anatomy of the biliary tract. A contrast medium is injected into a bile duct in the liver, after which X-rays are taken...

- perfusion

Perfusion

In physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue. The word is derived from the French verb "perfuser" meaning to "pour over or through."...

- perfusion magnetic resonance imaging
- pericardial effusion

Pericardial effusion

Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Because of the limited amount of space in the pericardial cavity, fluid accumulation will lead to an increased intrapericardial pressure and this can negatively affect heart function...

- perifosine

Perifosine

Perifosine is a drug candidate being developed for a variety of cancer indications.It is an alkylphospholipid Perifosine is structurally related to miltefosine...

- perineal colostomy
- perineal prostatectomy
- peripheral blood lymphocyte therapy
- peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of or trauma to the nerve or the side-effects of systemic illness....

- peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor
- peripheral stem cell
- peripheral stem cell support
- peripheral stem cell transplantation

Peripheral stem cell transplantation

Peripheral stem cell transplantation is a method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given to the patient after treatment. This helps the bone marrow recover and continue...

- peristalsis

Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down the muscular tube, in an anterograde fashion. In humans, peristalsis is found in the contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract. Earthworms use a similar...

- peritoneal cancer

Primary peritoneal cancer

Primary peritoneal cancer or carcinoma is also known as: serous surface papillary carcinoma, primary peritoneal carcinoma, extra-ovarian serous carcinoma, primary serous papillary carcinoma, psammomacarcinoma. It was historically classified under "carcinoma of unknown primary"...

- peritoneal infusion
- peritoneal perfusion
- pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia is one of many types of the larger family of megaloblastic anemias...

- pertuzumab

Pertuzumab

Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody. The first of its class in a line of agents called "HER dimerization inhibitors". By binding to HER2, it inhibits the dimerization of HER2 with other HER receptors, which is hypothesized to result in slowed tumor growth...

- PET scan
- petechia

Petechia

A petechia is a small red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage ."Petechiae" refers to one of the three major classes of purpuric skin conditions. Purpuric eruptions are classified by size into three broad categories...

e
- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, also known as hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome, is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by the development of benign hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and hyperpigmented macules on the lips and oral mucosa...

- phagocyte

Phagocyte

Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel". They are...

- pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism...

- phase I trial
- phase I/II trial
- phase II trial
- phase II/III trial
- phase III trial
- phase IV trial
- phenethyl isothiocyanate
- phenoxodiol
- phenylacetate
- phenylbutyrate
- pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma

A pheochromocytoma or phaeochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands , or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth and secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually noradrenaline , and adrenaline to a lesser extent...

- pheresis
- Philadelphia chromosome

Philadelphia chromosome

Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation is a specific chromosomal abnormality that is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia . It is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22, and is specifically designated t...

- photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy is used clinically to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including malignant cancers, and is recognised as a treatment strategy which is both minimally invasive and minimally toxic...

- photothermal therapy

Photothermal Therapy

Photothermal therapy is an experimental use of electromagnetic radiation that is proposed to treat various medical conditions, including cancer. The basic model for its use is derived in part from photodynamic therapy, in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light...

- photofrin
- photopheresis

Photopheresis

In medicine, photopheresis or extracorporeal photopheresis is a form of apheresis and photodynamic therapy in which blood is treated with photoactivable drugs which are then activated with ultraviolet light....

- phyllodes tumor

Phyllodes tumor

Phyllodes tumors , also cystosarcoma phyllodes, cystosarcoma phylloides and phylloides tumor, are typically large, fast growing masses that form from the periductal stromal cells of the breast...

- Physician Data Query

Physician Data Query

- phytic acid

Phytic acid

Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. Phytate is not digestible to humans or nonruminant animals, however, so it is not a source of either inositol or phosphate if eaten directly...

- phytoestrogen
- phytosterol

Phytosterol

Phytosterols, which encompass plant sterols and stanols, are steroid compounds similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond. Stanols are saturated sterols, having no double bonds in the sterol ring structure. More than...

- PI-88
- pilocarpine

Pilocarpine

Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid obtained from the leaves of tropical American shrubs from the genus Pilocarpus. It is a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system, which acts therapeutically at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 due to its...

- pilocytic
- pineal region tumor
- pineoblastoma
- pineocytoma

Pineocytoma

Pineocytoma, also known as a pinealocytoma, is a benign, slowly-growing tumor of the pineal gland. Unlike the similar condition pineal gland cyst, it is uncommon.-Diagnosis:Pineocytomas are diagnosed from tissue, i.e...

- piperacillin-tazobactam
- pirfenidone

Pirfenidone

Pirfenidone is a drug developed by InterMune Inc. for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In 2011 it was approved for use in Europe for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis under the trade name Esbriet. The proposed trade name in the US is also Esbriet.In Japan it is marketed as Pirespa by...

- piritrexim
- pixantrone

Pixantrone

Pixantrone is an experimental antineoplastic drug, an analogue of mitoxantrone with fewer toxic effects on cardiac tissue. It acts as a topoisomerase II poison and intercalating agent...

- PJS

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

- PKC412
- plasmacytic
- plasmacytoma

Plasmacytoma

Plasmacytoma refers to a malignant plasma cell tumor growing within soft tissue or within the skeleton. The skeletal forms usually have other occult tumors and frequently disseminate to multiple myeloma over the course of 5–10 years. The soft tissue forms most often occur in the upper respiratory...

- plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis is the removal, treatment, and return of blood plasma from blood circulation. It is thus an extracorporeal therapy...

- Plenaxis
- pleomorphic

Pleomorphism (cytology)

Pleomorphism is a term used in histology and cytopathology to describe variability in the size and shape of cells and/or their nuclei. It is a feature characteristic of malignant neoplasms....

- pleural effusion

Pleural effusion

Pleural effusion is excess fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during ventilation.-Pathophysiology:...

- pleurodesis

Pleurodesis

Pleurodesis is a medical procedure in which the pleural space is artificially obliterated. It involves the adhesion of the two pleura.- Uses :Pleurodesis is done to prevent recurrence of pneumothorax or recurrent pleural effusion...

- plexiform neurofibroma
- plexopathy

Plexopathy

Plexopathy is a disorder affecting a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels. The region of nerves it affects are at the brachial or lumbosacral plexus. Symptoms include pain, loss of motor control, and sensory deficits....

- ploidy

Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of sets of chromosomes in a biological cell.Human sex cells have one complete set of chromosomes from the male or female parent. Sex cells, also called gametes, combine to produce somatic cells. Somatic cells, therefore, have twice as many chromosomes. The haploid number is...

- Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Plummer–Vinson syndrome , also called Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome or sideropenic dysphagia presents as a triad of dysphagia , glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia...

- pluripotent
- pluripotent stem cell
- pM-81 monoclonal antibody
- PNET

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor is a neural crest tumor. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring in children and young adults under 25 years of age...

- pneumonectomy

Pneumonectomy

A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that of a segment of the lung as a wedge resection .-Indications:...

- PNU 166148
- PNU-93914
- polifeprosan 20 carmustine implant
- poly-ICLC
- polyglutamate camptothecin
- polyglutamate paclitaxel
- polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....

- polymorphism

Polymorphism (biology)

Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph...

- polyneuritis
- polyp

Polyp

A polyp in zoology is one of two forms found in the phylum Cnidaria, the other being the medusa. Polyps are approximately cylindrical in shape and elongated at the axis of the body...

- polypectomy

Polypectomy

The method used to perform colonic polypectomies during colonoscopy depends on the size, shape and histological type of the polyp to be removed. Prior to performing polypectomy, polyps can be biopsied and examined histologically to determine the need to perform polypectomy.Gastrointestinal polyps...

- polyphenol

Polyphenol

Polyphenols are a structural class of natural, synthetic, and semisynthetic organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units...

- Polyphenon E
- polyposis
- pons

Pons

The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...

- pontine

Pons

- porfimer sodium

Porfimer sodium

Porfimer sodium, sold as Photofrin, is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy and radiation therapy and for palliative treatment of obstructing endobronchial non-small cell lung carcinoma and obstructing esophageal cancer....

- porfiromycin
- port-a-cath
- positive axillary lymph node

Positive axillary lymph node

A positive axillary lymph node is a lymph node in the area of the armpit to which cancer has spread. This spread is determined by surgically removing some of the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present....

- positive test result
- positron emission tomography scan
- postremission therapy
- PR+
- PR-
- precancerous
- precancerous dermatitis
- precancerous dermatosis
- precancerous polyps
- predictive factor
- prednisolone

Prednisolone

Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone, which is also used as a drug.-Uses:Prednisolone is a corticosteroid drug with predominant glucocorticoid and low mineralocorticoid activity, making it useful for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory and auto-immune conditions such as...

- prednisone

Prednisone

Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant drug. It is used to treat certain inflammatory diseases and some types of cancer, but has significant adverse effects...

- preleukemia
- premalignant
- pretracheal space
- prevascular space
- preventive mastectomy
- primary central nervous system lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma

A primary central nervous system lymphoma , also known as microglioma and primary brain lymphoma, is a primary intracranial tumor appearing mostly in patients with severe immunosuppression . PCNSLs represent around 20% of all cases of lymphomas in HIV infections...

- primary endpoint
- primary myelofibrosis
- primary peritoneal cancer

Primary peritoneal cancer

- primary tumor

Primary tumor

A primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass....

- primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor is a neural crest tumor. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring in children and young adults under 25 years of age...

- prinomastat

Prinomastat

Prinomastat is a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor with specific selectivity for MMPs 2, 3, 9, 13, and 14. Investigations have been carried out to determine whether the inhibition of these MMPs is able to block tumour metastasis by preventing MMP degradation of the extracellular matrix proteins...

- pro-oxidant

Pro-oxidant

Pro-oxidants are chemicals that induce oxidative stress, through either creating reactive oxygen species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. The oxidative stress produced by these chemicals can damage cells and tissues...

- probenecid

Probenecid

Probenecid is a uricosuric drug that increases uric acid excretion in the urine. It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia.Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide...

- procarbazine

Procarbazine

Procarbazine Procarbazine Procarbazine (Matulane (US), Natulan (Canada), Indicarb (India) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and certain brain cancers (such as Glioblastoma multiforme). It is a member of a group of medicines called alkylating agents. It...

- prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine is a dopamine receptor antagonist that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotic agents that are used for the antiemetic treatment of nausea and vertigo. It is also a highly-potent typical antipsychotic, 10-20x more potent than chlorpromazine...

- proctoscopy

Proctoscopy

Proctoscopy is a common medical procedure in which an instrument called a proctoscope is used to examine the anal cavity, rectum or sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is a short, straight, rigid, hollow metal tube, and usually has a small light bulb mounted at the end...

- proctosigmoidoscopy
- progesterone receptor negative
- progesterone receptor positive
- progesterone receptor test
- progression-free survival (PFS)
- progressive disease

Progressive disease

Progressive disease is a physical ailment whose natural course in most cases is the worsening, growth, or spread of the disease. This may happen until death, serious debility, or organ failure occurs. Though the time distinctions are imprecise, diseases can be rapidly progressive or slowly...

- proliferative index

Proliferative index

The proliferative index is a measure of the number of cells in a tumor that are dividing . May be used with the S-phase fraction to give a more complete understanding of how fast a tumor is growing.-External links:...

- prolymphocytic leukemia

Prolymphocytic leukemia

Prolymphocytic leukemia is divided into two types according the kind of cell involved: B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. It is usually classified as a kind of chronic lymphocytic leukemia....

- promegapoietin

Promegapoietin

Promegapoietin is a drug given during chemotherapy to increase blood cell regeneration. It is a colony-stimulating factor that stimulates megakaryocyte production.It functions by stimulating ligands for interleukin 3 and c-Mpl....

- promyelocytic leukemia
- prophylactic cranial irradiation
- prophylactic mastectomy
- prophylactic oophorectomy
- prophylactic surgery
- prophylaxis
- prospective cohort study

Prospective cohort study

A prospective cohort study is a cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome...

- Prost 30 monoclonal antibody
- prostate-specific antigen
- prostate-specific antigen test
- prostatectomy

Prostatectomy

A prostatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. Abnormalities of the prostate, such as a tumour, or if the gland itself becomes enlarged for any reason, can restrict the normal flow of urine along the urethra....

- prostatic acid phosphatase

Prostatic acid phosphatase

Prostatic acid phosphatase , also prostatic specific acid phosphatase , is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases....

- prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
- prostatitis

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland, in men. A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the United States.-Classification:...

- protease inhibitor

Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)

Protease inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat or prevent infection by viruses, including HIV and Hepatitis C. PIs prevent viral replication by inhibiting the activity of proteases, e.g.HIV-1 protease, enzymes used by the viruses to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new...

- protein kinase C

Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C also known as PKC is a family of enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in...

- proteoglycan

Proteoglycan

Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chain. The point of attachment is a Ser residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge...

- proteomic profile
- proteomics

Proteomics

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological metabolic pathways of cells. The term "proteomics" was first coined in 1997 to make an analogy with...

- proton beam radiation therapy
- proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
- PS-341
- PSA

Prostate specific antigen

Prostate-specific antigen also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the KLK3 gene. KLK3 is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family that are secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland...

- psammoma body

Psammoma body

A psammoma body is a round collection of calcium, seen microscopically. The term is derived from the Greek word psammos meaning "sand."-Etiology:...

- PSC 833
- pseudomyxoma peritonei

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is an uncommon tumor known for its production of mucin in the abdominal cavity. If left untreated, mucin will eventually build up to the point where it compresses vital structures: the colon, the liver, kidneys,stomach, spleen, pancreas, etc.Unlike most cancers, this disease...

- psoralen

Psoralen

Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of natural products known as furocoumarins. It is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring, and may be considered as a derivative of umbelliferone...

- PTC

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension , sometimes called by the older names benign intracranial hypertension or pseudotumor cerebri , is a neurological disorder that is characterized by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of a tumor or other diseases...

- PTCD
- PTK787/ZK 222584
- ptosis
- pulmonary sulcus tumor
- PV701
- pyrazine diazohydroxide
- pyrazoloacridine
- pyroxamide

R

R-flurbiprofen

Tarenflurbil, or R-flurbiprofen, is the single enantiomer of the racemate NSAID flurbiprofen. For several years, research and trials for the drug were conducted by Myriad Genetics, to investigate its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease; that investigation concluded in June 2008 when...

- r-tPA
- R101933
- R115777
- radiation fibrosis
- radiation oncologist

Radiation oncologist

A radiation oncologist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer patients, using radiation therapy as the main modality of treatment. Radiation can be given as a curative modality, either alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. It may also be used palliatively, to...

- radiation physicist
- radiation surgery
- radiation therapist

Radiation therapist

The Radiation Therapist is an allied health professional who works in the field of radiation oncology...

- radiation therapy

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy , radiation oncology, or radiotherapy , sometimes abbreviated to XRT or DXT, is the medical use of ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells.Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control...

- radical cystectomy
- radical lymph node dissection

Radical lymph node dissection

Radical lymph node dissection is a surgical procedure to remove most or all of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them.-External links:...

- radical mastectomy

Radical mastectomy

Radical mastectomy is a surgical procedure in which the breast, underlying chest muscle , and lymph nodes of the axilla are removed as a treatment for breast cancer....

- radical perineal prostatectomy

Radical perineal prostatectomy

Radical perineal prostatectomy is a surgical procedure wherein the prostate gland is removed through an incision in the area between the anus and the scrotum . It is typically performed to remove early prostate cancer...

- radical prostatectomy
- radical retropubic prostatectomy

Radical retropubic prostatectomy

Radical retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the prostate gland is removed through an incision in the abdomen. It is most often used to treat individuals who have early prostate cancer. Radical retropubic prostatectomy can be performed under general, spinal, or epidural...

- radioactive drug
- radioactive iodine
- radioactive palladium
- radioactive seed
- radiofrequency ablation

Radiofrequency ablation

Radio frequency ablation is a medical procedure where part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from the high frequency alternating current to treat a medical disorder...

- radiographer
- radioimmunoguided surgery

Radioimmunoguided surgery

Radioimmunoguided surgery is a procedure that uses radioactive substances to locate tumors so that they can be removed by surgery.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- radioimmunotherapy

Radioimmunotherapy

Radioimmunotherapy uses an antibody labeled with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a target cell. In cancer therapy, an antibody with specificity for a tumor-associated antigen is used to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the tumor cells...

- radioisotope
- radiolabeled
- radiologic exam
- radionuclide scanning
- radiopharmaceutical
- radiosensitization
- radiosensitizer

Radiosensitizer

A radiosensitizer is a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.One of the major limitations of radiotherapy is that the cells of solid tumors become deficient in oxygen. Solid tumors can outgrow their blood supply, causing a low-oxygen state known as hypoxia...

- radiosurgery

Radiosurgery

Radiosurgery is a medical procedure that allows non-invasive treatment of benign and malignant tumors. It is also known as stereotactic radiotherapy, when used to target lesions in the brain, and stereotactic body radiotherapy when used to target lesions in the body...

- radiotherapy
- raloxifene

Raloxifene

Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator that has estrogenic actions on bone and anti-estrogenic actions on the uterus and breast...

- raltitrexed

Raltitrexed

Raltitrexed is an antimetabolite drug used in cancer chemotherapy. It is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, and is manufactured by AstraZeneca.-Mechanism of action:...

- randomized clinical trial
- ranpirnase

Ranpirnase

Ranpirnase is a ribonuclease enzyme found in Northern Leopard Frog oocytes. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specifically in pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. It is manufactured by Tamir Biotechnology, Inc. of Monmouth Junction, NJ and known by the ONCONASE trademark...

- rapamycin
- rapid hormone cycling

Rapid hormone cycling

Rapid hormone cycling is a procedure in which drugs that block the production of male hormones are alternated with male hormones and/or drugs that promote the production of male hormones. This procedure is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer....

- rapid-onset opioid
- ras gene
- rasburicase

Rasburicase

Rasburicase is a recombinant version of a urate oxidase enzyme that occurs in many mammals but not in humans.-Uses:Rasburicase is approved for use by the U.S...

- rattlesnake root
- ravuconazole

Ravuconazole

Ravuconazole is a potent triazole antifungal, being developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb, that is currently in phase I/II clinical trials. . The drug has a shown to have a similar spectrum of activity to voriconazole, with an increased half-life. However, ravuconazole has limited activity against...

- rebeccamycin

Rebeccamycin

Rebeccamycin is a weak topoisomerase I inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces sp. structurally similar to staurosporine. Does not show any inhibitory activity against protein kinases. Shows significant antitumor properties in vitro ....

- recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
- reconstructive surgeon
- reconstructive surgery

Reconstructive surgery

Reconstructive surgery is, in its broadest sense, the use of surgery to restore the form and function of the body, although Maxillo-Facial Surgeons, Plastic Surgeons and Otolaryngologists do reconstructive surgery on faces after trauma and to reconstruct the head and neck after cancer.Other...

- recurrent cancer
- Red blood cell

Red blood cell

Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system...

- Reed-Sternberg cell

Reed-Sternberg cell

Reed–Sternberg cells are different giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma primarily due to EBV, and certain other disorders...

- reflux

Reflux

Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations...

- refractory cancer
- regional cancer
- regional chemotherapy
- regional enteritis
- regional lymph node
- regional lymph node dissection
- rehabilitation specialist
- relative survival rate
- relaxation technique

Relaxation technique

A relaxation technique is any method, process, procedure, or activity that helps a person to relax; to attain a state of increased calmness; or otherwise reduce levels of anxiety, stress or anger...

- remission induction therapy
- remote brachytherapy
- renal cell cancer

Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, the very small tubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 80% of cases...

- renal collecting tubule
- renal glomerulus
- renal tubular acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine. When blood is filtered by the kidney, the filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron, allowing for exchange of salts, acid...

- retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a rapidly developing cancer that develops in the cells of retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. In the developed world, Rb has one of the best cure rates of all childhood cancers , with more than nine out of every ten sufferers surviving into...

- retinoid

Retinoid

The retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A. Retinoids are used in medicine, primarily due to the way they regulate epithelial cell growth....

- retinol

Retinol

Retinol is one of the animal forms of vitamin A. It is a diterpenoid and an alcohol. It is convertible to other forms of vitamin A, and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol serves as the storage form of the vitamin in animals....

- retinyl palmitate

Retinyl palmitate

Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid, with formula C36H60O2.Palmitate is the major component of palm oil...

- retroperitoneal
- retropubic prostatectomy
- retrospective cohort study

Retrospective cohort study

A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place...

- retrospective study
- retroviral vector
- retrovirus

Retrovirus

A retrovirus is an RNA virus that is duplicated in a host cell using the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. The DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme. The virus thereafter replicates as part of the host cell's DNA...

- RevM10 gene
- rhabdoid tumor
- rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer, specifically a sarcoma , in which the cancer cells are thought to arise from skeletal muscle progenitors. It can also be found attached to muscle tissue, wrapped around intestines, or in any anatomic location...

- rhizoxin

Rhizoxin

Rhizoxin is an antimitotic agent with anti-tumor activity. It is isolated from a pathogenic plant fungus which causes rice seedling blight.-Biosynthesis:...

- ribavirin

Ribavirin

Ribavirin is an anti-viral drug indicated for severe RSV infection , hepatitis C infection and other viral infections. Ribavirin is a prodrug, which when metabolised resembles purine RNA nucleotides...

- ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are a family of anti-cancer drugs that interfere with the growth of tumor cells by blocking the formation of deoxyribonucleotides .Examples include:* motexafin gadolinium.* hydroxyurea...

- rifampin
- risedronate

Risedronate

Risedronic acid or risedronate sodium is a bisphosphonate used to strengthen bone, treat or prevent osteoporosis, and treat Paget's disease of bone. It is produced and marketed by Warner Chilcott, Sanofi-Aventis, and in Japan by Takeda under the trade names Actonel, Atelvia, and Benet...

- ritonavir

Ritonavir

Ritonavir, with trade name Norvir , is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS....

- rituximab

Rituximab

Rituximab, sold under the trade names Rituxan and MabThera, is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20, which is primarily found on the surface of B cells...

- RK-0202
- RMP-7
- RNA

RNA

Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....

- Ro 31-7453
- Ro 50-3821
- rofecoxib

Rofecoxib

Rofecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has now been withdrawn over safety concerns. It was marketed by Merck & Co. to treat osteoarthritis, acute pain conditions, and dysmenorrhoea...

- rosiglitazone

Rosiglitazone

Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin...

- RPI.4610
- RPR 109881A
- RSR13
- RSV

Rous sarcoma virus

Rous sarcoma virus is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described: it causes sarcoma in chickens.As with all retroviruses, it reverse transcribes its RNA genome into cDNA before integration into the host DNA.-History:...

S

S-1
- S-phase fraction
- safingol

Safingol

Safingol is a lyso-sphingolipid protein kinase C inhibitor. It has the molecular formula C18H39NO2 and is a colorless solid....

- salpingo-oophorectomy
- salvage therapy

Salvage therapy

Salvage therapy is a form of treatment given after an ailment does not respond to standard treatment. The most common diseases that require salvage therapy are HIV and various tumors...

- samarium 153
- saponin

Saponin

Saponins are a class of chemical compounds, one of many secondary metabolites found in natural sources, with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant species...

- saquinavir mesylate
- sarCNU
- sarcoma

Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells in one of a number of tissues that develop from embryonic mesoderm. Thus, sarcomas include tumors of bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, and hematopoietic tissues...

- sarcosinamide nitrosourea
- sargramostim

Sargramostim

Sargramostim is a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor that functions as an immunostimulator.It is produced in yeast.-Therapeutic uses:...

- satraplatin

Satraplatin

Satraplatin is a platinum compound that is currently under investigation as one treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer who have failed previous chemotherapy. It has not yet received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration...

- SC-70935
- SCH 54031
- SCH 66336
- SCH-58500
- Schiller test
- Schwann cell

Schwann cell

Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system . Glial cells function to support neurons and in the PNS, also include satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, enteric glia and glia that reside at sensory nerve endings, such as the Pacinian corpuscle...

- schwannoma

Schwannoma

A schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells, which normally produce the insulating myelin sheath covering peripheral nerves....

- scintimammography

Scintimammography

Scintimammography is a type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue, but is not used for screening or in place of a mammogram...

- scleroderma

Scleroderma

Systemic sclerosis or systemic scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease or systemic connective tissue disease that is a subtype of scleroderma.-Skin symptoms:...

- screening mammogram
- Scutellaria barbata
Scutellaria barbata
Scutellaria barbata is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Other names include ban zhi lian , scullcap or skullcap, barbat skullcap, skute barbata, or herba scutellariae barbatae.-Chemical constituents:...

- SDX-102
- SDX-105
- second primary cancer
- second-line therapy
- second-look surgery
- secondary cancer
- sedoxantrone trihydrochloride
- segmental cystectomy
- segmental mastectomy
- selective estrogen receptor modulator

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators are a class of compounds that act on the estrogen receptor. A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure receptor agonists and antagonists is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively...

- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. The efficacy of SSRIs is disputed...

- sella turcica

Sella turcica

-External links:*...

- semaxanib

Semaxanib

Semaxanib is a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor drug designed by SUGEN as a cancer therapeutic. It is an experimental stage drug, not licensed for use on human patients outside of clinical trials....

- seminal vesicle biopsy
- seminoma
- semiparasitic
- semustine

Semustine

Semustine is a drug used in chemotherapy.Structurally similar to Lomustine....

- senile keratosis
- sentinel lymph node

Sentinel lymph node

The sentinel lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes reached by metastasizing cancer cells from a primary tumor.-Physiology:...

- sentinel lymph node biopsy
- sentinel lymph node mapping
- seocalcitol
- SERM

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

- serotonin

Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...

- sertraline

Sertraline

Sertraline hydrochloride is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It was introduced to the market by Pfizer in 1991. Sertraline is primarily used to treat major depression in adult outpatients as well as obsessive–compulsive, panic, and social anxiety disorders in...

- serum albumin

Serum albumin

Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALB gene.Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular...

- serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
- Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
- serum tumor marker test
- sesquiterpene lactone

Sesquiterpene lactone

Sesquiterpene lactones are a class of chemical compounds; they are sesquiterpenoids and contain a lactone ring, hence the name....

- sestamibi breast imaging
- severe myelosuppression
- Sézary syndrome
- SGN-00101
- SGN-15
- SGOT
- SGPT
- sham therapy
- shave biopsy

Shave biopsy

Shave biopsy is a biopsy procedure in which a skin abnormality and a thin layer of surrounding skin are removed with a small blade for examination under a microscope. Surgical sutures are not needed with this procedure.-External links:...

- Sho-saiko-to

Sho-saiko-to

Sho-Saiko-To , also known as Minor Bupleurum Formula and Xiao Chai Hu Tang in Chinese, is a herbal supplement, believed to enhance liver health. Sho-Saiko-To is a widely used prescription drug in Japan and is a listed formula in Japanese Kampo. There are currently ongoing clinical trials for...

- sialic acid

Sialic acid

Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone. It is also the name for the most common member of this group, N-acetylneuraminic acid...

- sialyl Tn-KLH
- side-to-end coloanal anastomosis

Side-to-end coloanal anastomosis

Side-to-end coloanal anastomosis is a surgical procedure in which the side of the colon is attached to the anus after the rectum has been removed. A section of the colon about 2 inches long is formed into a mini-pouch in order to replace the function of the rectum and store stool until it can be...

- sideropenic dysphagia
- sigmoidoscope
- sigmoidoscopy

Sigmoidoscopy

Sigmoidoscopy From Greek Sigma - eidos - scopy, to look inside an s-like object, is the minimally invasive medical examination of the large intestine from the rectum through the last part of the colon. There are two types of sigmoidoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, which uses a flexible endoscope,...

- signal transduction inhibitor

Signal transduction inhibitor

Signal transduction inhibitors are drugs that may prevent the ability of cancer cells to multiply quickly and invade other tissues.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- signet ring cell carcinoma

Signet ring cell carcinoma

Signet ring cell carcinoma is an epithelial malignancy characterized by the histologic appearance of signet ring cells.It is a form of adenocarcinoma.-Histologic appearance:...

- SIL

Squamous intraepithelial lesion

A squamous intraepithelial lesion is a term that refers to abnormal growth of epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix, commonly called squamous cells. This condition can lead to cervical cancer, but can be diagnosed using a Pap smear or a colposcopy...

- sildenafil

Sildenafil

Sildenafil citrate, sold as Viagra, Revatio and under various other trade names, is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension . It was originally developed by British scientists and then brought to market by the US-based pharmaceutical company Pfizer...

- Silybum marianum
- silymarin
- simple mastectomy
- simple nephrectomy
- single blind study
- single-photon emission computed tomography
- siplizumab

Siplizumab

Siplizumab is a novel monoclonal antibody with a human IgG1, kappa directed to CD2. The agent has shown potent immunomodulatory effects, selectively suppressing the function of T and NK cells, and is currently being tested as a possible treatment for psoriasis and in the prevention of...

- sirolimus

Sirolimus

Sirolimus , also known as rapamycin, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it is especially useful in kidney transplants. A macrolide, sirolimus was first discovered as a product of the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus in a soil sample from Easter...

- small cell lung cancer
- small intestine

Small intestine

The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to...

- smoldering leukemia

Smoldering leukemia

Refractory anemia with excess of blasts is a type of myelodysplastic syndrome with a marrow blast percentage of 5% to 19%.In MeSH, "Smoldering leukemia" is classified under RAEB.-External links:...

- SMT-487
- SnET2
- SNX 111
- soblidotin
- sodium borocaptate
- sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate is a sodium salt of salicylic acid. It can be prepared from sodium phenolate and carbon dioxide under higher temperature and pressure...

- sodium sulfite

Sodium sulfite

Sodium sulfite is a soluble sodium salt of sulfurous acid. It is a product of sulfur dioxide scrubbing, a part of the flue gas desulfurization process...

- sodium thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate , also spelled sodium thiosulphate, is a colorless crystalline compound that is more familiar as the pentahydrate, Na2S2O3•5H2O, an efflorescent, monoclinic crystalline substance also called sodium hyposulfite or “hypo.”...

- soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma

A soft-tissue sarcoma is a form of sarcoma that develops in connective tissue, though the term is sometimes applied to elements of the soft tissue that are not currently considered connective tissue.-Risk factors:...

- solar keratosis
- solid tumor
- somatic cell

Somatic cell

A somatic cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell...

- somatic mutation
- somnolence syndrome
- sonogram

Medical ultrasonography

Diagnostic sonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing subcutaneous body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology or lesions...

- sorivudine

Sorivudine

Sorivudine chemical name -5-- 1β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil, is a thymine analogue antiviral drug, marketed under trade names such as Usevir and Brovavir .-Feature:...

- specific immune cell
- SPECT
- SPF

Specific Pathogen Free

Specific Pathogen Free is a term used for laboratory animals that are guaranteed free of particular pathogens. It is always accompanied by a list of the absent pathogens.Use of SPF animals ensures that specified diseases do not interfere with an experiment...

- spiculated mass

Spiculated mass

In oncology, a spiculated mass is a lump of tissue with spikes or points on the surface. It is suggestive but not diagnostic of malignancy, i.e. cancer.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- spindle cell cancer

Spindle cell cancer

Spindle cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs and that contains long spindle-shaped cells. Also called sarcomatoid carcinoma.-External links:...

- spindle cell sarcoma

Spindle cell sarcoma

Spindle cell sarcoma is a type of connective tissue cancer in which the cells are spindle-shaped when examined under a microscope. The tumors generally begin in layers of connective tissue such as that under the skin, between muscles, and surrounding organs, and will generally start as a small...

- spiral CT scan
- splenomegaly

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It is one of the four cardinal signs of hypersplenism, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any...

- sputum cytology
- squalamine lactate
- squamous cell
- squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma , occasionally rendered as "squamous-cell carcinoma", is a histologically distinct form of cancer. It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of malignant cells deriving from epithelium, or showing particular cytological or tissue architectural characteristics of...

- squamous intraepithelial lesion

Squamous intraepithelial lesion

- SR-29142
- SR-45023A
- SR49059
- SSRI
- staging
- staurosporine

Staurosporine

Staurosporine is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure...

- stavudine

Stavudine

Stavudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor active against HIV.-History:...

- stellate
- stem cell

Stem cell

This article is about the cell type. For the medical therapy, see Stem Cell TreatmentsStem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells...

- stem cell factor

Stem cell factor

Stem Cell Factor is a cytokine that binds to the c-Kit receptor . SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein...

- stem cell transplantation
- stent

Stent

In the technical vocabulary of medicine, a stent is an artificial 'tube' inserted into a natural passage/conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract, a disease-induced, localized flow constriction. The term may also refer to a tube used to temporarily hold such a natural conduit open to allow...

- stereotactic biopsy

Stereotactic biopsy

Stereotactic biopsy, also known as stereotactic core biopsy, is a biopsy procedure that uses a computer and imaging performed in at least two planes to localize a target lesion in three-dimensional space and guide the removal of tissue for examination by a pathologist under a microscope...

- stereotactic body radiation therapy
- stereotactic external-beam radiation
- stereotactic injection

Stereotactic injection

Stereotactic injection is a procedure in which a computer and a 3-dimensional scanning device are used to inject anticancer drugs directly into a tumor.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- stereotactic radiation therapy

Stereotactic radiation therapy

Stereotactic radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver radiation to a tumor. The total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days. Stereotactic radiation therapy is used to...

- stereotactic radiosurgery
- stereotaxic radiosurgery
- stereotaxis
- steroid therapy
- STI481
- STI571

Imatinib

Imatinib is a drug used to treat certain types of cancer. It is currently marketed by Novartis as Gleevec or Glivec as its mesylate salt, imatinib mesilate . It is used in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia , gastrointestinal stromal tumors and some other diseases...

- stoma

Stoma

In botany, a stoma is a pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used forgas exchange. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the opening...

- stomatitis

Stomatitis

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth...

- streptavidin

Streptavidin

Streptavidin is a 60000 dalton protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin . With a dissociation constant on the order of ≈10-14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest...

- streptozocin
- Stromagen
- stromal tumor

Stromal tumor

A stromal tumor is a tumor that arises in the supporting connective tissue of an organ.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- strontium-89

Strontium-89

Strontium-89 is an isotope of strontium.It is treated by the body in a similar manner to calcium, and is preferentially deposited metabolically active regions of the bone.It is an artificial radioisotope which is used in treatment of bone cancer...

- Sturge-Weber syndrome

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Sturge–Weber syndrome, sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. It is one of the phakomatoses and is often associated with port-wine stains of the face, glaucoma, seizures, mental retardation, and ipsilateral leptomeningeal...

- SU011248
- SU101
- SU5416
- SU6668
- subcutaneous port

Subcutaneous port

A subcutaneous port is a tube surgically placed into a blood vessel and attached to a disk placed under the skin. It is used for the administration of intravenous fluids and drugs; it can also be used to obtain blood samples.-External links:...

- subependymal
- suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
- subglottis
- subset analysis
- subtenon
- sucralfate

Sucralfate

Sucralfate is a cytoprotective agent, an oral gastrointestinal medication primarily indicated for the treatment of active duodenal ulcers. Brand names include Sucramal in Italy; Carafate in U.S.A.; Pepsigard, Sucral, Sucrafil, Hapifate in India; Sutra or Musin in parts of South-East Asia; Sulcrate...

- sulfonamide

Sulfonamide (medicine)

Sulfonamide or sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame...

- sulindac

Sulindac

Sulindac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed in the UK & U.S. by Merck as Clinoril.-Uses:...

- superior vena cava

Superior vena cava

The superior vena cava is truly superior, a large diameter, yet short, vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium...

- superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome , or superior vena cava obstruction , is usually the result of the direct obstruction of the superior vena cava by malignancies such as compression of the vessel wall by right upper lobe tumors or thymoma and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The most common malignancies...

- supraclavicular lymph node
- supraglottic laryngectomy
- supraglottis
- supratentorial

Supratentorial

In anatomy, the supratentorial region of the brain is the area located above the tentorium cerebelli. The area of the brain below the tentorium cerebelli is the infratentorial region. The supratentorial region contains the cerebrum, while the infratentorial region contains the cerebellum....

- suramin

Suramin

Suramin is a drug developed by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe of Bayer, Germany in 1916, and is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin.According to the National Cancer Institute there are no active clinical trials...

- surgical oncologist
- survival rate

Survival rate

In biostatistics, survival rate is a part of survival analysis, indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis...

- symptom management
- syncytium

Syncytium

In biology, a syncytium is a large cell-like structure; filled with cytoplasm and containing many nuclei. Most cells in eukaryotic organisms have a single nucleus; syncytia are specialized forms used by various organisms.The term may also refer to cells that are connected by specialized membrane...

- syngeneic bone marrow transplantation

Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation

Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which a person receives bone marrow donated by his or her healthy identical twin.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- syngeneic stem cell transplantation

Syngeneic stem cell transplantation

Syngeneic stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which a patient receives blood-forming stem cells donated by his or her healthy identical twin.-External links:...

- synovial membrane
- synovial sarcoma

Synovial sarcoma

A synovial sarcoma is a rare form of cancer which usually occurs near to the joints of the arm, neck or leg. It is one of the soft tissue sarcomas....

- synthetic protegrin analog
- synthetic retinoid
- systemic chemotherapy
- systemic disease

Systemic disease

Life-threatening disease redirects here.A systemic disease is one that affects a number of organs and tissues, or affects the body as a whole. Although most medical conditions will eventually involve multiple organs in advanced stage Life-threatening disease redirects here.A systemic disease is one...

- systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage...

- systemic therapy

Systemic Therapy

Systemic therapy is a form of psychotherapy which seeks to address people not on individual level, as had been the focus of earlier forms of therapy, but as people in relationship, dealing with the interactions of groups and their interactional patterns and dynamics.- History :Systemic therapy has...

T

T cell

T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are...

- T-3

Triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine, C15H12I3NO4, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate....

- T-cell depletion
- T-cell lymphoma

T-cell lymphoma

The T-cell lymphomas are the four types of lymphoma that affect T cells. These account for perhaps one in ten cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.They can be associated with Epstein Barr virus and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1.-Types:The four classes are:...

- T138067
- T4N5 liposomal lotion
- T900607
- TAC-101
- tacrolimus

Tacrolimus

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is mainly used after allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so lower the risk of organ rejection...

- TAG-72 antigen

TAG-72 antigen

Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many cancer cells, including ovary, breast, colon, and pancreatic cells...

- talampanel

Talampanel

Talampanel is a drug which is being investigated for the treatment of epilepsy, malignant gliomas and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ..As of May 2010, results from the trial for ALS have been found negative....

- talaporfin sodium
- tamoxifen

Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, hence tamoxifen may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist...

- tariquidar

Tariquidar

Tariquidar is a P-glycoprotein inhibitor undergoing research as an adjuvant against multidrug resistance in cancer....

- taurolidine

Taurolidine

Taurolidine is a drug with antimicrobial and anti-lipopolysaccharide properties. Derived from the amino acid taurine, its immunue modulatory action is reported to be mediated with priming and activation of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Taurolidine has been used to treat patients...

- taxane

Taxane

The taxanes are diterpenes produced by the plants of the genus Taxus . As their name suggests, they were first derived from natural sources, but some have been synthesized artificially. Taxanes include paclitaxel and docetaxel . Paclitaxel was originally derived from the Pacific yew tree.Taxanes...

- technetium tc 99m dextran
- technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
- tegafur

Tegafur

Tegafur is a chemotherapeutic fluorouracil prodrug used in the treatment of cancers. It is a component of the combination drug tegafur-uracil. When metabolized, it becomes 5-fluorouracil....

- teicoplanin

Teicoplanin

Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic extracted from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, with a similar...

- telangiectasia

Telangiectasia

Telangiectasias /tɛ.læn.dʒiː'ɛk.teɪ.ʃi:ə/ are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter. They can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin...

- temoporfin

Temoporfin

Temoporfin is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck....

- temozolomide

Temozolomide

Temozolomide Temozolomide Temozolomide (brand names Temodar and Temodal is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma — an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme as well as melanoma, a form of skin cancer...

- teniposide

Teniposide

Teniposide is a chemotherapeutic medication mainly used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia . It is in a class of drugs known as podophyllotoxin derivatives and slows the growth of cancer cells in the body....

- TENS
- teratoma

Teratoma

A teratoma is an encapsulated tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers. There are rare occasions when not all three germ layers are identifiable...

- terminal disease
- tetanus toxoid
- tetrahydrouridine
- TG4010
- theophylline

Theophylline

Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD and asthma under a variety of brand names. Because of its numerous side-effects, the drug is now rarely administered for clinical use. As a member of the xanthine family, it...

- thermal ablation
- thermography

Thermography

Infrared thermography, thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms...

- thiotepa

ThioTEPA

N,N'N'-triethylenethiophosphoramide is an alkylating agent used to treat cancer.ThioTEPA is an organophosphorus compound with the formula SP3. It is an analogue of N,N',N- triethylenephosphoramide . This molecule features tetrahedral phosphorus and is structurally akin to phosphate...

- third-line therapy
- thoracentesis

Thoracentesis

Thoracentesis , also known as thoracocentesis or pleural tap, is an invasive procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. A cannula, or hollow needle, is carefully introduced into the thorax, generally after administration of local anesthesia...

- thoracoscopy

Thoracoscopy

Thoracoscopy is a medical procedure involving internal examination, biopsy, and/or resection of disease or masses within the pleural cavity and thoracic cavity...

- thoracotomy

Thoracotomy

Thoracotomy is an incision into the pleural space of the chest. It is performed by a surgeon, and, rarely, by emergency physicians, to gain access to the thoracic organs, most commonly the heart, the lungs, the esophagus or thoracic aorta, or for access to the anterior spine such as is necessary...

- thrombocyte
- thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is a relative decrease of platelets in blood.A normal human platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. These limits are determined by the 2.5th lower and upper percentile, so values outside this range do not necessarily indicate disease...

- thrombohemorrhagic event

Thrombohemorrhagic event

A thrombohemorrhagic event is a process that involves either a blood clot or bleeding, such as a heart attack or stroke.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Cancer Dictionary...

- thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis is phlebitis related to a thrombus . When it occurs repeatedly in different locations, it is known as "Thrombophlebitis migrans" or "migrating thrombophlebitis".-Signs and symptoms:...

- thrombopoietin

Thrombopoietin

Thrombopoietin also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene....

- thymidine

Thymidine

Thymidine is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine in double-stranded DNA...

- thymidylate synthase inhibitor

Thymidylate synthase inhibitor

Thymidylate synthase inhibitors are chemical agents which inhibit the enzyme thymidylate synthase and have potential as an anticancer chemotherapy...

- thymoma

Thymoma

Thymoma is a tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Thymoma is an uncommon tumor, best known for its association with the neuromuscular disorder myasthenia gravis. Thymoma is found in 15% of patients with myasthenia gravis. Once diagnosed, thymomas may be removed surgically...

- Thyrogen
- thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as colloid....

- thyroid follicular cell
- thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone

The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine , are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine ,...

- thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.- Physiology :...

- thyroidectomy

Thyroidectomy

A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. Surgeons often perform a thyroidectomy when a patient has thyroid cancer or some other condition of the thyroid gland...

- thyrotropin alfa
- tiazofurin

Tiazofurin

Tiazofurin is an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase. Tiazofurin and its analogues are under investigation for potential use in the treatment of cancer....

- time to progression
- tin ethyl etiopurpurin
- tin Sn 117m DTPA
- tinidazole

Tinidazole

Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections. It is widely known throughout Europe and the developing world as treatment for a variety of amoebic and parasitic infections...

- tioguanine

Tioguanine

Tioguanine , formerly thioguanine , is a drug that is used in the treatment of cancer.It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites...

- tipifarnib

Tipifarnib

Tipifarnib is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor that is being investigated in patients 65 years of age and older with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia . It inhibits the Ras kinase in a post translational modification step before the kinase pathway becomes hyperactive...

- tirapazamine

Tirapazamine

Tirapazamine is an experimental anticancer drug that is activated to a toxic radical only at very low levels of oxygen . Such levels are common in human solid tumors, a phenomenon known as tumor hypoxia. Thus, tirapazamine is activated to its toxic form preferentially in the hypoxic areas of solid...

- tissue plasminogen activator

Tissue plasminogen activator

Tissue plasminogen activator is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. It is a serine protease found on endothelial cells, the cells that line the blood vessels. As an enzyme, it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown...

- TLK286
- TM

Trabecular meshwork

The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber .The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of...

- TNF

Tumor necrosis factors

Tumor necrosis factors refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause cell death . The first two members of the family to be identified were:...

- TNFerade
- TNM staging system
- TNP-470
- tocladesine
- tomography

Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave. A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, geophysics, oceanography, materials science,...

- topical chemotherapy
- topoisomerase inhibitor

Topoisomerase inhibitor

Topoisomerase inhibitors are agents designed to interfere with the action of topoisomerase enzymes , which are enzymes that control the changes in DNA structure by catalyzing the breaking and rejoining of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA strands during the normal cell cycle.In recent years,...

- topotecan

Topotecan

Topotecan hydrochloride is a chemotherapy agent that is a topoisomerase I inhibitor. It is the water-soluble derivative of camptothecin...

- toremifene

Toremifene

Toremifene citrate is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which helps oppose the actions of estrogen in the body. Licensed in the United States under the brand name Fareston, toremifene citrate is FDA-approved for use in advanced breast cancer...

- tositumomab

Tositumomab

Tositumomab is a drug for the treatment of follicular lymphoma. It is a IgG2a anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody derived from immortalized mouse cells....

- total androgen blockade
- total estrogen blockade
- total nodal irradiation
- total parenteral nutrition

Total parenteral nutrition

Parenteral nutrition is feeding a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion. The person receives nutritional formulae that contain nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, lipids and added vitamins and dietary minerals...

- total-body irradiation
- TP-38 immunotoxin
- tPA

Tissue plasminogen activator

- TPA

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

- trabecular cancer
- transabdominal ultrasound
- transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
- transdermal

Transdermal

Transdermal is a route of administration wherein active ingredients are delivered across the skin for systemic distribution. Examples include transdermal patches used for medicine delivery, and transdermal implants used for medical or aesthetic purposes....

- transferrin-CRM107
- transitional cell
- transitional cell carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system: the kidney, urinary bladder, and accessory organs. It is the most common type of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter, urethra, and urachus...

- transperineal biopsy

Transperineal biopsy

Transperineal biopsy is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. The sample is removed with a thin needle that is inserted through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate.-External links:* entry in the...

- transrectal biopsy

Transrectal biopsy

Transrectal biopsy is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate using a thin needle that is inserted through the rectum and into the prostate. Transrectal ultrasound is usually used to guide the needle...

- transrectal ultrasound
- transurethral biopsy

Transurethral biopsy

Transurethral biopsy is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the urethra into the prostate, and a small piece of tissue is removed with a cutting loop.-External links:* entry in the...

- transurethral needle ablation

Transurethral needle ablation

Transurethral needle ablation is a procedure that is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy . A small probe that gives off low-level radiofrequency energy is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. The energy from the probe heats and destroys the abnormal prostate tissue without...

- transurethral resection
- transurethral resection of the prostate

Transurethral resection of the prostate

Transurethral resection of the prostate is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia . As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection...

- transvaginal ultrasound
- trastuzumab

Trastuzumab

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that interferes with the HER2/neu receptor.The HER receptors are proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane and communicate molecular signals from outside the cell to inside the cell, and turn genes on and off...

- Traumeel S
- treosulfan

Treosulfan

Treosulfan is a substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.-External links:* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- tretinoin

Tretinoin

Tretinoin is the acid form of vitamin A and is also known as all-trans retinoic acid or ATRA. It is a drug commonly used to treat acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. It is available as a cream or gel...

- triacetyluridine
- triamcinolone

Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone is a long-acting synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream....

- Triapine
- tributyrin
- trichothiodystrophy
- triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine

- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
- trimetrexate glucuronate
- triptorelin

Triptorelin

Triptorelin, a decapeptide , is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist used at the acetate or pamoate salts. By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone...

- troglitazone

Troglitazone

Troglitazone is an anti-diabetic and antiinflammatory drug, and a member of the drug class of the thiazolidinediones. It was developed by Daiichi Sankyo Co.. In the United States, it was introduced and manufactured by Parke-Davis in the late 1990s, but turned out to be associated with an...

- tropisetron

Tropisetron

Tropisetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy, although it has been used experimentally as an analgesic in cases of fibromyalgia. The drug is available in a 5 mg oral preparation or in 2 mg...

- troxacitabine

Troxacitabine

Troxacitabine is a nucleoside analogue with anticancer activity. Its use is being studied in patients with refractory lymphoproliferative diseases....

- TRUS
- tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis or tuberous sclerosis complex is a rare multi-system genetic disease that causes non-malignant tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. A combination of symptoms may include seizures, developmental delay, behavioral...

- tubulovillous adenoma

Tubulovillous adenoma

Tubulovillous adenoma, TVA, is a type of polyp that grows in the colon and other places in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes in other parts of the body. These adenomas may become malignant ....

- tumor

Tumor

A tumor or tumour is commonly used as a synonym for a neoplasm that appears enlarged in size. Tumor is not synonymous with cancer...

- tumor antigen vaccine

Tumor antigen vaccine

A tumor antigen vaccine is a vaccine made of cancer cells, parts of cancer cells, or pure tumor antigens . A tumor antigen vaccine may stimulate the body's immune system to find and kill cancer cells.- External links :...

- tumor board review

Tumor board review

Tumor board review is a treatment planning approach in which a number of doctors who are experts in different medical specialties review and discuss the medical condition and treatment options of a patient...

- tumor burden
- tumor debulking
- tumor infiltrating lymphocyte

Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are white blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated into a tumor.They are an important prognostic factor in melanoma, higher levels being associated with a better outcome....

- tumor load
- tumor marker

Tumor marker

A tumor marker is a substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer, among other tissue types. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer...

- tumor model
- tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factors

Tumor necrosis factors refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause cell death . The first two members of the family to be identified were:...

- tumor suppressor gene

Tumor suppressor gene

A tumor suppressor gene, or anti-oncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene is mutated to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes.-Two-hit hypothesis:Unlike...

- tumor-derived
- tumor-specific antigen
- TUR

Tur

Tur or TUR can stand for:* Arba'ah Turim, a work of Jewish law, also known as the Tur* Jacob ben Asher, its author, also known as the Tur or the Baal Haturim* Tur * Turkish language...

- TURP
- TVS
- tympanites

Tympanites

Tympanites , also known as meteorism, is a medical condition in which excess gas accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract.-Possible causes:* Bowel obstruction* Renal stones* Functional disorder* Overeating...

- Type I and type II errors

Type I and type II errors

- tyrosinase peptide
- tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TZT-1027

U

ubiquinone
- UCN-01
- UGT1A1

UGT1A1

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 also known as UGT-1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A1 gene.UGT-1A is a uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase , an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and...

- ultrasonogram
- ultrasonography
- ultrasound-guided biopsy—see ultrasound

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is thus not separated from "normal" sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is...

and biopsy

Biopsy

- ultraviolet radiation therapy—see ultraviolet radiation and radiation therapy

Radiation therapy

- uncontrolled study—see clinical trial

Clinical trial

Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions...

- unconventional cancer treatments—see experimental cancer treatment

Experimental cancer treatment

Experimental cancer treatments are medical therapies intended or claimed to treat cancer by improving on, supplementing or replacing conventional methods ....

- undifferentiated—see cellular differentiation

Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as the organism changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of...

- unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy—see oophorectomy

Oophorectomy

- unresectable—see resection
- unresectable gallbladder cancer—see gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer. It has peculiar geographical distribution being common in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India; it is also common in certain ethnic groups e.g. Native American Indians and Hispanics. If it is diagnosed...

- unsealed internal radiation therapy—see radiation therapy

Radiation therapy

- upper GI series

Upper GI series

Upper GI series, also upper gastrointestinal tract radiography, is a radiologic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It consists of a series of X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum...

- urachus

Urachus

The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord...

- uracil

Uracil

Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine, cytosine, and guanine. In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine.Uracil is a common and...

- urea nitrogen—see blood urea nitrogen

Blood urea nitrogen

The blood urea nitrogen test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function. Urea is a by- product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys.-Physiology:The liver produces urea in the urea...

- ureteroscopy

Ureteroscopy

Ureteroscopy is an examination of the upper urinary tract, usually performed with an endoscope that is passed through the urethra, bladder, and then directly into the ureter...

- urine cytology—see urine

Urine

Urine is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body that is secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require elimination from the bloodstream...

- urokinase

Urokinase

Urokinase , also called urokinase-type plasminogen activator , is a serine protease . Urokinase was originally isolated from human urine, but is present in several physiological locations, such as blood stream and the extracellular matrix...

- urologic oncologist—see urology

Urology

Urology is the medical and surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological...

and oncologist
- urothelium

Urothelium

The urothelium is a form of transitional epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.-Structure and function:...

- ursodiol

Ursodiol

Ursodiol, also known as ursodeoxycholic acid and the abbreviation UDCA, is one of the secondary bile acids, which are metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria.-Endogenous effects:...

- UV radiation
- UVA radiation
- UVB radiation
- uvula

Uvula

The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...

V

vaccine adjuvant
- vaccine therapy

Vaccine therapy

Vaccine therapy is a type of treatment that uses a substance or group of substances to stimulate the immune system to destroy a tumor or infectious microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses.-External links:...

- vaccinia CEA vaccine
- valacyclovir
- valdecoxib

Valdecoxib

Valdecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms. It is a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor....

- valerian

Valerian (plant)

Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers which bloom in the summer months. Valerian flower extracts were used as a perfume in the sixteenth century....

- Valeriana officinalis
- Valerianae radix
- valganciclovir

Valganciclovir

Valganciclovir hydrochloride is an antiviral medication used to treat cytomegalovirus infections. As the L-valyl ester of ganciclovir, it is actually a prodrug for ganciclovir...

- valproic acid

Valproic acid

Valproic acid is a chemical compound that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia...

- vancomycin

Vancomycin

Vancomycin INN is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of "last resort", used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of...

- vapreotide

Vapreotide

Vapreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analog. It is used in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhotic liver disease and AIDS-related diarrhea....

- varicose vein
- vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate....

- VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor

- VEGF Trap
- venlafaxine

Venlafaxine

Venlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class. First introduced by Wyeth in 1993, now marketed by Pfizer, it is licensed for the treatment of major depressive disorder , as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, and comorbid indications in...

- video-assisted resection
- video-assisted surgery
- villous adenoma

Villous adenoma

Villous adenoma is a type of polyp that grows in the colon and other places in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes in other parts of the body. These adenomas may become malignant . Villous adenomas have been demonstrated to contain malignant portions in about one third of affected persons,...

- villus
- vinblastine

Vinblastine

Vinblastine is an antimicrotubule drug used to treat certain kinds of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and testicular cancer. It is also used to treat Langerhan cell histiocytosis....

- vinca alkaloid
- vincristine

Vincristine

Vincristine , formally known as leurocristine, sometimes abbreviated "VCR", is a vinca alkaloid from the Catharanthus roseus , formerly Vinca rosea and hence its name. It is a mitotic inhibitor, and is used in cancer chemotherapy.-Mechanism:Tubulin is a structural protein that polymerizes to...

- vindesine

Vindesine

Vindesine is an anti-mitotic vinca alkaloid used in chemotherapy. It is used to treat many different types of cancer, including leukaemia, lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer....

- vinorelbine

Vinorelbine

Vinorelbine is an anti-mitotic chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer, including breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.-Pharmacology:...

- viral vector

Viral vector

Viral vectors are a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism or in cell culture . Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect...

- virotherapy

Virotherapy

Virotherapy is a treatment using biotechnology to convert viruses into cancer-fighting agents by reprogramming viruses to attack cancerous cells, while healthy cells remained relatively undamaged...

- virtual colonoscopy

Virtual colonoscopy

Virtual colonoscopy is a medical imaging procedure which uses x-rays and computers to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon from the lowest part, the rectum, all the way to the lower end of the small intestine and display them on a screen...

- Virulizin
- virus replication cycle
- virus-neutralizing antibody
- viscotoxin
- visilizumab

Visilizumab

Visilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody. It is being investigated for use as an immunosuppressive drug in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Visilizumab binds to the CD3 receptor on certain activated T cells without affecting resting T cells...

- visual pathway glioma

Visual pathway glioma

- External links :* entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms...

- VNP20009
- VNP40101M
- von Hippel-Lindau disease

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

Von Hippel–Lindau is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic condition in which hemangioblastomas are found in the cerebellum, spinal cord, kidney and retina. These are associated with several pathologies including renal angioma, renal cell carcinoma and pheochromocytoma...

- voriconazole

Voriconazole

Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal medication that is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections.-Invasive...

- vorozole

Vorozole

Vorozole is an imidazole based competitive inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme. It underwent clinical testing for evaluation for use as an antineoplastic agent; however it was withdrawn from testing when no difference was detected in the duration of median survival as compared to the progestational...

- vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer, a malignant invasive growth in the vulva, accounts for about 4 % of all gynecological cancers and typically affects women in later life. It is estimated that in the United States in 2006 about 3,740 new cases will be diagnosed and about 880 women will die as a result of vulvar cancer...

- VX 853
- VX-710

W

Waldenström macroglobulinemia

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is cancer involving a subtype of white blood cells called lymphocytes. The main attributing antibody is Immunoglobulin M . WM is an "indolent lymphoma,"...

- warfarin

Warfarin

Warfarin is an anticoagulant. It is most likely to be the drug popularly referred to as a "blood thinner," yet this is a misnomer, since it does not affect the thickness or viscosity of blood...

- wedge resection

Wedge resection

Wedge resection is a surgical procedure to remove a triangle-shaped slice of tissue. It may be used to remove a tumor or some other type of tissue that requires removal and typically includes a small amount of normal tissue around it....

- Wermer's syndrome
- Whipple procedure
- white blood cell

White blood cell

White blood cells, or leukocytes , are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a...

- Whitmore-Jewett staging system
- whole cell vaccine
- Wilms' tumor

Wilms' tumor

Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma is cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults.Its common name is an eponym, referring to Dr. Max Wilms, the German surgeon who first described this kind of tumor....

- Wobe-Mugos E

X

x-ray

X-ray

X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma...

- x-ray therapy
- xenograft
- xeroderma pigmentosum

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Xeroderma pigmentosum, or XP, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of DNA repair in which the ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet light is deficient. In extreme cases, all exposure to sunlight must be forbidden, no matter how small. Multiple basal cell carcinomas and other skin...

- xerogram
- xerostomia

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is the medical term for the subjective complaint of dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. Xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties, cottonmouth, drooth, or doughmouth. Several diseases, treatments, and medications can cause xerostomia. It can also be exacerbated by smoking or...

- XK469
- XR9576

Y

YM598
- yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan

Ibritumomab tiuxetan

- yttrium Y 90 SMT 487
- yttrium Y 90-DOTA-tyr3-octreotide

Z

ZD 1839
- ZD0473
- ZD6474
- ziconotide
- zidovudine

Zidovudine

Zidovudine or azidothymidine is a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor , a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is an analog of thymidine....

- zileuton

Zileuton

Zileuton is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes formation. Zileuton is used for the maintenance treatment of asthma. Zileuton was introduced in 1996 by Abbott Laboratories and is now marketed in two formulations by Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. under the...

- zoledronate

Zoledronate

Zoledronic acid or zoledronate is a bisphosphonate. Zometa is used to prevent skeletal fractures in patients with cancers such as multiple myeloma and prostate cancer, as well as for treating osteoporosis...

- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Zollinger–Ellison syndrome is a triad of gastric acid hypersecretion, severe peptic ulceration, and non-beta cell islet tumor of pancreas . In this syndrome increased levels of the hormone gastrin are produced, causing the stomach to produce excess hydrochloric acid. Often the cause is a tumor of...

- Zoloft
- zolpidem

Zolpidem

Zolpidem is a prescription medication used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, as well as some brain disorders. It is a short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid , an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to GABAA...

- zosuquidar trihydrochloride

Zosuquidar trihydrochloride

Zosuquidar is a compound of antineoplastic drug candidates currently under development. It is now in "Phase 3" of clinical tests in the United States. Its action mechanism consists of the inhibition of P-glycoproteins; other drugs with this mechanism include tariquidar and laniquidar...

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.